Month: December 2023

Nouveau Roman: Meanings and Concept

Nouveau Roman, translated as “New Novel” in English, is a literary movement that emerged in France in the 1950s and 1960s. Spearheaded by authors such as Alain Robbe-Grillet, Nathalie Sarraute, and Michel Butor, Nouveau Roman sought to revolutionize traditional narrative forms. Characterized by its rejection of conventional storytelling techniques, this movement abandoned linear plot structures, well-defined characters, and chronological sequencing. Instead, Nouveau Roman embraced experimental narrative methods, employing techniques like shifting perspectives, fragmented narratives, and a focus on ordinary, often banal, details. By challenging established literary norms, Nouveau Roman aimed to engage readers in a more active and analytical role, inviting them to reconstruct meaning from the intricate tapestry of narrative elements.

Concept in Literature in Bullets

• Anti-Novel Techniques: Nouveau Roman authors often employed anti-novel techniques, such as disrupting traditional plots, eliminating character development, and eschewing clear resolutions.
• Focus on Objects and Description: The movement often emphasized detailed descriptions of objects and scenes, prioritizing the objective presentation of these elements over subjective interpretations.
• Narrative Fragmentation: Nouveau Roman narratives frequently featured fragmented structures, where events were presented in a non-linear fashion, challenging readers to piece together the story.
• Reader Engagement: With an emphasis on reader engagement, Nouveau Roman aimed to involve readers actively in the construction of meaning, shifting the responsibility from the author to the audience.
• Rejection of Psychological Depth: Unlike traditional novels, Nouveau Roman minimized or entirely rejected the exploration of characters’ psychological depths, opting for a more objective and surface-level portrayal.
• Spatial and Temporal Ambiguity: Nouveau Roman often played with spatial and temporal ambiguity, leaving certain elements open to interpretation and questioning the reliability of traditional narrative frameworks.
• Interplay of Language and Reality: The movement explored the interplay between language and reality, challenging the notion of language as a transparent medium and emphasizing its role in shaping perception.
• Influence on Postmodernism: Nouveau Roman’s experimental approaches and challenges to traditional storytelling had a significant influence on the development of postmodern literature.
• Exploration of Everyday Life: The movement often focused on the minutiae of everyday life, elevating seemingly mundane details to central narrative elements and challenging the hierarchy of subject matter in literature.
• Legacy and Criticism: Nouveau Roman, while influential, faced criticism for its perceived elitism and the potential alienation of readers. Its legacy, however, endures as an important chapter in the evolution of literary experimentation and the redefinition of the novel form.

Nouveau Roman: Definition of a Theoretical Term

Nouveau Roman, a theoretical term within literary discourse, refers to the “New Novel” movement that emerged in post-World War II France, primarily during the 1950s and 1960s. Distinct from traditional narrative conventions, Nouveau Roman encompasses a literary approach characterized by its rejection of conventional plot structures, character development, and chronological sequencing. Instead, it embraces experimental techniques, such as fragmented narratives, a focus on everyday details, and a deliberate departure from psychological depth, aiming to redefine the nature and expectations of the novel.

Nouveau Roman: Theorists, Works and Argument

These Nouveau Roman theorists and their key works collectively shaped the movement, advocating for a departure from traditional narrative conventions in favor of experimental techniques, objective description, and a reevaluation of the role of characters and plot in literature.

Nouveau Roman: Major Characteristics

• Experimental Narrative Techniques: Nouveau Roman is characterized by its departure from conventional storytelling methods. Authors within this movement experiment with narrative structures, often rejecting linear plot progression in favor of fragmented, non-chronological storytelling.
• Objective Description: One of the defining features of Nouveau Roman is the emphasis on objective and detailed description. Instead of delving into characters’ subjective experiences or emotions, the movement often prioritizes an objective portrayal of external elements, such as objects, spaces, and events.
• Rejection of Psychological Depth: Nouveau Roman challenges the traditional exploration of characters’ psychological depth. Rather than delving into characters’ inner thoughts and emotions, the movement often presents characters as surface-level entities, focusing on their observable actions and behaviors.
• Everyday Details as Central Elements: The movement often elevates seemingly mundane or banal details of everyday life to central narrative elements. This focus on the ordinary serves to challenge established hierarchies of subject matter in literature.
• Spatial and Temporal Ambiguity: Nouveau Roman frequently employs spatial and temporal ambiguity, creating narratives where the boundaries between past and present, or between different locations, are blurred. This technique contributes to the movement’s goal of challenging traditional narrative structures.
• Reader Engagement: Nouveau Roman places a significant emphasis on reader engagement. By utilizing experimental techniques and leaving certain elements open to interpretation, the movement encourages readers to actively participate in the construction of meaning within the narrative.
• Rejection of Traditional Plot Structures: Traditional plot structures are often rejected in Nouveau Roman. Linear narratives with clear beginnings, middles, and ends are eschewed in favor of more complex and open-ended storytelling approaches.
• Influence on Perception and Reality: The movement explores the interplay between language and reality, challenging the idea of language as a transparent medium. Nouveau Roman authors often use language to manipulate and shape the reader’s perception of reality within the narrative.
• Focus on Spatial Analysis: Spatial analysis is a key aspect of Nouveau Roman. Authors delve into the physical spaces within the narrative, exploring the significance of locations and their impact on the unfolding events.
• Legacy in Postmodernism: Nouveau Roman’s experimental approaches and its impact on challenging established literary norms have left a lasting legacy in the development of postmodern literature, influencing subsequent generations of writers and theorists.

Nouveau Roman: Relevance in Literary Theories

In this table, the relevance of Nouveau Roman in various literary theories is outlined, highlighting its impact on structuralism, poststructuralism, reader-response theory, psychoanalytic theory, postmodernism, feminist criticism, Marxist criticism, and narratology.

Nouveau Roman: Application in Critiques

1. ealousy (La Jalousie) by Alain Robbe-Grillet:
   • Experimental Narrative Techniques: Robbe-Grillet employs experimental narrative techniques, including repetitive descriptions and a focus on minute details, challenging traditional storytelling. The novel’s fragmented structure and spatial analysis showcase the influence of Nouveau Roman.
2. The Golden Fruits by Nathalie Sarraute:
   • Tropisms and Fragmented Perceptions: Sarraute explores the concept of tropisms, capturing subtle movements of the soul. The fragmented perceptions of characters, devoid of traditional psychological depth, align with principles, challenging readers to interpret the narrative.
3. Degrees by Michel Butor:
   • Temporal Complexity: Butor’s Degrees features intricate temporal structures, challenging linear progression. The novel’s exploration of diverse perspectives and the complexity of time aligns with Nouveau Roman’s rejection of traditional temporality, offering a unique narrative experience.
4. Moderato Cantabile by Marguerite Duras:
   • Surface-Level Portrayal: Duras’ novel, while not explicitly, sill it exhibits a surface-level portrayal of characters and events. The focus on observable actions and the novel’s exploration of desire and memory align with the movement’s emphasis on objective description over psychological depth.

In each critique, the application of principles involves examining experimental techniques, the rejection of traditional narrative structures, and the emphasis on objective description and surface-level portrayal, showcasing the movement’s influence on diverse works within literature.

Nouveau Roman: Relevant Terms

Nouveau Roman: Suggested Readings

1. Butor, Michel. Degrees. Grove Press, 1960.
2. Duras, Marguerite. Moderato Cantabile. Grove Press, 1958.
3. Robbe-Grillet, Alain. Jealousy (La Jalousie). Grove Press, 1957.
4. Sarraute, Nathalie. Tropismes. Éditions Gallimard, 1939.
5. Simon, Claude. The Grass. Calder and Boyars, 1958.
6. Zafón, Carlos Ruiz. The Shadow of the Wind. Penguin Books, 2004. (While not a Nouveau Roman work, Zafón’s novel exhibits some influences and can be an interesting comparative read.)

Normativity: Etymology, Meanings, and Concept

Etymology: The term “normativity” originates from the Latin word “norma,” meaning a carpenter’s square or rule. In the context of language and philosophy, it evolved to denote standards, rules, or norms that guide behavior, thought, or language use. The suffix “-ity” is added to form the noun, emphasizing the quality or condition of being normative.

Meanings and Concept:

Normativity, in a broader sense, reflects the inherent tension between describing how things are (descriptive) and how they ought to be (prescriptive) in various domains of human experience. It serves as a critical concept in philosophy, ethics, linguistics, sociology, and other disciplines, guiding our understanding of norms and standards.

Normativity: Definition of a Theoretical Term

Normativity, as a theoretical term, encapsulates the prescriptive aspect of normative statements within a given domain, delineating the evaluative criteria that prescribe how things should be rather than describing how they are. In philosophical discourse, normativity often involves the exploration of ethical, epistemic, or social norms, elucidating the principles that guide human behavior, thought processes, and societal interactions. This theoretical construct plays a pivotal role in shaping normative frameworks across diverse disciplines, providing a conceptual lens through which scholars analyze and articulate the principles governing human conduct and judgment.

Normativity: Theorists, Works, and Argument

These theorists and their works collectively contribute to the rich tapestry of discussions surrounding normativity, addressing its manifestations in ethics, language, hermeneutics, social theory, epistemology, and emotions.

Normativity: Major Characteristics

• Prescriptive Nature: Normativity is inherently prescriptive, providing guidance on how things ought to be rather than describing how they are.
  • Example: Ethical principles prescribing honesty as a virtue, indicating how individuals should behave.
• Cultural Variation: Norms and normativity exhibit variation across cultures, reflecting diverse societal values and expectations.
  • Example: Social norms regarding punctuality may differ between cultures, with some emphasizing strict adherence and others adopting a more flexible approach.
• Role in Social Order: Normativity plays a crucial role in maintaining social order by establishing expectations for behavior within a community.
  • Example: Legal norms that prohibit theft contribute to the establishment of a stable and orderly society.
• Linguistic Norms: Language is a domain where normativity is evident, encompassing grammatical rules and conventions that guide effective communication.
  • Example: The normative use of pronouns in English, such as using “he” or “she” based on gender.
• Epistemic Norms: Normativity extends to the realm of knowledge, influencing how beliefs are formed, justified, and revised.
  • Example: Scientific norms that require empirical evidence and peer review for the validation of hypotheses.
• Subjective and Objective Dimensions: Normativity involves a tension between subjective perspectives and the pursuit of objective norms.
  • Example: The philosophical debate on whether moral values are objectively grounded or subjectively determined.
• Enforcement Mechanisms: Norms often come with implicit or explicit mechanisms for enforcement, encouraging conformity and discouraging deviation.
  • Example: Social sanctions or legal consequences for violating norms, reinforcing adherence to established standards.
• Evolution and Change: Normativity is dynamic, evolving over time in response to societal shifts and changes in values.
  • Example: Attitudes towards gender roles evolving, leading to changes in normative expectations regarding gender-related behavior.
• Interconnectedness: Norms in one domain often influence and intersect with norms in other areas, creating a web of interconnected normative systems.
  • Example: The intersection of legal, ethical, and cultural norms in determining the permissibility of certain actions.

Normativity, with its diverse characteristics, shapes human behavior, language use, ethical considerations, and societal structures, reflecting a complex interplay of norms across various dimensions of human experience.

Normativity: Relevance in Literary Theories

Normativity, in the context of literary theories, illuminates the ways in which cultural, societal, and linguistic norms influence the creation, interpretation, and critique of literary works. Different literary theories engage with normativity to uncover the underlying structures, power dynamics, and cultural contexts that shape the production and reception of literature.

Normativity: Application in Critiques

1. To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee: The critique may explore normativity in terms of racial and social norms in the Southern U.S. during the 1930s, a period depicted in the novel. Analysis could address how the characters challenge or conform to prevailing norms, particularly in the context of racial injustice and the moral norms governing individual actions. Normative expectations related to gender roles and class distinctions could also be scrutinized in the portrayal of characters and events.
2. 1984 by George Orwell: The critique might focus on the dystopian normativity portrayed in the novel, where the authoritarian regime enforces strict norms of control, surveillance, and conformity. It could delve into how the characters navigate and resist these normative structures, exploring the consequences of challenging the established norms. Additionally, the critique may examine how Orwell’s depiction serves as a cautionary tale about the dangers of unchecked normative power.
3. The Handmaid’s Tale by Margaret Atwood: Normativity in terms of gender roles, reproductive norms, and religious fundamentalism could be central to the critique. The analysis might explore how the dystopian society in the novel imposes normative expectations on women’s bodies and behaviors. The critique could examine how the protagonist challenges or conforms to these norms, shedding light on the broader societal critique presented by Atwood in relation to gender and power.
4. One Hundred Years of Solitude by Gabriel Garcia Marquez: The critique could delve into normativity in the context of magical realism and societal norms within the fictional town of Macondo. Analysis might explore how the characters and events challenge conventional norms of time, reality, and family structures. The critique could also examine the impact of historical and cultural norms on the characters’ destinies, offering insights into Marquez’s commentary on the cyclical nature of history and societal expectations.

In each of these novels, normativity serves as a lens through which the characters and societies navigate complex moral, social, and cultural landscapes. The critique would unravel how the authors utilize normativity to convey deeper messages, challenge societal expectations, and provide commentary on the human condition.

Normativity: Relevant Terms

Normativity: Suggested Readings

1. Korsgaard, Christine. The Sources of Normativity. Cambridge University Press, 1996.
2. Gadamer, Hans-Georg. Truth and Method. Bloomsbury Academic, 2013.
3. Searle, John. Speech Acts: An Essay in the Philosophy of Language. Cambridge University Press, 1969.
4. Habermas, Jurgen. The Theory of Communicative Action. Beacon Press, 1984.
5. Nagel, Thomas. The View from Nowhere. Oxford University Press, 1986.
6. Nussbaum, Martha. Upheavals of Thought: The Intelligence of Emotions. Cambridge University Press, 2001.

Nonlinear Narrative: Meanings and Concept

Nonlinear Narrative: Definition of a Theoretical Term

A nonlinear narrative is a literary or cinematic technique that deviates from conventional chronological storytelling, presenting events out of sequential order. This narrative approach disrupts the linear progression of a traditional plot, allowing for fragmented structures, temporal distortion, and thematic exploration. Nonlinear narratives challenge readers or viewers to actively engage with the story, fostering a dynamic and immersive experience that often reflects the complexities and subjectivities inherent in human experiences.

Nonlinear Narrative: Theorists, Works and Argument

This table provides an overview of theorists, their significant works, and the key arguments supporting the use of nonlinear narrative structures in literature and film.

Nonlinear Narrative: Major Characteristics

• Temporal Discontinuity:
  • Events are presented out of chronological order, challenging the traditional linear structure of storytelling.
• Fragmentation:
  • Narratives are often fragmented, with the story unfolding through non-sequential and disjointed elements.
• Multiple Perspectives:
  • Different viewpoints and perspectives are explored, offering a more comprehensive understanding of the narrative.
• Parallel Storylines:
  • Multiple storylines may run concurrently, intersecting or diverging to create a complex narrative web.
• Flashbacks and Flashforwards:
  • Incorporation of scenes from the past or future within the main narrative, providing additional context or foreshadowing.
• Circular Narrative:
  • The story may loop back to its starting point, creating a sense of circularity or repetition.
• Nontraditional Structure:
  • Rejects conventional story structures, allowing for experimental and innovative narrative forms.
• Reader/Viewer Engagement:
  • Requires active engagement as the audience navigates through the non-linear structure, piecing together the story.
• Emphasis on Themes and Symbols:
  • Nonlinear narratives often emphasize thematic elements and symbols, inviting interpretation and analysis.
• Ambiguity and Open Endings:
  • Leaves room for interpretation, with unresolved or open-ended conclusions, allowing for diverse audience perspectives.
• Mosaic or Collage-Like Construction:
  • The narrative is constructed like a mosaic, with diverse elements contributing to the overall composition.

These characteristics collectively define the essence of nonlinear narratives, providing a departure from traditional linear storytelling and fostering a more dynamic and immersive reader/viewer experience.

Nonlinear Narrative: Relevance in Literary Theories

The relevance of nonlinear narrative in various literary theories lies in its ability to disrupt established conventions, engage readers actively, and provide a platform for exploring diverse perspectives and experiences.

Nonlinear Narrative: Application in Critiques

1. Slaughterhouse-Five by Kurt Vonnegut:
   • Nonlinear Element: The novel employs time travel and a fragmented structure to depict the protagonist, Billy Pilgrim’s, experiences during and after World War II.
   • Critique: Vonnegut’s use of nonlinearity serves to convey the disorienting impact of war on an individual’s perception of time, challenging traditional narratives about the war experience.
2. Cloud Atlas by David Mitchell:
   • Nonlinear Element: The novel intertwines six different narratives across various time periods, creating a complex web of interconnected stories.
   • Critique: Mitchell’s use of a nonlinear structure allows him to explore the theme of interconnectedness and the impact of individual actions across time, providing a multilayered reading experience.
3. If on a winter’s night a traveler by Italo Calvino:
   • Nonlinear Element: The novel presents alternating chapters of a story within a story, creating a layered and recursive narrative structure.
   • Critique: Calvino’s nonlinear approach engages readers in an interactive and metafictional experience, inviting them to participate actively in the construction of the narrative.
4. Hopscotch (Rayuela) by Julio Cortázar:
   • Nonlinear Element: The novel offers multiple possible paths for readers to follow, providing different orders in which to read the chapters.
   • Critique: Cortázar’s nonlinear structure challenges traditional notions of linearity in storytelling, inviting readers to engage with the narrative in a nontraditional and exploratory manner.

In these revised critiques, the book titles are in bold italics without quotes for clarity and adherence to formatting conventions.

Nonlinear Narrative: Relevant Terms

Nonlinear Narrative: Suggested Readings

1. Vonnegut, Kurt. Slaughterhouse-Five. Dell, 1999.
2. Mitchell, David. Cloud Atlas. Random House, 2004.
3. Calvino, Italo. If on a winter’s night a traveler. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1981.
4. Cortázar, Julio. Hopscotch (Rayuela). Pantheon Books, 1966.
5. Marker, Chris. La Jetée. Argos Films, 1962.
6. Robbe-Grillet, Alain. Jealousy (La Jalousie). Grove Press, 1957.
7. Murakami, Haruki. Hard-Boiled Wonderland and the End of the World (Sekai no owari to haadoboirudo wandārando). Kodansha International, 1991.
8. Barthes, Roland. S/Z. Hill and Wang, 1974.
9. Lyotard, Jean-François. The Postmodern Condition. University of Minnesota Press, 1984.
10. Stoppard, Tom. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead. Grove Press, 1967.

Narrative Plurality: Literal Meanings and Concept

These terms provide a comprehensive understanding of the literal meanings and conceptual nuances associated with “Narrative Plurality.”

Narrative Plurality: Definition of a Theoretical Term

Narrative Plurality, as a theoretical term, refers to the deliberate incorporation of multiple narratives, voices, and perspectives within a singular overarching storytelling framework. This concept challenges the traditional notion of a singular, linear narrative by embracing the coexistence of divergent storylines, varied viewpoints, and polyphonic elements. Narrative Plurality enriches the storytelling experience, fostering inclusivity, and acknowledging the complex tapestry of interconnected stories that collectively contribute to the overarching narrative discourse.

Narrative Plurality: Theorists, Works and Argument

Narrative Plurality: Major Characteristics

• Incorporation of Diverse Voices: Narrative Plurality involves intentionally including multiple voices, perspectives, and viewpoints within the overarching narrative structure.
• Polyphony and Dialogism: The concept emphasizes the use of polyphony and dialogism, fostering interactions and exchanges among different narrative elements to create a rich, multifaceted storytelling experience.
• Multiplicity of Storylines: Instead of a singular, linear narrative, Narrative Plurality allows for the existence of multiple storylines that may intersect, diverge, or coexist, contributing to a more complex narrative tapestry.
• Acknowledgment of Subjectivity: Narrative Plurality recognizes and embraces the subjective nature of storytelling, allowing for diverse interpretations and truths to coexist within the narrative space.
• Fragmentation of Grand Narratives: The concept challenges the idea of grand, all-encompassing narratives, advocating for the fragmentation and diversification of storytelling to better represent the complexities of human experiences.
• Interconnected Narratives: Narrative Plurality often involves interconnected narratives, where various storylines or perspectives are interwoven, revealing the intricate relationships between different elements of the narrative.
• Emphasis on Inclusivity: Inclusivity is a key characteristic, as Narrative Plurality aims to include a wide range of voices, experiences, and cultural perspectives, promoting a more comprehensive representation of the world.
• Fluidity and Flexibility: The concept allows for fluidity in narrative structures and flexibility in storytelling techniques, enabling authors to experiment with non-linear plots, alternative timelines, and varied narrative forms.
• Exploration of Identity: Narrative Plurality often explores the multiplicity of identities, acknowledging that individuals and communities can embody various narratives that contribute to a more nuanced understanding of identity.
• Enrichment of Storytelling: Ultimately, Narrative Plurality enriches storytelling by embracing diversity, promoting dialogue, and creating a narrative space that reflects the intricate and interconnected nature of human experiences.

Narrative Plurality: Relevance in Literary Theories

This table illustrates the relevance of Narrative Plurality across various literary theories, showcasing how it aligns with and contributes to diverse critical frameworks.

Narrative Plurality: Application in Critiques

1. Cloud Atlas by David Mitchell:
   • Application of Narrative Plurality: Mitchell employs a complex structure with multiple interconnected narratives spanning different genres and time periods. The narrative plurality in “Cloud Atlas” enhances the richness of the storytelling by offering diverse perspectives and creating a tapestry of interconnected stories.
   • Strengths: The narrative plurality effectively engages readers, allowing them to piece together the interconnectedness of the stories. The inclusion of varied genres and voices contributes to a multifaceted exploration of themes.
   • Critiques: At times, the complexity of the narrative structure might be challenging for some readers to follow, potentially hindering the clarity of individual storylines.
2. If on a winter’s night a traveler by Italo Calvino:
   • Application of Narrative Plurality: Calvino’s novel takes a metafictional approach, presenting a series of beginnings of different novels. This narrative plurality challenges conventional storytelling, encouraging readers to engage with multiple story fragments.
   • Strengths: The novel’s narrative plurality creates a unique reading experience, inviting readers to actively participate in the construction of meaning. The exploration of various narrative possibilities aligns with the concept of Narrative Plurality.
   • Critiques: Some readers might find the lack of a traditional, linear narrative structure disorienting, potentially impacting their overall engagement with the text.
3. Half of a Yellow Sun by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie:
   • Application of Narrative Plurality: Adichie utilizes multiple perspectives to tell the story of the Nigerian Civil War. The inclusion of diverse viewpoints from different characters contributes to a comprehensive portrayal of the historical events.
   • Strengths: The narrative plurality effectively captures the complexities of the war from various angles, providing a nuanced understanding of the impact on different individuals. Readers gain insight into diverse experiences.
   • Critiques: While the diverse perspectives enrich the narrative, there may be moments where certain characters’ stories feel underdeveloped due to the breadth of viewpoints.
4. In the Garden of the North American Martyrs by Tobias Wolff:
   • Application of Narrative Plurality: Wolff’s short story presents a single narrative from the perspective of a female protagonist. The narrative plurality here is subtle, showcasing the complexity of the protagonist’s thoughts and emotions.
   • Strengths: The nuanced exploration of the protagonist’s inner world demonstrates a form of narrative plurality within a single perspective, revealing layers of meaning and depth.
   • Critiques: Some readers may desire a more explicit exploration of alternative viewpoints or perspectives, as the narrative predominantly focuses on the protagonist’s internal struggles.

Narrative Plurality: Relevant Terms

Narrative Plurality: Suggested Readings

1. Calvino, Italo. If on a winter’s night a traveler. Harcourt, 1981.
2. Adichie, Chimamanda Ngozi. Half of a Yellow Sun. Anchor Books, 2006.
3. Mitchell, David. Cloud Atlas. Random House, 2004.
4. Lyotard, Jean-François. The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge. University of Minnesota Press, 1984.
5. Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza. Aunt Lute Books, 1987.
6. Bakhtin, Mikhail. Discourse in the Novel. University of Texas Press, 1981.
7. Barnes, Julian. A History of the World in 10½ Chapters. Vintage, 1990.
8. Borges, Jorge Luis. Ficciones. Grove Press, 1962.
9. Rushdie, Salman. Midnight’s Children. Vintage, 1981.
10. Egan, Jennifer. A Visit from the Goon Squad. Anchor Books, 2010.

Read more on Theoretical Terms below:

• Passing in Literature & Literary Theory
• Code-Switching in Literature & Literary Theory
• Cognitive Estrangement in Literature & Literary Theory
• Anti-Novel in Literature & Literary Theory
• Constructivism in Literature & Literary Theory