August 29, 2023 - English Studies

Type of Introduction

Categorizing type of introduction when writing an essay helps provide clarity and structure to the writing. It allows writers to choose appropriate style.

Introduction to Type of Introduction

Categorizing type of introduction when writing an essay helps provide clarity and structure to the writing. It allows writers to choose the most appropriate introduction style based on the purpose of their essay, whether it is to inform, persuade, or engage the reader. By selecting the right introduction type or types of introduction, writers effectively grab the readers’ attention and set the tone for the entire essay.

Types of Introductions

Type	Explanation	Example
General or Background Information types of introduction	Provides context and background information about the topic, aiding reader understanding before delving into specifics.	In an essay about climate change, starting with a brief overview of its historical context and global implications.
Anecdotal or Narrative types of introduction	Begins with a personal story or narrative related to the topic, drawing readers in through relatable scenarios.	When writing about overcoming adversity, starting with a personal anecdote of a challenging life experience.
Rhetorical Question types of introduction	Engages readers with a thought-provoking question related to the topic, encouraging reflection (ensure relevance).	“What if our actions today determine the fate of generations to come?” in an essay on environmental conservation.
Quotation type of introduction	Opens with a relevant and impactful quote from a notable source, establishing credibility and capturing interest.	Starting an essay on leadership with a quote from Nelson Mandela: “A leader…”.
Statistical or Factual type of introduction	Uses statistics, facts, or data at the beginning to grab attention and emphasize the importance or significance of the topic.	In an essay about healthcare, starting with a shocking statistic: “Over 30% of the population lacks access to…”.
Thesis Statement type of introduction	Begins directly with the thesis statement, outlining the main argument or purpose of the essay upfront.	In a short essay on the benefits of exercise: “Regular physical activity enhances physical health and mental well-being.”
Contrast or Comparison type of introduction	Highlights a striking contrast or comparison related to the topic to intrigue readers and set the stage for exploring complexities.	In an essay about urban versus rural living, contrasting the tranquility of rural life with the bustle of the city.
Historical or Chronological type of introduction	Provides a brief historical context before diving into specifics, useful for topics involving historical events or developments.	When discussing the Renaissance, starting with its emergence in 14th-century Europe.
Controversial or Provocative Statement type of introduction	Makes a bold or controversial statement to captivate readers and encourage further reading to understand the argument.	In an essay on social justice, starting with: “The persistent inequities within our society demand urgent action.”
Definition type of introduction type of introduction	Defines key terms or concepts central to the essay’s topic to ensure reader comprehension and convey their significance.	In a philosophical essay, starting with the definition of “existentialism” before delving into its exploration.

Examples of type of introduction

1. General/Background Information Type of Introduction

Introduction: (Hook: In the world of American poetry, few works have left as indelible a mark as Robert Frost’s “The Road Not Taken.”) This timeless masterpiece has not only earned its place in the literary canon but has also embedded itself in the collective consciousness. (Background Information: Published in 1916 in Frost’s collection “Mountain Interval,” the poem reflects a pivotal period in American history, marked by social changes, exploration, and individualism.) Against this backdrop, “The Road Not Taken” emerges as a profound exploration of choice, consequence, and the inexorable passage of time. It invites readers to ponder the significance of decisions and their enduring impact. The winding paths of Frost’s iconic poem uncovers the layers of meaning hidden within, and ultimately discern the profound statement it makes about the human experience. (Thesis Statement: IT offers readers a poignant reflection on the choices we make in life, illustrating how these decisions shape our unique journeys and define our individuality amidst the currents of time.)

2. Anecdotal or Narrative Type of Introduction

Introduction: (Hook: Imagine a moonlit night in a quiet garden, where two lovers meet beneath a canopy of blooming flowers and starry skies.) This romantic scene, painted with words, is the heart of John Keats’ exquisite poem “Ode to a Nightingale.” It beckons us into a world of beauty and longing, where the power of poetry transcends the boundaries of time. (Background Information: Written in 1819 during the Romantic era, “Ode to a Nightingale” encapsulates the essence of an age marked by a fascination with nature and an exploration of human emotion.) Amidst the turbulent backdrop of the Industrial Revolution, Keats invites us to contemplate the enduring enchantment of art and the fleeting nature of human existence. Immersed in the melody of Keats’ verses, readers explore the profound emotions and timeless themes that resonate in this lyrical masterpiece. (Thesis Statement: It captures the essence of Romanticism, inviting readers to contemplate the enduring power of art and the impermanence of human life through its rich poetic imagery and emotional depth.)

Introduction of an Essay

The introduction is the first paragraph that introduces the topic and presents a clear and focused thesis statement, encapsulating the main argument.

Introduction to Introduction

The introduction is the first paragraph that introduces the topic and presents a clear and focused thesis statement, encapsulating the main argument. It typically offers a brief overview of the three supporting points or arguments that will be discussed in the following body paragraphs.

Additionally, the introduction aims to engage the readers’ interest and provide initial context while guiding them toward the essay’s central thesis and structure.

Main Parts of an Introduction

Hook or Attention-Grabber: This is an engaging statement or element designed to capture the reader’s interest and encourage them to continue reading. It can be a question, anecdote, quote, surprising fact, or a thought-provoking statement.

Background or Context: Provide necessary background information to ensure the reader understands the broader context of the topic. This may include historical context, relevant definitions, or any relevant information needed to comprehend the discussion.
Thesis Statement: A clear and specific thesis statement comes after the attention-grabber and establishes the central argument or purpose of the essay. It should convey the main point you’re going to argue or explore in the essay.

Features of a Good Introduction

Clarity: A strong introduction is clear and concise. It conveys the main idea or thesis of the essay in a straightforward manner, avoiding vague or ambiguous language.

Relevance: It provides context that is directly related to the topic of the essay. Irrelevant information should be omitted to maintain focus.
Engagement: An effective introduction captivates the reader’s attention with an interesting hook or attention-grabber, such as a compelling anecdote, quote, question, or surprising fact.
Thesis Statement: It includes a good thesis statement that clearly states the main argument or purpose of the essay. This thesis should be specific, debatable, and concise.

Structure: The introduction follows a logical structure, typically moving from general information to more specific details, often following the funnel approach: starting with a broad opening and narrowing down to the thesis statement.
Context: It provides sufficient background or context to help the reader understand the topic. This may involve defining key terms, explaining historical context, or presenting relevant facts or statistics.
Conciseness: Avoid unnecessary elaboration in the introduction. Save detailed explanations and extensive supporting evidence for the body paragraphs.

Coherence: The introduction should flow smoothly, with sentences and ideas connecting logically. Transitions should guide the reader from one element to the next.
Purposeful Preview: It offers a brief preview or roadmap of the main points or arguments that will be explored in the body of the essay, giving the reader a sense of what to expect.
Appropriateness: The tone and style of the introduction should be appropriate for the audience and the type of essay (e.g., formal, academic, informal, persuasive, etc.).

Examples of Good Introductions

Introduction: (Hook: Edgar Allan Poe, a master of Gothic literature, is renowned for his ability to craft stories that plunge readers into the darkest recesses of the human psyche.) One of his most celebrated works, “The Tell-Tale Heart,” is a haunting tale that explores the intricate interplay of symbolism, obsession, and psychological torment. Within this narrative, Poe employs a rich tapestry of symbols, with the narrator’s fixation on the old man’s eye and the relentless thumping of the heartbeat standing as prominent examples. (Background Information: These symbols serve as conduits to deeper psychological and thematic dimensions, allowing readers to traverse the treacherous terrain of the human mind.) This use of the profound symbolism of the eye and the heartbeat in “The Tell-Tale Heart,” reveals the pivotal roles that symbols play in unraveling underlying psychological and thematic complexities Poe discusses in the story. (Thesis Statement: Analyzing the symbolism of the eye and the heartbeat in “The Tell-Tale Heart” is crucial to understanding the story’s deeper psychological and thematic elements.)
Introduction: (Hook: In the realm of unsettling and thought-provoking literature, Shirley Jackson’s “The Lottery” stands as a testament to the power of storytelling to challenge societal norms and unveil the complexities of human nature.) Within this haunting short story, one character, in particular, undergoes a transformation that resonates deeply with readers – Tessie Hutchinson. Her character development serves as a compelling lens through which to examine the narrative’s themes and social commentary. (Background Information: As the story unfolds, Tessie evolves from a seemingly ordinary member of a tight-knit community into a symbol of resistance and revelation. The multifaceted character of Tessie Hutchinson here sheds light on how her evolution highlights the main themes related to absurd social traditions. (Thesis Statement: A thorough analysis of Tessie Hutchinson’s character development in “The Lottery,” therefore, reveals underlying themes and serves as a powerful vehicle for Jackson’s social commentary.)
Introduction: (Hook: O. Henry’s mastery of the short story genre is exemplified in his timeless classic, “The Gift of the Magi,” a tale that continues to captivate readers with its poignant exploration of love, sacrifice, and the profound ironies of life.) Within this narrative, O. Henry skillfully employs the twin tools of situational and dramatic irony to weave a narrative tapestry that transcends the surface sentimentality of its holiday setting.(Background Information: The story revolves around the sacrifices made by a young married couple, Della and Jim, to procure gifts for each other on Christmas, with each gift ironically nullifying the other.) Underlying layers of irony unveil the deeper message about the true value of gifts and the enduring nature of love, even in the face of life’s most unexpected twists. (Thesis Statement: An investigation into the role of this situational and dramatic irony “The Gift of the Magi” illuminates the profound exploration of love, sacrifice, and the genuine worth of gifts beyond their material value.)

Concluding Sentence

A concluding sentence of a body paragraph serves as a summary and closure for the ideas or arguments presented in that specific paragraph.

Concluding Sentence of Body Paragraphs in an Essay

A concluding sentence of a body paragraph serves as a summary and closure for the ideas or arguments presented in that specific paragraph.

It reiterates the main points discussed, wraps up the discussion, and prepares the reader for the next paragraph or the conclusion.
The concluding sentence is tied back to the thesis statement or topic sentence, provide a sense of completion, and offer final thoughts or implications related to the content of the paragraph.

It connects the paragraph to the next paragraph or the conclusion.

Features of Concluding Sentence of Body Paragraphs in an Essay

Feature	Short Detail	Example with Feature
Summary of Main Points	Succinctly summarize key ideas or arguments	In short, the evidence presented demonstrates the detrimental effects of climate change on biodiversity, emphasizing the urgent need for collective action and innovative solutions to mitigate its impacts and preserve the delicate balance of our ecosystems.
Connection to Thesis or Topic Sentence	Tie back to the main thesis statement or topic sentence	Therefore, it is evident that the protagonist’s quest for self-discovery aligns with the central theme of identity explored throughout the novel, highlighting the author’s intention to emphasize the importance of self-reflection in one’s personal growth.
Transition to the next paragraph or conclusion	Smoothly transition to the next body paragraph or prepare for the essay’s conclusion	Moving forward, the subsequent section will delve into the economic implications of globalization, shedding light on the interconnectedness of international markets and the potential benefits and drawbacks of increased global trade.
Closing thoughts or implications	Offer final thoughts, insights, or implications	Ultimately, this study underscores the significance of early childhood education in fostering long-term academic success, emphasizing the need for policymakers and educators to prioritize and invest in quality early learning programs.
Sense of completion	Give the reader a sense of closure for the ideas discussed	To conclude, the analysis of historical events and primary sources has shed light on the complex factors that contributed to the outbreak of World War II, offering a comprehensive understanding of the socio-political climate of the time and its profound impact on global history.

Remember that the specific features of a concluding sentence vary depending on the topic, purpose, and overall structure of your essay. These guidelines serve as a general framework for writing an effective concluding sentence.

Main Parts of Concluding Sentence of Body Paragraphs in an Essay

“The findings demonstrate the impact of exercise on mental health, highlighting the importance of regular physical activity in improving mood, reducing stress levels, and enhancing overall well-being (Summary of main points), thereby underscoring the need for individuals to prioritize their physical fitness and incorporate exercise into their daily routines (Closing thoughts or implications), leading to a healthier mind and a fulfilling life (Sense of completion).”

“The imagery in the novel not only captivates the readers imagination but also serves as a powerful tool to convey emotions, enhance the setting, and deepen the thematic exploration of love, loss, and redemption (Summary of main points), highlighting the author’s ability to evoke emotional response in the readers (Closing thoughts or implications), establishing the novel a masterpiece that continues to impact generations (Sense of completion).”

Examples of Concluding Sentences of Body Paragraphs in an Essay

Showcasing the destructive power of ambition and the tragic downfall of Macbeth, Shakespeare has presented a cautionary tale about the corrupting nature.
Through its haunting portrayal of a man’s descent into madness, Edgar Allan Poe’s “The Tell-Tale Heart” explores the themes of guilt, too.

Capturing the deferred dreams of African Americans in the 1950s, “Harlem” serves as a poignant reflection on the consequences of unfulfilled aspirations.

NOTE: However, it is interesting to note that writing a concluding sentence of a body paragraph depends on the placement of that specific body paragraph.

For example, if that body paragraph connects with the next body paragraph, you must indicate the main idea of the next paragraph in this concluding paragraph. For example;

Showcasing the destructive power of ambition of Macbeth, Shakespeare has presented a cautionary tale about the corrupting nature.

If the next paragraph is about the causes of corruption, you can add “and indicate its causes.”

However, in case it is the last body paragraph and next is the Conclusion of the essay, then the concluding sentence is correct. It does not need any such indicator.

Transitions in Essay Writing

Transitions in an essay are words, phrases, or sentences that help to establish connections and smooth transitions between different ideas, paragraphs, or sections.

What are Transitions in an essay?

Transitions in an essay are words, phrases, or sentences that help to establish connections and smooth transitions between different ideas, paragraphs, or sections. They play a crucial role in making essay flow well and cohere, forcing the readers to follow the logical progression of the argument or narrative.

Important Aspects of Transitions in an Essay

Here are some important aspects used in essay writing:

Aspect	Definition	Example
1. Definition	They are linguistic devices used to link different parts of an essay and create cohesion in the structure of the essay.	“Furthermore, the study also examined the long-term effects.”
2. Purpose	Transitions serve to guide the reader through the essay by signaling shifts, connections, or relationships between ideas.	“However, there are some limitations to consider in this analysis.”
3. Types	They can be categorized into various types such as additive transitions, adversative transitions, causal transitions, sequential transitions, and concluding transitions.	“Because of these factors, the results can be interpreted in multiple ways.”
4. Additive Transitions	These transitions add or introduce information, ideas, or evidence.	“Moreover, the study revealed significant differences between the groups.”
5. Adversative Transitions	These show a contrast or conflict between ideas or information.	“On the other hand, some participants reported no significant changes.”
6. Causal Transitions	These transitions indicate cause-and-effect relationships or reasons.	“Therefore, it can be concluded that the hypothesis is supported.”
7. Sequential Transitions	These show a sequence or order of events or ideas.	“First, the participants were introduced to the experimental task.”
8. Concluding Transitions	These transitions signal the end or summary of an essay or paragraph.	“Concluding it, the findings suggest a need for further investigation.”
9. Placement	They can be used at the beginning, middle, or end of sentences, as well as between paragraphs or sections.	“Additionally, paragraph transitions can enhance the overall flow of the text.”
10. Importance	Effective use of transitions enhances the clarity, coherence, and readability of an essay, helping readers navigate through the text smoothly.	“Overall, transitions play a crucial role in organizing the content.”

Remember, the specific choice and placement depend on the context, purpose, and structure of your essay. Utilizing them effectively ensures a well-organized and seamless flow of ideas, resulting in a more compelling and coherent piece of writing.

Uses of Transitions

Use	Detail	Example
1. Enhancing Coherence	Transitions help to create a logical and smooth flow of ideas throughout the essay, connecting different parts and improving overall coherence.	“Furthermore, the study’s findings support the theory proposed earlier, reinforcing the argument that…”
2. Guiding the Reader	They serve as signposts for readers, guiding them through the essay and helping them understand the relationships between different ideas and sections.	“Next section will indicate historical context of the event, shedding light on its significance.”
3. Introducing New Ideas	Transitions can be used to introduce new ideas or information, preparing the reader for what is to come and providing a smooth transition from one point to the next.	“Moreover, it is important to consider the long-term implications of this policy shift on future generations.”
4. Showing Relationships	They indicate relationships between ideas, such as similarities, differences, contrasts, or cause-and-effect connections, making the essay more cohesive and convincing.	“While some argue for stricter gun control laws, others contend that individual rights should take precedence.”
5. Adding Supporting Evidence	Transitions can be used to introduce and connect supporting evidence, examples, or data, reinforcing the main argument or thesis statement.	“For instance, recent studies have demonstrated a clear correlation between excessive screen time and decreased cognitive abilities.”
6. Providing Clarification	They help to clarify the meaning of certain points, ensuring that readers understand the intended message and preventing confusion or misinterpretation.	“In other words, the author’s use of symbolism throughout the novel serves to represent the characters’ internal struggles.”
7. Signaling Shifts or Transitions	They are particularly useful when transitioning between paragraphs or sections, indicating a change in topic, focus, or perspective.	“Having examined the economic factors, let us now shift our attention to the social implications of this phenomenon.”
8. Strengthening Transitions between Sentences	Within a paragraph, transitions help to link sentences together, creating a smooth and coherent progression of ideas.	“Additionally, it is essential to consider alternative solutions that can mitigate the environmental impact of this industry.”
9. Emphasizing Key Points	Transitions can be used to emphasize important or pivotal points in the essay, drawing the reader’s attention and highlighting their significance.	“Above all, it is crucial to recognize the urgency of addressing climate change and taking immediate action.”
10. Concluding the Essay	They play a crucial role in concluding an essay by summarizing key ideas, reinforcing the main argument, and providing a sense of closure.	“In conclusion/Concluding it, the evidence presented overwhelmingly supports the notion that exercise is essential for maintaining good physical and mental health.”

Example of Transitions in Introduction

Example	Substitute	Use in Essay
Firstly/First of all	To begin with, To start off, To kick off	Used to introduce the first point or idea in the essay.
Additionally/Moreover/Furthermore	In addition, Furthermore, What’s more	Used to add more information or provide additional points to support the main argument.
In addition to/Besides	Apart from, As well as, Additionally	Used to introduce another supporting idea or evidence.
However/On the other hand	Nevertheless, Nonetheless, Conversely	Used to introduce a contrasting viewpoint or evidence.
Nevertheless/Nonetheless	Nonetheless, Despite that, Be that as it may	Used to acknowledge a contrasting viewpoint but emphasize the main argument.
Moreover/Not only… but also	Additionally, Furthermore, In addition to	Used to introduce a stronger point or provide multiple supporting reasons.
Furthermore/What’s more	Moreover, Additionally, Furthermore	Used to add further information or emphasize the significance of a point.
Similarly/Likewise	Likewise, Similarly, In the same vein	Used to introduce a similar or related idea or example.
In contrast/On the contrary	On the other hand, Conversely, In opposition to	Used to introduce a contrasting idea or evidence.
As a result/Consequently	Therefore, Thus, Hence	Used to indicate the consequence or outcome of a previous statement or argument.
Therefore/Thus/Hence	Consequently, Accordingly, As a result	Used to indicate a logical conclusion or inference based on previous information or arguments.
This demonstrates/illustrates/shows	This indicates, This exemplifies, This portrays	Used to emphasize or provide evidence for a particular point.
In summary/To summarize/In conclusion	In brief, To sum up, Ultimately	Used to signal the end of the introduction and transition into the body paragraphs.
The purpose of this essay is/This essay aims to	The goal of this essay is, This essay seeks to, The objective of this essay is	Used to state the main objective or purpose of the essay.
The significance of this topic is/This topic is important because	The importance of this topic lies in, This topic holds significance due to, The relevance of this topic stems from	Used to highlight the importance or relevance of the essay topic.
This essay will explore/examine/analyze	This essay intends to investigate, This essay will delve into, This essay seeks to analyze	Used to indicate the specific focus or approach of the essay.
In the following sections/Throughout this essay	In subsequent paragraphs, In the upcoming sections, As the essay progresses	Used to indicate that the discussion will continue in subsequent paragraphs or sections.
It is widely known/It is commonly accepted	It is widely acknowledged, It is generally recognized, It is commonly understood	Used to introduce a widely recognized fact or concept related to the essay topic.
Research has shown/Studies have found	Evidence suggests, Studies indicate, Research reveals	Used to introduce findings or research that supports the essay’s argument.
The main argument/thesis of this essay is	The central claim of this essay is, The primary contention of this essay is, The main point put forth in this essay is	Used to clearly state the main argument or thesis of the essay.

Types of Transitions

Category	Transition Words
Addition	Additionally, Moreover, Furthermore, In addition, Likewise
Comparison	Similarly, Likewise, In comparison, Just as, Similarly to
Contrast	However, Nevertheless, On the other hand, Conversely, In contrast
Cause and Effect	Consequently, As a result, Therefore, Hence, Thus
Example and Illustration	For example, For instance, Specifically, To illustrate, In particular
Emphasis	Indeed, Certainly, Without a doubt, Undoubtedly, Clearly
Sequence and Order	Firstly, secondly, thirdly, Next, Then, Subsequently, Finally
Conclusion	In conclusion, To summarize, Ultimately, In summary, To conclude
Time	Meanwhile, Simultaneously, Eventually, Meanwhile, Subsequently
Clarification	In other words, Specifically, To clarify, That is to say, Put another way

These transitions can be very useful when writing essays, reports, or any type of content where you need to guide your readers through your ideas and arguments.

Suggested Readings

Graff, Gerald, and Cathy Birkenstein. They Say / I Say: The Moves That Matter in Academic Writing. 3rd ed., W.W. Norton & Co., 2014.

Williams, Joseph M. Style: The Basics of Clarity and Grace. 5th ed., Pearson, 2014.

“The Hunger Artist” and “A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings”

Like the stories, “The Hunger Artist” and “A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings”no two pieces of literature are the same.

Introduction to Comparison of “The Hunger Artist” and “A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings”

Like the stories, “The Hunger Artist” and “A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings”no two pieces of literature are the same, it happens that sometimes two pieces bear resemblance even though two artists do the same work in different situations, in different environments, and under the influence of different philosophies and ideas. Gabriel Garcia Marques, the proponent of magical realism, has no resemblance with Kafka of the same country as both have lived in different times, yet there are several points in their stories “The Hunger Artists” and “A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings” that resemble each other. On the character level, the old man with wings could be compared to the hunger artist of Kafka in that both have bizarre mental and physical traits that a normal person can possess and they differ from each other in this in this connection. At the same time, there is a great resemblance in the setting in which they are set that readers get a different picture from one story as compared to the other. The setting of both the stories in terms of audience differs a great deal. It is also that whereas one is demonstrating magical realism, the other is showing Kafkaesque philosophy of self-inflicted torture only to amuse the readers. It could be stated that the hunger artists have no whatsoever resemblance to the old man with enormous wings but their handlers such as the manager of the hunger artists and Pleyaho and Elisenda bear a resemblance. Both managers and administrators of these two different characters manipulate them to their own ends. The role of the audience, too, is very important in both that in both situations, the people get bored with time and lose their interest. Therefore, the stories “The Hunger Artist” and “A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings”could be compared on the level of setting, the role of the audience, the interests of the handlers of the respective main characters, and then the difference in the philosophy presented in these stories.

Setting in “The Hunger Artist” and “A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings”

Whereas the setting is concerned, it bears a certain resemblance. The hunger artist is dying to win the attention of the public and he succeeds in winning it in the beginning when the people come in queues to see him bearing the pangs of hunger. Kafka clearly states in the beginning that the “audience’s involvement grew from day to day” (Kafka 489), when he starts fasting. The children were keener to look at him. The hunger artist is placed in a rural environment where he can show his skill of bearing hunger to the people. The people come in throngs to watch his feat. A manager is arranging everything for him though he is lying to the people. In explaining the story, Richard To Garry states that “Throngs of spectators are drawn” within the given setting where no geographical point has been given or explained (Garry 132). However, the setting of the story “A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings” is entirely different because. There is a geographical location of the village where Pelayo and Elisenda live and the old man, somehow, falls in their yard. However, the situation is almost the same in that throngs of people queue up to watch this with great interest as the whole “neighborhood [was] [there to see the] angel” (Marquez 802). The major difference lies in the geographical location. It is not specified in the case of the hunger artists as he has been taken to tour the entire Europe, whereas, in the case of Pelayo and Elisenda, it is their village where they have become rich enough to have their son treated and construct their homes afresh. However, both of these resemble in narrator that in both there is an omniscient narrator who sits somewhere high above the setting and the character and comments on their lives. Literally, there is a carnival in this story, while it seems almost the same scene in the first one “The Hunger Artist” where it is a game for the people (Pelayo 72). Therefore, to some extent the setting in terms of the carnival type of presentation is similar in both stories “The Hunger Artist” and “A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings.”

Handlers in “The Hunger Artist” and “A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings”

However, the great similarity lies in handlers in “The Hunger Artist” and “A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings.” The handler in the case of the hunger artist is his nameless manager. The artist whispers whatever he feels to the manager who starts or ends his show whenever he wants but against his will of what he wants to say to the people. There was clearly a world of misunderstanding as the artist does not want to convey to the people what he wants to convey and the manager does not convey to the people what the artist wants to say. “This perversion of the truth … unnerved him” (492) though he does not show it to the people but feels it strongly. Although there are not much active audiences in the case of the very old man with wings, still Pelayo and Elisenda have some other people who do the work for them to make it known such as the neighbor woman “who knew everything” (803). She has concluded that he is an angel and has also done the work of spreading the news in the whole village. Several others also comment about him, and Father Gonzaga, too, declares otherwise, the managers set a ticket for the show. Soon they start earning in the same way as the manager of the hunger artist has done. In one way, there is no difference between both the managers as one is completely aware of the lies that are being told disregard of whatever he thinks, while in the case of the old man, all lies have been concocted not by the managers but by the people living around them. However, the interests of all these managers in both stories are the same which is to earn something for a living. It is because the owners, Marquez writes “had not reason to lament” because they have saved enough to “built a two-story mansion with balconies and gardens” (805) while in the case of the hunger artist, the circus hirs him after he loses his worth. The interest is again money in both stories “The Hunger Artist” and “A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings.”

Audiences/Readers of “The Hunger Artist” and “Very Old Man with Enormous Wings”

Although the writers’ audiences are their readers, both stories “The Hunger Artist” and “A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings” have separate audiences. In the first story “The Hunger Artist” the audience comes to see the feat of the hunger artist that he shows them in the shape of fasting for a long time. He is intoxicated with the popularity that he is winning among the people. They are coming to watch him in queues. When the show ends, the audiences are satisfied with what they see but the artist is not satisfied. With the passage of time, the behavior of people changes. It is because the public wants to see something new, not the same old person going hungry for them. Therefore, the hunger artist is “deserted by the pleasure-seeking crowds” (384). It means that the audience has lost interest in him. Therefore, he joins a circus but then the people only come to see the animals placed near him. They do not think to have any interest in him. He loses his worth and his life with time. The same happens with the old man. The people come to see him in queues when they hear the news. However, with the passage of time, they lose interest in him and soon they forget that there is an angel, or a devil in the midst of them. However, at the same time, there is a difference because in the first story the audience does not see a strange creature but a living man like them who is doing a feat of fasting longer than an ordinary man can do. However, in the case of the second, there is a strange creature like an angel that is before the audience and they lose interest after looking at him. There may have been the possibility that the managers would have taken this angel to a world tour and made the whole world take an interest, but it is a farfetched idea. It is merely the use of magical realism to show how people lose interest howsoever strange thing may be there.

Eccentrics in “The Hunger Artist” and “Very Old Man with Enormous Wings”

However, in the garb of this artist, Kafka has presented the role of people and the nature of some eccentrics who inflict injuries on themselves merely because they want to entertain the people, knowing little that the people always want something new, not caring that the artist is losing his life. It could be that Kafka’s philosophy is to show his own situation he was placed in. A lecturer in English, Bushra Naz, states that “The Hunger Artist” is seen as an ensemble of signs and signifiers” (Naz 71-75). By this, she means that it is the biography of the artist and the conceptualization of his philosophy into his story that is being reflected through his characters. She has also commented on his other novel, The Metamorphosis, to show the inner self of the artist. However, in the case of Gabriel Garica Marquez, it is his magical realism, a technique, with which he presents esoteric and stranger characters in a situation where the willing suspension of disbelief of T. S. Eliot is automatically at work. The people start believing that it could happen to them, too. Magical realism lies at the heart of the storytelling art of Garcia Marquez but at the same time, he does not leave attacking the current realities of life (Kennedy). Therefore, both stories depict the philosophies and ideas of the writers.

Conclusion

It is also that both the major characters the hunger artists as well as the old man with enormous wings are symbols in the stories, “The Hunger Artist” and “Very Old Man with Enormous Wings.” However, in the case of Kafka, the hunger artist is a symbol of an artist who goes through pain to please the people living around him. In terms of setting, audiences, and characters, the stories have certain resemblances but the timing and the purposes could be different for which theoretical purposes could be applied to both stories to have deeper understanding.

Works Cited

Kafka, Franz. “A Hunger Artists” Charters, Anne. The Story and Its Writer. New York: Bedford /St. Martins, 2014. 488-494.
Garry, Richard, T. A Franz Kafka Encyclopedia. Greenwood Press. 2005. Print. 74-92.
Pelayo, Ruben. Gabriel Garica Marquez. Greenwood Press. 2001. Print. 72-73.

Naz, Bushra. “Hope of Death as the Possibility of Life: A Psychosemiotic Reading of Franz Kafka”s The Hunger Artist as the Narrative of Existence into Non-Being.” PJSS. 31(1). (June 2011). 65-77.
Kennedy. “ The Origins of Gabriel Garcia Marquez’s Magic Realism.” The Atlantic. The Atlantic. 17 April 2014. Web. 07 Aug. 2015.

Questions:

How do the themes of isolation and alienation manifest in “The Hunger Artist” and “A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings,” and what do they reveal about the human condition in each story?

Both “The Hunger Artist” and “A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings” feature characters who are outsiders or marginalized in society. How do the authors use these characters to comment on the treatment of those who are different or unusual?
In “The Hunger Artist,” the protagonist seeks to express himself through extreme self-deprivation, while in “A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings,” the focus is on the mysterious arrival of a supernatural being. How do these different narrative approaches shape the stories’ messages about human fascination and cruelty?
The concept of spectacle and entertainment plays a significant role in both stories, with the hunger artist’s fasting and the old man with wings becoming a sideshow attraction. How do these narratives explore the ethics of exploiting others for entertainment and profit?

“The Hunger Artist” and “A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings” both challenge conventional notions of reality and the supernatural. How do the authors use elements of the surreal and the fantastical to comment on the limitations of human understanding and belief systems in these stories?

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Mother in “Everyday Use”

Characters in Pride and Prejudice: Natural and Reality

A good reading of the characters in Pride and Prejudice in terms of understanding their sketches shows that Jane Austen’s art not only lies in creating natural and down-to-earth real characters but also in demonstrating the qualities that real human beings possess.

Introduction to Characters in Pride and Prejudice

A good reading of the characters in Pride and Prejudice in terms of understanding their sketches shows that Jane Austen’s art not only lies in creating natural and down-to-earth real characters but also in demonstrating the qualities that real human beings possess. Her wonderful capability is almost equal to great English writers in making her characters look like real human beings, having shortcomings, strengths, and idiosyncrasies. As a lady of good upbringing, she is not only conscious of the role of minute social mannerisms but also the violation of the accepted norms and values. Though she has confined herself to the country people, she has also sketched yeomen and laborers as ably as she has done other characters. It is also that characters have been created in such a way that the audiences or the readers never know what is going to happen next with which character on account of his action. In this lies the real art of the writer in the making and breaking of the impression of some specific characters. The art of Jane Austen of creating characters in Pride and Prejudice lies in showing good characters doing bad actions and bad doing good actions, making the readers shift their sympathies, liking and disliking simultaneously. Jane Austen’s talent for creating unique and real human characters in Pride and Prejudice lies in creating individuals with specific traits, their revelation through their own conversations, and their exposure through comparison and contrast to other characters.

Special Character Traits

Almost all characters in Pride and Prejudice have their special character traits, which make them unique and stand out amongst the others of their ilk. Just take the example of a typical wife, Mrs. Bennet, who is not only self-indulgent but also vacuous, is always busy finding matches for her daughters. In the opinion of her husband, Mr. Bennet, she is “a woman of mean understanding, little information, and uncertain temper” (Austen 04). She is a butt of jokes for her husband due to her idiosyncrasies and ignorance, while Mr. Bennet is highly entertaining. He was a “mixture of quick parts, sarcastic humor, reserve, and caprice, that the experience of three-and-twenty years had been insufficient to make his wife understand his character” (04). As a father of five girls, he perhaps shirks their company and lives mostly in his library, but he dares to take up the blame when he could not find Lydia and Wickham in London after their elopement, stating “No Lizzy, let me once in my life feel how much I have been to blame” (91). In fact, such a confession of one’s negligence is quite rare even in real life. But it is still real in Austen that despite disparaging Mrs. Bennet, he owns the blame that he could not take care of Lydia’s rash behavior in the case of going fast to marriage. Though Austen has not blamed any other male character, it is typical of her that she has made her character speak out. Even her best characters have their own specific traits such as Elizabeth, of which Austen has a great liking as she has mentioned about her in her letter written to her sister (Austen 1995). She is not only witty and intelligent but also quick in learning and fast in entertaining others with her humor. She has “something more of her quickness than her sisters” (04) as her father likes her for this. Austen adds that “she had a lively, playful disposition, which delighted in anything ridiculous” (08). Austen is not limited to these characters only, for each character in Pride and Prejudice has a peculiar habit and a character trait, which highlights Austen’s art in making all of them real. It is also that they have not been repeated anywhere even in other novels. Despite keeping their individualities intact, she has made them universal in which lies her uniqueness because this is what makes a character memorable and close to reality. Her comprehension of the nature of her characters shows what they are such as Wickham is an unprincipled ruffian, Mr. Bennet is a humoros father, Mr. Darcy is a priggish but thoughtful young man, Elizabeth is a sagacious lady, Mrs. Bennet is a typical mother of girls, and Lydia is a silly and stupid girl.

Conversational Style of Characters in Pride and Prejudice

A person is best known through his / her conversation. Until he speaks, nobody can tell what sort of a person he/she is, how he/she would react and nothing can be predicted about him/her. Perhaps, Austen has this evaluative paradigm in mind when she revealed most of her characters in Pride and Prejudice through their conversation. This makes her portrayal of characters even more realistic and closer to reality than through any other act. Although they seem perfect characters like Elizabeth and Darcy, they are not liked or idealized in such a way that the people start making them paragons of virtues. Therefore, wherever any of her characters speak, he or she speaks with special reference to her own qualities and traits. The conversation between Mr. Bennet and Mrs. Bennet reveals the characters of both in that one is empty-headed and obsessed with the idea of getting her daughters married, while the other is a well-read person, having an eye on the situation around him and a ridiculous outlook of his wife. Referring to her nerves he states, “I have a high respect for your nerves. They are my old friends. I have heard you mention them with consideration these last twenty years at least” (04). This shows that he always sees the funny side of life in his wife. Similarly, Elizabeth and Darcy are always on bad terms in their conversation but ultimately know each other after they are exposed through their dialogues with each other. Letter writing of Collin and Lydia reveals their characters, while Elizabeth is mostly exposed through her careful way of speaking. As the best exposure is self-exposure, at least two of Austen’s characters find themselves or discover themselves; Mr. Bennet and Elizabeth. The former confesses his fault for his carelessness toward Lydia. He confesses it when he returns from London after not finding them. However, the case of later is different as she could not judge Mr. Darcy and says that she has merely “gratified [her] in useless or blameable distrust” (122). It could be said that though this is a self-discovery, still it is in the hands of Austen to put it into the mouths of her characters in Pride and Prejudice. Another important point is that several characters talk about other characters with somebody else. This also exposes their thinking about others and reveals other characters. This technique is very useful in that it reveals how a character thinks about the other ones, such as Darcy and Elizabeth think quite contrary to each other and comment against each other when they are talking to others.

Colorful Characters in Pride and Prejudice

It is also that the characters in Pride and Prejudice is a gallery of characters, Jane Austen has put several characters in comparison and contrast to others. This technique highlights their strengths and weaknesses, making them prominent or likable to the readers or vice versa. Their comparison and contrast also balance the character of one person and accentuate that of the others. Mrs. Bennet is well known for her being a butt of ridicule from her husband but Lady Catherine is also there, who not only balances her but also sometimes makes her look a serious thinking lady, because of the latter’s proud and arrogant behavior when meeting others. Similarly, the arrival of Darcy makes Bingley looks pale in his presence, while he proves a foil for him. On the other hand, Wickham serves as a contrast to both of them. Whereas Darcy is a cold type of person, very serious, guarded, and a fatherly figure because of being a distinguished person, Bingley, in comparison to him, seems quite naïve and simpleton. Similarly, whereas Lydia is a romantic and stupid in worldly affairs, Charlotte Lucas, a friend of Elizabeth, just proves very pragmatic. She immediately accepts the proposal of Collins, as she knows, once gone is always gone. However, Jane Austen is not limited to this. She has also presented somewhat three-dimensional characters which makes it easy to understand how a person could be of varied nature at the same time as it happens in life. There is no prediction about any person in real life. In fact, Jane Austen has used a three-dimensional technique that is to use conversation, the point of view of others, and also her own description apart from the actions of the characters themselves. For example, Mr. Bennet and Mrs. Bennet have been described at the end of the first chapter but not before they have revealed themselves through their lively conversation, while Mr. Bennet also reveals his inner goodness of heart through his actions when he tells her that he has already met Mr. Bingley.

Conclusion

In a nutshell, Jane Austen’s characters in Pride and Prejudice are as intricate as other living human beings are because they have been taken from the everyday life of the English countryside gentry. They reveal her minute and comprehensive observation of human nature so that she could depict that in her characters. None could deny that there are no mothers like Mrs. Bennet, no haughty and arrogant ladies like Mrs. Catherine, no sagacious but down-to-earth realistic girls like Elizabeth, and no flirts like Wickham. However, it is her art that she has put every character at the right place with specific character traits, mannerisms, virtues, and vices to play a specific role in the romantic maze of “Pride and Prejudice.” Not only do they expose themselves but also expose others, and reveal their natures through actions toward others and toward themselves. In fact, Jane Austen has done nothing else to pick up real-life characters and wrap them into her own philosophy of the pursuit of conjugal life.

Works Cited

Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. Project Gutenberg Electronic Texts. 2004. Online.

Austen, Jane. Jane Austen’s Letters .ed. Deirdre Le Faye. Oxford University Press. New York. 1995. Print.

Questions:

How does Jane Austen use a blend of natural and idealized traits in her characters in Pride and Prejudice?
In what ways do the characters in Pride and Prejudice represent the authentic human experiences and emotions of their time, despite being fictional creations?

Explore the concept of character foils in the novel. How do characters like Elizabeth and Jane, or Mr. Darcy and Mr. Wickham, serve to highlight different facets of human nature and society?
Discuss the role of social class and status in shaping the characters in Pride and Prejudice.
How does the character development of key characters in Pride and Prejudice contribute to the overall themes of personal growth and self-awareness in the novel?

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Humanity in “The Cabuliwala”

Based on an Afghan figure, humanity in “The Cabuliwala” shows Tagore’s art, showing his broad insight and vision in presenting alien characters with love.

Introduction to Humanity in “The Cabuliwala”

Based on an Afghan figure, humanity in “The Cabuliwala” shows Tagore’s art. It is also that a person, if he was from some alien culture, was rarely accepted in the other culture during the previous century, specifically in the Indian sub-continent. Foreigners were either considered occupiers, the British, or kidnappers, the Afghanis, as is the case of Rahman in “The Cabuliwala” by Rabindranath Tagore. This has been expressed by Tagore’s wife that she considers Rahman as a kidnapper to be kept under “watchful eye” (Tagore 3). However, Tagore discovers a particular charm in him with which he seems fascinated. This fascination for the Cabuliwalla arouses Tagore’s sympathy for the foreigners, his generosity for the poor, and his love for the lower class and their children, showing humanity in “The Cabuliwala.”

Stereotyping in “The Cabuliwala”

When Tagore finds that his daughter is attracted to a common street vendor, the Cabuliwalla, he does not pay much attention to this except to remove the terror of his Mini. It is because she has “a blind belief “ that he is a kidnapper (2). After all, most people from Afghanistan have been dubbed as kidnappers of children. His wife also considers him so, as she questions Tagore on the same grounds. However, Rahman arouses Tagore’s sympathy for him because he proves “very patient listener” (3) to his daughter that he himself is not; thus proving that he is a good human being. Secondly, he offers “brigs of nuts and almonds” (4) to Mini, who is dear to Tagore, showing his humanity in “The Cabuliwala.” In this way, he, despite being a foreigner, wins his sympathy.

Human Love in “The Cabuliwala”

Rahman also wins his generosity though it happens at the end after his long reflection. Tagore only thinks of him as a street merchandiser. Cabuliwala does not touch his heart even when he is arrested though he comes to greet Mini and makes fun of himself to make Mini laugh saying, “I would have thrashed that old father-in-law but my hands are bound” (3) as he is under arrest. “The time passed and he was forgotten” by Tagore as is usual but when he appears at the end, brings gifts for Mini without accepting money, and says “I too have one like her in my own home” (5) this touches Tagore’s heart. He thinks of Tagore’s daughter as his own and then brings hundred rupees out of his pocket though he curtails the festivities of his daughter. This is how Rahman arouses his generosity and Tagore demonstrates humanity in “The Cabuliwala.”

Equality among Children in “The Cabuliwala”

This generosity is also a sort of love for the lower-class people and the lower-class children. Tagore knows that the Cabuliwalla, Rahman, is from Afghanistan, which is quite far away. He cannot go to his homeland due to bad financial conditions as he has lost his prime years in jail. Therefore, when he brings gifts for Mini, he thinks about him as a human being having a heart and then thinks of his daughter and home. His heart melts, and he states, “Tears came to my eyes. I forgot that he was a poor Cabuli fruit seller, while I was…” (6). This difference in class arouses his human heart, which makes him think about Rahman and his daughter, and sacrifice his daughter’s wedding to pay him money. This is another evidence of humanity in “The Cabuliwala.”

Conclusion of “The Cabuliwala”

The story, thus, proves that Tagore has a human heart and his story is an ample proof of his showing humanity in “The Cabuliwala.” He is not only a great writer but also a great human being, who, merely by the good gesture of a street vendor, understands his great heart and assesses his own situation. This made him fascinated even more not by his appearance as he used to be, but by his big heart that he brings gifts for his daughter though he has nothing, while he could not give her anything despite having everything. This is not only a way to make him a good human being but also it is his good gesture that fills him with good emotions and passions that he understands his difficulties.

Works Cited

Tagore, Rabinderanath. “The Cabuliwalla.” n.d. Wyne. http://www.is.wayne.edu/MNISSANI/Fall2003/Cabuliwallah.htm Accessed 04 Nov. 2022.

NOTE: It is a student essay for illustrative purposes only. You can borrow ideas and write your own essay.

Questions

How does the character of Rahman, the Cabuliwala, serve as a symbol of humanity in the story, and what does his relationship with Mini reveal about the universal bonds that connect people across cultures?
In “The Cabuliwala,” we see moments of both kindness and misunderstanding between the Indian society and the Cabuliwala. How does the story depict the complexities of human interactions and the potential for empathy even in the face of cultural differences?

The story raises questions about the impact of time on human relationships, as Mini grows up and Rahman returns after several years. How does the theme of humanity intersect with the theme of time in the story, and what does it suggest about the enduring nature of human connections?