Theory of Symbolism

Introduction: Theory of Symbolism

The theory of symbolism in literature constitutes a fundamental and pervasive framework within literary analysis. Symbolism, as a literary device, involves the use of symbols—objects, actions, or concepts that carry deeper meanings beyond their literal representation—to convey complex themes, ideas, or emotions in a text.

It serves as a potent tool for writers to infuse layers of meaning and depth into their narratives, inviting readers to engage in a process of interpretation and exploration.

By delving into the intricate interplay of symbols and their significance, scholars and readers alike uncover the rich tapestry of hidden meanings and allegorical messages that lie beneath the surface of literary works, allowing for a profound understanding of the intricate relationship between language, imagination, and the human experience.

Theory of Symbolism in Literature: Origin, Major Theorists, Key Works, and Arguments

Origin:

The theory of symbolism in literature has ancient roots but gained prominence in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, particularly with the Symbolist movement in France. Symbolism can be traced back to the symbolic meanings ascribed to words, images, and objects in religious, mythological, and philosophical traditions across cultures.

Major Theorists:

1. Charles Baudelaire: As a precursor to Symbolism, Baudelaire’s poetry, particularly in Les Fleurs du Mal, introduced the concept of correspondences between the physical world and the spiritual realm, laying the foundation for Symbolist thought.
2. Stéphane Mallarmé: Mallarmé’s poetry, such as “Un coup de dés jamais n’abolira le hasard,” exemplifies the Symbolist movement. He emphasized the primacy of suggestion and the ambiguity of symbols, challenging conventional linguistic and poetic norms.
3. Arthur Rimbaud: Rimbaud’s works, including A Season in Hell and Illuminations, explored the mystical and transformative power of symbols in poetry, paving the way for later Symbolist poets.
4. Ferdinand de Saussure: Although primarily a linguist, Saussure’s structuralist theories on language and signs influenced Symbolist thought by highlighting the arbitrariness of linguistic symbols and the importance of semiotics.

Key Works and Arguments:

1. The Symbolist Manifesto: Published in 1886 by Jean Moréas, this manifesto articulated the Symbolist movement’s rejection of realism and its emphasis on the ideal, the subjective, and the symbolic in art.
2. Symbolism in Painting by Jean Moréas: In this essay, Moréas discussed the role of symbols in visual art, drawing parallels with literature. He argued that symbols could convey profound emotions and ideas beyond mere representation.
3. The Symbolist Movement in Literature by Arthur Symons: This influential book, published in 1899, offered a comprehensive analysis of Symbolism, exploring its origins, key figures, and its impact on literature and art.
4. The Necessity of the Symbol by Paul Valéry: Valéry’s essay, written in 1919, delved into the nature of symbols and their essential role in human thought and expression. He contended that symbols were indispensable for conveying complex concepts and emotions.

Symbolism in literature posits that symbols serve as a bridge between the tangible and the intangible, allowing writers to explore abstract ideas, emotions, and spiritual dimensions. It emphasizes the reader’s role in interpreting symbols, as their meanings often transcend conventional linguistic boundaries, inviting a deeper engagement with the text. Symbolism continues to influence literary analysis, contributing to the understanding of the intricate relationship between language, imagination, and the human experience.

Principles of Theory of Symbolism

Principle	Explanation
Symbols as Conduits of Meaning	Symbols are integral elements of literature that serve as conduits, conveying intricate meanings, emotions, and ideas beyond their literal representation.
Subjective Interpretation	Symbolism recognizes the subjectivity of interpretation, where the reader’s personal experiences and perspectives play a pivotal role in decoding symbols.
Multilayered Significance	Symbols possess multilayered significance, often carrying both universal and culturally-specific meanings, contributing to the depth of literary works.
Connection to the Subconscious	Symbolism delves into the connection between symbols and the subconscious mind, tapping into the realm of dreams, archetypes, and deeper human emotions.
Transcending Linguistic Boundaries	Symbols possess the unique power to transcend linguistic boundaries, enabling writers to effectively communicate abstract concepts and emotions.
Interaction of Symbols	In literature, symbols often interact with one another, creating intricate webs of meaning and enhancing the richness of the narrative.
Reader Engagement	Symbolism encourages active reader engagement, as deciphering symbols necessitates readers to immerse themselves in the text and participate in the interpretation process.
Influence on Theme and Atmosphere	Symbols wield significant influence over a work’s themes and atmosphere, adding layers of complexity and resonance to the narrative.
Cultural and Historical Context	The interpretation of symbols is influenced by the cultural and historical context in which a work is created, contributing to the evolving nature of symbolism in literature.
Artistic Expression	Symbolism serves as a potent tool for writers and artists to express abstract and profound ideas, giving rise to enduring works that invite exploration and analysis.

Suggested Readings

1. Frye, Northrop. Anatomy of Criticism: Four Essays. Princeton University Press, 1957.
2. Freud, Sigmund. The Interpretation of Dreams. Translated by James Strachey, Basic Books, 2010.
3. Jung, Carl Gustav. Man and His Symbols. Doubleday, 1964.
4. Scholes, Robert. Structuralism in Literature: An Introduction. Yale University Press, 1974.
5. Schoenberg, Arnold. Theory of Harmony. Translated by Roy E. Carter, University of California Press, 1983.
6. Schwab, Gabriele. The Mirror and the Killer-Queen: Otherness in Literary Language. Indiana University Press, 1996.
7. Steiner, George. After Babel: Aspects of Language and Translation. Oxford University Press, 1975.
8. Wagner, Richard. Opera and Drama. Translated by William Ashton Ellis, Princeton University Press, 1995.