This website is dedicated to English Literature, Literary Criticism, Literary Theory, English Language and its teaching and learning.
Anti-Heroes: Creating and Critiquing Them
We lost faith in authority in the ’50s, up to a point, and we spawned a lot of anti-heroes in movies, which were refreshing and open. But at this point, with the distrust that’s there and the disillusionment with leadership that is so acute, we need some kind of a focus on taking the irony out and taking the anti-hero element away.
Brendan Gleeson
An anti-hero is a literary archetype characterized by a protagonist who deviates from traditional heroic qualities, often displaying moral ambiguity, flaws, and unconventional behavior. These characters challenge conventional notions of heroism and morality, adding complexity and depth to narratives. Despite their imperfections, anti-heroes often elicit empathy from audiences, inviting contemplation of deeper moral and societal themes.
Literary Examples of Anti-Heroes
Example
Explanation
Alex in A Clockwork Orange by Anthony Burgess (1962)
Although published in the 1960s, this novel’s impact extended into the 1970s and beyond. Alex is a violent and amoral youth who serves as an anti-heroic narrator, challenging conventional notions of morality.
Ignatius J. Reilly in A Confederacy of Dunces by John Kennedy Toole (1980)
Ignatius is an overweight, socially inept, and eccentric character whose antics and refusal to conform to societal norms make him a quintessential anti-hero in this satirical novel.
Randle P. McMurphy in One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest by Ken Kesey (1962)
Although the novel was published in the 1960s, its influence spanned the 1970s to 1990s. McMurphy is a rebellious and charismatic figure who challenges authority in a mental institution, making him an anti-heroic symbol of resistance.
Francis Phelan in Ironweed by William Kennedy (1983)
Set in the 1930s but published in the 1980s, this novel features Francis Phelan, a former baseball player turned homeless drifter who grapples with his past and the consequences of his actions.
Tyler Durden in Fight Club by Chuck Palahniuk (1996)
Published in the 1990s, the novel’s film adaptation in the late 1990s and early 2000s further solidified its cultural impact. Tyler Durden is a charismatic and anarchic character who embodies anti-establishment and anti-hero sentiments in a consumer-driven society.
How to Create Anti-Heroes
Establish Flaws and Imperfections: Give your characters noticeable flaws, such as moral ambiguity, vices, or personal weaknesses. These must set them apart from traditional heroic figures.
Develop a Complex Motivation: Provide your anti-heroes with a unique and relatable motivation for their actions, one that may not align with conventional heroism. This motivation should drive their decisions and behaviors throughout the story.
Challenge Moral Norms: Have your anti-heroes navigate morally gray areas or make morally questionable choices. Their actions should provoke thought and question traditional notions of right and wrong.
Create a Relatable Backstory: Develop a backstory that explains the origins of your anti-heroes’s flaws and motivations. This backstory should help the audience understand and sympathize with their character.
Balance Complexity with Empathy: While your anti-heroes should be multi-dimensional and flawed, ensure there are moments or qualities that allow the audience to connect with and empathize with them despite their imperfections. This balance adds depth and relatability to the character.
Advantages of Using Anti-Heroes
Complexity and Realism: Anti-heroes add depth and authenticity to characters by showcasing their flaws and moral ambiguity.
Audience Engagement: These characters often elicit empathy and curiosity from audiences, keeping them invested in the story.
Moral Exploration: Anti-heroes prompt discussions and contemplation of deep ethical and societal themes.
Character Development: The journey of an anti-heroes navigating their imperfections can be a central and compelling aspect of the narrative.
Subversion of Tropes: Anti-heroes challenge conventional heroism, providing opportunities to subvert storytelling norms and expectations.
Anti-Hero and Literary Theory
Literary Theory
Critique Focus
Psychological Criticism
Psychological criticism involves the in-depth analysis of a character’s inner motivations, emotions, and conflicts. When applied to anti-heroes, this approach enables a thorough exploration of the intricate complexities of an anti-hero’s psyche, shedding light on their moral ambiguity. It helps readers understand what drives anti-heroes to make the choices they do and how their inner struggles shape the narrative, adding depth and nuance to their character development.
Feminist criticism focuses on examining the portrayal of gender roles and stereotypes in literary narratives. In the context of anti-heroes, this perspective is highly relevant for evaluating how these characters challenge or reinforce traditional gender norms. It provides a lens through which to scrutinize how anti-heroes, whether male or female, navigate and interact with societal expectations and power dynamics associated with their gender. This analysis offers deeper insights into the significance of anti-heroes within feminist discourse and broader gender-related discussions in literature.
Marxist criticism delves into the investigation of socio-economic contexts and inequalities depicted in literary works. When applied to anti-heroes, this theory becomes pertinent for highlighting how these characters may serve as reflections of broader societal issues, such as class struggles or economic disparities. It allows for a comprehensive examination of how anti-heroes are shaped by their environments, be it the socio-economic milieu or the prevailing class structures, and how these external factors influence their moral choices and actions within the narrative.
Postcolonial criticism centers on exploring colonial narratives, power dynamics, and resistance within literary texts. In the context of anti-heroes, this perspective is of great relevance for understanding how these characters may either embody or critique issues related to colonialism. It unveils the intricate ways in which anti-heroes navigate the legacies of colonial oppression, cultural identity, and the complex interplay of power dynamics. By doing so, postcolonial analysis adds a layer of depth and significance to the portrayal of anti-heroes within the context of postcolonial literature.
Queer Theory
Queer theory critically examines the representation of sexuality and gender in literary works, emphasizing non-normative identities and experiences. When applied to the critique of anti-heroes, this theory offers a valuable framework for exploring how these characters’ sexuality or gender identity is portrayed. It provides crucial insights into whether anti-heroes conform to or subvert normative expectations, contributing to discussions on LGBTQ+ representation in literature. This analysis helps reveal the role of anti-heroes in challenging and reshaping conventional notions of sexuality and gender within the narrative.
Reader-response theory focuses on how readers interpret and emotionally respond to literary texts. When employed in the examination of anti-heroes, this theory centers on how readers’ perceptions and personal experiences influence the meaning and impact of the narrative. It underscores the significance of reader engagement and highlights the diverse and often subjective ways in which anti-heroes can be interpreted and appreciated by different audiences. This perspective recognizes that readers actively participate in shaping the narrative through their responses to anti-heroes, making their role integral to the overall reading experience and interpretation of the text.