Epigraph: A Literary Device

Etymology of Epigraph

The term “epigraph” has its origins in ancient Greek. It derives from the combination of two Greek words: “epi,” meaning “on” or “upon,” and “grapho,” meaning “I write.” Thus, the etymology of “epigraph” signifies “something written upon” or “an inscription.”

In its literary context, an epigraph typically refers to a brief quotation, phrase, or passage that is placed at the beginning of a book, chapter, or other written work to introduce or set the tone for the text that follows.

Epigraphs serve to provide context, establish themes, or offer insight into the content of the work, drawing a connection between the quoted material and the narrative or discourse that follows. The etymology of “epigraph” highlights its role as an introductory written element that often carries symbolic or thematic significance in literature.

Meanings of Epigraph

Aspect	Meaning
Quotation Introduction	Brief quote at the start introduces themes, sets the tone, or provides context.
Thematic Significance	Emphasizes key themes, deepening reader understanding.
Literary Context	Links main text to external sources, enriching the narrative.
Historical/Cultural Relevance	References history, culture, or other works for context.
Symbolic or Evocative	Encourages reader reflection on its meaning and impact.

Definition of Epigraph

An epigraph is a brief quotation or excerpt from an external source that is placed at the beginning of a literary work. It serves to introduce themes, set the tone, and provide context for the content that follows.

Epigraphs can encapsulate key ideas, establish connections to external sources, and add depth and symbolism to the text.

Types of Epigraphs

Type	Definition	Example
Quotation Epigraphs	Feature brief quotes from external sources, setting the thematic tone for the text.	“To be or not to be, that is the question.” – William Shakespeare
Literary Epigraphs	Quotes or excerpts from other literary works, establishing connections with the text’s themes or serving as commentary.	“It was the best of times, it was the worst of times.” – Charles Dickens
Historical Epigraphs	Include excerpts from historical documents, speeches, or records, providing historical context for the text.	“Four score and seven years ago…” – Abraham Lincoln
Biblical Epigraphs	Feature verses or passages from religious texts, conveying moral or philosophical themes.	“The Lord is my shepherd, I shall not want.” – Psalm 23
Personal Epigraphs	Quotes from the author’s own writings, offering insights into their mindset or motivations.	“In the end, we will remember not the words of our enemies, but the silence of our friends.” – Martin Luther King Jr.
Poetic Epigraphs	Consist of excerpts from poems, chosen for their lyrical or evocative qualities and thematic resonance.	“Do not go gentle into that good night.” – Dylan Thomas
Proverbial Epigraphs	Include proverbs or aphorisms from various cultures, conveying timeless wisdom and universal truths.	“Actions speak louder than words.” – Traditional Proverb
Ironical or Contradictory Epigraphs	Feature quotes that create irony or contradiction with the text, adding complexity to reader interpretation.	“War is peace. Freedom is slavery. Ignorance is strength.” – George Orwell
Symbolic Epigraphs	Chosen for their symbolic meaning, inviting readers to explore deeper layers of interpretation.	“All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others.” – George Orwell

Common Examples of Epigraphs

1. Inscriptions on Monuments: Many monuments and memorials feature epigraphs that honor historical events, individuals, or values. For instance, the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C., bears the epigraph “In this temple, as in the hearts of the people for whom he saved the Union, the memory of Abraham Lincoln is enshrined forever.”
2. Quotations in Speeches: Public figures, politicians, and leaders often use famous quotations as epigraphs at the beginning of their speeches to emphasize their message or connect with their audience.
3. Mottoes on Flags and Seals: National flags and seals may include epigraphs or mottos that represent the values and aspirations of a country. For example, the United States’ Great Seal features the Latin motto “E Pluribus Unum” (Out of Many, One).
4. Sayings on Plaques: Plaques displayed in homes, offices, or public spaces often carry inspirational or motivational epigraphs. Common examples include phrases like “Live, Laugh, Love” or “Carpe Diem” (Seize the Day).
5. Inscriptions on Gravestones: Epitaphs on gravestones serve as personal epigraphs, commemorating the life, character, or beliefs of the deceased. They often feature meaningful quotes or passages.
6. Motivational Quotes: In the world of self-help and personal development, motivational quotes are frequently used as epigraphs in books, articles, and presentations to inspire and guide individuals toward personal growth and success.
7. Scriptures in Religious Texts: Religious texts often feature epigraphs or verses at the beginning of chapters or sections, helping to introduce and frame the content within a particular theological context.
8. Educational Institutions: Schools and universities may adopt mottos or epigraphs that reflect their educational philosophies or values. These are often displayed on crests, banners, or official documents.

Suggested Readings

1. Foster, R. F. Epigraphs and Poems from the Leaves of Southwell. Oxford University Press, 2019.
2. Legault, Paul, editor. The Emily Dickinson Reader: An English-to-English Translation of Emily Dickinson’s Complete Poems. McSweeney’s, 2012.
3. Schine, Cathleen. Rameau’s Niece. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1993.