Month: August 2023

Introduction

Rhetorical devices are literary devices though their functions are, somewhat, different. These devices are used to persuade and communication. They also engage an audience through various forms of communication such as speeches, essays, or literature.

These rhetorical devices include devices such as similes, metaphors, alliteration, and parallelism, as well as strategies like ethos, pathos, and logos. One thing among all is common that they emphasize, evoke emotions, and enhance the impact of the message.

Types of Rhetorical Devices

Rhetorical Device	Definition	Example	Role in Rhetoric
Simile	This literary device is also a rhetorical device. It compares two different things using “like” or “as”	“Her smile was as bright as the sun.”	Adds imagery and helps readers picturize things.
Metaphor	This is also a literary device that equates one thing to another unrelated thing	“The world is a stage.”	Evokes emotions and facilitates deeper understanding including direct picturization of things or objects.
Alliteration	It shows the repetition of initial consonant sounds	“Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.”	Creates a rhythmic and attention-grabbing effect.
Hyperbole	This rhetorical device shows an exaggerated statement or claim.	“I’ve told you a million times to clean your room!”	Adds emphasis and humor to a message.
Repetition	This rhetorical device shows using words, phrases, or ideas.	“Let it snow, let it snow, let it snow.”	Strengthens key messages and aids in memory.
Anaphora	This rhetorical device shows repeating words at the beginning of clauses/sentences.	“We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds…”	Creates rhythm and emphasizes specific ideas.
Epistrophe	This rhetorical device shows using  repeated words at the end of clauses/sentences.	“When I was a child, I spoke as a child, I understood as a child.”	Provides closure and reinforces central themes.
Parallelism	This rhetorical device shows using similar grammatical structures.	“Easy come, easy go.”	Enhances rhythm and organizes complex ideas.
Antithesis	It shows uxtaposing contrasting ideas or phrases.	“It was the best of times; it was the worst of times.”	Emphasizes differences to create a strong contrast.
Chiasmus	This rhetorical device shows reversing the order of words or phrases.	“Fair is foul and foul is fair.”	Adds an artistic and memorable quality to a statement.
Climax	It means arranging words in ascending order of importance.	“I came, I saw, I conquered.”	Builds anticipation and leads to a powerful conclusion.
Antimetabole	This rhetorical device shows repeating words in reverse order.	“Eat to live, not live to eat.”	Adds emphasis and encourages reflection.
Apostrophe	It shows addressing an absent person or inanimate object.	“O, Romeo, Romeo! Wherefore art thou Romeo?”	Expresses intense emotions and creates intimacy.
Epanalepsis	It shows repeating words at the beginning and end.	“Water alone dug this giant canyon, water alone.”	Draws attention to a specific point and reinforces it.
Litotes	This rhetorical device shows understatement expressed by negating its opposite.	“She’s not unkind.”	Softens the impact of a statement or adds emphasis.
Polysyndeton	It shows using multiple conjunctions in a sentence.	“He ran and jumped and laughed and danced.”	Creates a sense of accumulation and urgency.
Asyndeton	This rhetorical device shows omitting conjunctions in a series of words	“I came, I saw, I conquered.”	Creates speed and directness in the message.

These rhetorical devices are powerful tools that writers and speakers use to convey their messages effectively, engage their audience, and persuade them to their point of view. Each device serves a specific role in rhetoric, helping to create impact, emotion, and memorable communication.

Functions of Rhetorical Devices in Rhetoric

1. Adding Vivid Imagery and Engagement:

• Simile: This rhetorical device shows compares two things using “like” or “as” to create vivid images.
• Metaphor: It equates one thing to another unrelated thing, engaging the audience’s imagination.

2. Creating Rhythmic and Attention-Grabbing Effects:

• Alliteration: This rhetorical device shows the repetition of initial consonant sounds for a rhythmic effect.
• Anaphora: It shows repeating words at the beginning of clauses/sentences for rhythm.

3. Evoking Emotions and Facilitating Understanding:

• Metaphor: This rhetorical device shows engagesment of emotions and helps the audience comprehend complex ideas.
• Hyperbole: It exaggerates for emphasis, making the message more impactful.

4. Enhancing Emphasis and Memorable Messages:

• Hyperbole: This rhetorical device shows adds emphasis to critical points and makes them memorable.
• Repetition: It strengthens key messages and aids in memory retention.

5. Creating a Sense of Order and Symmetry:

• Parallelism: This rhetorical device shows similar grammatical structures to organize complex ideas.
• Chiasmus: It reverses word order for a balanced and symmetrical structure.

6. Emphasizing Contrasts and Building Powerful Statements:

• Antithesis: It juxtaposes contrasting ideas to create strong statements.
• Climax: It arranges words in ascending order for a powerful conclusion.

7. Drawing Attention and Encouraging Reflection:

• Antimetabole: This rhetorical device shows repeated words in reverse order to emphasize points.
• Epanalepsis: It repeats words at the beginning and end for focus.

8. Creating Dramatic Effect and Intimacy:

• Apostrophe: It shows addressing an absent person or object for emotional impact.
• Litotes: It understates to create a subtle form of emphasis.

9. Adding Artistic Quality and Memorable Phrases:

• Chiasmus: It adds an artistic and memorable quality to a statement.
• Epanalepsis: This rhetorical device repeates a rhythmic and memorable pattern.

10. Expressing Intensity and Urgency:

• Apostrophe: It expresses intense emotions and urgency.
• Polysyndeton: It uses multiple conjunctions for a sense of urgency.

11. Creating Speed and Directness:

• Asyndeton: It means omitting conjunctions for a fast-paced message.
• Polysyndeton: It enhances rhythm and adds urgency to a message.

12. Engaging Audience and Persuasion:

• Simile: It engages the audience by relating to familiar images.
• Apostrophe: This rhetorical device creates a sense of intimacy and connection with the audience.

Suggested Readings of Books about Rhetorical Devices

1. Booth, Wayne C., Gregory G. Colomb, and Joseph M. Williams. The Craft of Research. 4th ed., University of Chicago Press, 2016.
2. Corbett, Edward P. J., and Robert J. Connors. Classical Rhetoric for the Modern Student. 4th ed., Oxford University Press, 1998.
3. Kennedy, George A., and Aristotle. Aristotle On Rhetoric: A Theory of Civic Discourse. Oxford University Press, 1991.
4. Lanham, Richard A. A Handlist of Rhetorical Terms. 2nd ed., University of California Press, 1991.
5. Foss, K. Sonja. Rhetorical Criticism: Exploration and Practice. 5th ed., Waveland Press, 2020.
6. Weaver, Richard M. Ideas Have Consequences. University of Chicago Press, 2013.

Introduction

A heroic couplet is a literary device comprising two lines written in iambic pentameter with a strict rhyme scheme (AA). It originated in English literature and gained popularity during the 17th and 18th centuries. This structured and elegant verse is often used to convey profound thoughts, witty statements, or conclude epic poems with a sense of resolution.

Steps to Write Heroic Couplets

Step to Write Heroic Couplet	How to Do It	Example
1. Choose a Theme	Select a topic or theme for your poem. It can be about love, nature, an idea, or any other subject.	Love is a flame that burns within the heart.
2. Determine Meter	Decide on the meter, which is typically iambic pentameter (10 syllables per line with alternating unstressed and stressed syllables).	It gives our lives a passionate start.
3. Rhyme Scheme	Choose a rhyme scheme for the couplet. In heroic couplets, the rhyme scheme is AA, meaning both lines rhyme with each other.	(A) It gives our lives a passionate start.
		(A) And makes us feel alive, never apart.
4. Compose the Couplets	Write two lines that follow the selected meter and rhyme scheme. Each couplet should express a complete thought or idea.	(A) The sun sets low, the sky turns to art.
		(A) The world around us, a masterpiece to impart.
5. Maintain Consistency	Ensure that each line has ten syllables and maintains the iambic pattern, and that the rhyming words match at the end of the lines.	(A) With grace and charm, we dance and we sway.
		(A) In love’s embrace, forever we’ll stay.

Keep in mind that writing heroic couplets requires practice and attention to rhythm and rhyme. Once you have multiple couplets, they can be combined to create longer poems or form part of a larger work. Enjoy experimenting with this classic poetic form!

Benefits of Heroic Couplet in Poetry:

1. Formal Structure: Heroic couplets have a defined structure of iambic pentameter with end rhymes, providing a sense of formality and order to the poem.
2. Concise Expression: With only two lines, heroic couplets force poets to be concise, resulting in impactful and succinct expressions of ideas.
3. Versatility: Heroic couplets can be effectively used in various literary genres, including epic poetry, satire, and drama, offering flexibility to poets.
4. Memorable: The regular meter and rhyme make heroic couplets easier to remember and recite, enhancing the poem’s memorability.
5. Clarity: The structured nature of heroic couplets lends clarity and precision to the expression of complex ideas or themes.
6. Aesthetic Appeal: When used skillfully, heroic couplets create an aesthetically pleasing pattern of sound and rhythm, elevating the overall beauty of the poem.

Heroic Couplet in Literary Theory

Literary Theory	Critique of Heroic Couplet	Example of Critique
1. Historical Context	The heroic couplet emerged in England during the 17th and 18th centuries, reflecting the cultural, social, and political trends of the time.	The prevalence of the heroic couplet in the 18th-century poetry mirrored the focus on reason and wit during the Enlightenment era, potentially overshadowing other poetic forms.
2. Form and Structure	The iambic pentameter and end rhymes of the heroic couplet can shape the poem’s meaning and impact.	The strict structure of the heroic couplet may lead to a predictable and formulaic pattern, which could hinder the exploration of unconventional or experimental themes in poetry.
3. Genre and Theme	The heroic couplet has been used in various literary genres, influencing the expression of themes and subjects.	While the form suits certain genres like satire and epic poetry, it might not effectively convey the depth of emotions in more intimate or personal themes such as individual struggles or confessions.
4. Aesthetic and Cultural Value	The heroic couplet is praised for its ability to convey complex ideas and emotions, but its rigid structure has also been criticized.	Some critics argue that the heroic couplet’s widespread use in the 18th century led to an abundance of similar-sounding poems, diminishing its artistic value and stifling poetic diversity.

Suggested Readings

1. Dryden, John. The Works of John Dryden, Volume XI: Plays: The Conquest of Granada, Marriage-a-la-Mode, The Assignation. Edited by Vinton A. Dearing, University of California Press, 1989.
2. Pope, Alexander. The Poems of Alexander Pope: A One-Volume edition of the Twickenham Text with Selected Annotations. Edited by John Butt, Yale University Press, 1963.
3. Spenser, Edmund. The Faerie Queene. Edited by A. C. Hamilton, Penguin Classics, 1987.
4. Waller, Edmund. The Poems of Edmund Waller: A New Edition Including the Meditations. Edited by George Thorn-Drury, Oxford University Press, 1968.

Etymology of Heroic Couplet

The literary device heroic couplet is a poetic form that emerged during the Restoration period in English literature. It soon reached its zenith in the 18th century.

Its etymology, however, originates from the French heroic couplet, known as couplet héroïque.” Itcomprises two rhymed lines in iambic pentameter. English poets John Dryden and Alexander Pope soon adopted this form and popularized it.

The “heroic” aspect of this term arises from the subject matter often addressed in these couplets which includes heroic themes, moral lessons, and philosophical reflections. The structured and balanced nature of the heroic couplet lent itself well to expressing wit, satire, and intellectual profundity, making it a dominant verse form in neoclassical poetry during the 17th and 18th centuries.

Meanings of Heroic Couplet

1. Poetic form with two rhymed lines.
2. Originated from the French “couplet héroïque.”
3. Consists of lines written in iambic pentameter.
4. Emerged during the Restoration period in English literature.
5. Adopted and refined by English poets like John Dryden and Alexander Pope.
6. Addresses heroic themes.
7. Conveys moral lessons and philosophical reflections.
8. Expresses wit and satire.
9. Dominant verse form in neoclassical poetry during the 17th and 18th centuries.

Heroic Couplet in Grammar

It is a noun phrase that refers to a specific poetic form consisting of two rhymed lines written in iambic pentameter, often used to address heroic themes, convey moral lessons, and express wit and satire.

Definition of Heroic Couplet

It is a type of rhymed poetry consisting of two lines of iambic pentameter with a rhyme at the end. It is often used in poetry to create a sense of closure or completion at the end of a passage, and to emphasize key themes or messages.

Types of Heroic Couplet

There are several different types of this term, each with its own unique characteristics and uses in poetry. Here are a few examples:

Type of Heroic Couplet	Features	Example
Classic Heroic Couplet	Consists of two rhymed lines in iambic pentameter.	“A little learning is a dangerous thing; Drink deep, or taste not the Pierian spring.” Alexander Pope, “An Essay on Criticism”
Satirical Heroic Couplet	Conveys wit and satire with a humorous or critical tone.	“I am his Highness’ dog at Kew; Pray tell me, sir, whose dog are you?” Alexander Pope, “Epistle to Dr. Arbuthnot”
Philosophical Heroic Couplet	Addresses profound philosophical ideas and reflections.	Know then thyself, presume not God to scan; The proper study of mankind is man.” Alexander Pope, “Essay on Man”
Moral Heroic Couplet	Conveys moral lessons and ethical insights.	“Heaven’s first law is to love thyself; Earth’s second is to love thyself. Benjamin Franklin, “Poor Richard’s Almanack”
Romantic Heroic Couplet	Focuses on themes of love, passion, and emotion.	If this be error and upon me proved,      I never writ, nor no man ever loved. William Shakespeare, Sonnet 116
Epic Heroic Couplet	Used in epic poetry to narrate grand heroic adventures.	“Sing, O goddess, the anger of Achilles son of Peleus, that brought countless ills upon the Achaeans.” Homer, “The Iliad”

Examples of Heroic Couplets

1. From “The Canterbury Tales” by Geoffrey Chaucer:

Example:

To riden out, he loved chivalrie,

Trouthe and honour, fredom and curteisie.

Explanation: In this heroic couplet, Chaucer introduces the Knight, a character admired for his noble qualities, including his love for chivalry, truth, and courtesy, as well as his commitment to living a life of peace and charity.

• From “The Rape of the Lock” by Alexander Pope:

Example:

“Belinda now, whom thirst of fame invites,

Burns to encounter two adventurous knights.”

Explanation: Pope, in “The Rape of the Lock,” uses this couplet to describe Belinda, the poem’s protagonist, who is eagerly seeking fame. The line humorously portrays her as a brave adventurer facing the challenges posed by her two suitors.

• From “Essay on Criticism” by Alexander Pope:

Example:

“A little learning is a dang’rous thing;

Drink deep, or taste not the Pierian spring.”

Explanation: In this famous couplet, Pope warns against shallow knowledge, stating that it can be perilous. He advises readers to either fully immerse themselves in learning or avoid it altogether, comparing genuine knowledge to the Pierian spring of Greek mythology.

• From “The Rape of the Lock” by Alexander Pope: Example:

“Not louder shrieks to pitying heaven are cast,

When husbands or when lapdogs breathe their last.”

Explanation: This couplet humorously exaggerates the emotional reaction of Belinda when she loses a lock of hair. Pope compares her distress to the exaggerated grief displayed when someone loses a spouse or even a beloved pet lapdog.

Suggested Readings about Heroic Couplet

1. Dryden, John. An Essay of Dramatic Poesy. Oxford University Press, 1688.
2. Johnson, Samuel. The Vanity of Human Wishes. Penguin Classics, 2003.
3. Pope, Alexander. The Works of Alexander Pope: Volume I – Pastoral Poetry and An Essay on Criticism. University of California Press, 2019.
4. Swift, Jonathan. Gulliver’s Travels. Signet Classics, 2012.
5. Warton, Thomas. Observations on the Faerie Queene of Spenser. Cambridge University Press, 2015.

How to Write and Use Literary Device of Argument

Although there are several ways of writing and using an argument as a literary device, there are some specific techniques. Some of these techniques are given below in this table.

Writing Technique	Explanation	Example
Identify Your Purpose	Determine the goal of your argument—whether it’s to persuade, inform, or provoke thought—and tailor your approach accordingly	Persuade: Convince the audience to adopt a particular viewpoint or take a specific action. Inform: Provide factual information and educate the audience on a topic. Provoke thought: Stimulate critical thinking and encourage reflection on a subject.
Clarify Your Position	Clearly state your main claim or thesis, providing a concise and focused statement that captures the essence of your argument	A clear and concise statement that conveys your stance on the issue being discussed. It should summarize the main point you are trying to make and serve as a foundation for the rest of your argument.
Support with Evidence	Gather relevant evidence, facts, examples, and expert opinions to substantiate your claims	Use credible sources, such as research studies, reputable websites, and expert testimonies, to provide evidence that supports your main claim.Include factual information, statistical data, real-life examples, and quotes from authorities in the field to add credibility and persuade your audience.
Construct a Logical Structure	Organize your argument in a logical and coherent manner, with a clear introduction, body paragraphs presenting supporting evidence, and a conclusion that summarizes your main points	Introduction: Capture the reader’s attention, provide background information, and present your thesis statement. Body paragraphs: Present supporting evidence, each paragraph focusing on a single point and transitioning smoothly between ideas. Conclusion: Summarize the main points, restate the thesis, and leave the reader with a strong final impression.
Anticipate Counterarguments	Consider potential opposing viewpoints and objections to your argument. Address these counterarguments and provide counter-evidence or reasoning to strengthen your position	Identify possible objections or alternative perspectives to your argument. Acknowledge and address these counterarguments, presenting evidence or logical reasoning to refute them. By doing so, you demonstrate that you have considered multiple viewpoints and strengthened your position.
Appeal to Reason and Emotion	Utilize both logical reasoning and emotional appeals to engage your audience. Employ logos, pathos, and ethos to enhance the persuasiveness of your argument	Logos: Use logical reasoning, facts, and logical appeals to convince the audience. Pathos: Appeal to the audience’s emotions, values, and beliefs to create an emotional connection. Ethos: Establish credibility and trust by demonstrating expertise, fairness, and honesty. Balancing these appeals helps engage the audience and make your argument more persuasive.
Use Rhetorical Devices	Employ analogy, metaphor, rhetorical questions, and persuasive language to make your argument more compelling and memorable	Analogies: Draw comparisons to clarify complex ideas. Metaphors: Use figurative language to make your argument more vivid and relatable. Rhetorical questions: Pose questions that provoke thought and lead the audience to consider your viewpoint. Persuasive language: Choose words and phrases that evoke emotion and influence the audience’s perception of the argument.
Engage in Active Listening	When using arguments in discussions or debates, actively listen to others’ perspectives and respond respectfully	Actively listen to others’ viewpoints, paying attention to their arguments and concerns. Respond respectfully, addressing their points and showing that you have considered their perspectives. Seek common ground, acknowledge valid points, and respond with reasoned arguments to foster productive and respectful discussions or debates.
Revise and Edit	Review and revise your argument to ensure clarity, coherence, and effectiveness	Review your argument for clarity, ensuring that your points are well-explained and easy to understand. Check for coherence and logical flow between ideas. Revise for effectiveness, considering the impact of your language and the strength of your evidence. Edit for grammar, punctuation, and style to enhance the overall presentation of your argument.
Consider Context and Audience	Adapt your arguments to the specific context and target audience. Tailor your language, tone, and supporting evidence	Consider the specific context in which you are presenting your argument, such as a formal setting or an informal discussion. Tailor your language and tone to match the expectations and preferences of your audience. Use supporting evidence that resonates with the audience’s values, beliefs, and experiences, making your argument more persuasive and relevant.

Benefits of Using Arguments

Argument could be used for several things. Some of the benefits of using argument in writing are as follows.

1. Persuasion
2. Critical Thinking
3. Clarity of Thought
4. Effective Communication
5. Engagement and Interest
6. Conflict Resolution
7. Empowerment
8. Improved Decision-Making
9. Intellectual Growth
10. Advocacy

Literary Device of Argument and Literary Theory

First Column	Second Column	Third Column
Structuralism	Analyze how elements of a literary work function together as a coherent structure	Applying structuralism to an argument involves examining how different elements within the argument contribute to its overall structure and meaning. For example, in Franz Kafka’s “The Metamorphosis,” one can analyze the structural elements of the narrative, such as the transformation of the protagonist, Gregor, and the subsequent reactions of his family.
Marxism	Explore how social and economic factors influence literature and how literary works can reflect or critique societal power structures	Applying Marxism to an argument would involve examining the power dynamics and social class issues present. For instance, in George Orwell’s “Animal Farm,” the allegorical portrayal of animals revolting against their human oppressors critiques the inequalities and corruption of a totalitarian regime.
Feminism	Analyze the representation of gender and challenge patriarchal norms and stereotypes in literature	Applying feminism to an argument would involve examining the gender dynamics and power imbalances within the argument. In Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s “The Yellow Wallpaper,” the story highlights the oppressive nature of gender roles and societal expectations placed on women in the 19th century.
Postcolonialism	Examine the legacy of colonialism and its impact on literature, focusing on the representation of colonized peoples and their cultural identities	Applying postcolonialism to an argument would involve analyzing the ways in which power dynamics and cultural identity are portrayed. In Chinua Achebe’s “Things Fall Apart,” the novel explores the effects of European colonialism on Igbo society and challenges Western narratives of African cultures.
Psychoanalysis	Explore the unconscious desires, motives, and symbols within a literary work, and how they shape characters and themes	Applying psychoanalysis to an argument would involve analyzing the hidden desires and psychological motivations behind certain actions or choices. For example, in William Shakespeare’s “Macbeth,” one can examine the unconscious guilt and ambition driving the protagonist’s tragic downfall.
Reader-Response Theory	Focus on the reader’s interpretation and response to a literary work, considering how their own experiences and perspectives shape meaning	Applying reader-response theory to an argument would involve acknowledging and addressing the potential variations in interpretation and understanding among different readers. In J.D. Salinger’s “The Catcher in the Rye,” readers’ differing responses to the protagonist, Holden Caulfield, reflect their own experiences and values.
Deconstruction	Challenge fixed meanings and binary oppositions in a text, emphasizing the instability of language and multiple interpretations	Applying deconstruction to an argument would involve questioning and destabilizing assumed meanings and binary distinctions. For instance, in William Shakespeare’s “Hamlet,” the play’s ambiguous and contradictory nature challenges fixed interpretations of characters and events.
New Criticism	Analyze a literary work based solely on its internal elements, such as form, structure, language, and imagery	Applying New Criticism to an argument would involve closely examining the literary techniques and devices employed within the argument. In Robert Frost’s poem “The Road Not Taken,” the analysis would focus on the poem’s use of metaphors, imagery, and symbolism to convey themes of choice and individuality.
Postmodernism	Explore the fragmentation, self-reflexivity, and skepticism toward grand narratives and established norms in literature	Applying postmodernism to an argument would involve challenging and deconstructing traditional concepts and narratives. In Kurt Vonnegut’s “Slaughterhouse-Five,” the novel disrupts linear storytelling and blurs the boundaries between reality

This table provides an overview of different literary theories, the types of arguments employed within each theory, and the corresponding critiques offered by these theories. It highlights how literary theory could offer distinct lenses through which to interpret and analyze literature, shedding light on different aspects and dimensions of literary works.

Suggested Readings

1. Toulmin, Stephen. The Uses of Argument. Cambridge University Press, 2003.
2. Graff, Gerald, and Cathy Birkenstein. They Say / I Say: The Moves That Matter in Academic Writing. W. W. Norton & Company, 2014.
3. Aristotle. Rhetoric. Translated by W. Rhys Roberts, Dover Publications, 2004.
4. Booth, Wayne C., et al. The Craft of Research. University of Chicago Press, 2016.
5. Perelman, Chaim, and Lucie Olbrechts-Tyteca. The New Rhetoric: A Treatise on Argumentation. Translated by John Wilkinson and Purcell Weaver, University of Notre Dame Press, 1969.

Etymology of Argument

The term “argument” originated from the Latin term argumentum,” which, in turn, has the derivative verb arguere, meaning “to clarify” or “to prove.” The Latin word argumentum  was initially used to refer to a statement to prove or support a point. With time, the meaning of the word, argument, expanded to encompass the act of presenting reasons, facts, or opinions in a structured manner. Its purpose was to support a particular position.

The term has since evolved to describe a discussion or disagreement involving opposing opinions or positions, often involving reasoning, evidence, and persuasive techniques to convince others.

Meanings of Literary Device of Argument

The term, argument, has multiple meanings, depending on the context in which it is used.

• Verbal or Written Exchange: It refers toa verbal or written exchange of ideas or opinions between individuals or groups, often involving a disagreement or debate.
• Persuasive Discourse: This type of argument involves the presentation of reasoning, evidence, and persuasive techniques to support a specific position or to challenge opposing perspectives.
• Logical Structure: This type of argument denotes a logical structure comprising premises and a conclusion, commonly used in fields such as philosophy and logic.
• Justification: It shows a strong or compelling reason or justification for a specific action, decision, or belief.

Definition of Literary Device of Argument

The literary device of argument refers to the use of logical reasoning and persuasive techniques in an essay to present a specific perspective to persuade the readers.

Common Examples of Arguments

There are several types of arguments. The types of argument depend on the audience, the users, the context as well as the type of writing.

Type of Argument	Detail	Example
Persuasive	Arguments aimed at convincing or persuading the audience	“Smoking should be banned because it poses significant health risks to both smokers and non-smokers.”
Logical	Arguments based on logical reasoning and evidence	“All men are mortal. Socrates is a man. Therefore, Socrates is mortal.”
Causal	Arguments establishing cause-and-effect relationships	“Lack of exercise leads to weight gain and increased risk of developing chronic diseases.”
Analogical	Arguments drawing comparisons between similar situations	“Just as a caterpillar transforms into a butterfly, we too can undergo personal growth and transformation.”
Moral	Arguments appealing to moral principles or ethics	“Euthanasia is morally wrong because it violates the principle of preserving human life.”
Statistical	Arguments based on data, facts, and statistical analysis	“Research studies consistently show that students who eat a healthy breakfast perform better academically.”
Debates/Counterarguments	Arguments presenting opposing viewpoints and engaging in structured debate	“While some argue for stricter gun control laws, others contend that it infringes on the rights of responsible gun owners.”

This table provides an overview of various types of arguments, their explanations, and examples to illustrate their application in the context.

Shakespearean Arguments

Although it seems quite unusual to state that Shakespeare has used arguments, literary pieces and characters shown in those pieces often use arguments. Shakespeare has used several types of arguments in his writings some of which are below given in the examples.

Type of Argument	Explanation	Example with Source
Lover’s Arguments	Conflicts and debates between lovers, exploring themes of love, jealousy, and reconciliation.	Example: The arguments between Romeo and Juliet. Source: Play – Romeo and Julie Explanation: Romeo and Juliet’s arguments arise from their families’ feud and their secret love, highlighting the challenges they face in reconciling their feelings amidst societal conflicts.
Political Arguments	Debates on leadership, governance, loyalty, and power struggles.	Example: The arguments about the legitimacy of kingship in Macbeth. Source: Play – Macbeth Explanation: The characters engage in arguments over the rightful ruler, the abuse of power, and the consequences of ambition in the pursuit of political authority.
Moral Arguments	Dilemmas and debates regarding questions of right and wrong, justice, and the consequences of actions.	Example: The moral arguments surrounding revenge in Hamlet Source: Play – Hamlet Explanation: Hamlet’s internal debates about the morality of seeking revenge for his father’s murder raise profound questions about justice, morality, and the nature of honor.
Family Arguments	Conflicts within families, including parent-child relationships and sibling rivalries.	Example: The arguments between King Lear and his daughters. Source: Play – King Lear Explanation: The arguments center around issues of inheritance, loyalty, and the consequences of dividing familial bonds, highlighting the complexities and tensions within familial relationships.
Philosophical Arguments	Exploration of existential questions, appearance versus reality, the meaning of life, and the human condition.	Example: The philosophical arguments in “Hamlet,” including the “To be or not to be” soliloquy. Source: Play – Hamlet Explanation: Hamlet’s soliloquy raises profound philosophical questions about the nature of life, the struggle with existence, and the contemplation of mortality.

Literary Examples of Arguments

1. Example of Moral Argument:
   • Source: Novel – Crime and Punishment by Fyodor Dostoevsky
   • Explanation: The protagonist, Raskolnikov, engages in a moral argument with himself about the justification and consequences of committing a crime, highlighting inner turmoil and ethical considerations.
2. Example of Philosophical Argument:
   • Source: Novel – The Stranger by Albert Camus
   • Explanation: The protagonist, Meursault, engages in a philosophical argument about the meaninglessness of life and the indifference of the universe, reflecting existentialist themes and the exploration of the human condition.
3. Example of Political Argument:
   • Source: Play – Antigone by Sophocles
   • Explanation: The characters Antigone and Creon engage in a political argument over the moral duty to bury the dead, representing the clash between personal convictions and the authority of the state.
4. Example of Family Argument:
   • Source: Novel – Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen
   • Explanation: The Bennet sisters, particularly Elizabeth and her mother, engage in family arguments and disagreements regarding marriage, social status, and the pursuit of happiness, showcasing the complexities of family dynamics.
5. Example of Legal Argument:
   • Source: Play – The Merchant of Venice by William Shakespeare
   • Explanation: The trial scene in the play involves legal arguments between Shylock and Portia, focusing on issues of justice, mercy, and the interpretation of the law.

Suggested Readings

1. Lunsford, Andrea A., et al. Everything’s an Argument. Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2019.
2. Smagorinsky, Peter, et al. The dynamics of writing instruction: A structured process approach for middle and high school. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 2010.
3. Bullock, Richard, and Francine Weinberg. The Little Seagull Handbook. WW Norton & Company, 2011.
4. Williams, Joseph M., and Gregory G. Colomb. Style: Lessons in Clarity and Grace. University of Chicago Press, 2018.
5. Heinrichs, Jay. Thank You for Arguing: What Aristotle, Lincoln, and Homer Simpson Can Teach Us About the Art of Persuasion. Three Rivers Press, 2013.

Etymology of Archetype

The term “archetype” has the Greek root archetypos as its derivative. It means original pattern or prototype. In Jungian psychology, this concept refers to a universal, symbolic image or pattern of behavior that we inherit and share with others.

Meanings of Archetype

The concept appears in various fields such as literature, psychology, and anthropology. Therefore, it has different meanings in these fields.

1. In literature, an archetype is a typical character, plot, or theme that appears repeatedly in different works of literature and across cultures. For example, the hero archetype is a common character in literature. He is typically brave, noble, and self-sacrificing.
2. In psychology, it is a universal, inherited pattern of behavior or perception stored in the collective unconscious of all human beings. These archetypes find expression in dreams, myths, and symbols.
3. In anthropology, it refers to the recurring patterns of behavior found across different societies and periods. These include rituals, myths, and symbols that express universal human experiences and values.

Archetype in Grammar

Grammatically, “Archetype” is a singular noun. Its plural is archetypes.

Definition of Archetype

As a literary device, archetype refers to a typical character, plot, or theme that appears repeatedly in different works of literature and across cultures. These archetypes are often recognized as universal symbols or patterns of human experience and behavior. Also, they evoke strong emotional responses in readers or audiences.

Common Examples of Archetype

There are various examples of archetype literary term in literature, mythology, and other forms of storytelling. Here are some common examples with details.

Archetype Type	Detail	Explanation with Example
The hero	A character who embarks on a journey or quest	It represents a protagonist who exhibits courage, determination, and overcomes obstacles. Example: Harry Potter in the Harry Potter series.
The mentor	A wise and experienced figure who guides the hero	The mentor archetype provides guidance, wisdom, and often imparts crucial knowledge to help the hero on their journey. Example: Obi-Wan Kenobi in Star Wars.
The trickster	A character who uses deception and wit	It is often mischievous, and cunning, and brings about unexpected outcomes through their actions. Example: Loki in Norse mythology.
The damsel in distress	A helpless female character who needs rescue	It represents a vulnerable character who requires saving or assistance from the hero. Example: Princess Peach in the “Super Mario” series.
The monster	A terrifying creature embodying evil or threat	The monster archetype embodies fear, danger, or represents a formidable obstacle for the hero to overcome. Example: Smaug in The Hobbit.
The journey	A story structure of the hero’s physical or emotional journey	It involves the hero undertaking a transformative quest that leads to personal growth and change. Example: “The Odyssey” by Homer.
The battle between good and evil	A conflict of virtuous hero against malevolent villain	It explores the clash between righteousness and wickedness. Example: Frodo vs. Sauron in The Lord of the Rings.
The coming of age	Focuses on the psychological and emotional growth of a young protagonist	The coming of age archetype revolves around the protagonist’s transition from adolescence to adulthood, often involving self-discovery. Example: To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee.
The quest for knowledge	Characters seeking forbidden or hidden knowledge	It revolves around characters’ pursuit of wisdom, truth, or understanding. Example: Neo seeking the truth in The Matrix.
The rebirth	A transformative experience leading to new identity	The rebirth archetype involves a character undergoing a significant change, often leading to a new sense of purpose or identity. Example: Ebenezer Scrooge in A Christmas Carol.

Literary Examples of Archetype

1. The Hero Archetype – from To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee.

 “When he was nearly thirteen, my brother Jem got his arm badly broken at the elbow…When enough years had gone by to enable us to look back on them, we sometimes discussed the events leading to his accident.”

Explanation: In this extract from “To Kill a Mockingbird,” Jem could be seen as the hero archetype. He suffers a painful injury while defending his sister. Jem’s bravery and willingness to protect his family, even at great personal cost, is characteristic of the hero archetype.

• The Monster Archetype: – from Grendel by John Gardner.

 “I understood that the world was nothing: a mechanical chaos of casual, brute enmity on which we stupidly impose our hopes and fears. I understood that, finally and absolutely, I alone exist. All the rest, I saw, is merely what pushes me, or what I push against, blindly—as blindly as all that is not myself pushes back.”

Explanation: The monster archetype is a terrifying creature that embodies evil or represents a threat to the hero. In Grendel, the titular character could be seen as the monster archetype, as he represents a violent and destructive force that threatens the hero, Beowulf. However, Gardner’s novel also subverts this archetype by exploring Grendel’s perspective and suggesting that he may not be entirely evil.

• The Journey Archetype: – from “The Road Not Taken” by Robert Frost.

“Two roads diverged in a wood, and I— I took the one less traveled by, And that has made all the difference.”

Explanation: The journey archetype is a story structure in which the hero sets out on a physical or emotional journey that leads to personal growth and transformation. In “The Road Not Taken,” the speaker’s journey is metaphorical, as he reflects on a decision he made to take a less-traveled path. This journey of self-discovery leads to a greater sense of independence and self-knowledge, demonstrating the transformative power of the journey archetype.

How to Create Archetype

Archetypes are not created, but rather they are recurring patterns or symbols that appear in literature, mythology, and other forms of storytelling. However, writers and storytellers can draw on existing archetypes to create characters and narratives that resonate with readers and audiences. To incorporate it into your writing, here are some tips:

1. Familiarize yourself with common ones
2. Consider your story’s themes and messages
3. Develop your characters
4. Use symbolism
5. Be mindful of stereotypes

Benefits of Using Archetype

There are several benefits to using it in writing and storytelling:

Here is the table you requested:

Benefit	Details
Familiarity	They are universal patterns and symbols that resonate with readers and audiences across cultures and time periods.By incorporating archetypes into your writing, you can tap into these universal themes and make your story more relatable.
Depth and Meaning	Archetypes provide a deeper layer of meaning to your story, as they often represent universal human experiences and themes.By using archetypes, you can add depth and complexity to your characters and plot.
Structure	They can provide a framework for your story’s structure and plot.For example, the hero’s journey archetype can be used to structure a plot that follows a character’s journey from innocence to experience.
Characterization	Archetypes provide a starting point for character development.By starting with a recognizable archetype, you can create a well-rounded and relatable character that resonates with your audience.
Symbolism	They often have associated symbols or motifs.By using symbolism, you can add layers of meaning to your story.

Archetype in Literary Theory

Literary Theory	Interpretation	Example and Detailed Critique
Humanism Literary Theory	Recurring patterns and symbols reflecting universal human experiences and emotions.	Example: The archetype of the hero’s journey, where a protagonist goes through trials and challenges to achieve personal growth and transformation. This archetype can be seen in ancient myths, as well as modern novels like J.R.R. Tolkien’s The Lord of the Rings. Critique: While humanism emphasizes the universal nature of archetypes, it may overlook the cultural and historical contexts that shape their interpretations, potentially leading to a limited understanding of the diverse meanings they can hold.
Formalism Literary Theory	Structural elements creating meaning in literature.	Example: The archetype of the “tragic hero,” characterized by a noble protagonist whose downfall is caused by a tragic flaw. This archetype can be analyzed in terms of its plot structure, character development, and thematic implications. Critique: By focusing solely on the formal aspects of archetypes, formalism may neglect the socio-cultural and historical contexts that contribute to their significance, limiting the analysis to the surface-level structure without exploring deeper meanings or the broader implications of the archetype.
Archetypal Literary Theory	Symbolic meanings rooted in the collective unconscious of humanity.	Example: The archetype of the “wise old man,” representing wisdom and guidance. This archetype appears in various mythologies and literature, such as Merlin in Arthurian legends. Critique: While archetypal literary theory highlights the cultural and mythological significance of archetypes, it may overlook individual interpretations and diverse cultural contexts, potentially generalizing meanings and disregarding the specificities of different literary works.
Chaos Literary Theory	Patterns emerging from complex systems.	Example: The archetype of the “fool,” a character who disrupts order and brings about chaos. This archetype can be seen in Shakespeare’s plays, where the fool often challenges the established social order. Critique: Chaos theory’s focus on patterns and structures may overlook the socio-political dimensions of archetypes, potentially neglecting their potential for social critique and reinforcing a deterministic view of literature.
Postcolonialism Literary Theory	Reflection of cultural values and power dynamics resulting from colonialism.	Example: The archetype of the “noble savage,” which portrays indigenous peoples as inherently pure and close to nature, but lacking in civilization. This archetype can be critiqued for perpetuating stereotypes and justifying colonial exploitation. Critique: The emphasis of postcolonialism on power dynamics and cultural clashes may overshadow other dimensions of archetypes, potentially limiting the analysis to a narrow scope of postcolonial concerns and neglecting other thematic and narrative aspects.
Postmodernism Literary Theory	Deconstruction and recontextualization of archetypes.	Example: The archetype of the “damsel in distress,” which postmodern literature may subvert by presenting empowered female characters who challenge traditional gender roles. Critique: While postmodernism aims to challenge established power structures, its deconstruction of archetypes sometimes leads to a loss of narrative coherence and meaning, making it challenging for readers to engage with the text and locate themselves within the narrative.
Feminism Literary Theory	Reflection of patriarchal values and stereotypes about gender.	Example: The archetype of the “femme fatale,” a seductive and manipulative female character. Feminist analysis may critique this archetype for perpetuating negative stereotypes and reinforcing patriarchal notions of women’s sexuality. Critique: The focus on gender dynamics and stereotypes in feminism may overlook other dimensions of archetypes, potentially limiting the analysis to a specific feminist lens and neglecting other thematic or symbolic aspects of the archetype.

Suggested Readings

1. Campbell, Joseph. The Hero with a Thousand Faces. Princeton University Press, 2008.
2. Frye, Northrop. Anatomy of Criticism: Four Essays. Princeton University Press, 1957.
3. Jung, Carl. The Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious. Routledge, 1991.
4. Propp, Vladimir. Morphology of the Folktale. University of Texas Press, 1968.
5. Wheelwright, Philip. Metaphor and Reality. Indiana University Press, 1962.

Introduction

A sound device is a literary device writers and poets use to enhance the auditory experience of their work and create specific effects on their readers or listeners. These devices manipulate the sound patterns, rhythm, and structure of language to evoke emotions, create imagery, and engage the audience.

Examples of sound devices include alliteration in which the repetition of consonant sounds occurs within a phrase or sentence. Another is an onomatopoeia which shows the words imitating natural sounds. Both contribute to the aesthetic impact of the written or spoken piece. There are several types of sound devices such as follows.

Types of Sound Devices

Type	Short Definition	Examples
Alliteration	This sound device is the repetition of initial consonant sounds in a sequence of words or lines.	Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.She sells seashells by the seashore.
Assonance	This device is the repetition of vowel sounds within words or phrases, creating a harmonious effect.	Fleet feet sweep by sleeping geese.The rain in Spain falls mainly on the plain.
Consonance	This sound device is the repetition of consonant sounds at the end or in the middle of words.	Stroke of luck.Mad as a hatter.
Onomatopoeia	This sound device means using words that phonetically imitate or resemble the natural sounds they describe.	The buzzing bee flew by.The cow goes “moo.”
Rhyme	This sound device is the repetition of similar sounds at the end of words, commonly used in poetry.	The cat in the hat sat on the mat.
Euphony	It is the use of harmonious and pleasant sounds, contributing to a soothing and melodious quality in writing.	Sweet melodies drifted through the air.The gentle breeze rustled the leaves.
Cacophony	This sound device uses harsh and discordant sounds, creating a sense of tension and dissonance in writing.	The screeching brakes of the car.The clash of thunder and lightning.
Meter	It is a regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in poetry, forming rhythmic structures.	Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?Twinkle, twinkle, little star.

Function and Purpose of Sound Devices

1. Alliteration:

Function: Alliteration creates a sense of rhythm and musicality in the writing by repeating initial consonant sounds.

Purpose: It emphasizes specific words or phrases, making them more memorable and drawing attention to important concepts or ideas.

2. Assonance:

Function: The sound device assonance enhances the harmony and flow of the language by repeating vowel sounds within words or phrases.

Purpose: It adds a sense of unity and smoothness to the writing, creating a pleasing and melodic effect that engages the reader.

3. Consonance:

Function: Consonance adds a subtle musical quality to the writing by repeating consonant sounds at the end or in the middle of words.

Purpose: It reinforces certain words or themes, contributing to the overall aesthetic appeal and evoking emotions or moods.

4. Onomatopoeia:

Function: The sound device onomatopoeia imitates real-world sounds, bringing a vivid and sensory experience to the writing.

Purpose: It helps to create imagery and a more immersive environment, enabling the reader to visualize and connect with the content.

5. Rhyme:

Function: Rhyme creates a sense of unity and pattern in the writing by repeating similar sounds at the end of words.

Purpose: It enhances the poetic and musical quality of the text, making it easier to remember and providing a satisfying cadence.

6. Euphony:

Function: The sound device euphony utilizes pleasant and melodious sounds to create a soothing and harmonious atmosphere.

Purpose: It evokes positive emotions and creates an enjoyable reading experience, making the content more captivating and pleasant.

7. Cacophony:

Function: Cacophony employs harsh and discordant sounds to evoke tension, discomfort, or chaos.

Purpose: It can be used to reflect a character’s emotions, add dramatic effect, or convey a sense of turmoil and unrest in the narrative.

8. Meter:

Function: The sound device meter establishes a rhythmic structure in poetry, organizing stressed and unstressed syllables in a consistent pattern.

Purpose: It enhances the musicality of poetry, helping to control the pace and flow of the verse, and creating a specific emotional tone.

9. Onomatopoeic words:

Function: Onomatopoeic words directly imitate sounds, allowing readers to hear the noises described.

Purpose: They bring a sensory experience to the writing, making it more vivid and engaging for the audience.

Suggested Readings of Sound Device

1. Abrams, M. H., & Harpham, G. G. A Glossary of Literary Terms. 11th ed., Cengage Learning, 2014.
2. Bates, Brian R. Wordsworth’s Poetic Collections, Supplementary Writing and Parodic Reception. Routledge, 2015.
3. Fussell, Paul. Poetic Meter and Poetic Form. McGraw-Hill, 1966.
4. David, Abram. The Spell of the Sensuous: Perception and Language in a More-Than-Human World. Vintage, 2017.
5. Oliver, Mary. A Poetry Handbook. Mariner Books, 2005.
6. Preminger, Alex, and T. V. F. Brogan, editors. The New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics. Princeton University Press, 1993.
7. Perloff, Marjorie, and Craig Dworkin, eds. The Sound of Poetry/The Poetry of Sound. University of Chicago Press, 2009.

Introduction

Type of imagery refers to the categorization of imagery used to write descriptive language and show sensory details in literature. The purpose of imagery is to evoke a mental image or sensory experience in the reader or audience. It engages the senses and allows the audience to visualize, feel, or experience the subject matter more deeply. This literary device enhances the overall impact and emotional resonance of the work. There are several types of imagery.

Images and Imagery

Aspect	Image	Imagery
Definition	Image means visual representation, pictures, photographs, or graphics.	Imagery means vivid and descriptive language in writing or art.
Medium	It is used in advertising, web design, art, etc.	It is found in literature, poetry, creative expression, etc.
Function	Image nhances communication and engagement through visual stimuli.	Imagery evokes mental pictures and sensory experiences through words.
Purpose	They convey information or emotions visually.	Types of imagery evoke emotions, enhance understanding, and appeal to imagination.
Examples	Images are photographs, paintings, infographics.	These are metaphors, similes, detailed descriptions in writing.

Type of Imagery

Type	Definition in a complete sentence	Example	Explanation of the Type
Visual Imagery	This type of imagery is the description that appeal to the sense of sight, allowing readers to visualize the scene or characters.	“The sun set over the horizon, painting the sky with hues of orange and pink.”	Visual imagery creates mental pictures by using descriptive language that engages the reader’s sense of sight.
Auditory Imagery	It shows language that evokes sounds or noises, enabling readers to “hear” what is happening in the text.	“The crashing waves roared as they met the rocky shore.”	Auditory imagery uses words to create sounds, allowing the reader to experience auditory sensations in their mind.
Olfactory Imagery	This type of imagery shows descriptions that evoke scents or odors, bringing specific smells to the reader’s mind.	“The aroma of freshly baked bread wafted through the air.”	Olfactory imagery appeals to the reader’s sense of smell, conjuring specific scents and enhancing the descriptive experience.
Gustatory Imagery	It shows language that appeals to the sense of taste, allowing readers to imagine specific flavors.	“The soup was rich and savory, filled with hints of herbs and spices.”	Gustatory imagery uses words to create taste sensations, enhancing the reader’s ability to imagine the flavors described.
Tactile Imagery	This type of imagery shows descriptions that evoke sensations of touch or texture, enabling readers to feel or sense what the characters experience.	“Her fingers grazed the soft petals of the rose.”	Tactile imagery allows the reader to experience the depicted texture or touch, enhancing the emotional connection to the scene.
Organic/Emotional Imagery	It shows language that conveys emotions or internal sensations, providing readers with insights into the characters’ feelings.	“Her heart raced with excitement as she approached the finish line.”	Organic/Emotional imagery helps readers empathize with characters’ emotions, offering deeper insights into their internal states.
Kinesthetic Imagery	This type of imagery  shows descriptions that evoke movement or physical sensations, allowing readers to experience the action in the text.	“He danced with grace and elegance, twirling across the ballroom floor.”	Kinesthetic imagery enables the reader to sense the depicted movements, making the narrative more dynamic and engaging.

Functions of Each Type of Imagery

1. Visual Imagery:
   • Function: This type of imagery creates mental images and enhances the reader’s ability to visualize scenes or characters in the text.
   • Purpose: It also engages the sense of sight and makes the narrative more vivid and immersive.
2. Auditory Imagery:
   • Function: This type of imagery evokes sounds and noises, allowing readers to “hear” the events and environments described in the text.
   • Purpose: It also enhances the reader’s auditory experience, making the narrative more realistic and evocative.
3. Olfactory Imagery:
   • Function: This type of imagery elicits specific scents or odors, enabling readers to imagine the smells associated with the setting or characters.
   • Purpose: Its purpose is to Add depth and sensory richness to the narrative, making it more evocative and memorable.
4. Gustatory Imagery:
   • Function: This type of imagery appeals to the sense of taste, allowing readers to imagine specific flavors associated with the text.
   • Purpose: Its purpose is to enhance the reader’s sensory experience, particularly in descriptions of food or drink, and adds realism to the narrative.
5. Tactile Imagery:
   • Function: This type of imagery evokes sensations of touch or texture, enabling readers to feel or sense what the characters experience.
   • Purpose: It creates a deeper emotional connection to the scene, making the reader more engaged and empathetic towards the characters.
6. Organic/Emotional Imagery:
   • Function: This type of imagery conveys emotions or internal sensations, providing insights into the characters’ feelings and states of mind.
   • Purpose: It deepens the reader’s understanding of characters’ emotions and motivations, fostering empathy and emotional resonance.
7. Kinesthetic Imagery:
   • Function: This type of imagery evokes movements or physical sensations, allowing readers to experience the action in the text.
   • Purpose: It makes the narrative more dynamic and immersive, enabling readers to feel as if they are actively participating in the events described.

The various types of imagery serve to enrich the reader’s experience by appealing to different senses and emotions, creating a more engaging and memorable literary work.

Suggested Readings about Types of Imagery

1. Abrams, M. H. A Glossary of Literary Terms. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1993.
2. Brooks, Cleanth, and Robert Penn Warren. Understanding Poetry. Cengage Learning, 2006.
3. Culler, Jonathan D. Literary Theory: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2000.
4. Langer, Susanne K. Feeling and Form: A Theory of Art Developed from Philosophy in a New Key. Routledge, 1953.
5. Perrine, Laurence. Sound and Sense: An Introduction to Poetry. Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1998.
6. Shklovsky, Victor. Theory of Prose. Dalkey Archive Press, 1991.
7. Wimsatt, W. K., and Monroe C. Beardsley. The Verbal Icon: Studies in the Meaning of Poetry. University of Kentucky Press, 1954۔

Introduction

• Definition: A figurative device of association is a literary device used to establish connections or relationships between different elements to create shapes, meanings, and emotions in the readers. These literary devices attribute qualities, emotions, or symbolism to entities or actions, forging associations between them.
• Function: Figurative device of association enriches the language by adding layers of meaning, emotions, and images, often making the text more engaging and expressive. They provide depth and context to the subject matter, allowing readers to connect on a more profound level.
• Examples: Some prominent examples of figurative devices are personification, hyperbole, symbolism, synecdoche, metonymy, irony, allusion, oxymoron, euphemism, litotes, and onomatopoeia.

Can One Figurative Device Perform Both Functions?

• While a figurative device of association and comparison has distinct functions, some literary devices blur the lines. It is because they serve both purposes simultaneously.
• For example, a metaphor can be used not only to compare two dissimilar things but also to associate them with shared characteristics. This adds depth to the comparison, making it more than just a surface-level similarity. Therefore, it is a figurative device of comparison.
• Similarly, certain forms of symbolism involve comparisons between concrete and abstract elements, both associating and comparing the two. The symbolic representation often draws parallels between the concrete object and the abstract concept it represents.
• However, in general, these literary devices tend to lean more towards either association or comparison, even if they exhibit elements of the other function. Authors use a combination of these devices strategically to create powerful and evocative writing.

Type	Short Definition	How it Associates Things
Personification	This figurative device of association attributes human qualities to non-human entities This figurative device of association.	Humanizes objects by giving them human traits and emotions, forging a connection between the reader and objects.
Hyperbole	It is a deliberate exaggeration for emphasis.	Amplifies and intensifies situations or feelings, creating a vivid and memorable impact on the reader.
Symbolism	The use of objects, characters, or actions to represent abstract ideas is a figurative device of association, symbolism.	Links concrete elements with abstract concepts, providing deeper layers of meaning and enriching allegorical messages.
Synecdoche	This figurative device of association means referring to a part of something to represent the whole or vice versa.	Connects a specific part to the entire entity or vice versa, emphasizing a particular aspect of the entity as a whole.
Metonymy	This figurative device of association means substituting one word with another closely associated with it.	Establishes a close relationship between related terms, using one term to evoke the other and enhancing contextual meaning.
Irony	A figure of speech where the intended meaning is different from the literal meaning of the words.	Associates a statement with a hidden or contradictory meaning, creating an unexpected twist or humorous effect.
Allusion	This figurative device of association is a reference to a person, place, event, or work of literature/history.	Draws upon cultural or literary references to enrich the text, connecting it with shared knowledge and emotions.
Oxymoron	This figurative device of association is a combination of contradictory or opposing words for effect.	Combines contrasting elements to create an intriguing association, highlighting complexity and provoking thought.
Euphemism	It means substituting a mild or less direct word or phrase for a harsh one.	Softens the impact of sensitive topics, creating a gentler association and showing tact and politeness in communication.
Litotes	This figurative device of association is a form of understatement where the negative of the opposite is used.	Associates a concept by negating its opposite, conveying subtlety or emphasizing a point indirectly.
Onomatopoeia	It means words that imitate the sound associated with the object or action.	Associates sound with meaning, enhancing the reader’s sensory experience and linking the word with the described sound.

Functions of Figurative Devices of Association

1. Personification: “The wind whispered through the trees.”

Explanation: The figurative device of association, personification associates here the wind with the human quality of “whispering.” By giving the wind a human-like action, the sentence creates an association between the non-human entity (wind) and a human characteristic (whispering). This association humanizes the wind and establishes a deeper connection between the reader and nature, evoking a sense of intimacy and emotional impact.

• Hyperbole: “I’ve told you a million times.”

Explanation: The figurative device of association, hyperbole involves deliberate exaggeration for emphasis. By using the phrase “a million times,” the speaker exaggerates the number of times they have spoken, forming an association between the actual number of times and an exaggerated, overwhelming amount. This association intensifies the speaker’s frustration or emphasis on the importance of the message they are trying to convey.

• Symbolism: “The dove represents peace.”

Explanation: The figurative device of association, symbolism forms an association between concrete elements and abstract ideas. In this example, the dove is associated with the abstract concept of “peace.” This association makes the dove a symbolic representation of peace, allowing the reader to understand the deeper meaning without explicitly stating it. The use of symbolism enriches the text and adds depth to the idea being conveyed.

• Synecdoche: “All hands on deck.”

Explanation: The figurative device of association, synecdoche, associates a part with the whole or vice versa. In this phrase, “hands” represent the whole crew on the deck of a ship. This association emphasizes the collective action of the entire crew, using a part (hands) to symbolize the whole group. The phrase creates a sense of unity and urgency, as everyone is needed for the task at hand.

• Metonymy: “The White House issued a statement.”

Explanation: The figurative device of association, metonymy forms an association between closely related terms. In this example, “The White House” is used as a metonym to refer to the U.S. government or the President’s administration. This association connects the physical building (White House) with the authority and actions of the government. It allows for a more concise expression and adds a layer of meaning to the statement.

• Irony: “What a beautiful day!” said during a thunderstorm.

Explanation: The figurative device of association, irony creates an association between the literal meaning and the intended meaning of the words. In this sentence, the speaker’s statement of a “beautiful day” during a thunderstorm forms an ironic association. The contrast between the speaker’s words and the actual weather creates an unexpected and humorous effect, provoking thought and engaging the reader.

• Allusion: “He was a real Romeo with the ladies.”

Explanation: The figurative device of association, allusion, associates a person, place, or work of literature/history with a specific characteristic or behavior. In this case, the phrase alludes to Shakespeare’s character Romeo, known for his passionate love. By comparing the person to Romeo, the association suggests that the individual is a passionate lover. The allusion adds depth and meaning to the description by connecting it to a well-known literary character.

• Oxymoron: “Deafening silence.”

Explanation: The figurative device of association, oxymoron, associates contradictory or opposing words for effect. In this example, “deafening” and “silence” are combined to create an association. The oxymoron emphasizes the silence’s intensity and power by juxtaposing it with the loud and overwhelming quality of “deafening.” This association adds complexity and vividness to the description.

• Euphemism: “Passed away” instead of “died.”

Explanation: The figurative device of association, euphemism forms an association by substituting a mild or less direct word or phrase for a harsh or blunt one. In this case, “passed away” is used as a euphemism for “died.” This association softens the impact of the harsher word and shows sensitivity and respect when discussing the subject of death.

1. Litotes: “Not bad” to mean “good” or “impressive.”

Explanation: The figurative device of association, litotes forms an association by using the negative of the opposite to express a positive idea indirectly. In this example, “not bad” is used to mean “good” or “impressive.” The association of “not bad” with a positive meaning emphasizes the praise or approval in a modest and understated way.

1. Onomatopoeia: “Buzz” or “sizzle.”

Explanation: The figurative device of association, onomatopoeia, forms an association by imitating the sound associated with the object or action they refer to. In this case, “buzz” and “sizzle” associate the sound of buzzing and sizzling with the objects or actions they describe. This association enhances the sensory experience, allowing the reader to connect the word with the actual sound, adding vividness to the description.

Suggested Readings

1. Abrams, M. H. A Glossary of Literary Terms. Wadsworth Publishing, 2004.
2. Baldick, Chris. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms. Oxford University Press, 2004.
3. Cuddon, J. A. The Penguin Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory. Penguin Books, 2013.
4. Kennedy, X. J., and Dana Gioia. Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and Writing. Pearson, 2019.
5. Lanham, Richard A. A Handlist of Rhetorical Terms. University of California Press, 1991.
6. Leech, Geoffrey N., and Jan Svartvik. A Communicative Grammar of English. Routledge, 2002.
7. Meyer, Michael. The Bedford Introduction to Literature: Reading, Thinking, Writing. Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2019.
8. Perrine, Laurence, and Thomas R. Arp. Sound and Sense: An Introduction to Poetry. Harcourt Brace, 2001.
9. Roberts, Edgar V., and Henry E. Jacobs. Literature: An Introduction to Reading and Writing. Pearson, 2019.