Jargon: A Literary Device

Jargon refers to specialized language that is specific to a particular profession or group. It often includes technical terms, slang, or other specialized vocabulary.

Etymology of Jargon

Jargon is a term that originally referred to the specialized language used by particular groups or professions, such as lawyers or scientists.

The word “jargon” derives from the Old French term “jargoun,” which meant a chattering or twittering of birds. This term was later adopted by English speakers to describe the specialized vocabulary used by specific groups.

Meanings of Jargon
  • Jargon’s Broad Scope: Today, it encompasses any specialized or technical language that poses challenges for those outside a specific field.
  • Diverse Forms: This includes not only technical terminology employed by experts but also slang and colloquialisms unique to particular social groups.
  • Exclusivity and Identity: It serves as a tool to establish a sense of exclusivity and to indicate belonging to a particular group or community.
  • Communication Challenge: Nonetheless, excessive use of jargon can hinder effective communication and comprehension, especially when applied in contexts where it’s unwarranted or irrelevant.
Jargon in Grammar
  • Singular Noun “Jargon”: In English grammar, “jargon” functions as a singular noun.
  • Verb Agreement Context: The choice between a singular or plural verb depends on the context.
  • Singular Verb for Specific Group: When discussing the jargon of a particular group, employ a singular verb, as in “The jargon of the legal profession is difficult to understand.”
  • Plural Verb for Multiple Groups: If referring to multiple groups each with their distinct jargon, use a plural verb, as in “The jargons of various scientific fields differ greatly from one another.”
  • Verb-Subject Concordance: Ensuring the verb matches the subject is essential for grammatical correctness and clear communication.
Definition of Jargon

It refers to specialized language that is specific to a particular profession or group. It often includes technical terms, slang, or other specialized vocabulary that may be difficult for outsiders to understand. While it is useful for communication within a particular group, it also is a barrier to effective communication outside of that group.

Types of Jargon
TypeDetailExamples
Technical jargonSpecific terminology in a field or industry, often complex.Myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism
Business Specialized language in the business world.Synergy, leverage, ROI
Legal jargonSpecialized language in the legal profession.Amicus curiae, ex parte, habeas corpus
Medical Specialized language in the medical profession.Hematology, neurology, cardiology
Academic jargonSpecialized language in academic writing and research.Postmodernism, deconstruction, hermeneutics
Military Specialized language in the military.AWOL, POW, MIA
Sports jargonSpecialized language in the world of sports.Slam dunk, home run, touchdown
Computer jargonSpecialized language in computers and technology.Firewall, encryption, hacker
Political jargonSpecialized language in politics and government.Lobbying, gerrymandering, filibuster
Environmental Specialized language in environmental science.Sustainability, biodiversity, carbon footprint

This table provides an overview of various types along with details and examples for each type.

Literary Examples of Jargon
TypeDefinitionExample
Stream of ConsciousnessA narrative technique in modernist literature presenting a character’s unstructured flow of thoughts and feelings.James Joyce’s Ulysses
BildungsromanA coming-of-age novel focusing on the moral and psychological growth of a young protagonist.The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger
Epistolary NovelA novel presented as letters, diary entries, or written correspondence.The Color Purple by Alice Walker
Magical RealismA genre blending the supernatural with everyday life, creating a sense of magic and wonder.One Hundred Years of Solitude by Gabriel Garcia Marquez
MetafictionFiction drawing attention to its own status, often by breaking the fourth wall and acknowledging the reader.If on a winter’s night a traveler by Italo Calvino
PostmodernismA literary movement rejecting traditional structures, embracing ambiguity, and challenging objective truth.The Crying of Lot 49 by Thomas Pynchon
ToneThe writer’s attitude expressed through word choice and arrangement.The tone in George Orwell’s Animal Farm is satirical and critical.
Free Indirect DiscourseA narrative technique merging narrator and character voices for intimacy and immediacy.Jane Austen’s Emma
Suggested Readings
  1. Crystal, David. English as a Global Language. Cambridge University Press, 2003.
  2. Gwynne, N.M. Gwynne’s Grammar: The Ultimate Introduction to Grammar and the Writing of Good English. Vintage, 2014.
  3. Kostelnick, Charles, and David D. Roberts. Designing Visual Language: Strategies for Professional Communicators. Allyn & Bacon, 1998.
  4. Orwell, George. Politics and the English Language. Penguin, 2013.
  5. Pinker, Steven. The Stuff of Thought: Language as a Window into Human Nature. Penguin, 2008.
  6. Truss, Lynne. Eats, Shoots & Leaves: The Zero Tolerance Approach to Punctuation. Gotham Books, 2006.

Tone: Using and Critiquing It

Tone is a literary device that conveys the author’s attitude or feelings toward a subject or audience. It can be expressed through the choice of language.

Introduction to Tone

Tone is a literary device that conveys the author’s attitude or feelings toward a subject or audience. It can be expressed through the choice of words, the sentence structure, and the overall mood of a piece of writing. For example, a writer might use a somber tone to evoke feelings of sadness and reflection in a poem about loss, while a humorous tone could be employed in a satirical essay to poke fun at a societal issue.

How to Create Tone in Writing

Creating a tone in a fictional work can be done in various ways. Here are some techniques that can help to create tone:

  1. Choose your words carefully: The selection of precise words and vocabulary sets the tone by conveying specific emotions and meanings.
  2. Use imagery: Descriptive and vivid imagery engages the reader’s senses, influencing the overall tone of the writing.
  3. Create a consistent voice: Maintaining a consistent writing style and voice throughout the text helps establish and sustain the desired tone.
  4. Pay attention to pacing: The rhythm and pacing of the narrative can significantly impact it, whether it’s through fast-paced action or reflective, slower passages.
  5. Consider the setting: The choice and description of the story’s setting can contribute to the tone by creating a certain atmosphere or mood.
  6. Use dialogue: Dialogue can reveal character emotions and attitudes, playing a crucial role in shaping it in the work.
Benefits of Using a Good Tone

Establishing a clear and effective tone has numerous benefits in written and spoken communication. Here are some of the key benefits:

  1. Enhances clarity: Effective communication ensures that the intended message is clearly understood, reducing the potential for misunderstandings or confusion.
  2. Increases engagement: When communication is engaging and interesting, it captures the audience’s attention and promotes active participation in the conversation or discussion.
  3. Builds trust: Clear and honest communication fosters trust and credibility, as people are more likely to trust those who communicate openly and transparently.
  4. Improves relationships: Effective communication is a cornerstone of healthy relationships, enabling individuals to express themselves, listen actively, and resolve conflicts constructively.
  5. Creates an appropriate mood: Communication can set the tone and mood for a conversation or interaction, whether it’s professional, friendly, empathetic, or formal.
  6. Conveys personality: Communication style reflects an individual’s personality, allowing others to get to know and connect with them on a personal level.

These benefits highlight the importance of effective communication in various aspects of personal and professional life.

Tone and Literary Theory
Literary TheoryApplication
FormalismAnalyze the detached and impersonal tone in T.S. Eliot’s poem “The Waste Land” to reveal its contribution to portraying a fragmented and disillusioned modern society.
Reader-Response TheoryExplore the varied emotional tones in readers’ responses to Shakespeare’s tragedy “Macbeth” to understand how different interpretations elicit feelings of fear, sympathy, or admiration.
Marxist CriticismCritically examine the depiction of social inequality in George Orwell’s novel “1984” using a critical and confrontational tone to highlight the oppressive nature of the ruling class and the marginalized conditions of the working class.
Feminist CriticismInterpret the empowering and inclusive tone in Virginia Woolf’s essay “A Room of One’s Own” to analyze its challenge to traditional gender roles, advocacy for women’s autonomy, and promotion of their creative expression.
Postcolonial TheoryAnalyze the subversion of colonial discourse in Chinua Achebe’s novel “Things Fall Apart” using a decolonizing and subversive tone to explore how the author challenges Eurocentric narratives and empowers indigenous voices, thereby highlighting resistance against colonialism.
Suggested Readings
  1. Abrams, M. H. The Mirror and the Lamp: Romantic Theory and the Critical Tradition. Oxford University Press, 1971.
  2. Barthes, Roland. Image-Music-Text. Translated by Stephen Heath, Hill and Wang, 1977.
  3. Brooks, Cleanth. The Well Wrought Urn: Studies in the Structure of Poetry. Harcourt, Brace & World, 1947.
  4. Culler, Jonathan. Structuralist Poetics: Structuralism, Linguistics, and the Study of Literature. Routledge, 2002.
  5. Frye, Northrop. Anatomy of Criticism: Four Essays. Princeton University Press, 1957.
  6. Ransom, John Crowe. The World’s Body. Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1938.

Tone: A Literary Device

Tone refers to the quality or character of a sound or voice, often used to convey emotions or moods. It also refers to the attitude or mood conveyed by an author.

Etymology of Tone

The term “tone” originates from the Old French word ton and the Latin word tonus. Both mean a sound or a pitch.

The root of the word goes back to the Greek word tonos. It means tension or stretching. The concept of tone has been in use for music and language for centuries. However, now it has evolved to encompass a range of meanings in different contexts.

Meanings of Tone
  1. Musical Tone: In music, tone refers to a musical sound or note produced by a specific frequency.
  2. Instrumental Distinction: In instrumental music, it also signifies the quality of sound that distinguishes one instrument or voice from another.
  3. Linguistic Tone: In linguistics, tone pertains to the pitch or melody of a word or phrase, especially in tonal languages like Mandarin Chinese where different tones alter word meaning.
  4. Literary Tone: In literature, tone represents the attitude or mood conveyed by the author through word choice, sentence structure, and expression. It can be formal, informal, sarcastic, humorous, or other emotional nuances.
  5. General Usage: In everyday language, tone is used to describe the quality or mood of something in writing, such as characterizing a speech as having a positive or negative tone.
Tone in Grammar
  • Context-Dependent Usage: The use of the word “tone” in grammar depends on the context in which it is used.
  • Singular Noun: In some contexts, “tone” functions as a singular noun. For instance, “The tone of this story is serious” uses “tone” as a singular noun to describe the overall mood or attitude of the story.
  • Plural Noun: In other contexts, “tone” can function as a plural noun when the context demands it. For example, “He has used different tones for this composition” uses “tones” as a plural noun to refer to various qualities or aspects of sound or writing style within the composition.
Definition of Tone

Tone, as a literary device, refers to the quality or character of a sound or voice, often used to convey emotions or moods. It also refers to the attitude or mood conveyed by an author or speaker through their choice of words and expressions.

Types of Tone
Type of ToneExplanationExamples from Literature or Music
FormalIt is a serious, professional, and polite tone used in academic or business contexts.“The scientific report presented a rigorous analysis of the data.”
InformalIt is a casual, conversational, and relaxed used in social or personal contexts.“Hey, what’s up? Let’s hang out later!”
OptimisticIt is a hopeful and positive used to inspire or encourage others.“Believe in yourself and you can achieve anything you set your mind to.”
PessimisticIt is a negative and cynical expressing a lack of hope or faith.“The world is doomed, and nothing can change that.”
SarcasticIt is a mocking or ironic used to express the opposite of what is meant.“Oh, great! Another meeting. Just what I needed.”
HumorousIt is a funny or amusing used to entertain or lighten the mood.“Why don’t scientists trust atoms? Because they make up everything!”
AngryIt is hostile or aggressive used to express frustration or anger.“How dare you speak to me like that! I won’t tolerate it!”
SympatheticIt is compassionate and understanding used to express empathy or support.“I know it’s tough, but I’m here for you. You’re not alone.”
FormalityIt is stiff or distant when used to maintain social distance or show respect.“Your Highness, it is an honor to be in your presence.”
RomanticIt is passionate, loving, and emotion when used in love letters or poetry.“Your eyes are like stars, shining brightly in the night sky.”
Literary Examples of Tone
  1.  The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger

The tone of this novel is rebellious as the main character Holden Caulfield grapples with issues of identity, conformity, and loss. For example, here Holden expresses his frustration with society’s expectations: “They kept telling you to look at the back of the guy’s neck in front of you. I swear if there’s ever another war, they better just take me out and stick me in front of a firing squad.”

The tone of this story is ominous and foreboding as the seemingly innocent tradition of a small town’s annual lottery takes a dark and violent turn. For example, in the following passage, the mood becomes tense as the townspeople begin to gather for the lottery: “The villagers kept their distance, leaving a space between themselves and the stool, and when Mr. Summers said, ‘Some of you fellows want to give me a hand?’”

The tone of this poem by Dylan Thomas is urgent and passionate. Here the speaker implores his father to fight against death and hold on to life. For example, in the following stanza, the tone is fierce and defiant:

“Do not go gentle into that good night,

Old age should burn and rave at close of day;

Rage, rage against the dying of the light.”

The tone of this play is melancholic and introspective, as the titular character grapples with issues of betrayal, revenge, and mortality. For example, in the following soliloquy, Hamlet expresses his despair and disillusionment when he says,

“To be, or not to be, that is the question:

Whether ‘tis nobler in the mind to suffer

The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune,

Or to take arms against a sea of troubles.”

  • To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee

The tone of this novel is nostalgic and bittersweet, as the narrator Scout looks back on her childhood and the racial injustices that shaped her community. For example, in the following passage, the tone is wistful as Scout reflects on the passage of time: “I never understood her preoccupation with heredity. Somewhere, I had received the impression that Fine Folks were people who did the best they could with the sense they had, but Aunt Alexandra was of the opinion obliquely expressed, that the longer a family had been squatting on one patch of land the finer it was.”

Suggested Readings
  1. Abrams, M. H. The Mirror and the Lamp: Romantic Theory and the Critical Tradition. Oxford University Press, 1971.
  2. Barthes, Roland. Image-Music-Text. Translated by Stephen Heath, Hill and Wang, 1977.
  3. Brooks, Cleanth. The Well Wrought Urn: Studies in the Structure of Poetry. Harcourt, Brace & World, 1947.
  4. Culler, Jonathan. Structuralist Poetics: Structuralism, Linguistics, and the Study of Literature. Routledge, 2002.
  5. Frye, Northrop. Anatomy of Criticism: Four Essays. Princeton University Press, 1957.
  6. Ransom, John Crowe. The World’s Body. Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1938.

Theme: Writing and Critiquing

Theme in literature functions as the underlying message or central idea that conveys a broader meaning or insight about the human experience.

Introduction to Theme

Theme in literature functions as the underlying message or central idea that conveys a broader meaning or insight about the human experience. This literary device provides cohesion to the narrative by connecting various elements and events, ultimately contributing to the reader’s deeper understanding of the text’s purpose and significance. Through the exploration and development of themes, authors can explore complex concepts and engage readers in thoughtful contemplation of societal, moral, and emotional dimensions.

How to Create a Theme in a Fictional Work

Creating a theme in a fictional work is a complex and challenging process, but there are several steps that you can take to develop a strong and meaningful theme:

StepExplanationPractical Example
1. Identify the Underlying Message:Ask Key Questions: Consider the ideas and issues you want to explore and what you want readers to take away.When writing a story about resilience, ask, “What does true resilience mean, and what can readers learn from it?”
2. Develop Consistent Characters:Align with Theme: Ensure your characters share the motivations and beliefs central to your theme.In a story about environmental conservation, characters should exhibit eco-friendly values and actions.
3. Employ Symbolism and Imagery:Deepen Meaning: Use symbols and vivid imagery to reinforce and amplify the theme.In a poem about hope, a sunrise can symbolize new beginnings and optimism, enhancing the theme.
4. Generate Conflict and Tension:Theme-Driven Conflict: Create conflicts that relate to the theme, enhancing its exploration.In a story about forgiveness, a character’s struggle to forgive a betrayal adds depth to the theme.
5. Show, Don’t Tell:Subtle Presentation: Instead of outright stating the theme, depict it through character actions and dialogue.Rather than saying, “She was resilient,” show the character persevering through adversity.
6. Revise and Refine:Polish and Clarify: Continually refine your writing to convey the theme effectively and cohesively.Edit to ensure that every element of the story contributes to the central theme without distractions.
Benefits of Theme
  1. Clarity and Focus: Themes provide a clear and focused framework for a literary work, guiding both the author and the reader in understanding the central message or purpose of the text.
  2. Unity and Coherence: Themes help unify diverse elements within a narrative, fostering coherence by tying together characters, plot developments, and symbols to reinforce the central idea.
  3. Deeper Exploration: Themes enable authors to delve into complex topics, emotions, and human experiences, allowing for a more profound exploration of the subject matter.
  4. Reader Engagement: Themes engage readers on a deeper intellectual and emotional level, encouraging them to contemplate and discuss the broader meanings and implications of the story.
  5. Enhanced Critical Analysis: Themes provide a basis for critical analysis and interpretation, facilitating discussions on symbolism, character development, and societal relevance.
  6. Universal Relevance: Themes often touch on universal human experiences, making literature relatable and allowing readers to draw connections to their own lives and societies.
  7. Artistic Expression: Themes provide authors with a means of artistic expression, allowing them to convey complex ideas and emotions through the narrative structure.
  8. Resonance and Memorability: Well-developed themes make literature more memorable and resonate with readers long after they have finished the text.
  9. Social Commentary: Themes can serve as a vehicle for social commentary, enabling authors to address societal issues, values, and beliefs within the context of their narratives.
  10. Educational Value: Themes in literature offer educational opportunities by encouraging critical thinking, analysis, and discussions in academic settings.
Theme and Literary Theory

The theme is an essential component of literary analysis, and different literary theories can offer different approaches to understanding and interpreting themes in literature. Here are a few examples:

Literary TheoryCritique/Relevance of Theme to Literary TheoryApplication of Theory to Work
Formalism Literary TheoryFormalism focuses on the intrinsic elements of a literary work, such as form, structure, and language. Themes may be considered secondary.In “The Waste Land,” Formalism would analyze the fragmented structure, intertextuality, and the use of multiple voices. It would also focus on its language, symbolism, and allusions, considering how these formal elements contribute to the meaning and impact of the poem. The theme of disillusionment and societal decay would be examined, too, in light of its expression through the innovative form and linguistic techniques.
Reader-Response TheoryReader-Response Theory emphasizes the role of the reader’s interpretation and response in shaping the meaning of a literary work.Reader-Response literary theory would explore the different interpretations and emotional responses that readers have to Beloved. It would analyze how readers’ experiences, perspectives, and cultural backgrounds influence their understanding and engagement with the novel’s themes of slavery, memory, and trauma. The theory would highlight the significance of individual reader experiences and the dialogues created between the text and readers, emphasizing that meaning is not solely determined by the author but also constructed in the act of reading.
Feminist Literary TheoryFeminist literary theory examines how gender influences the creation and interpretation of literature, highlighting gender inequalities and power dynamics.Feminist literary theory would analyze “The Yellow Wallpaper” in terms of its portrayal of female oppression and the constraints imposed on women in the late 19th century. It would explore the theme of patriarchal control over women’s bodies and minds, examining how the protagonist’s descent into madness is connected to her restricted role as a wife and mother. The theory would also investigate the subversion of gender norms and how the story challenges the dominant power structures that restrict women’s agency and autonomy.
Postcolonial literary TheoryPostcolonial literary theory explores the cultural, social, and political implications of colonialism and its aftermath in literature.Postcolonial literary theory would analyze “Things Fall Apart” by examining the effects of colonialism on African societies and the clash between indigenous cultures and colonial forces. It would explore the themes of cultural identity, power, and resistance in the novel, highlighting how Chinua Achebe challenges Eurocentric narratives and reclaims the African perspective. The theory would analyze the portrayal of characters, language use, and narrative strategies to reveal the complex dynamics of colonization and its impact on both individuals and communities.
Marxist literary theoryMarxist literary theory analyzes literature through the lens of class struggle, economic inequality, and social structures.Marxist literary theory would examine The Great Gatsby in terms of its critique of the American Dream and the social class divisions of the Jazz Age. It would focus on the themes of wealth, materialism, and social mobility, analyzing how the characters’ relationships and actions reflect the economic disparities and power dynamics of the time. The theory would explore the novel’s portrayal of the bourgeoisie and the proletariat, examining how Fitzgerald exposes the corrupting influence of capitalism and the illusions of upward social mobility in the pursuit of the American Dream.

Suggested Readings

  1. Abrams, M.H. “How to do Things with Texts: A Guide to Critical Reading.” The Norton Anthology of English Literature, edited by Stephen Greenblatt, 9th ed., vol. A, W.W. Norton, 2012, pp. 168-178.
  2. Barry, Peter. Beginning Theory: An Introduction to Literary and Cultural Theory. Manchester UP, 2009.
  3. Brooks, Cleanth. The Well Wrought Urn: Studies in the Structure of Poetry. Harcourt, 1947.
  4. Eagleton, Terry. Literary Theory: An Introduction. Blackwell, 1983.
  5. Frye, Northrop. Anatomy of Criticism: Four Essays. Princeton UP, 1957.
  6. Leitch, Vincent B., et al. The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism. W.W. Norton, 2010.

Theme: A Literary Device

A theme is the underlying message or central idea that a piece of literature, art, music, or design demonstrates through its contents.

Etymology of Theme

The term “theme” originates from the Greek word thema. It means proposition, subject, or thesis. The Greek word thema, however, is a derivative of tithenai, which means to put, to place, or to set. The Latin equivalent of thema is themata, which seems the major contributor to its entry into the English language. With time, the meaning has evolved to include a broad range of concepts such as a central idea or message or a recurring melody in music.

Meanings of Theme
  • Literary Theme: Refers to the underlying message or central idea in literature, like the theme of love and loss in various literary works.
  • Musical Theme: Denotes a recurring melody or musical idea developed within a musical composition.
  • Design and Art Theme: Represents a unifying concept or motif that ties together a work of design or art.
Theme in Grammar
  • Noun Usage: “Theme” is primarily used as a noun and can take both singular and plural forms.
  • Verb Usage: While less common, “theme” can also function as a verb.
  • Contextual Variations: The choice between singular or plural depends on the context.
Definition of Theme

A theme is the underlying message or central idea that a piece of literature, art, music, or design demonstrates through its contents. It is the unifying concept or motif that ties the work together and creates unity, coherence, and logic in it. Major elements that express themes include characters, settings, symbols, and events.

Types of Themes

There are many different types of themes literature, art, music, and other forms of creative expression explore or present. Some common types of themes include:

Theme TypeDefinitionExample
Love and RelationshipsIt includes the complexities of romantic love, familial bonds, and friendships.For example, “Sonnet 18” by William Shakespeare explores the theme of love and relationships through the speaker’s comparison of his beloved to a summer’s day, emphasizing eternal beauty and the power of love.
Coming of AgeIt includes the challenges and triumphs of growing up and finding one’s place in the world.For example, The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger explores the theme of coming of age emerges through the protagonist Holden Caulfield’s journey of self-discovery, rebellion against societal norms, and search for authenticity.
Good vs. EvilIt includes the battle between good and evil, morality and ethics, and the consequences of one’s actions.Paradise Lost by John Milton explores the theme of good vs. evil through the fall of Satan and the subsequent conflict between God and Satan, exploring the concepts of temptation, free will, and moral responsibility.
Identity and Self-DiscoveryIt includes the journey of self-discovery and the search for personal identity.“The Road Not Taken” by Robert Frost presents the theme of identity and self-discovery through the speaker’s contemplation of choosing between two paths, symbolizing the choices and individuality in life’s journey.
Loss and GriefIt includes the emotions and struggles that come with losing a loved one or experiencing a major life change.The short story “The Scarlet Ibis” by James Hurst explores the theme of loss and grief portrayed through the narrator’s recollection of the death of his younger brother and the guilt, remorse, and emotional impact it had on him.
Power and CorruptionIt includes the dynamics of power, politics, and corruption and their effects on individuals and society.“Macbeth” by William Shakespeare presents the theme of power and corruption depicted through Macbeth’s ruthless ambition to become king, which leads to his descent into tyranny, corruption, and moral deterioration.
Social JusticeIt includes issues of inequality, discrimination, and social justice.The short story “The Lottery” by Shirley Jackson shows the theme of social justice portrayed through the chilling depiction of a small town’s annual lottery ritual, which exposes the dangers of blind conformity, tradition, and collective violence.
Nature and the EnvironmentIt includes humanity’s relationship with nature and the impact of human activity on the environment.The poem “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud” by William Wordsworth explores the theme of nature and the environment conveyed through the speaker’s encounter with a field of daffodils, capturing the beauty of nature and its ability to uplift the human spirit.

These examples are representative of the themes mentioned and are not exhaustive. Literary works can explore themes in diverse ways, providing different perspectives and nuances.

Literary Examples of Themes in Different Works
ThemeWork TitleExplanation
Love and Loss“Romeo and Juliet” by William ShakespeareThe central theme of this play is the tragic love story between Romeo and Juliet, exploring the themes of young love, family conflict, and the inevitability of fate. The depiction of love and loss is showcased through the passionate and forbidden love between the two young protagonists, ultimately leading to their untimely deaths and the reconciliation of their feuding families.
Coming of AgeTo Kill a Mockingbird by Harper LeeThe main theme of this novel is the coming of age of the protagonist, Scout Finch, as she learns about the injustice and racism in her community and develops empathy and understanding for others. The depiction of coming of age is portrayed through Scout’s gradual realization of the complexities of the world and her transformation from innocence to awareness.
Power and CorruptionAnimal Farm by George OrwellThis novel explores the themes of power and corruption through a group of farm animals who overthrow their human owner, only to have the pigs take control and become corrupt leaders themselves. The depiction of power and corruption is illustrated by the gradual transformation of the pigs from idealistic revolutionaries to oppressive rulers, mirroring real-world instances of corruption and abuse of power.
Identity and Self-DiscoveryThe Catcher in the Rye by J.D. SalingerThe central theme of this novel is the journey of self-discovery of the protagonist, Holden Caulfield, as he grapples with issues of identity, alienation, and authenticity. The depiction of identity and self-discovery is exemplified through Holden’s quest to find meaning and connection in a world that he perceives as phony and superficial.
Death and MortalityThe Death of Ivan Ilyich by Leo TolstoyThis novella explores the themes of death and mortality through the story of a man who is forced to confront his own mortality and the meaning of his life as he faces a terminal illness. The depiction of death and mortality is portrayed through Ivan Ilyich’s introspection and existential contemplation as he realizes the emptiness of his life and the inevitability of death.
Freedom and OppressionThe Handmaid’s Tale by Margaret AtwoodThis novel explores the themes of freedom and oppression through a dystopian society where women are forced to bear children for wealthy couples and are denied basic human rights and freedoms. The depiction of freedom and oppression is conveyed through the experiences of the protagonist, Offred, as she navigates a repressive regime and yearns for liberation and autonomy.
Suggested Readings
  1. Abrams, M.H. “How to do Things with Texts: A Guide to Critical Reading.” The Norton Anthology of English Literature, edited by Stephen Greenblatt, 9th ed., vol. A, W.W. Norton, 2012, pp. 168-178.
  2. Barry, Peter. Beginning Theory: An Introduction to Literary and Cultural Theory. Manchester UP, 2009.
  3. Brooks, Cleanth. The Well Wrought Urn: Studies in the Structure of Poetry. Harcourt, 1947.
  4. Eagleton, Terry. Literary Theory: An Introduction. Blackwell, 1983.
  5. Frye, Northrop. Anatomy of Criticism: Four Essays. Princeton UP, 1957.
  6. Leitch, Vincent B., et al. The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism. W.W. Norton, 2010.

Writing Style: Writing and Critiquing

Writing style is the artistic expression and unique voice of a writer. It includes choices in language, tone, and structure.

Introduction to Writing

Writing style is the artistic expression and unique voice of a writer. It includes choices in language, tone, and structure. Also shapes the reader’s experience, evokes emotions, and establishes an atmosphere, conveying meaning beyond the surface of the text. Through their writing style, authors create effective narratives that leave a lasting impression on their audience.

How to Create Writing Style

Creating a unique style in writing or any other form of art can be a challenging process, but here are a few tips that may help:

StepHow to Do itExample
1.Read widely: One of the best ways to develop your own style is to read widely in the genre or style that you are interested in.If you aspire to write fantasy novels, read a variety of fantasy books from different authors to understand the different approaches and techniques they use. Analyze their use of world-building, character development, and narrative structure, and consider how you can incorporate these elements into your own writing.
2.Experiment with different forms: Don’t be afraid to experiment with different forms and styles in your writing or art.If you usually write poetry, try your hand at writing a short story or a screenplay. By exploring different forms, you can discover new ways of expressing yourself and find a style that resonates with you. Similarly, if you’re a visual artist, experiment with different mediums such as acrylics, watercolors, or mixed media to expand your artistic range.
3.Focus on your strengths: Identify your strengths as a writer or artist and focus on developing these strengths further.If you excel at creating compelling dialogue, focus on honing this skill by writing scenes that highlight strong and engaging conversations between characters. Polish your ability to capture the nuances of speech and use it to develop a unique writing style that showcases your talent in dialogue-driven storytelling.
4.Be authentic: Authenticity is key when it comes to creating a unique style.Rather than imitating the writing style of your favorite author, draw inspiration from their work and infuse it with your own experiences and perspective. Use your unique voice to tell stories that are authentic to your own background, beliefs, and emotions. This authenticity will give your writing or art a distinct quality that sets it apart.
5.Practice, practice, practice: Creating a unique style takes time and practice. Keep writing or creating art regularly, and don’t be afraid to experiment and take risks.Dedicate consistent time to writing or creating art, challenging yourself to try new techniques and push the boundaries of your comfort zone. Embrace the learning process, seek feedback, and revise your work. As you persist and evolve, your writing style will naturally develop into something that is uniquely yours.
Benefits of Style

Developing a unique writing style or style art, or any other creative pursuit can offer several benefits, including:

  1. Recognition: A distinctive writing style can help you stand out from other writers or artists, making it easier for your work to be recognized and appreciated. This can help you build a following and gain more opportunities to showcase your work.
  2. Branding: Developing a consistent writing style can help establish your brand as a writer or artist, making it easier for people to recognize your work and associate it with your name or brand.
  3. Emotional Impact: A unique writing style can help you connect with your audience on a deeper emotional level. Whether it’s through the use of vivid imagery, powerful storytelling, or compelling visuals, a distinctive style can make your work more memorable and impactful.
  4. Creative Freedom: Developing your own writing style can give you more creative freedom, as you are not bound by the conventions of a particular genre or style. This can allow you to explore new ideas and approaches, and create work that is truly original and unique.
  5. Personal Satisfaction: Developing a unique style can be a satisfying and rewarding process, as it allows you to express yourself creatively and develop your own voice and perspective. This can help you feel more confident and fulfilled as a writer or artist.
Style and Literary Theory

Style is an important concept in literary theory, as it can be used to analyze and interpret literary works. Here are a few examples of how different literary theories approach the concept of style:

Literary TheoryInterpretation of Writing Style in Literary TheoryExamples from Literature
Formalism Literary TheoryFormalist literary theory focuses on the formal elements of a literary work, such as structure, language, and style. Formalists argue that style is an essential aspect of a literary work, as it can be used to create meaning and convey emotions.In analyzing a poem’s style, formalists might focus on its meter, rhyme scheme, and figurative language to reveal how the poet’s skillful use of these elements contributes to the poem’s emotional impact. For example, in Robert Frost’s poem “Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening,” formalists might discuss how the use of iambic tetrameter and rhymed quatrains creates a sense of rhythmic beauty that enhances the contemplative mood of the poem.
Reader-Response Literary TheoryReader-response theorists argue that the meaning of a literary work is created by the reader’s response to it. In this view, style is important because it shapes the reader’s experience of the work and influences their emotional response to it.When applying reader-response theory to a novel, scholars might analyze how the author’s use of a particular narrative style or point of view elicits various emotional responses from readers. For instance, in Franz Kafka’s The Metamorphosis, the use of a surreal and absurd narrative style prompts readers to empathize with the protagonist’s alienation and isolation, inviting diverse interpretations based on individual readers’ experiences and perspectives.
Structuralism Literary TheoryStructuralist literary theory emphasizes the role of language and structure in creating meaning. In this view, style is important because it can reveal underlying structures and patterns in a literary work.In a structuralist analysis of a short story, scholars might examine how the author’s use of repetition, motifs, and parallelism contributes to the story’s overall meaning. In James Joyce’s “Araby,” a structuralist approach might reveal how the recurring image of light and darkness mirrors the protagonist’s emotional journey from innocence to disillusionment, uncovering deeper themes of loss and disillusionment in the narrative.
Postmodernism Literary TheoryPostmodernist literary theory emphasizes the fragmentation and instability of meaning. In this view, style is important because it can be used to disrupt traditional structures and create new, subversive meanings.Postmodernist writers like Italo Calvino often experiment with fragmented narrative styles and metafictional techniques to challenge conventional storytelling. In Calvino’s novel If on a winter’s night a traveler, the constantly shifting narrative perspectives and playful engagement with the reader’s expectations subvert the traditional linear storytelling approach, blurring the line between fiction and reality, and inviting readers to question the nature of authorship and the act of reading itself.
Suggested Readings
  1. Abrams, M. H. A Glossary of Literary Terms. 10th ed., Wadsworth Publishing, 2005.
  2. Elbow, Peter. Vernacular Eloquence: What Speech Can Bring to Writing. Oxford University Press, 2012.
  3. Fowler, H. W., and Burchfield, R. W., editors. The New Fowler’s Modern English Usage. 4th ed., Oxford University Press, 2015.
  4. Orwell, George. Politics and the English Language. Penguin Books, 2013.
  5. Strunk Jr., William, and White, E. B. The Elements of Style. 4th ed., Allyn and Bacon, 2000.
  6. Williams, Joseph M. Style: Toward Clarity and Grace. The University of Chicago Press, 1995.

Style: A Literary Device

Style refers to a manner of expression in communication. It encompasses elements such as language, tone, structure, and presentation.

Etymology of Style

The term “style” originates from the Latin stilus, meaning a writing instrument. It evolved to encompass the technique and manner of writing. It gradually extended to include diverse forms of expression such as appearance, behavior, and artistic composition.

However, it is a derivative of the Old French estile. It denotes distinctive features, characteristics, or mannerisms that differentiate individuals, objects, or creative works. Until now, style remains a versatile and multifaceted concept in fashion, art, design, writing, and other domains.

Meanings of Style
ContextGeneral DefinitionDescription
General DefinitionDistinctive manner of expression or specific approachStyle refers to an individual or entity’s unique way of doing something or expressing themselves.
Literary ContextWriter’s use of language for effect and message conveyanceIn literature, style pertains to the author’s specific choices in language and writing techniques to convey a particular message or evoke certain emotions.
Artistic ContextTechnique or approach employed by an artist in creating artIn art, style encompasses the distinct techniques, methods, and artistic choices an artist uses to create their work, which distinguishes them from others.
Fashion ContextCombination of clothing, accessories, and makeup for a specific look or imageIn fashion, it involves the selection and arrangement of clothing, accessories, and makeup to create a unique and visually appealing image or appearance.
Multifaceted ConceptApplicable to language, art, fashion, and design.Style is a multifaceted concept that applies across various creative disciplines, including language, art, fashion, and design. It represents a signature or distinct approach in each of these areas.
Grammar in Style

“Style” is a singular noun, but it can take a plural verb when referring to multiple styles. For example:

  • “The author’s style is unique.” (singular)
  • “The styles of these two writers differ greatly.” (plural verb “differ”)

In this sense, “styles” refers to multiple distinct manners of expression, and takes a plural verb to agree with the plural subject.

Definition of Style

This literary device refers to a distinctive and identifiable manner of expression in any form of communication. It encompasses various elements such as language, tone, structure, and presentation, and is often used to convey a particular message or evoke a certain effect. It could be applied to various fields, including literature, art, fashion, and design.

Types of Style

There are many types, each with its own unique characteristics and applications. Here are a few examples:

Type of StyleExplanationExample
Writing StyleRefers to the manner in which a writer uses language to convey their message.Descriptive, Narrative, Persuasive, Expository
Artistic StyleRefers to the particular approach or technique used by an artist to create a work of art.Impressionism, Cubism, Surrealism
Fashion StyleRefers to the way in which clothing, accessories, and makeup are combined to create a particular look or image.Classic, Bohemian, Avant-garde
Architectural StyleRefers to the particular style or design used in the construction of buildings.Gothic, Art Deco, Modernist
Musical StyleRefers to the particular genre or approach used in creating music.Jazz, Rock, Classical, Hip hop
Interior Design StyleRefers to the particular approach or aesthetic used in the decoration and arrangement of indoor spaces.Minimalist, Bohemian, Farmhouse
Culinary StyleRefers to the particular approach or technique used in the preparation and presentation of food.French, Italian, Fusion Cuisine
Photography StyleRefers to the particular approach or aesthetic used in the creation of photographs.Portrait, Landscape, Documentary
Film StyleRefers to the particular approach or technique used in the creation of films.Documentary, Animation, Experimental
Dance StyleRefers to the particular genre or approach used in the creation and performance of dance.Ballet, Hip Hop, Contemporary
Common Examples of Literary Style

Here are some common examples of literary style:

  1. Stream of Consciousness: It mimics the natural flow of thoughts and feelings in a character’s mind. It often involves the use of long, uninterrupted sentences and frequent shifts in perspective.
  2. Imagery: This refers to the use of vivid and descriptive language to create a mental image in the reader’s mind. Imagery can be used to evoke emotions, create atmosphere, or provide sensory details.
  3. Satire: It uses irony, sarcasm, and humor to criticize or mock human behavior, often with a political or social message.
  4. Symbolism: This uses symbols to represent ideas or concepts beyond their literal meaning. Symbolism can be used to add depth and meaning to a work of literature.
  5. Formalism: It is a type of literary analysis that focuses on the structure, form, and language of a work of literature, rather than its social or historical context.

These are just a few examples which can vary widely depending on the author, genre, and historical context of a work of literature

Examples of Writing Style from Literature
WorkExtractExplanation
J.D. Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye“Holden Caulfield often uses phrases like ‘goddam,’ ‘phony,’ and ‘It killed me,’ which add to the realism of his character and create a sense of immediacy in the narration.”Salinger employs colloquial language in The Catcher in the Rye to authentically capture the voice of the teenage protagonist, Holden Caulfield. This choice of language adds realism to the character and makes the narration feel immediate.
F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby“Fitzgerald describes Daisy Buchanan’s voice as ‘full of money,’ evoking a sensory experience that goes beyond the literal meaning and adds depth to the characterization.”Fitzgerald’s writing style in The Great Gatsby is marked by lyrical and vivid descriptions. The example given shows how he uses poetic language to create sensory-rich descriptions, enhancing character depth and the novel’s atmosphere.
George Orwell’s Animal Farm“Orwell exposes the hypocrisy and corruption of the ruling class with phrases like ‘All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others.’ His concise language and impactful statements heighten the novel’s satirical tone.”Orwell’s writing style in Animal Farm is straightforward yet masterfully conveys complex ideas. The quoted phrase demonstrates his ability to expose political themes using concise language and impactful statements that enhance the novel’s satirical tone.
Toni Morrison’s Beloved“Morrison’s skillful use of symbolism can be seen in the repeated motif of water throughout the novel, symbolizing both life and death, freedom, and entrapment.”Morrison’s writing style in Beloved is characterized by rich imagery and metaphors. The use of water as a symbol throughout the novel adds depth and multiple layers of meaning, enhancing the emotional impact on the readers.

This table provides insights into the distinct writing styles of these authors and how they employ specific techniques to convey their narratives and themes effectively in their respective works.

Suggested Readings
  1. Adler, Mortimer J. How to Read a Book. Simon and Schuster, 1972.
  2. Frye, Northrop. The Anatomy of Criticism: Four Essays. Princeton University Press, 1957.
  3. Gardner, John. The Art of Fiction: Notes on Craft for Young Writers. Vintage Books, 1991.
  4. King, Stephen. On Writing: A Memoir of the Craft. Scribner, 2000.
  5. Lanham, Richard A. Analyzing Prose. 2nd ed., Continuum, 2003.
  6. Strunk Jr., William, and E. B. White. The Elements of Style. 4th ed., Pearson, 2000.
  7. Williams, Joseph M. Style: Lessons in Clarity and Grace. 11th ed., Pearson, 2014.
You may read more on Literary Devices Below:

Internal Rhyme: Using and Critiquing

Internal rhyme is a poetic device in which words within the same line or stanza of a poem rhyme with each other, typically at the middle or end of the line.

Introduction to Internal Rhyme

It is a poetic device in which words within the same line or stanza of a poem rhyme with each other, typically at the middle or end of the line. This technique enhances the rhythmic and melodic qualities of the verse, creating a sense of cohesion and musicality. It often serves to emphasize key words or ideas, contributing to the overall impact of the poem.

How to Create Internal Rhyme

Here are some tips on how to create it in your writing knowing what internal rhyme is.

StepExplanationPractical Example
1. Choose your rhyming words carefullyStart by selecting words that have similar sounds, such as “day” and “gray” or “moon” and “tune”. You can use a rhyming dictionary or a thesaurus to help you find words that rhyme.Example: “In the day, the world turns gray.”
2. Experiment with word placementIt can occur within a single line, or it can span multiple lines. Experiment with different word placements to find the one that works best for your piece of writing.Example: “The moon rises above, in its sweetest tune.”
3. Keep it naturalWhile It can add a musical quality to your writing, it’s important to make sure it doesn’t sound forced or contrived. Use internal rhyme sparingly and only when it enhances the meaning or impact of your writing.Example: “Her laughter was like a song, all day long.”
4. Read your writing out loudReading your writing out loud can help you hear the natural rhythm and flow of your words. If your internal rhyme sounds awkward or out of place, try rephrasing or revising until it sounds more natural.Example: “I walked by the shore, the waves began to roar.”
5. Practice, practice, practiceLike any writing technique, creating internal rhyme takes practice. Experiment with different types of internal rhyme, and don’t be afraid to make mistakes. The more you practice, the easier it will become to create internal rhyme that enhances the beauty and impact of your writing.Example: “With each step, my heart’s secrets I’d keep.”
Benefits of Internal Rhyme

It can offer several benefits to a piece of writing, including:

  • Rhythm and Musicality: Internal rhyme contributes to the establishment of a pleasing rhythm and musicality in written text, enhancing its auditory appeal. It engenders a sense of harmony and fluidity, elevating the overall aesthetic quality of the composition.
  • Memorability: The strategic use of it enhances the memorability of a written work. The recurrence of sound patterns makes the text easier to commit to memory and recite, rendering it a valuable tool for memorization purposes.
  • Emphasis and Emotion: Internal rhyme can serve as a potent tool for emphasizing specific words or concepts, thereby intensifying the emotional impact on the reader or listener. The repetition of phonetic elements can evoke a sense of urgency or significance, directing attention to particular words or phrases.
  • Cohesion and Unity: It has the capacity to foster cohesion and unity within a written composition. By weaving recurring sounds and patterns throughout the text, it unifies disparate elements, resulting in a harmonious and integrated whole.
  • Creative Expression: Internal rhyme offers a creative avenue for self-expression in writing. It presents a distinctive opportunity to engage with language in an imaginative and whimsical manner, infusing a sense of playfulness and creativity into one’s literary work.
Internal Rhyme and Literary Theory
Literary TheoryCritique of Internal Rhyme
StructuralismStructuralists might examine how it contributes to the overall structure of a text and how it influences the reader’s interpretation of that structure. They might critique it for not always aligning with formal structural principles.
Reader-Response TheoryReader-response theorists could focus on how internal rhyme engages readers and elicits emotional or cognitive responses. They may critique it for potentially excluding readers who struggle with recognizing internal rhyme.
Feminist CriticismFeminist critics might investigate how it is used to reinforce or challenge gender roles and stereotypes in literature. They may critique it for perpetuating gendered language patterns.
Marxist CriticismMarxist critics may explore how internal rhyme can be used to express or critique class struggles and social inequalities. They could critique it for potentially being a tool of bourgeois aesthetics.
Postcolonial TheoryPostcolonial theorists may analyze how it reflects cultural and linguistic imperialism, and they may critique it for perpetuating colonial language structures.
Psychoanalytic TheoryPsychoanalytic critics might interpret internal rhyme as a manifestation of the author’s subconscious desires or conflicts. They could critique it for being a potentially shallow representation of deeper psychological themes.

These are just brief examples of how various literary theories might approach and critique the use of internal rhyme in literature. Literary theory perspectives can vary widely, so the specific critiques may differ depending on the theorists and their interpretations.

Suggested Readings
  1. Abrams, M.H. A Glossary of Literary Terms. Cengage Learning, 2014.
  2. Booth, Wayne C. The Rhetoric of Fiction. University of Chicago Press, 1983.
  3. Hollander, John. Rhyme’s Reason: A Guide to English Verse. Yale University Press, 2001.
  4. Preminger, Alex, and T.V.F. Brogan (eds.). The New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics. Princeton University Press, 1993.
  5. Turco, Lewis. The New Book of Forms: A Handbook of Poetics. University Press of New England, 1986.
  6. Behn, Robin, and Chase Twichell. The Practice of Poetry: Writing Exercises from Poets Who Teach. Harper Collins Publishers, Inc., 10 East 53rd Street, New York, NY 10022, 1992.

Internal Rhyme: A Poetic Device

Internal rhyme is a literary technique that involves the use of rhyming words within a single line of poetry and rhyme with each other.

Etymology of Internal Rhyme

It is a poetic technique in which words within the same line of verse rhyme with one another. The term “internal” refers to the fact that the rhyming words are contained within a single line, rather than at the end of separate lines. The origins of the term are unclear, but it likely comes from the Latin word “internus,” meaning “inner” or “internal.”

Meanings of Internal Rhyme
Bullet HeadingLiteral Meaning
DefinitionA description of the term “internal rhyme.”
Types Different variations or forms of internal rhyme.
Rhyming within LinesThe practice of words rhyming within a single line of text.
Intrapoetic RhymeAnother term for internal rhyme within poetry.
Rhyming Words in a LineWhen words within a line of text rhyme with each other.
Word Rhyme within VersesWords within verses or sentences that rhyme internally.
In-Line RhymingRhyming that occurs within the same line of a poem.
Rhyming Syllables in a LineSyllables within a line of text that rhyme.
Internal Sound CorrespondenceThe sound correspondence within a single line of text.
Rhyming Words within a PhraseWords within a phrase that rhyme with each other.
Definition of Internal Rhyme

It is a literary device that involves the use of rhyming words within a single line of poetry or prose. It occurs when two or more words within the same line of text rhyme with each other, rather than at the end of a line. Its use adds a musical quality to the language and create a sense of rhythm and emphasis within the writing.

Types of Internal Rhyme

There are several types of internal rhyme, including:

TypeDefinitionExample
Single Internal rhyme where a single word is split between two or more lines with the rhyming sound within the same word.“Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary.”
Cross or Interlaced Internal rhyme where two words in the same line rhyme with two words in the following line.“While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping.”
Parenthetical Internal rhyme where rhyming words are placed within a parenthesis within a line.“It’s a fact (or maybe fiction) that I’m addicted to diction.”
Compound Internal rhyme where two or more words within a line of text rhyme with each other.“I came to the store for some pears and a pair of shoes to wear.”

These are just a few examples that can be used in writing to add musicality, rhythm, and emphasis to the language.

Does Internal Rhyme occur in Prose?
  • Internal Rhyme in Prose: Yes, internal rhyme can occur in prose as well as poetry. While internal rhyme is often associated with poetry, it can be used effectively in prose writing as well.
  • Rhythmic and Musical Language: In prose, internal rhyme is often used to create a sense of rhythm or musicality in the language, or to emphasize certain words or phrases. For example, in the following sentence: “The bitter winter wind whistled through the window and whipped at the curtains,” the words “whistled” and “whipped” create an internal rhyme that adds a musical quality to the sentence.
  • Creating Memorable Phrases: Internal rhyme can also be used in prose to create a memorable or catchy phrase, such as in advertising or marketing copy. For example, “The flavor is bold, the texture is gold” uses internal rhyme to create a memorable phrase that sticks in the reader’s mind.
  • Versatility Across Genres: Overall, while it is more commonly associated with poetry, it can be a powerful tool for writers of all genres to add musicality, rhythm, and emphasis to their writing.
Literary Examples of Internal Rhyme
ReferenceFull ExtractExplanation
Edgar Allan Poe, “The Raven” (Line 1)“Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary.”This is an example of single , where the word “dreary” rhymes with “weary” within the same line.
Edgar Allan Poe, “The Raven” (Line 2)“But the fact is I was napping, and so gently you came rapping, And so faintly you came tapping, tapping at my chamber door.”This is an example of cross or interlaced, where “napping” and “tapping” in the first line rhyme with “rapping” and “chamber door” in the second line.
Edgar Allan Poe, “The Raven” (Line 3)“Ah, distinctly I remember it was in the bleak December, And each separate dying ember wrought its ghost upon the floor.”This is an example of compound , where “December” and “ember” within the same line both rhyme with “floor” at the end of the next line.
John Keats, “Ode to a Nightingale” (Line 3-5)“From the molten-golden notes, And all in tune, What a liquid ditty floats”This is an example of single, where the words “notes” and “floats” in the same line rhyme with each other.
Samuel Taylor Coleridge, “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner” (Line 1-4)“This soul hath been Alone on a wide wide sea: So lonely ‘twas, that God himself Scarce seemed there to be.”This is an example of cross or interlaced, where “been” and “sea” in the first line rhyme with “myself” and “be” in the second and third lines.
Suggested Readings
  1. Abrams, M.H. A Glossary of Literary Terms. Cengage Learning, 2014.
  2. Booth, Wayne C. The Rhetoric of Fiction. University of Chicago Press, 1983.
  3. Hollander, John. Rhyme’s Reason: A Guide to English Verse. Yale University Press, 2001.
  4. Caplan, David. Rhyme’s challenge: hip hop, poetry, and contemporary rhyming culture. Oxford University Press, USA, 2014.
  5. Preminger, Alex, and T.V.F. Brogan (eds.). The New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics. Princeton University Press, 1993.
  6. Turco, Lewis. The New Book of Forms: A Handbook of Poetics. University Press of New England, 1986.
  7. Behn, Robin, and Chase Twichell. The Practice of Poetry: Writing Exercises from Poets Who Teach. Harper Collins Publishers, Inc., 10 East 53rd Street, New York, NY 10022, 1992.

Hypophora: Using and Critiquing It

Hypophora is a rhetorical device characterized by the speaker posing a question and immediately providing an answer.

Introduction

Hypophora is a rhetorical device characterized by the speaker posing a question and immediately providing an answer. This technique is employed to engage the audience, anticipate their inquiries, and guide their thought process toward the speaker’s intended point. By framing and addressing the question within the discourse, hypophora effectively emphasizes key ideas while enhancing the speaker’s persuasive or didactic communication.

How to Create Hypophora

Here are some steps to create hypophora:

StepExplanationPractical Example
1. Identify the key points you want to makeBefore using hypophora, you should have a clear idea of the points you want to make and the information you want to convey.Identify the main arguments for a persuasive speech on climate change: “What are the consequences of inaction?”
2. Anticipate the reader or audience’s questionsThink about the questions your readers or audience might have about the topic. These questions could be related to definitions, examples, or explanations.For a blog post about a new technology, anticipate questions like, “What is it?” or “How does it work?”
3. Pose the questionOnce you have identified the key points and anticipated the questions, pose a rhetorical question that addresses one of these questions. Make sure the question is clear and concise, and that it leads to the answer you want to provide.“What is the key to effective leadership?” (Leading to a discussion on leadership qualities.)
4. Answer the questionImmediately after posing the question, provide the answer. This should be a clear and concise response that provides the information or explanation the reader or audience needs.“The key to effective leadership is a combination of communication skills, adaptability, and empathy.”
5. Emphasize the answerAfter answering the question, you can add emphasis by providing additional examples, anecdotes, or evidence to support your point.“Effective leadership, marked by clear communication, adaptability in dynamic environments, and a genuine sense of empathy for team members, can transform organizations.”
6. PracticeLike any writing technique, hypophora requires practice to master. Try using it in different contexts and with different types of questions to see what works best for your writing style.Experiment with hypophora in essays, speeches, and articles to refine your use of this rhetorical device.
Benefits of Using Hypophora

Here are some benefits of using hypophora in your writing or speaking:

  1. Captures the audience’s attention: Hypophora, through its use of posing questions and providing immediate answers, serves as an effective attention-grabbing tool, particularly beneficial when commencing a speech or presentation.
  2. Highlights key points: Hypophora serves as a means to accentuate crucial information or ideas, rendering them more memorable for the audience. Through the strategic use of questions and answers, essential details are underscored, ensuring comprehension.
  3. Engages the audience: Employing hypophora fosters audience engagement by encouraging them to contemplate the posed question and formulate their responses. This active participation enhances audience interest and attentiveness.
  4. Demonstrates expertise: Through the anticipation of audience questions and the delivery of clear and concise responses, hypophora enables the demonstration of comprehensive knowledge and expertise on the subject matter. This, in turn, bolsters the speaker’s or writer’s credibility and authority.
  5. Makes the writing more dynamic: Hypophora introduces dynamism and diversity into written discourse, enhancing engagement and reader interest. By interspersing the text with questions and answers, a conversational tone is established, drawing readers into the narrative.
Hypophora in Literary Theory

Hypophora can be found in a variety of literary theories, including:

Literary TheoryCritique of HypophoraPractical Example from Literature
British HumanismBritish Humanism emphasizes the value of human reason and ethics. In literature, this theory suggests that writers should use clear and concise language to convey their ideas. Hypophora can be a useful tool for achieving this goal by posing questions and providing straightforward answers.In Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice, the character Mr. Bennet employs hypophora to emphasize the importance of rationality in decision-making: “But, my dear, you must indeed go and see Mr. Bingley when he comes into the neighborhood.”
Reader-Response TheoryReader-Response Theory suggests that readers play an active role in interpreting literature. Hypophora can be used to engage the reader and encourage them to think about the text in a particular way.In J.D. Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye, Holden Caulfield’s use of hypophora invites readers to reflect on their own feelings of alienation and disillusionment: “You know that song ‘If a body meet a body coming through the rye’?”
New CriticismNew Criticism focuses on the form and structure of literary texts. Hypophora can be used to highlight key structural elements and draw attention to important themes and motifs.In William Faulkner’s The Sound and the Fury, the use of hypophora underscores the fragmented narrative structure and underscores the novel’s exploration of memory and subjectivity: “What does a man want, Quentin? … Money? … Money, to be sure. … What does a man want, Quentin? What does a man want?”
Feminist TheoryFeminist Theory explores the ways in which gender influences literary texts. Hypophora can be used to challenge gender stereotypes and highlight the experiences of marginalized groups.In Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s The Yellow Wallpaper, the protagonist employs hypophora to express her frustration with the constraints of traditional gender roles: “Why are women always expected to be the source of all comfort and satisfaction?”
PostmodernismPostmodernism questions traditional assumptions about language and meaning. Hypophora can be used to disrupt traditional narrative structures and create new, more complex meanings.In Salman Rushdie’s Midnight’s Children, the narrator’s use of hypophora challenges linear storytelling and invites readers to question the stability of history and identity: “What’s real and what’s true aren’t necessarily the same.”
StructuralismStructuralism emphasizes the underlying patterns and structures in literary texts. Hypophora can be used to draw attention to these patterns and highlight the underlying themes and ideas.In Franz Kafka’s The Metamorphosis, Gregor Samsa’s use of hypophora accentuates the recurring motifs of isolation and alienation: “Was he an animal, that music could move him so?”
Marxist TheoryMarxist Theory explores the ways in which economic and social factors influence literature. Hypophora can be used to challenge dominant ideologies and highlight the experiences of oppressed groups.In George Orwell’s Animal Farm, Old Major’s use of hypophora exposes the exploitation of the working class and provokes a critical examination of the social hierarchy: “What then must we do?”
Psychoanalytic TheoryPsychoanalytic Theory explores the ways in which unconscious desires and fears influence literary texts. Hypophora can be used to explore the inner thoughts and motivations of characters and highlight the ways in which they are shaped by their unconscious minds.In Emily Brontë’s Wuthering Heights, the character Heathcliff’s use of hypophora delves into the complexities of his emotions and psychological turmoil: “What is she to me, if I’m not to her?”
Suggested Readings
  1. Forsyth, Mark. The Elements of Eloquence: How to Turn the Perfect English Phrase. Icon Books Ltd, 2013.
  2. Lanham, Richard A. A Handlist of Rhetorical Terms. University of California Press, 1991.
  3. McGuigan, Brendan. Rhetorical Devices: A Handbook and Activities for Student Writers. Prestwick House Inc, 2011.