Category: Literary Devices

Introduction

• Definition: A figurative device of association is a literary device used to establish connections or relationships between different elements to create shapes, meanings, and emotions in the readers. These literary devices attribute qualities, emotions, or symbolism to entities or actions, forging associations between them.
• Function: Figurative device of association enriches the language by adding layers of meaning, emotions, and images, often making the text more engaging and expressive. They provide depth and context to the subject matter, allowing readers to connect on a more profound level.
• Examples: Some prominent examples of figurative devices are personification, hyperbole, symbolism, synecdoche, metonymy, irony, allusion, oxymoron, euphemism, litotes, and onomatopoeia.

Can One Figurative Device Perform Both Functions?

• While a figurative device of association and comparison has distinct functions, some literary devices blur the lines. It is because they serve both purposes simultaneously.
• For example, a metaphor can be used not only to compare two dissimilar things but also to associate them with shared characteristics. This adds depth to the comparison, making it more than just a surface-level similarity. Therefore, it is a figurative device of comparison.
• Similarly, certain forms of symbolism involve comparisons between concrete and abstract elements, both associating and comparing the two. The symbolic representation often draws parallels between the concrete object and the abstract concept it represents.
• However, in general, these literary devices tend to lean more towards either association or comparison, even if they exhibit elements of the other function. Authors use a combination of these devices strategically to create powerful and evocative writing.

Functions of Figurative Devices of Association

1. Personification: “The wind whispered through the trees.”

Explanation: The figurative device of association, personification associates here the wind with the human quality of “whispering.” By giving the wind a human-like action, the sentence creates an association between the non-human entity (wind) and a human characteristic (whispering). This association humanizes the wind and establishes a deeper connection between the reader and nature, evoking a sense of intimacy and emotional impact.

• Hyperbole: “I’ve told you a million times.”

Explanation: The figurative device of association, hyperbole involves deliberate exaggeration for emphasis. By using the phrase “a million times,” the speaker exaggerates the number of times they have spoken, forming an association between the actual number of times and an exaggerated, overwhelming amount. This association intensifies the speaker’s frustration or emphasis on the importance of the message they are trying to convey.

• Symbolism: “The dove represents peace.”

Explanation: The figurative device of association, symbolism forms an association between concrete elements and abstract ideas. In this example, the dove is associated with the abstract concept of “peace.” This association makes the dove a symbolic representation of peace, allowing the reader to understand the deeper meaning without explicitly stating it. The use of symbolism enriches the text and adds depth to the idea being conveyed.

• Synecdoche: “All hands on deck.”

Explanation: The figurative device of association, synecdoche, associates a part with the whole or vice versa. In this phrase, “hands” represent the whole crew on the deck of a ship. This association emphasizes the collective action of the entire crew, using a part (hands) to symbolize the whole group. The phrase creates a sense of unity and urgency, as everyone is needed for the task at hand.

• Metonymy: “The White House issued a statement.”

Explanation: The figurative device of association, metonymy forms an association between closely related terms. In this example, “The White House” is used as a metonym to refer to the U.S. government or the President’s administration. This association connects the physical building (White House) with the authority and actions of the government. It allows for a more concise expression and adds a layer of meaning to the statement.

• Irony: “What a beautiful day!” said during a thunderstorm.

Explanation: The figurative device of association, irony creates an association between the literal meaning and the intended meaning of the words. In this sentence, the speaker’s statement of a “beautiful day” during a thunderstorm forms an ironic association. The contrast between the speaker’s words and the actual weather creates an unexpected and humorous effect, provoking thought and engaging the reader.

• Allusion: “He was a real Romeo with the ladies.”

Explanation: The figurative device of association, allusion, associates a person, place, or work of literature/history with a specific characteristic or behavior. In this case, the phrase alludes to Shakespeare’s character Romeo, known for his passionate love. By comparing the person to Romeo, the association suggests that the individual is a passionate lover. The allusion adds depth and meaning to the description by connecting it to a well-known literary character.

• Oxymoron: “Deafening silence.”

Explanation: The figurative device of association, oxymoron, associates contradictory or opposing words for effect. In this example, “deafening” and “silence” are combined to create an association. The oxymoron emphasizes the silence’s intensity and power by juxtaposing it with the loud and overwhelming quality of “deafening.” This association adds complexity and vividness to the description.

• Euphemism: “Passed away” instead of “died.”

Explanation: The figurative device of association, euphemism forms an association by substituting a mild or less direct word or phrase for a harsh or blunt one. In this case, “passed away” is used as a euphemism for “died.” This association softens the impact of the harsher word and shows sensitivity and respect when discussing the subject of death.

1. Litotes: “Not bad” to mean “good” or “impressive.”

Explanation: The figurative device of association, litotes forms an association by using the negative of the opposite to express a positive idea indirectly. In this example, “not bad” is used to mean “good” or “impressive.” The association of “not bad” with a positive meaning emphasizes the praise or approval in a modest and understated way.

1. Onomatopoeia: “Buzz” or “sizzle.”

Explanation: The figurative device of association, onomatopoeia, forms an association by imitating the sound associated with the object or action they refer to. In this case, “buzz” and “sizzle” associate the sound of buzzing and sizzling with the objects or actions they describe. This association enhances the sensory experience, allowing the reader to connect the word with the actual sound, adding vividness to the description.

Suggested Readings

1. Abrams, M. H. A Glossary of Literary Terms. Wadsworth Publishing, 2004.
2. Baldick, Chris. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms. Oxford University Press, 2004.
3. Cuddon, J. A. The Penguin Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory. Penguin Books, 2013.
4. Kennedy, X. J., and Dana Gioia. Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and Writing. Pearson, 2019.
5. Lanham, Richard A. A Handlist of Rhetorical Terms. University of California Press, 1991.
6. Leech, Geoffrey N., and Jan Svartvik. A Communicative Grammar of English. Routledge, 2002.
7. Meyer, Michael. The Bedford Introduction to Literature: Reading, Thinking, Writing. Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2019.
8. Perrine, Laurence, and Thomas R. Arp. Sound and Sense: An Introduction to Poetry. Harcourt Brace, 2001.
9. Roberts, Edgar V., and Henry E. Jacobs. Literature: An Introduction to Reading and Writing. Pearson, 2019.

Introduction

A figurative device of comparison is a literary device used to convey meaning beyond the literal interpretation of words through comparisons between things/ideas/places/figures. Such a device involves using language in a non-literal way to create imagery, evoke emotions, and add depth to the writing. There are several types of figurative devices. For example, metaphor and similes are two important ones. They are, in fact, powerful tools that show a comparison to building an image in the minds of the readers.

Figurative Devices of Comparison

Figurative devices of comparison are literary devices. They use comparison to create clear imagery and convey deep meanings. For example, metaphor, a figurative device of comparison, makes direct comparisons between unrelated things, while simile, another device, uses “like” or “as” to draw similarities. Analogy, on the other hand, explains one thing by showing its similarity to another. Also, it extends metaphors to represent abstract ideas through narratives. Parables, however, are simple stories illustrating moral lessons. This is another type of figurative device of comparison used to add depth, emotion, and creativity to literary works. Thus, they engage readers and convey complex ideas in imaginative ways.

As far as the role of a figurative device of comparison is concerned, they play a vital role in English studies. They enrich language and enhance literary analysis. Students explore various figurative devices to understand their impact on communication. Analyzing figurative devices of comparison improves critical thinking skills. English studies benefit from the creative and expressive aspects of figurative devices.

 Here is a full list of figurative devices of comparisons with examples and functions.

Figurative Devices and Comparison

1. Metaphor: This figurative device of comparison shows direct comparison.
2. Simile: This device of comparison also directly compares two unrelated things using “like” or “as” to draw similarities.
3. Analogy: This device shows two things or situations to explain one by showing how they are similar.
4. Allegory: This figurative device of comparison represents abstract ideas or moral principles or it is an extended comparison.
5. Parable: This device shows a narrative comparison.
6. Metonymy: This figurative device of comparison substitutes a word or phrase with something closely associated with it, showing associative comparison.
7. Synecdoche: This device shows a whole-part comparison.
8. Conceit: This figurative device of comparison draws a clever and surprising comparison that is an elaborate one.
9. Homeric Simile: This device presents an extended and elaborate simile comparison.
10. Anthropomorphism: This figurative device of comparison shows humanization comparison.
11. Zoomorphism: This device shows animalization comparison.
12. Personification: This figurative device of comparison also shows humanization Comparison but with non-human entities.

Figurative Language and Figurative Devices

Suggested Readings

1. Abrams, M. H. A Glossary of Literary Terms. Wadsworth Publishing, 2004.
2. Baldick, Chris. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms. Oxford University Press, 2004.
3. Cuddon, J. A. The Penguin Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory. Penguin Books, 2013.
4. Kennedy, X. J., and Dana Gioia. Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and Writing. Pearson, 2019.
5. Lanham, Richard A. A Handlist of Rhetorical Terms. University of California Press, 1991.
6. Leech, Geoffrey N., and Jan Svartvik. A Communicative Grammar of English. Routledge, 2002.
7. Meyer, Michael. The Bedford Introduction to Literature: Reading, Thinking, Writing. Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2019.
8. Perrine, Laurence, and Thomas R. Arp. Sound and Sense: An Introduction to Poetry. Harcourt Brace, 2001.
9. Roberts, Edgar V., and Henry E. Jacobs. Literature: An Introduction to Reading and Writing. Pearson, 2019.

Introduction

Literary devices can be categorized into figurative devices/language (e.g., metaphors, similes), sound devices (e.g., alliteration, rhyme), imagery (e.g., sensory descriptions), rhetorical devices (e.g., anaphora, parallelism), narrative techniques (e.g., foreshadowing, flashbacks), wordplay (e.g., puns, double entendre), characterization, plot devices (e.g., deus ex machina), literary forms and genres, and specific techniques use in poetry, drama, and prose. Familiarity with these categories of literary devices/types enhances the appreciation and analysis of artistic intricacies and aesthetic pleasure of literature.

Purposes of Categories of Literary Devices

Categories of literary devices serve several important purposes in the study and analysis of literature: Some of these are as given below.

1. Understanding and Organization: Literature is rich and diverse. Writers convey meanings through countless ways. Categories of literary devices help scholars, students, and enthusiasts understand and organize the different techniques authors use, making it easier to identify and discuss specific elements in a text.
2. Analysis and Interpretation: Categories of literary devices help readers dig deeper into the nuances and meanings behind a piece of writing. Analyzing how authors use particular devices allows readers to gain insights into the themes, emotions, and intentions conveyed through the text.
3. Identifying Patterns and Styles: Categories of literary devices allow researchers to identify patterns and recurring techniques in an author’s work or within a specific literary movement or era. This understanding helps them in tracing literary influences and studying an author’s evolving style over time.
4. Teaching and Learning: For educators, categories of literary devices provide a structured approach to teaching literature. By introducing students to different categories of devices, teachers help students recognize and appreciate the various ways authors use language to create meaning and impact.
5. Enhancing Writing Skills: Writers benefit from understanding categories of literary devices. Knowing how to effectively use literary devices improve their writing by adding depth, imagery, and emotional association to their work.
6. Critical Analysis and Literary Criticism: Literary critics use categorize literary devices to analyze and evaluate works of literature. By examining how authors use specific devices and the effects they create, critics provide valuable insights into the literary quality and significance of a text.
7. Comparative Studies: Categories of literary devices enable comparative studies between different works, authors, and literary periods. Such comparisons shed light on similarities, differences, and the evolution of literary techniques over time.
8. Appreciation of Artistry: Understanding the various categories of literary devices empowers readers to appreciate the artistry and craftsmanship of authors. It helps readers recognize the thought and creativity that goes into crafting compelling and meaningful narratives.

In essence, categories of literary devices provide a structured framework for analysis, interpretation, and appreciation. This act aids students in deepening their understanding of the written word, making meaningful discussions, and uncovering the intricate layers of meanings and emotions that make literature a powerful and enduring form of expression.

Categories of Literary Devices

Below are some important categories of literary devices along with their short definitions and examples:

This table includes a variety of literary devices across different types of literature, providing an overview of the techniques authors use to enhance their writing and create meaningful and impactful works.

Suggested Readings

1. Abrams, M. H. and Geoffrey Harpham. A Glossary of Literary Terms. Cengage Learning, 2014.
2. DiYanni, Robert. Literature: Reading Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. McGraw-Hill Education, 2018.
3. Drury, John. The Poetry Dictionary. Writer’s Digest Books, 2011.
4. Hirsch, E. D. Jr. A Poet’s Choice. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2014.
5. Kennedy, X. J., and Dana Gioia. Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and Writing. Pearson, 2021.
6. Murfin, Ross C., and Supryia M. Ray. The Bedford Glossary of Critical and Literary Terms. Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2014.
7. Roberts, Edgar V., and Henry E. Jacobs. Literature: An Introduction to Reading and Writing. Pearson, 2020.
8. Scholes, Robert, Carl H. Klaus, and Nancy R. Comley. Elements of Literature: Essay, Fiction, Poetry, Drama, Film. Oxford University Press, 2016.

More from Literary Devices:

• Narrative Techniques
• Rhetorical Devices
• Heroic Couplet: How to Write It

Figurative devices, also known as figures of speech, are types of literary devices used to add depth and creativity to language. Unlike literal expressions that convey straightforward meanings, figurative devices use imaginative and non-literal elements to evoke emotions, imagery, and clear comparisons.

Figurative devices include metaphors, similes, personification, hyperbole, and symbolism, among others. Language full of figurative devices is called figurative language. It shows clarity and configuration of description brought with figurative devices. There are several other types of figurative devices.

Types of Figurative Devices

Figurative devices can be further categorized into three main types based on their functions and characteristics:

• Comparison Devices
• Associative Devices
• Substitution Devices

This table includes the functions of each figurative device, providing a comprehensive overview of how these devices contribute to the effectiveness of writing in presentation and meaning making.

Functions of Figurative Literary Devices

1. Enhanced Understanding: By grouping figurative devices into types, readers are able to identify the type of device and understand the specific meanings authors intend to convey. This understanding leads to a deeper appreciation of the text’s nuances and complexities.
2. Analytical Tool: Classification helps students and analysts develop a structured approach to analyzing literary works. It also allows them to identify patterns, themes, and stylistic choices within a text to help them write and understand better.
3. Effective Communication: When discussing literature, using common categories of these figurative devices facilitates effective communication. Readers and writers quickly refer to specific devices, ensuring that the discussion is clear and concise.
4. Wider Repertoire for Writers: For writers, understanding different types of figurative devices expands their knowledge about expression and writing. It encourages experimentation and can lead to more engaging and innovative storytelling.
5. Aids Literary Criticism: Literary critics often use categorization to compare and contrast different works, authors, or literary movements. This classification allows them to identify trends, influences, and the evolution of these literary techniques, figurative devices
6. Enriches Writing Skills: Aspiring writers can benefit from studying different types of literary devices as it helps them develop a more nuanced writing style. It encourages them to think critically about how to use language effectively.
7. Engagement and Enjoyment: Recognizing figurative devices can enhance the reading experience by immersing readers in the author’s craft. It allows readers to engage more deeply with the text and appreciate the artistry behind it.
8. Educational Tool: For educators, categorizing figurative devices provides an organized curriculum for teaching literature and creative writing. It enables teachers to guide students through various techniques and their applications.
9. Cultural Understanding: Different figurative devices are often associated with specific cultures or periods. By studying the types of literary devices used in various works, readers gain insights into the cultural context and societal norms of different periods and regions.
10. Creativity and Expression: Understanding the types of figurative devices allows writers to experiment and innovate. By knowing the traditional techniques, they can find ways to bend or break the rules, leading to fresh and original literary creations.

Suggested Readings

1. Fahnestock, Jeanne. Rhetorical Figures in Science. Oxford University Press, 2016.
2. Forsyth, Mark. The Elements of Eloquence: How to Turn the Perfect English Phrase. Berkley Books, 2014.
3. Glucksberg, Sam, and Matthew S. McGlone. Understanding Figurative Language: From Metaphor to Idioms. No. 36. Oxford University Press, 2001.
4. Hope, Jonathan, and Laura Wright. Stylistics: A Practical Coursebook. Routledge, 2010.
5. Lakoff, George, and Mark Johnson. Metaphors We Live By. University of Chicago Press, 2003.
6. Quinn, Arthur. Figures of Speech: 60 Ways to Turn a Phrase. Routledge, 2018.
7. Peterson, David J. The Art of Language Invention: From Horse-Lords to Dark Elves to Sand ELves, the Words Behind World-Building. Penguin Books, 2016.
8. Spencer, Sara. Figuratively Speaking: Rhetoric and Culture from Quintilian to the Twin Towers. Bloomsbury, 2012.

A literary device is a technique or tool used by writers to convey meaning or create a specific effect in their writing. It adds depth, complexity, and artistic value to the text, enhancing the reader’s experience. Common literary devices include simile, metaphor, imagery, foreshadowing, and symbolism.

Role of Literary Devices in Literary Theory

Difference Between Literary Devices and Poetic Devices

Keep in mind that these are general features of both, poetic devices as well as literary devices. There may be some overlap or variation in how a literary device is used or it occurs in different literary works. A poetic device and a literary devices both serves as powerful tools when writers use them, helping them enrich their works with creativity and meaning.

Significance of Literary Devices in English Studies

Literary devices hold immense significance in English studies as they enrich critical analysis, foster interpretation skills, and illuminate artistic expression. It is also that the use of a literary device enables students to comprehend historical contexts, cultivate critical thinking, explore intertextuality, promote creative writing, engage with diverse perspectives, and empower meaningful textual analysis of literary works.

Suggested Readings

1. Baldick, Chris. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms. Oxford UP, 2001.
2. Cuddon, J. A. The Penguin Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory. Penguin Books, 1999.
3. DiYanni, Robert. Literature: Approaches to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. 2nd ed., McGraw-Hill, 2008.
4. Harris, Robert A. Handbook of Literary Terms: Literature, Language, Theory. 3rd ed., Cengage Learning, 2015.
5. Murfin, Ross C., and Supryia M. Ray. The Bedford Glossary of Critical and Literary Terms. 3rd ed., Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2008.
6. Preminger, Alex, et al. The New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics. 3rd ed., Princeton UP, 1993.
7. Goshgarian, Gary. The Contemporary Reader. 11th ed., Pearson, 2015.

Definition of a Literary Device

A literary device is a technique or tool writers use to enhance the impact of their writing. It involves the use of language, structure, and figurative elements in a different way. It means are means to creating create depth, meaning, and emotional resonance in literary works such as novels, poems, and plays. These literary devices such as as metaphors, similes, symbolism, and irony, among others, serve to engage readers. Their use makes it easy to convey complex ideas and evoke specific emotions, not only enriching the overall storytelling experience but also making the work powerful.

Categorization of Literary Devices

Functions of Literary Devices in Literary Words

1. Enhancing Imagery and Descriptions
   • Similes and Metaphors: These devices add good comparisons to create mental images.
   • Personification: This literary device means attributing human qualities to non-human entities for a deeper emotional connection.
   • Imagery: It means invoking sensory experiences through detailed language.
2. Creating Mood and Atmosphere
3. Symbolism: It means using objects or elements to represent abstract ideas or emotions.
   • Foreshadowing: This literary device means building anticipation by hinting at future events.
   • Setting: This means establishing the backdrop and ambiance of the story.
4. Developing Characterization
   • Dialogue: This literary device means revealing characters’ personalities, emotions, and relationships through conversations.
   • Flashback: It means providing insight into a character’s past to understand their present actions.
   • Irony: It means highlighting contrasts between appearance and reality, often revealing character traits.
5. Advancing Plot and Conflict
   • Suspense: This literary device means building tension to engage readers and keep them invested in the story’s outcome.
   • Plot Twist: It means surprising readers with unexpected turns in the narrative.
   • Allusion: This literary device means referring to historical, mythological, or literary events to add depth to the plot.
6. Conveying Theme and Message
   • Allegory: It means using characters or events as symbols to convey broader moral or philosophical lessons.
   • Motif: It means repeating symbols or images that reinforce the central theme.
   • Tone: This literary device is the author’s attitude toward the subject, influencing how readers perceive the message.
7. Engaging the Reader Emotionally
   • Hyperbole: It means exaggerating for emotional impact or emphasis.
   • Onomatopoeia: It means using words that imitate sounds, creating an auditory experience.
   • Rhetorical Question: It means prompting readers to think, encouraging an emotional response.
8. Adding Rhythm and Musicality
   • Rhyme: It means using words with matching sounds to create a rhythmic effect.
   • Alliteration: It means repetition of initial consonant sounds for a lyrical quality.
   • Assonance: This literary device means repeating vowel sounds to enhance the flow of the text.
9. Offering Social Commentary and Critique
   • Satire: It means using humor, irony, or ridicule to expose and criticize societal flaws.
   • Parody: It means imitating a work to mock or comment on its style or themes.
   • Dystopia: It means presenting a nightmarish or undesirable society to reflect on contemporary issues.
10. Crafting Memorable and Artistic Writing
    • Oxymoron: It means combining contradictory terms for poetic effect.
    • Euphemism: It means substituting mild or indirect language for harsh or unpleasant expressions.
    • Anaphora: It means repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses, adding rhythm.
11. Invoking Empathy and Understanding
    • Pathos: This rhetorical device means eliciting emotions to foster a connection between readers and characters.
    • Stream of Consciousness: This literary device means offering insight into characters’ thoughts and feelings in real-time.
    • Juxtaposition: This literary device means placing contrasting elements side by side to evoke contemplation and empathy.

These literary devices serve multiple functions within literary works, enriching the reader’s experience and enhancing the depth and impact of the writing. They are also significant in that they have enriched English studies in many ways including helping in forming and framing theoretical perspectives.

Suggested Readings

1. Abrams, M. H., and Geoffrey Galt Harpham. A Glossary of Literary Terms. 11th ed., Cengage Learning, 2014.
2. Baldick, Chris. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms. 4th ed., Oxford University Press, 2014.
3. Cuddon, J. A. The Penguin Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory. 5th ed., Penguin Books, 2014.
4. DiYanni, Robert. Literature: Approaches to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. 3rd ed., McGraw-Hill, 2010.
5. Harmon, William, and C. Hugh Holman. A Handbook to Literature. 12th ed., Pearson, 2011.
6. Kennedy, X. J., Dana Gioia, and Mark Bauerlein. Handbook of Literary Terms: Literature, Language, Theory. 3rd ed., Pearson, 2012.
7. ___. Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and Writing. 13th ed., Pearson, 2015.
8. Murfin, Ross C., and Supryia M. Ray. The Bedford Glossary of Critical and Literary Terms. 4th ed., Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2017.
9. Peck, John, and Martin Coyle. Literary Terms and Criticism. 3rd ed., Macmillan International Higher Education, 2002.