Category: Poem Analysis

Introduction: “Break, Break, Break” by Alfred Lord Tennyson

“Break, Break, Break” by Alfred Lord Tennyson, first appeared in 1842, within his collection titled Poems, captures the intensity of grief and longing, expressing the poet’s sorrow over the untimely death of his close friend, Arthur Hallam. The main ideas in “Break, Break, Break” revolve around the themes of loss, mourning, and the unchanging nature of the natural world in contrast to human suffering. The relentless waves crashing against the rocks symbolize an indifferent nature, highlighting the poet’s personal anguish and isolation in the face of a seemingly indifferent world. Tennyson’s use of simple, melancholic language and rhythmic structure resonates with readers, making it a powerful exploration of the emotions surrounding bereavement. The poem’s popularity endures due to its universal portrayal of grief, and its evocative imagery and rhythm continue to move readers with the timeless experience of loss and healing.

Text: “Break, Break, Break” by Alfred Lord Tennyson

Annotations: “Break, Break, Break” by Alfred Lord Tennyson

Literary And Poetic Devices: “Break, Break, Break” by Alfred Lord Tennyson

Themes: “Break, Break, Break” by Alfred Lord Tennyson

1. Grief and Loss
   The theme of grief permeates every line of “Break, Break, Break” as the speaker laments the loss of a loved one. Tennyson uses the repeated line, “Break, break, break,” to symbolize the unending sorrow that overwhelms him. The speaker’s inability to fully express his feelings, as he states, “And I would that my tongue could utter / The thoughts that arise in me,” reflects the deep and inexpressible nature of his pain. This restrained language conveys a sense of helplessness, capturing the struggle to process and articulate profound grief.
2. The Indifference of Nature
   The unchanging nature of the sea contrasts starkly with the speaker’s inner turmoil, highlighting nature’s indifference to human suffering. Tennyson portrays the sea as “cold” and “gray,” evoking a bleak, emotionless presence. The sea continues to crash against the stones, unaffected by the speaker’s anguish, symbolizing how nature remains indifferent to individual human experiences of loss. The line “At the foot of thy crags, O Sea!” reinforces this sentiment, as the sea becomes a distant observer, unaffected by the sorrow of those on its shores.
3. Longing for the Past
   The speaker’s yearning for a time when his loved one was alive reflects a powerful longing for the past. This nostalgia is most poignantly expressed in the line, “But O for the touch of a vanish’d hand, / And the sound of a voice that is still!” Here, Tennyson captures the desire to return to moments of intimacy that can never be relived. The line “the tender grace of a day that is dead” underscores the speaker’s recognition that the beauty of those moments has died with his loved one, leaving him trapped in memories of what can never return.
4. Isolation
   Throughout the poem, the speaker feels isolated from the joy and vitality around him. He observes others experiencing life without sorrow: “O, well for the fisherman’s boy, / That he shouts with his sister at play!” and “O, well for the sailor lad, / That he sings in his boat on the bay!” These scenes of innocent play and carefree joy emphasize the speaker’s emotional separation from the world. Surrounded by life that continues unaffected by his sorrow, the speaker’s isolation deepens, creating a poignant contrast between his loneliness and the vibrant lives around him.

Literary Theories and “Break, Break, Break” by Alfred Lord Tennyson

Critical Questions about “Break, Break, Break” by Alfred Lord Tennyson

• How does the speaker’s interaction with nature reflect his emotional state?
• In “Break, Break, Break,” the speaker addresses the sea directly, portraying it as a detached, indifferent force, symbolized by “thy cold gray stones” and “thy crags.” This interaction with nature mirrors the speaker’s own feelings of despair and emotional isolation. The sea’s relentless waves serve as a metaphor for the speaker’s continuous, unyielding grief, as he repeats, “Break, break, break.” This repetition reflects the repetitive, almost obsessive nature of his sorrow, as if he is trapped in a loop of unending loss. Nature, particularly the sea, becomes an external reflection of his inner turmoil, indifferent and unchanging, underscoring his sense of helplessness against both his emotions and the permanence of death.
• What role does the concept of time play in the poem, especially regarding loss and memory?
• Time in Tennyson’s poem is presented as a force that both allows memories to remain vivid and ensures that they can never be relived. This is most clearly conveyed in the line, “the tender grace of a day that is dead / Will never come back to me.” Here, the speaker recognizes that past moments of joy are lost to time, leaving only the painful memory of what once was. The static nature of the sea contrasts with the transience of human life and happiness, highlighting how time marches on regardless of personal suffering. By juxtaposing the permanence of nature with his own fleeting memories, the speaker confronts the reality that time has irreversibly separated him from the loved one he mourns.
• How does Tennyson use contrasts between different characters and scenes to emphasize the speaker’s sorrow?
• Throughout the poem, Tennyson introduces contrasting characters, such as “the fisherman’s boy” and “the sailor lad,” who embody life’s vibrancy and normalcy, in stark contrast to the speaker’s sorrowful state. The fisherman’s boy “shouts with his sister at play,” and the sailor lad “sings in his boat on the bay,” illustrating scenes of carefree joy that the speaker is unable to partake in. This juxtaposition of vibrant life with the speaker’s deep loss intensifies his feelings of alienation and amplifies his sorrow. These lively characters serve to underscore the speaker’s isolation, highlighting that while others continue to experience life’s joys, he remains trapped in grief, set apart from the world around him.
• In what ways does Tennyson explore the theme of silence and absence in the poem?
• Silence and absence are profound themes in “Break, Break, Break,” representing the void left by a loved one’s departure. This is poignantly conveyed in the line, “the touch of a vanish’d hand, / And the sound of a voice that is still!” The “vanish’d hand” and “voice that is still” capture the tangible absence the speaker feels, emphasizing how the presence of the departed is defined by what is missing. Silence in the poem is not merely the absence of sound but a haunting reminder of love and connection that has been irrevocably lost. This theme reinforces the inexpressibility of the speaker’s grief, as he struggles to articulate his sorrow in a world that remains indifferent to the emotional void within him.

Literary Works Similar to “Break, Break, Break” by Alfred Lord Tennyson

1. “Ode to the West Wind” by Percy Bysshe Shelley
   Like Tennyson’s poem, Shelley’s work uses nature as a powerful symbol to reflect inner turmoil, with the wind symbolizing both destruction and regeneration, echoing themes of loss and renewal.
2. “When We Two Parted” by Lord Byron
   Byron’s poem captures the lingering pain of separation and the unchanging nature of sorrow, similar to Tennyson’s portrayal of grief as an enduring force amidst a seemingly indifferent world.
3. “Dover Beach” by Matthew Arnold
   Arnold uses the sea as a central image to convey existential melancholy, mirroring Tennyson’s use of the sea as a symbol of nature’s relentless and indifferent presence against human suffering.
4. “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard” by Thomas Gray
   Gray’s elegy meditates on mortality and the inevitability of loss, resonating with Tennyson’s themes of grief and the passage of time as unyielding forces that shape human experience.
5. “To an Athlete Dying Young” by A.E. Housman
   Housman’s poem reflects on the fragility of life and the inevitability of death, similar to Tennyson’s exploration of irreversible loss and the longing for moments that cannot return.

Representative Quotations of “Break, Break, Break” by Alfred Lord Tennyson

Suggested Readings: “Break, Break, Break” by Alfred Lord Tennyson

1. WALLACE, R. W. “TENNYSON.” The Journal of Education, vol. 70, no. 6 (1741), 1909, pp. 143–44. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/42812092. Accessed 26 Oct. 2024.
2. Sherry, James J. “Tennyson: The Paradox of the Sign.” Victorian Poetry, vol. 17, no. 3, 1979, pp. 204–16. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/40002571. Accessed 26 Oct. 2024.
3. Lowell, Edward J. “Alfred, Lord Tennyson.” Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, vol. 28, 1892, pp. 420–32. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/20020545. Accessed 26 Oct. 2024.
4. Weliver, Phyllis. “SOUNDING TENNYSON.” Tennyson Research Bulletin, vol. 10, no. 5, 2016, pp. 470–72. JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/48596130. Accessed 26 Oct. 2024.

Introduction: “Baa Baa Black Sheep”

“Baa Baa Black Sheep” first appeared in print in 1744 in the collection titled Tommy Thumb’s Pretty Song Book. This English nursery rhyme, simple yet memorable, is structured as a dialogue between a child and a black sheep, centering around themes of resource distribution, with the sheep willingly sharing its wool with different members of society: the master, the dame, and the little boy. Its enduring popularity stems from its catchy melody, rhythmic structure, and the universal themes it subtly introduces, such as sharing and fairness. Additionally, its straightforward language makes it accessible to young listeners, contributing to its sustained presence in children’s literature across generations.

Text: “Baa Baa Black Sheep”

Annotations: “Baa Baa Black Sheep”

Literary And Poetic Devices: “Baa Baa Black Sheep”

Themes: “Baa Baa Black Sheep”

1. Generosity and Resource Sharing: The poem centers on the act of giving, as the black sheep willingly provides its wool to various members of society. When asked, “Have you any wool?” the sheep responds affirmatively, “Yes sir, yes sir, three bags full,” demonstrating an openness to share its resources. The division of the wool — “One for the master, And one for the dame, And one for the little boy” — reflects a generous spirit, where everyone receives a share, emphasizing the value of communal sharing and kindness.
2. Social Hierarchy: Each recipient in the poem represents a distinct social role, highlighting societal structures. The master, who receives the first portion, symbolizes authority or ownership, while the dame reflects domestic care or traditional roles within the household. The little boy, a child, represents the younger generation or the dependents within a community. This progression of distribution in “One for the master, And one for the dame, And one for the little boy” subtly acknowledges a societal hierarchy where roles influence the distribution of resources.
3. Fairness and Equality: Although the recipients differ in social roles, each receives an equal portion of wool, showing an underlying theme of fairness and balanced distribution. The repetitive phrase “One for” in each line signifies equal portions for each recipient, reinforcing the idea of justice and fair treatment. This even-handed approach suggests an ideal of equity in society, where resources are shared without favoritism.
4. Simplicity and Innocence: The straightforward question, “Have you any wool?” and the polite reply, “Yes sir, yes sir,” reflect simplicity in communication and honesty. The language is unembellished, echoing the innocence of a child’s world where questions are direct, answers are honest, and resources are shared freely. This simplicity resonates with the intended child audience, embodying themes of innocence and trust in a world where everyone is willing to give and receive in equal measure.

Literary Theories and “Baa Baa Black Sheep”

Critical Questions about “Baa Baa Black Sheep”

• What does the black sheep represent within the context of the poem, and why is it significant?
• The black sheep in the poem can be seen as a symbol of uniqueness or otherness. In many cultural contexts, black sheep are viewed as different or outliers within a group. By focusing on a “black” sheep, the poem implicitly draws attention to this sense of difference, suggesting that even those perceived as “other” or unusual play an essential role within society. Despite its distinct appearance, the black sheep is a valuable source of wool, a resource it willingly shares. This representation encourages inclusivity, showing that everyone, regardless of their differences, has something valuable to offer. The line “Yes sir, yes sir, three bags full” illustrates the sheep’s generosity, reinforcing that differences do not diminish one’s capacity for contribution.
• How does the poem portray themes of social structure and hierarchy through the distribution of wool?
• The distribution of wool in “Baa Baa Black Sheep” reflects a social hierarchy, subtly demonstrating how resources are shared among different social roles. The wool is divided among “the master,” “the dame,” and “the little boy,” each representing distinct social positions. By naming the master first, the poem acknowledges authority and power, suggesting that those in higher social ranks receive resources first. The dame, likely representing a domestic authority, follows, with the little boy — a child, perhaps symbolizing the lower class or the dependent — receiving the final share. This structured order of distribution mirrors social hierarchies, with each share allocated according to social rank. The phrasing, “One for the master, And one for the dame, And one for the little boy,” highlights this hierarchy, reflecting an organized, societal approach to resource distribution.
• What message about fairness and equality can be inferred from the poem’s structure and language?
• “Baa Baa Black Sheep” subtly conveys themes of fairness and equality through its balanced distribution of wool. Although the recipients are different in social status, each receives one equal share of wool, which suggests an underlying message of fairness. The repetitive phrasing “One for the master, And one for the dame, And one for the little boy” emphasizes equal allocation to all, reinforcing the importance of sharing resources equitably within a community. This pattern suggests an ideal social system where, despite differences in rank or role, each member receives a fair portion. The sheep’s willing response, “Yes sir, yes sir, three bags full,” further reflects a cooperative spirit, suggesting that fairness is achieved when all contribute and share.
• How does the poem’s dialogue structure enhance its themes and appeal, particularly for a young audience?
• The question-and-answer dialogue in “Baa Baa Black Sheep” creates an interactive, engaging tone that is well-suited to its young audience. By asking, “Have you any wool?” and answering with “Yes sir, yes sir, three bags full,” the poem mimics a conversation, making the narrative feel approachable and friendly. This structure allows children to participate in the rhythm of questioning and answering, reinforcing engagement. Moreover, the dialogue format introduces concepts of politeness and respect through phrases like “Yes sir,” modeling courteous language for young listeners. The structure also reflects the theme of communal sharing, as each inquiry and response centers around the sharing of resources, an idea that is both simple and meaningful for young minds. The approachable, interactive structure enhances the poem’s appeal and its thematic resonance.

Literary Works Similar to “Baa Baa Black Sheep”

1. “Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star”
   Like “Baa Baa Black Sheep,” this poem uses simple language and a repetitive, rhythmic structure, making it memorable and appealing to children.
2. “Mary Had a Little Lamb”
   This poem also centers around an animal protagonist and explores themes of companionship and kindness, resonating with the simplicity and innocence found in “Baa Baa Black Sheep.”
3. “Jack and Jill”
   “Jack and Jill” employs a narrative structure and rhyme scheme that, like “Baa Baa Black Sheep,” makes it easy to remember and shares a storyline accessible to young readers.
4. “Hey Diddle Diddle”
   This whimsical nursery rhyme also uses playful repetition and anthropomorphism, giving animals human-like qualities, similar to the talking sheep in “Baa Baa Black Sheep.”
5. “Old MacDonald Had a Farm”
   Like “Baa Baa Black Sheep,” this poem involves animals, has a repetitive structure, and engages children with its predictable, interactive elements, reinforcing themes of farming and resourcefulness.

Representative Quotations of “Baa Baa Black Sheep”

Suggested Readings: “Baa Baa Black Sheep”

1. Clegg, Luther B. “Baa, Baa, Black Sheep, Have You Any News?” Language Arts, vol. 53, no. 7, 1976, pp. 791–92. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/41405669. Accessed 26 Oct. 2024.
2. Murray, Andrew Hunter. “GENERATION SNOWFLAKE?” RSA Journal, vol. 164, no. 4 (5576), 2018, pp. 44–47. JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/26798439. Accessed 26 Oct. 2024.
3. Varley, H. L. “Imperialism and Rudyard Kipling.” Journal of the History of Ideas, vol. 14, no. 1, 1953, pp. 124–35. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/2707499. Accessed 26 Oct. 2024.
4. Chisholm, Margaret. “Mother Goose—Elucidated.” Elementary English, vol. 49, no. 8, 1972, pp. 1141–44. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/41387886. Accessed 26 Oct. 2024.

Introduction: “An Apology for Writing So Much upon This Book” by Margaret Cavendish

“An Apology for Writing So Much upon This Book” by Margaret Cavendish first appeared in her 1655 collection, Philosophical and Physical Opinions. This work is a notable reflection on Cavendish’s concerns as a woman writer in a period dominated by male intellectual voices. She addresses criticisms directed toward her extensive writing and the unconventional nature of her philosophical explorations, asserting her right to intellectual expression despite societal expectations. Cavendish’s unapologetic tone and her defense of women’s intellectual capacities are central themes, contributing to the work’s lasting appeal. Her bold stance and willingness to confront gendered constraints on knowledge production have made her writings significant in feminist literary studies and the history of early modern philosophy.

Text: “An Apology for Writing So Much upon This Book” by Margaret Cavendish

Condemn me not, I make so much ado
About this Book, it is my Child, you know;
Just like a Bird, when her Young are in Nest,
Goes in, and out, and hops, and takes no Rest;
But when their Young are Fledg’d, their Heads out peep,
Lord! what a Chirping does the Old one keep:
So I, for Fear, my Strengthless Child should fall
Against a Door, or Stool, aloud I call,
Bid have a Care of such a Dangerous place:
Thus Write I much, to hinder all Disgrace.

Annotations: “An Apology for Writing So Much upon This Book” by Margaret Cavendish

Literary And Poetic Devices: “An Apology for Writing So Much upon This Book” by Margaret Cavendish

Themes: “An Apology for Writing So Much upon This Book” by Margaret Cavendish

Literary Theories and “An Apology for Writing So Much upon This Book” by Margaret Cavendish

Critical Questions about “An Apology for Writing So Much upon This Book” by Margaret Cavendish

Literary Works Similar to “An Apology for Writing So Much upon This Book” by Margaret Cavendish

1. “The Mower” by Philip Larkin
   Larkin’s reflection on care and vulnerability in nature parallels Cavendish’s maternal approach to her book, as both deal with themes of growth and fragility.
2. “The Poet at Seven” by Donald Justice
   Justice’s exploration of a child’s creative instincts resonates with Cavendish’s nurturing view of her work, both poets seeing their creations as fledgling and needing protection.
3. “Poem for My Daughter” by Philip Hobsbaum
   Hobsbaum, like Cavendish, uses familial imagery to convey a deep care and protectiveness toward his subject, mirroring Cavendish’s defensive stance toward her literary “child.”
4. “Instructions on Not Giving Up” by Ada Limón
   Limón’s encouragement to persist in the face of judgment aligns with Cavendish’s tone of defense, as both navigate self-doubt and resilience in the creative process.

Representative Quotations of “An Apology for Writing So Much upon This Book” by Margaret Cavendish

Suggested Readings: “An Apology for Writing So Much upon This Book” by Margaret Cavendish

1. BOYLE, DEBORAH. “Margaret Cavendish on Gender, Nature, and Freedom.” Hypatia, vol. 28, no. 3, 2013, pp. 516–32. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/24542000. Accessed 26 Oct. 2024.
2. LESLIE, MARINA. “Gender, Genre and the Utopian Body in Margaret Cavendish’s Blazing World.” Utopian Studies, vol. 7, no. 1, 1996, pp. 6–24. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/20719470. Accessed 26 Oct. 2024.
3. Bonin, Erin Lang. “Margaret Cavendish’s Dramatic Utopias and the Politics of Gender.” Studies in English Literature, 1500-1900, vol. 40, no. 2, 2000, pp. 339–54. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/1556132. Accessed 26 Oct. 2024.
4. Duncan, Stewart. “DEBATING MATERIALISM: CAVENDISH, HOBBES, AND MORE.” History of Philosophy Quarterly, vol. 29, no. 4, 2012, pp. 391–409. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/43488051. Accessed 26 Oct. 2024.

Introduction: “A Woman Speaks” by Audre Lorde

“A Woman Speaks” by Audre Lorde, first appeared in her 1978 poetry collection, The Black Unicorn, explores themes of identity, strength, and the intersectionality of race, gender, and sexuality, resonating deeply within feminist and LGBTQ+ discourses. Lorde uses vivid and unapologetic language to address the struggles faced by Black women, rejecting stereotypes and asserting a self-defined existence beyond societal expectations. The poem’s popularity stems from its raw honesty and the lyrical quality with which Lorde voices resistance, resilience, and empowerment. It has become a staple in feminist literature for its groundbreaking challenge to oppression and its call for liberation, inspiring readers across generations to embrace their own voices and identities boldly.

Text: “A Woman Speaks” by Audre Lorde

Annotations: “A Woman Speaks” by Audre Lorde

Literary And Poetic Devices: “A Woman Speaks” by Audre Lorde

Themes: “A Woman Speaks” by Audre Lorde

1. Identity and Self-Definition
   In “A Woman Speaks,” Lorde explores the theme of identity as she crafts a voice that is self-defined and unapologetic. The speaker rejects external expectations, stating, “I seek no favor,” emphasizing autonomy and independence from societal validation. This defiance is reinforced when she says, “I do not dwell within my birth nor my divinities,” signaling her resistance to being confined by roles imposed by birth, religion, or society. Her powerful assertions, such as “I am / woman / and not white,” underscore her pride in her Black womanhood, presenting identity as a multi-faceted construct rooted in both self-recognition and a rejection of external stereotypes.
2. Feminine Power and Ancestral Strength
   Lorde invokes the concept of feminine power through ancestral imagery and references to magic, signifying a connection to the past and a lineage of strong women. In lines like “witches in Dahomey / wear me inside their coiled cloths,” she connects herself to the powerful female warriors of Dahomey, a historical African kingdom. This alignment with ancient strength situates her identity within a continuum of resilient women who have resisted oppression. Her declaration, “I am treacherous with old magic,” implies a power that is both mysterious and formidable, affirming a heritage of enduring strength passed down through generations.
3. Resistance to Oppression
   The poem conveys resistance, particularly against the oppressive forces that Black women face due to intersecting layers of race and gender. The speaker warns, “beware my smile,” an assertion that hints at the hidden strength and subtle defiance underlying her demeanor. By rejecting pity, scorn, and favor, she dismantles expectations that reduce Black women to stereotypes, choosing instead to define herself on her terms. The line “and the noon’s new fury” further reflects her readiness to confront modern forms of discrimination with fierce energy, making resistance not only an individual act but a response to centuries of collective struggle.
4. Connection to Nature and the Cosmos
   Lorde infuses her poem with natural and cosmic imagery, using it to express the vastness and complexity of her identity. The speaker describes herself as “Moon marked and touched by sun,” combining lunar and solar elements to represent dualities within her—a balance of femininity and strength. She also invokes “the entrails of Uranus” and “restless oceans,” symbols of cosmic and elemental forces, to illustrate the boundlessness and depth of her identity. These references suggest that her sense of self is tied to universal forces, emphasizing an interconnectedness that transcends individual experience and situates her identity within the larger scope of nature and the cosmos.

Literary Theories and “A Woman Speaks” by Audre Lorde

Critical Questions about “A Woman Speaks” by Audre Lorde

• How does Audre Lorde redefine feminine strength and resilience in this poem?
• Lorde challenges conventional perceptions of feminine strength by presenting a form of power that is both mystical and enduring. Through lines like “I am treacherous with old magic,” she speaks to a feminine strength rooted in ancestry and spiritual resilience rather than physical or societal validation. The reference to “witches in Dahomey” invokes the historical legacy of powerful African women, suggesting that her strength is inherited and transcends time. This challenges readers to rethink feminine power as something intrinsic and ancestral, connected to deeper forces beyond immediate comprehension or visibility.
• In what ways does Lorde confront intersectional identity in “A Woman Speaks”?
• Lorde’s exploration of identity extends beyond race or gender alone, instead merging both to emphasize the complexities faced by Black women. Her line, “I am / woman / and not white,” directly confronts racial and gender identity, suggesting that her experience is distinctly different from that of white women. By stating “Moon marked and touched by sun,” Lorde uses cosmic imagery to express the dualities within her—a layered existence impacted by both gender and racial forces. This raises questions about the ways in which intersecting identities affect one’s self-conception and experiences of oppression.
• How does Lorde use natural and cosmic imagery to assert self-definition and autonomy?
• Lorde’s use of cosmic and natural imagery—such as “Moon marked and touched by sun” and “look into the entrails of Uranus”—infuses her identity with a universal quality, implying that she is part of something vast and elemental. This imagery allows her to position herself outside traditional definitions and embrace a self-concept that is as expansive as the cosmos. Through these references, she suggests that her identity is untethered by social labels and instead draws from timeless and universal forces. Such an assertion of autonomy through nature invites readers to consider identity as something larger and more profound than societal constraints.
• What role does ancestral heritage play in the speaker’s sense of self in the poem?
• Ancestry and heritage are crucial in shaping the speaker’s identity, as seen in the line “witches in Dahomey / wear me inside their coiled cloths.” Here, Lorde invokes African lineage and the wisdom of powerful women ancestors, positioning herself within a lineage of resilience and strength. The ancestral heritage offers her both a source of power and a connection to past struggles and triumphs, suggesting that her identity is not solely her own but part of a collective heritage. This raises the question of how ancestral legacies influence individual identity and provides a sense of belonging and empowerment.

Literary Works Similar to “A Woman Speaks” by Audre Lorde

1. “Phenomenal Woman” by Maya Angelou
   Like Lorde’s poem, this celebrates Black womanhood and resilience, using bold language to affirm strength and pride in one’s identity.
2. “Still I Rise” by Maya Angelou
   Both poems share themes of defiance and empowerment, with Angelou’s poem also addressing racial and gender oppression with an unyielding spirit.
3. “Ego Tripping (there may be a reason why)” by Nikki Giovanni
   Giovanni’s poem, similar to Lorde’s, draws on myth and cosmic imagery to celebrate Black heritage and self-worth, blending pride with a connection to history.
4. “For Women Who Are ‘Difficult’ to Love” by Warsan Shire
   Shire’s poem resonates with Lorde’s as it explores complex womanhood and the refusal to conform, embracing strength and self-determination.
5. “A Litany for Survival” by Audre Lorde
   Another of Lorde’s own works, this poem complements “A Woman Speaks” in its focus on survival and resilience against oppression, urging courage in the face of fear.

Representative Quotations of “A Woman Speaks” by Audre Lorde

Suggested Readings: “A Woman Speaks” by Audre Lorde

1. Carr, Brenda. “‘A Woman Speaks… I Am Woman and Not White’: Politics of Voice, Tactical Essentialism, and Cultural Intervention in Audre Lorde’s Activist Poetics and Practice.” College Literature, vol. 20, no. 2, 1993, pp. 133–53. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/25112035. Accessed 26 Oct. 2024.
2. Morris, Margaret Kissam. “Audre Lorde: Textual Authority and the Embodied Self.” Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies, vol. 23, no. 1, 2002, pp. 168–88. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/3347282. Accessed 26 Oct. 2024.
3. Georgoudaki, Ekaterini. “AUDRE LORDE: REVISING STEREOTYPES OF AFRO-AMERICAN WOMANHOOD.” AAA: Arbeiten Aus Anglistik Und Amerikanistik, vol. 16, no. 1, 1991, pp. 47–66. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/43023557. Accessed 26 Oct. 2024.
4. Rudnitsky, Lexi. “The ‘Power’ and ‘Sequelae’ of Audre Lorde’s Syntactical Strategies.” Callaloo, vol. 26, no. 2, 2003, pp. 473–85. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/3300873. Accessed 26 Oct. 2024.
5. Lauter, Estella. “Re-Visioning Creativity: Audre Lorde’s Refiguration of Eros as the Black Mother Within.” Writing the Woman Artist: Essays on Poetics, Politics, and Portraiture, edited by SUZANNE W. JONES, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1991, pp. 398–418. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv5131jr.23. Accessed 26 Oct. 2024.

Introduction: “A Noiseless Patient Spider” by Walt Whitman

“A Noiseless Patient Spider” by Walt Whitman first appeared in the 1871 edition of his collection Leaves of Grass, specifically within the section titled Whispers of Heavenly Death. This poem explores themes of isolation, the soul’s search for connection, and the human desire to understand one’s place in the vast universe. Whitman uses the image of a solitary spider, patiently spinning its web, as a metaphor for the soul’s attempt to cast out “filament, filament, filament” in hopes of forming meaningful bonds in an otherwise empty and infinite space. The simplicity of the imagery, combined with the universal appeal of its themes, has made the poem resonate across generations. Its popularity stems from Whitman’s profound ability to use a humble, naturalistic metaphor to illustrate complex, existential ideas, capturing the poignancy of human introspection and the timeless quest for belonging in the vastness of existence.

Text: “A Noiseless Patient Spider” by Walt Whitman

Annotations: “A Noiseless Patient Spider” by Walt Whitman

Literary And Poetic Devices: “A Noiseless Patient Spider” by Walt Whitman

Themes: “A Noiseless Patient Spider” by Walt Whitman

1. Isolation and Solitude
   The theme of isolation is central to “A Noiseless Patient Spider,” as Whitman presents the spider standing alone on a “little promontory,” detached from any immediate surroundings. This physical separation reflects a metaphorical solitude, mirroring the human soul’s isolation within the vast universe. The spider’s quiet, solitary nature emphasizes the experience of existing alone, a recurring theme in Whitman’s work that resonates with the soul’s position, “Surrounded, detached, in measureless oceans of space.” This line captures a profound sense of being in a vast, indifferent world, symbolizing the existential solitude each person may feel in their search for meaning.
2. The Search for Connection
   Another essential theme is the soul’s relentless pursuit of connection. Whitman parallels the spider’s action of launching “filament, filament, filament” to the human soul’s efforts to reach out and find something tangible and meaningful to connect to. The repeated motion implies persistence and hope, mirroring the soul’s need to establish connections that offer purpose and significance in an otherwise empty environment. Just as the spider spins its web tirelessly, the soul also “ventures, throwing, seeking the spheres to connect them,” illustrating a universal drive to form bonds that alleviate feelings of detachment.
3. Perseverance in the Face of Vastness
   Whitman highlights the soul’s determination to find a foothold despite the daunting vastness it faces. The spider’s continued effort to spin its web, despite the emptiness surrounding it, reflects the perseverance required to search for meaning in an uncertain world. Phrases like “Ceaselessly musing, venturing, throwing” convey an unyielding drive, suggesting that, like the spider, the soul must persist even when no immediate success is visible. The soul’s quest may seem endless in the “measureless oceans of space,” but Whitman celebrates the resilience of the human spirit, emphasizing the importance of enduring through uncertainty.
4. The Quest for Purpose and Belonging
   The poem also contemplates the theme of existential purpose and the yearning to belong. As the spider throws its thread into the unknown, it symbolizes the soul’s attempt to find its place in the universe, to “connect” with something that gives it direction. The hope expressed in the line “Till the gossamer thread you fling catch somewhere” suggests a desire to find stability and meaning. This ongoing search represents a universal human experience—the need to find purpose and a sense of belonging within the boundless expanse of life. Whitman’s depiction of the spider’s actions serves as a poignant reminder of the soul’s inherent need to connect and find an anchor amid the vast, often indifferent cosmos.

Literary Theories and “A Noiseless Patient Spider” by Walt Whitman

Critical Questions about “A Noiseless Patient Spider” by Walt Whitman

• How does Whitman use the spider as a metaphor for the human soul?
• Whitman draws a parallel between the spider and the human soul by presenting both as isolated figures casting out threads in search of connection. The spider, standing “isolated” on a “little promontory,” represents the soul in its solitude, while its ceaseless web-spinning symbolizes the soul’s ongoing search for purpose and understanding. The spider’s action of launching “filament, filament, filament, out of itself” suggests a relentless effort to reach out, just as the soul, described as “Ceaselessly musing, venturing, throwing, seeking,” continuously seeks connection within a vast and detached universe. Through this metaphor, Whitman captures the universal experience of striving for meaning and the intrinsic human desire to connect with something beyond oneself.
• What role does the setting of vast, empty space play in the poem?
• The setting of boundless space underscores the sense of existential isolation faced by both the spider and the soul. Describing the spider as surrounded by “the vacant vast surrounding” and the soul as in “measureless oceans of space,” Whitman emphasizes the daunting emptiness each must confront. This setting represents the vast, indifferent universe within which the human soul finds itself, intensifying the sense of loneliness that Whitman conveys. The space around the spider and soul serves as a reminder of the challenge of finding meaningful connections in a world that often appears limitless yet indifferent to individual existence, highlighting the persistence required in this search.
• How does the poem reflect the theme of perseverance?
• Whitman emphasizes the theme of perseverance through the spider’s unending task of launching threads and the soul’s ceaseless yearning to connect. The spider “launch’d forth filament, filament, filament,” implying a continuous, almost ritualistic repetition that mirrors the soul’s relentless journey for understanding. Similarly, the soul “Ceaselessly” explores and “ventures,” despite the apparent emptiness of the vast space it inhabits. The repeated actions of both the spider and the soul represent an enduring, almost instinctual drive to reach outward, suggesting that perseverance is essential to human experience, especially when the outcome is uncertain. Whitman’s portrayal of both entities reflects the idea that resilience, even in the face of potential futility, defines the soul’s quest for purpose.
• What does the phrase “Till the bridge you will need be form’d” imply about the soul’s journey?
• The phrase “Till the bridge you will need be form’d” suggests a hopeful endpoint to the soul’s seemingly endless search. This line implies that the soul’s persistent efforts to connect will eventually culminate in a stable, meaningful connection—a “bridge” that will provide a secure foundation or understanding. The word “need” indicates that this connection is essential for the soul’s sense of fulfillment and purpose. While the soul’s journey may appear aimless or uncertain, Whitman hints at the possibility of eventual success, where the soul’s efforts will be rewarded by forming connections that allow it to transcend isolation. This hope for connection, albeit tenuous like a “gossamer thread,” suggests that while the journey may be challenging, it is worthwhile and essential for the soul’s growth and realization.

Literary Works Similar to “A Noiseless Patient Spider” by Walt Whitman

1. “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock” by T.S. Eliot
   Like Whitman’s poem, Eliot’s work explores themes of isolation and existential searching, capturing the speaker’s introspective quest for meaning in a vast, often indifferent world.
2. “I Felt a Funeral, in My Brain” by Emily Dickinson
   This poem reflects a similar exploration of the soul’s inner struggles and feelings of isolation, as Dickinson delves into the depths of the mind, paralleling Whitman’s introspective tone.
3. “Dover Beach” by Matthew Arnold
   Arnold’s poem examines the soul’s longing for connection and stability amidst an unstable, changing world, echoing Whitman’s themes of existential reflection and the search for meaning.
4. “Ode to the West Wind” by Percy Bysshe Shelley
   Shelley’s poem, like Whitman’s, uses nature as a metaphor for the human spirit’s resilience and desire for transcendence, with the wind representing a powerful, enduring force.
5. “The Hollow Men” by T.S. Eliot
   In this poem, Eliot addresses themes of emptiness and existential despair, akin to Whitman’s portrayal of the soul’s isolation and its endless, yearning search for purpose and connection.

Representative Quotations of “A Noiseless Patient Spider” by Walt Whitman

Suggested Readings: “A Noiseless Patient Spider” by Walt Whitman

1. McVee, Mary B., et al. “Using Digital Media to Interpret Poetry: Spiderman Meets Walt Whitman.” Research in the Teaching of English, vol. 43, no. 2, 2008, pp. 112–43. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/40171762. Accessed 26 Oct. 2024.
2. Petersen, Bruce T. “Writing about Responses: A Unified Model of Reading, Interpretation, and Composition.” College English, vol. 44, no. 5, 1982, pp. 459–68. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/376649. Accessed 26 Oct. 2024.
3. “Editors’ Introduction: Tales of Transformation.” Research in the Teaching of English, vol. 43, no. 2, 2008, pp. 109–11. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/40171761. Accessed 26 Oct. 2024.
4. Jeffares, A. Norman, and James E. Miller. The Review of English Studies, vol. 10, no. 39, 1959, pp. 316–17. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/510317. Accessed 26 Oct. 2024.

Introduction: “A Letter to Her Husband, Absent upon Public Employment” by Anne Bradstreet

“A Letter to Her Husband, Absent upon Public Employment” by Anne Bradstreet first appeared in the 1678 posthumous collection titled Several Poems Compiled with Great Variety of Wit and Learning. This poignant poem captures Bradstreet’s deep affection for her husband and her yearning for his presence while he is away on business. Through her vivid and intimate portrayal of marital love, Bradstreet emphasizes themes of unity and longing, painting her husband as the sun around which her life revolves. Her use of natural imagery, such as seasons and celestial bodies, reflects the depth of her connection to him and underscores her emotional vulnerability in his absence. This piece, characterized by its tender tone and expressive language, highlights Bradstreet’s skill in conveying personal sentiment, making it one of the early American literature’s remarkable explorations of feminine voice and marital devotion.

Text: “A Letter to Her Husband, Absent upon Public Employment” by Anne Bradstreet

My head, my heart, mine eyes, my life, nay, more,
My joy, my magazine of earthly store,   storehouse
If two be one, as surely thou and I,
How stayest thou there, whilst I at Ipswich lie?
So many steps, head from the heart to sever,
If but a neck, soon should we be together.
I like the Earth this season, mourn in black,
My Sun is gone so far in’s zodiac,
Whom whilst I ‘joyed, nor storms, nor frost I felt,
His warmth such frigid colds did cause to melt.
My chilled limbs now numbed lie forlorn;
Return; return, sweet Sol, from Capricorn;
In this dead time, alas, what can I more
Than view those fruits which through thy heat I bore?
Which sweet contentment yield me for a space,
True living pictures of their father’s face.
O strange effect! now thou art southward gone,
I weary grow the tedious day so long;
But when thou northward to me shalt return,
I wish my Sun may never set, but burn
Within the Cancer of my glowing breast,
The welcome house of him my dearest guest.
Where ever, ever stay, and go not thence,
Till nature’s sad decree shall call thee hence;
Flesh of thy flesh, bone of thy bone,
I here, thou there, yet but both one.

Annotations: “A Letter to Her Husband, Absent upon Public Employment” by Anne Bradstreet

Literary And Poetic Devices: “A Letter to Her Husband, Absent upon Public Employment” by Anne Bradstreet

Themes: “A Letter to Her Husband, Absent upon Public Employment” by Anne Bradstreet

• Marital Unity and Oneness: In “A Letter to Her Husband, Absent upon Public Employment,” Bradstreet explores the deep sense of unity she shares with her husband, emphasizing their inseparable connection despite physical separation. This theme is encapsulated in her assertion, “If two be one, as surely thou and I,” where she evokes the biblical concept of marital unity, suggesting that they are not merely partners but also one entity in spirit and purpose. The lines “Flesh of thy flesh, bone of thy bone” further underscore this unity, referencing Genesis to express that her identity and existence are profoundly intertwined with her husband’s. This theme of oneness forms the emotional foundation of the poem, as Bradstreet conveys that even in his absence, they remain connected in essence.
• Longing and Yearning for Reunion: Longing and yearning permeate the poem as Bradstreet grapples with the emotional pain of her husband’s absence. Her repeated requests for his return, such as in the line “Return; return, sweet Sol, from Capricorn,” showcase her intense desire to be reunited with him. She likens herself to the Earth in winter, mourning in black, emphasizing her sorrow and her feeling of emptiness in his absence. Her use of seasonal imagery, particularly when she implores him to return “northward,” reflects her anticipation and hope that he will bring warmth and joy back into her life. This yearning for his presence conveys the depth of her love and the agony she endures while they are apart.
• The Comfort of Children as Reflections of Her Husband: While deeply missing her husband, Bradstreet finds solace in her children, who serve as “true living pictures of their father’s face.” Her children are a comforting reminder of her husband, as she refers to them as the “fruits” she bore “through thy heat,” symbolizing their creation through their love and union. Although this brings her “sweet contentment” temporarily, it cannot fully replace her husband’s presence. The children embody aspects of her husband, helping her endure his absence, even as she continues to long for his return. This theme reflects Bradstreet’s view of family as a source of comfort and unity, linking each family member to one another.
• The Natural World as a Reflection of Emotional States: Bradstreet masterfully uses the natural world as a metaphor for her emotional experiences, drawing on images of the Earth, seasons, and celestial bodies to illustrate her feelings. She compares herself to the Earth “mourning in black” during her husband’s absence, likening his departure to the Sun moving away in its zodiacal cycle. When her husband is with her, she feels as if she “neither storms nor frost” endure, as his warmth shields her from life’s hardships. By urging him to return “from Capricorn” and enter “the Cancer of my glowing breast,” Bradstreet connects the warmth of her husband’s presence with summer, associating him with warmth, life, and vitality. Through these natural metaphors, Bradstreet articulates her emotional landscape, grounding her sorrow and hope within the rhythm of nature.

Literary Theories and “A Letter to Her Husband, Absent upon Public Employment” by Anne Bradstreet

Critical Questions about “A Letter to Her Husband, Absent upon Public Employment” by Anne Bradstreet

Literary Works Similar to “A Letter to Her Husband, Absent upon Public Employment” by Anne Bradstreet

• “Sonnet 43” by Elizabeth Barrett Browning: This poem similarly expresses profound love and devotion to a spouse, with Browning detailing the depth and strength of her feelings, much like Bradstreet’s longing for her husband.
• “To My Dear and Loving Husband” by Anne Bradstreet: Another work by Bradstreet, this poem similarly highlights the unity and eternal bond of marriage, using powerful expressions of love and devotion that echo the sentiments in “A Letter to Her Husband.”
• “She Walks in Beauty” by Lord Byron: Although it is not directly about marital love, Byron’s poem celebrates the beauty and admiration of a beloved, reflecting Bradstreet’s reverence and admiration for her husband.
• “How Do I Love Thee?” by Elizabeth Barrett Browning: In this sonnet, Browning enumerates her love for her husband in various ways, similar to Bradstreet’s expressions of her husband being integral to every part of her being.
• “Marriage A-la-Mode” by John Dryden: Though satirical, Dryden’s work explores the complexities and dynamics within marriage, indirectly paralleling Bradstreet’s reflection on the sanctity and personal significance of marital unity.

Representative Quotations of “A Letter to Her Husband, Absent upon Public Employment” by Anne Bradstreet

Suggested Readings: “A Letter to Her Husband, Absent upon Public Employment” by Anne Bradstreet

1. Laughlin, Rosemary M. “Anne Bradstreet: Poet in Search of Form.” American Literature, vol. 42, no. 1, 1970, pp. 1–17. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/2924375. Accessed 26 Oct. 2024.
2. Blackstock, Carrie Galloway. “Anne Bradstreet and Performativity: Self-Cultivation, Self-Deployment.” Early American Literature, vol. 32, no. 3, 1997, pp. 222–48. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/25057095. Accessed 26 Oct. 2024.
3. Abram Van Engen. “Advertising the Domestic: Anne Bradstreet’s Sentimental Poetics.” Legacy, vol. 28, no. 1, 2011, pp. 47–68. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.5250/legacy.28.1.0047. Accessed 26 Oct. 2024.
4. McClain, Larry. “Women’s Studies, Cultural Studies: Teaching Literature in the Midwest.” Transformations: The Journal of Inclusive Scholarship and Pedagogy, vol. 7, no. 1, 1996, pp. 15–28. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/43587475. Accessed 26 Oct. 2024.

Introduction: “Decomposition” by Zulfikar Ghose

“Decomposition” by Zulfikar Ghose, first appeared in the collection The Loss of India (1964), is thought-provoking poem that explores the themes of decay, identity, and the contrast between reality and perception. Set against the bustling yet desolate streets of India, Ghose uses powerful imagery to illustrate the stark divide between the romanticized visions of the country and the harsh, sometimes ignored realities of life within it. The poem paints the image of a beggar, decomposing in a symbolic sense, as he embodies not only physical destitution but also the neglect and apathy of society. The stark, unembellished description challenges the reader to confront these uncomfortable truths, while Ghose’s careful choice of words and his portrayal of the beggar serves to criticize superficial representations of poverty. Through “Decomposition,” Ghose ultimately raises questions about human empathy, social indifference, and the often ignored layers of society’s most vulnerable members.

Text: “Decomposition” by Zulfikar Ghose

I have a picture I took in Bombay
of a beggar asleep on the pavement:
grey-haired, wearing shorts and a dirty shirt,
his shadow thrown aside like a blanket.

His arms and legs could be cracks in the stone,
routes for the ants’ journeys, the flies’ descents,
Brain-washed by the sun into exhaustion,
he lies veined into stone, a fossil man.

Behind him there is a crowd passingly
bemused by a pavement trickster and quite
indifferent to this very common sight
of an old man asleep on the pavement.

I thought it then a good composition
and glibly called it “The Man in the Street,”
remarking how typical it was of
India that the man in the street lived there.

His head in the posture of one weeping
into a pillow chides me now for my
presumption at attempting to compose
art of his hunger and solitude.

Annotations: “Decomposition” by Zulfikar Ghose

Literary And Poetic Devices: “Decomposition” by Zulfikar Ghose

Themes: “Decomposition” by Zulfikar Ghose

1. Social Neglect and Indifference:
   One of the central themes of “Decomposition” is society’s apathy toward poverty and suffering. The crowd in the background is “passingly / bemused by a pavement trickster and quite indifferent” to the sight of the old beggar sleeping on the pavement, highlighting the normalized disregard for the poor and vulnerable. The casual indifference of the crowd contrasts starkly with the beggar’s plight, underscoring the frequency with which such scenes are witnessed but ignored. This societal neglect is further emphasized when the speaker remarks on how “typical it was of / India that the man in the street lived there,” suggesting that poverty is so ingrained in the landscape that it becomes invisible to most passersby.
2. Objectification and the Ethics of Art:
   Ghose explores the theme of ethical responsibility in art, particularly the dangers of objectifying human suffering for aesthetic purposes. The speaker initially views the scene as “a good composition,” calling his photograph “The Man in the Street,” an ironic title that reduces the beggar’s existence to a simple artistic concept. The poet’s later regret, where he reflects on his “presumption at attempting to compose / art of his hunger and solitude,” suggests a realization of the insensitivity inherent in commodifying another’s suffering for one’s artistic vision. This ethical introspection serves as a critique of how art and photography can exploit and dehumanize their subjects, especially those marginalized by society.
3. Isolation and Dehumanization:
   The beggar is described with language that renders him almost indistinguishable from the stone on which he lies, as his “arms and legs could be cracks in the stone,” and he is further referred to as a “fossil man.” These descriptions suggest a loss of individual identity, with the beggar blending into the urban landscape, becoming a part of it rather than a separate human presence. The imagery of his body as “routes for the ants’ journeys, the flies’ descents” emphasizes his complete isolation and degradation, where even insects interact more intimately with him than people do. The metaphor of fossilization hints at a broader societal dehumanization of the marginalized, treating them as lifeless elements of the scenery.
4. Self-Reflection and Guilt:
   In the final lines, the poem shifts to a tone of remorse and self-reflection as the poet acknowledges his own “presumption” in capturing the image of the beggar. The line “His head in the posture of one weeping / into a pillow chides me now” reflects the speaker’s growing awareness of his insensitivity and the guilt associated with reducing human suffering to a visual representation. This self-reproach serves as a moment of moral awakening, as the speaker recognizes his failure to empathize with the beggar’s humanity. The guilt underscores the poet’s realization that true understanding and compassion cannot come from objectifying others’ lives but require a deeper acknowledgment of shared humanity and dignity.

Literary Theories and “Decomposition” by Zulfikar Ghose

Critical Questions about “Decomposition” by Zulfikar Ghose

1. How does Ghose use imagery to reflect the beggar’s connection to his environment?
   Ghose employs vivid imagery to blur the lines between the beggar and his urban surroundings, suggesting a deeper connection between his plight and the city itself. Describing the beggar’s arms and legs as “cracks in the stone” and calling him a “fossil man” likens him to the pavement on which he lies, indicating that he has almost merged into the environment through neglect and disuse. This fusion of human and stone conveys a sense of permanence in his suffering, as if he has become an inanimate part of the city’s landscape. The use of insects — “routes for the ants’ journeys, the flies’ descents” — furthers the notion of dehumanization, showing how he is more a part of the ignored street than an individual deserving attention.
2. What is the significance of the title “Decomposition” in relation to the poem’s themes?
   The title “Decomposition” encapsulates both the physical and societal decay that the poem explores. It suggests not only the physical state of the beggar as he appears almost fossilized on the pavement but also the moral decay of society, which passively observes such suffering without intervention. The speaker’s initial impulse to call the photograph “The Man in the Street” highlights the detachment with which society observes poverty, objectifying the beggar as part of a scene rather than as an individual in need. The decomposition is thus both literal, as the beggar seems to deteriorate in plain sight, and metaphorical, representing the breakdown of social empathy and responsibility.
3. How does the poem critique the ethics of art and representation?
   Ghose’s poem critically examines the ethics of turning human suffering into art, highlighting the dangers of aestheticizing poverty. The speaker initially finds the scene “a good composition” and casually names it “The Man in the Street,” a title that reveals his superficial approach. However, the poem takes a reflective turn when the speaker feels that the beggar’s posture “chides me now for my / presumption at attempting to compose / art of his hunger and solitude.” This line expresses a realization of his own insensitivity and the moral failure inherent in capturing suffering for mere aesthetic pleasure. The speaker’s guilt reflects Ghose’s broader critique of how art can sometimes exploit human hardship without genuine empathy or understanding.
4. In what ways does the poem address social neglect and individual responsibility?
   “Decomposition” calls attention to the indifference of both society at large and individuals toward the plight of the impoverished. The poem depicts a “crowd passingly / bemused by a pavement trickster” yet “quite indifferent” to the beggar’s existence, underscoring society’s tendency to overlook those who suffer in plain sight. The speaker’s own initial reaction of seeing the beggar as part of an artful “composition” reflects the detachment and objectification that individuals often apply to social issues. The speaker’s later regret suggests a self-critique, challenging readers to question their own responsibilities in the face of societal neglect. This introspection invites readers to consider their role in either perpetuating or alleviating the indifference surrounding marginalized individuals.

Literary Works Similar to “Decomposition” by Zulfikar Ghose

1. “A Supermarket in California” by Allen Ginsberg
   This poem critiques modern societal values and consumerism, similar to Ghose’s exploration of social neglect and indifference to marginalized individuals.
2. “London” by William Blake
   Blake’s poem addresses urban poverty and the suffering of city dwellers, reflecting a similar tone of social critique and empathy for the overlooked individuals of society.
3. “The Man with the Hoe” by Edwin Markham
   Markham’s poem portrays the plight and dehumanization of laborers, resonating with Ghose’s depiction of the beggar as a “fossil man,” representing the oppressed and neglected.
4. “The Shield of Achilles” by W.H. Auden
   Auden’s poem contrasts idealized images with harsh realities, much like Ghose’s juxtaposition of artistic composition with real human suffering.
5. “Those Winter Sundays” by Robert Hayden
   Hayden’s poem reflects on unnoticed labor and familial sacrifice, drawing parallels with Ghose’s theme of unacknowledged hardship and societal indifference.

Representative Quotations of “Decomposition” by Zulfikar Ghose

Suggested Readings: “Decomposition” by Zulfikar Ghose

1. Hashmi, Alamgir. “‘A Stylized Motif of Eagle Wings Woven’: The Selected Poems of Zulfikar Ghose.” World Literature Today, vol. 66, no. 1, 1992, pp. 66–69. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/40147860. Accessed 25 Oct. 2024.
2. Kanaganayakam, C., and Zulfikar Ghose. “Zulfikar Ghose: An Interview.” Twentieth Century Literature, vol. 32, no. 2, 1986, pp. 169–86. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/441381. Accessed 25 Oct. 2024.
3. Aldama, Frederick Luis, and Zulfikar Ghose. “Crafting against the Grain: An Interview with Zulfikar Ghose.” CEA Critic, vol. 66, no. 1, 2003, pp. 57–68. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/44377576. Accessed 25 Oct. 2024.
4. Brouillette, Sarah. “ZULFIKAR GHOSE’S ‘THE TRIPLE MIRROR OF THE SELF’ AND COSMOPOLITAN AUTHENTICATION.” Modern Fiction Studies, vol. 53, no. 1, 2007, pp. 97–119. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/26287076. Accessed 25 Oct. 2024.

Introduction: “She Was a Phantom of Delight” by William Wordsworth

“She Was a Phantom of Delight” by William Wordsworth first appeared in 1807 as part of his collection Poems, in Two Volumes. This lyric poem vividly captures Wordsworth’s Romantic ideals, especially his reverence for the mystical beauty and depth of the human soul. The poem’s main qualities include its ethereal imagery and seamless progression from initial enchantment to profound admiration, reflecting Wordsworth’s evolving perception of his beloved. He begins with a vision of her as an almost ghostly figure, a “phantom of delight” that captivates him with her elusive charm. However, as the poem unfolds, he delves into her more tangible and human qualities, recognizing the harmonious blend of spirituality and grounded strength she embodies. Ultimately, Wordsworth’s work explores the interplay between idealization and reality, celebrating both the awe and comfort found in the genuine, multifaceted nature of love.

Annotations: “She Was a Phantom of Delight” by William Wordsworth

Literary And Poetic Devices: “She Was a Phantom of Delight” by William Wordsworth

Themes: “She Was a Phantom of Delight” by William Wordsworth

1. Idealized Beauty and Mystery: The poem begins with an almost mystical portrayal of the woman, blending admiration with a sense of awe. Wordsworth describes her as a “Phantom of delight” and a “lovely Apparition” (lines 1-3), suggesting she is ethereal and otherworldly. Her presence is enchanting, like a “dancing Shape” that “haunt[s], startle[s], and way-lay[s]” (line 10). This theme of beauty as both captivating and elusive reflects the Romantic ideal of the sublime, where physical beauty inspires awe mixed with reverence.
2. Dual Nature of Humanity: Wordsworth reveals the woman’s dual nature, as both a “Spirit” and a “Woman too” (line 12), capturing her as a blend of ethereal qualities and human attributes. This duality allows the speaker to see her not only as a “Phantom” but also as someone who exists in the physical realm, with “household motions light and free” (line 13). Her combination of earthly and otherworldly traits creates a rich complexity, showing that humans are multidimensional beings with both practical and transcendent qualities.
3. Endurance and Strength in Femininity: As Wordsworth’s admiration deepens, he portrays the woman as possessing inner strength and resilience. He describes her as having “Endurance, foresight, strength, and skill” (line 26), qualities typically associated with wisdom and fortitude. This depiction of a “perfect Woman, nobly planned” (line 27) reflects a Romantic appreciation for both physical and mental strength, suggesting that true beauty encompasses character and capability alongside appearance.
4. The Transcendent Power of Love: Wordsworth’s perception of the woman grows from fascination to deep affection, evolving as he observes her everyday virtues and inner light. Her qualities ultimately bring him comfort, as he notes she is “To warn, to comfort, and command” (line 28). Even as he grows familiar with her, she retains “something of angelic light” (line 30), symbolizing love’s power to elevate and transcend the mundane. This theme underscores that true affection is based on both an idealized admiration and an appreciation of a partner’s human strengths, illuminating the transformative nature of love.

Literary Theories and “She Was a Phantom of Delight” by William Wordsworth

Critical Questions about “She Was a Phantom of Delight” by William Wordsworth

• How does Wordsworth’s depiction of the woman evolve throughout the poem, and what does this evolution reveal about his perception of idealized versus real beauty?
• Wordsworth begins by portraying the woman as an ethereal figure, a “Phantom of delight” and a “lovely Apparition” (lines 1-3), emphasizing her mystical beauty and his initial sense of awe. However, as the poem progresses, he observes her in a more human light, describing her as a “Spirit, yet a Woman too!” (line 12). This shift from an idealized to a more realistic portrayal reveals that Wordsworth values both the mystical allure of beauty and the grounded traits of human character. By the end of the poem, he describes her as a “perfect Woman, nobly planned” (line 27), appreciating not only her beauty but also her qualities of “Endurance, foresight, strength, and skill” (line 26). This evolution suggests that Wordsworth finds true beauty in a harmonious blend of the ideal and the real.
• What role does nature imagery play in Wordsworth’s portrayal of the woman, and how does it contribute to the Romantic themes in the poem?
• Nature imagery is central to Wordsworth’s depiction of the woman, aligning her qualities with the natural world’s beauty and mystery. He describes her eyes as “stars of Twilight fair” (line 5) and compares other aspects of her to “May-time and the cheerful Dawn” (line 8), creating a connection between her and the cycles of nature. This imagery enhances the Romantic theme of finding beauty and transcendence within nature, as Wordsworth sees her as embodying both dawn’s freshness and twilight’s mystery. By likening her to natural elements, Wordsworth conveys a view of beauty as both fleeting and enduring, reflecting the Romantic ideal of finding spiritual meaning through nature.
• How does Wordsworth address the concept of feminine strength and independence in the poem, and how does this portrayal align with or challenge traditional views of femininity?
• Wordsworth’s portrayal of the woman evolves to highlight her inner strength and independence, characteristics that go beyond traditional portrayals of femininity. He describes her actions as “household motions light and free” and her steps as those “of virgin-liberty” (lines 13-14), suggesting autonomy within her domestic sphere. Later, he praises her “Endurance, foresight, strength, and skill” (line 26), qualities that challenge the typical Romantic era view of women as passive or ornamental. This portrayal suggests that Wordsworth admires not only her beauty but also her resilience and wisdom, emphasizing a balanced view of femininity that includes strength and independence alongside grace.
• In what ways does Wordsworth explore the tension between idealization and reality in his relationship with the woman?
• Wordsworth’s poem reflects a tension between idealized love and real, grounded admiration, as he navigates his initial perception of the woman as an ethereal “Phantom of delight” (line 1) to recognizing her as a “perfect Woman, nobly planned” (line 27). The transition from idealization to a more complex understanding of her human traits—such as her “praise, blame, love, kisses, tears, and smiles” (line 20)—suggests an acceptance of her as a multi-dimensional person. This evolution indicates that while Wordsworth initially idealizes her beauty, he eventually embraces her as a complete individual with both physical allure and inner strength, illustrating the Romantic journey from fascination to genuine love.

Literary Works Similar to “She Was a Phantom of Delight” by William Wordsworth

1. “She Walks in Beauty” by Lord Byron
   Like Wordsworth’s poem, Byron’s piece celebrates a woman’s beauty with a sense of reverence and awe, combining physical grace with inner goodness.
2. “To a Skylark” by Percy Bysshe Shelley
   Though about a skylark, this poem shares Wordsworth’s Romantic idealization of beauty and purity, using ethereal imagery to explore the sublime in nature and the ideal.
3. “Bright Star” by John Keats
   Keats expresses admiration for an enduring beauty, much like Wordsworth’s portrayal of his beloved, blending idealization with a longing for constancy and depth.
4. “A Red, Red Rose” by Robert Burns
   Burns uses romanticized language and natural imagery to convey deep affection, similar to Wordsworth’s blending of beauty and nature in expressing love.
5. “The Lady of Shalott” by Alfred, Lord Tennyson
   Tennyson’s poem reflects themes of idealized feminine beauty and mystery, exploring the tension between admiration from afar and the desire for closeness, akin to Wordsworth’s evolving perception of his beloved.

Representative Quotations of “She Was a Phantom of Delight” by William Wordsworth

Suggested Readings: “She Was a Phantom of Delight” by William Wordsworth

1. Clark, Bruce B. “Thoughts on William Wordsworth: A Commemorative Essay.” Brigham Young University Studies, vol. 10, no. 2, 1970, pp. 201–17. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/43040378. Accessed 25 Oct. 2024.
2. The North American Review, vol. 18, no. 43, 1824, pp. 356–71. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/25109246. Accessed 25 Oct. 2024.
3. Weaver, Bennett. “Wordsworth: Poet of the Unconquerable Mind.” PMLA, vol. 75, no. 3, 1960, pp. 231–37. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/460333. Accessed 25 Oct. 2024.
4. King, Francis. “Love and Landscape in Wordsworth.” The Wordsworth Circle, vol. 18, no. 1, 1987, pp. 12–18. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/24040525. Accessed 25 Oct. 2024.

Introduction: “Cutting Loose” by William Stafford

“Cutting Loose” by William Stafford first appeared in his 1998 collection The Way It Is: New and Selected Poems. This poem exemplifies Stafford’s hallmark qualities of simplicity, introspection, and a deep connection to the natural world. It explores themes of freedom, self-liberation, and the fluidity of life’s journey. Through its gentle yet profound language, Stafford invites readers to embrace uncertainty and let go of rigid structures, suggesting that release can lead to discovery and renewal. The poem’s central message revolves around the idea of allowing oneself to flow freely with the currents of life, finding strength in vulnerability and openness.

Text: “Cutting Loose” by William Stafford

Sometimes from sorrow, for no reason,
you sing. For no reason, you accept
the way of being lost, cutting loose
from all else and electing a world
where you go where you want to.

Arbitrary, a sound comes, a reminder
that a steady center is holding
all else. If you listen, that sound
will tell where it is, and you
can slide your way past trouble.

Certain twisted monsters
always bar the path – but that’s when
you get going best, glad to be lost,
learning how real it is
here on the earth, again and again.

Annotations: “Cutting Loose” by William Stafford

Literary And Poetic Devices: “Cutting Loose” by William Stafford

Themes: “Cutting Loose” by William Stafford

• Freedom and Liberation
• One of the central themes in “Cutting Loose” is the idea of freedom and liberation, both physically and emotionally. The speaker describes “cutting loose from all else” (line 3), indicating a conscious decision to break away from societal or personal constraints. This act of freedom is further emphasized when the speaker “elect[s] a world / where you go where you want to” (lines 4-5), highlighting the liberation that comes from choosing one’s own path. The metaphor of “cutting loose” symbolizes breaking free from the expectations and norms that can confine individuals, suggesting that true liberation comes from embracing a sense of directionless freedom.
• Embracing Uncertainty
• Stafford’s poem also explores the theme of embracing uncertainty and being comfortable with being lost. The speaker suggests that sometimes you must “accept / the way of being lost” (lines 2-3), which indicates an acceptance of the unknown. Rather than fearing disorientation, the speaker finds empowerment in it, claiming that being lost allows them to “slide your way past trouble” (line 9). “Cutting Loose” portrays uncertainty not as something to avoid, but as an essential part of life’s journey, where letting go of rigid expectations allows for personal growth and discovery.
• Inner Guidance and Intuition
• Another theme in “Cutting Loose” is the importance of inner guidance and intuition. The speaker refers to “a steady center” (line 7), which symbolizes an internal compass that provides stability amidst chaos. The “sound” that emerges “arbitrarily” (line 6) is a metaphor for the intuitive signals we receive, which, if listened to, can help guide us “past trouble” (line 9). This theme underscores the idea that while life may be unpredictable, our own intuition can provide the direction and clarity needed to navigate through challenges.
• Overcoming Obstacles
• The theme of overcoming obstacles is also prominent in “Cutting Loose”. The speaker acknowledges that “Certain twisted monsters / always bar the path” (lines 10-11), representing the inevitable challenges that everyone faces. However, instead of succumbing to fear or defeat, the speaker asserts that “that’s when you get going best” (line 12), suggesting that obstacles can serve as catalysts for growth and momentum. The poem encourages readers to see difficulties not as barriers but as opportunities to learn, adapt, and move forward, reinforcing the resilience of the human spirit.

Literary Theories and “Cutting Loose” by William Stafford

Critical Questions about “Cutting Loose” by William Stafford

• What does “cutting loose” symbolize in the poem?
• In “Cutting Loose”, the act of “cutting loose” symbolizes breaking free from societal expectations, personal limitations, and the need for certainty. It represents a conscious decision to embrace the unknown and trust in one’s own intuition and inner guidance. The speaker mentions “electing a world / where you go where you want to” (lines 4-5), which reinforces the idea of personal autonomy and self-determination. By “cutting loose,” the speaker liberates themselves from external constraints and allows for a more fluid, spontaneous experience of life, where freedom and self-discovery become possible.
• How does the poem present the concept of uncertainty?
• “Cutting Loose” presents uncertainty not as something to be feared, but as a natural and even desirable aspect of life. The speaker states, “you accept / the way of being lost” (lines 2-3), suggesting that embracing uncertainty can lead to personal growth and understanding. The poem frames uncertainty as an opportunity to explore new paths and discover inner strength, as seen when the speaker explains how being lost allows them to “slide your way past trouble” (line 9). Rather than resisting uncertainty, the poem advocates for accepting it as an integral part of the human experience, where flexibility and openness lead to deeper insight.
• What role does intuition play in the poem?
• Intuition plays a crucial role in “Cutting Loose”, acting as an inner guide that helps the speaker navigate through the complexities of life. The “steady center” (line 7) symbolizes the core of stability and calm that remains constant, even when external circumstances are chaotic. The poem suggests that if one listens carefully to this inner guidance, it will “tell where it is” (line 9) and help in moving past difficulties. This focus on intuition emphasizes the importance of trusting one’s inner voice over external influences, as intuition provides clarity and direction in moments of uncertainty.
• How does the poem depict the challenges or “monsters” that bar the path?
• In “Cutting Loose”, the “twisted monsters” (line 10) represent the challenges and fears that everyone inevitably faces in life. These obstacles are described as figures that “always bar the path” (line 11), signifying the unavoidable difficulties that arise. However, the speaker presents these monsters not as insurmountable but as catalysts for personal growth. It is “when you get going best” (line 12) that one thrives in the face of adversity. The poem portrays challenges as opportunities for learning and gaining strength, reinforcing the idea that facing difficulties leads to deeper understanding and self-discovery.

Literary Works Similar to “Cutting Loose” by William Stafford

1. “The Road Not Taken” by Robert Frost: Like “Cutting Loose”, this poem explores themes of personal choice, freedom, and the unpredictability of life’s journey, emphasizing the significance of individual decisions.
2. “Song of the Open Road” by Walt Whitman: Similar to “Cutting Loose”, Whitman’s poem celebrates the freedom of the open road, personal liberation, and embracing uncertainty with a sense of adventure and self-reliance.
3. “Wild Geese” by Mary Oliver: This poem, like “Cutting Loose”, encourages letting go of societal expectations and trusting in one’s natural instincts and intuition as a way to find peace and freedom.
4. “Invictus” by William Ernest Henley: Both “Invictus” and “Cutting Loose” emphasize inner strength, resilience in the face of challenges, and the belief in one’s ability to navigate life’s difficulties independently.
5. “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud” by William Wordsworth: Like “Cutting Loose”, this poem reflects on moments of introspection, freedom, and finding solace and self-discovery through nature and solitary experiences.

Representative Quotations of “Cutting Loose” by William Stafford

Suggested Readings: “Cutting Loose” by William Stafford

1. Dick Barnes. “William Stafford.” The Hudson Review, vol. 54, no. 2, 2001, pp. 284–284. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/3852664. Accessed 24 Oct. 2024.
2. COLES, ROBERT. “William Stafford’s Long Walk.” The American Poetry Review, vol. 4, no. 4, 1975, pp. 27–28. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/27775006. Accessed 24 Oct. 2024.
3. Lauber, John. “World’s Guest: William Stafford.” The Iowa Review, vol. 5, no. 2, 1974, pp. 88–100. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/20158228. Accessed 24 Oct. 2024.
4. Moore, Paula. “William Stafford’s Snowshoes.” Technical Communication, vol. 31, no. 2, 1984, pp. 48–48. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/43086890. Accessed 24 Oct. 2024.
5. Greiner, Charles F. “Stafford’s ‘Traveling through the Dark’: A Discussion of Style.” The English Journal, vol. 55, no. 8, 1966, pp. 1015–48. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/812727. Accessed 24 Oct. 2024.

Introduction: “A Dirge” by Christina Rossetti

“A Dirge” by Christina Rossetti first appeared in 1866 in her collection The Prince’s Progress and Other Poems. Known for its mournful and somber tone, this poem reflects Rossetti’s meditative and introspective style. “A Dirge” explores themes of loss, impermanence, and the brevity of life, embodying the Romantic era’s preoccupation with mortality and the natural world. The poem is structured with a simple, rhythmic flow that underscores the sadness of an untimely death, likely that of a young person, and evokes a melancholic mood through vivid imagery of the changing seasons and fading life. Through her concise and evocative language, Rossetti presents a poignant commentary on human fragility and the inescapable passage of time, which are central ideas within her work.

Text: “A Dirge” by Christina Rossetti

Annotations: “A Dirge” by Christina Rossetti

Literary And Poetic Devices: “A Dirge” by Christina Rossetti

Themes: “A Dirge” by Christina Rossetti

1. Mourning and Loss: The poem is a lament for the loss of a loved one, with the speaker questioning the timing of their birth and death, which adds to the sense of sorrow. The repeated questioning in lines like “Why were you born when the snow was falling?” underscores the grief and confusion felt by the speaker. The timing of life events, coming at “the wrong season,” reflects an unfulfilled potential or a life cut short, heightening the mourning tone.
2. The Cycles of Nature and Life: Rossetti juxtaposes the natural cycles of seasons with the human life cycle, drawing on nature as a symbol of life stages. For instance, the “cuckoo’s calling” symbolizes spring and new life, while “the snow was falling” represents winter, a season often associated with death. This seasonal imagery serves to contrast the natural order with the unexpected and untimely death, emphasizing the disruption of life’s natural flow.
3. The Inevitable Passage of Time: The poem reflects on the unavoidable passage of time, with each line reinforcing the continuous cycle of seasons and life events. Phrases like “when the lambs were cropping” and “at the apples’ dropping” mark distinct times in nature that align with human experiences. By using these temporal markers, Rossetti suggests that just as seasons change, so too does life, often in ways we cannot control, reflecting the transient nature of existence.
4. Regret and Missed Timing: The poem conveys a profound sense of regret for the timing of the loved one’s life events, which do not align with the speaker’s ideals of birth in spring and death in autumn. Lines like “You should have come to the cuckoo’s calling” and “You should have died at the apples’ dropping” emphasize the misalignment between natural beauty and life’s key moments. This regret underscores the speaker’s longing for a different, perhaps more fitting, life path for the deceased, highlighting the human desire for an ideal sequence in life’s milestones.

Literary Theories and “A Dirge” by Christina Rossetti

Critical Questions about “A Dirge” by Christina Rossetti

• How does the use of seasonal imagery reflect the theme of untimely death?
• Rossetti’s use of seasonal imagery serves to highlight the unnatural timing of life events, especially birth and death. The speaker laments that the loved one was born “when the snow was falling” instead of “when grapes are green in the cluster,” which signifies life’s spring and growth phases. Winter and snow typically represent death or dormancy, while spring symbolizes life and renewal. By setting the birth and death in opposing seasons, Rossetti underscores a sense of discord with nature, symbolizing a life taken out of its rightful time and emphasizing the poignancy of an early death.
• What role does regret play in the poem’s expression of mourning?
• Regret is central to the poem’s mourning tone, as the speaker expresses sorrow over the loved one’s life events not aligning with more favorable times. The repeated use of “You should have” emphasizes the speaker’s feeling that the loved one’s birth and death were tragically mistimed. This lament is encapsulated in lines like “You should have come to the cuckoo’s calling” and “You should have died at the apples’ dropping,” where the speaker imagines alternative, more “fitting” times for these events. This regret reflects a yearning for control over life’s outcomes, accentuating the sadness of the situation.
• How does the poem explore the inevitability of death?
• “A Dirge” presents death as an inescapable and universal force, woven into the fabric of nature itself. The references to natural cycles—such as “when the lambs were cropping” and “the wheat-fields are sodden stubble”—serve as reminders of life’s progression toward inevitable ends. By grounding the poem in seasonal changes, Rossetti mirrors human life with natural cycles, suggesting that just as seasons transition, so too does human life move toward its end. Despite the speaker’s regret over timing, death remains an unalterable reality, underscoring the poem’s resigned tone toward mortality.
• What is the significance of the poem’s rhetorical questions?
• The rhetorical questions in the poem convey the speaker’s internal struggle with understanding the timing of the loved one’s birth and death, reflecting both confusion and emotional turmoil. Phrases like “Why were you born when the snow was falling?” and “Why did you die when the lambs were cropping?” reveal a sense of helplessness, as if questioning can somehow make sense of or rectify the loss. The questions highlight the speaker’s desire for a more harmonious alignment of life events with nature, while also underscoring the sorrow and frustration inherent in the mourning process, as the speaker seeks answers that may never come.

Literary Works Similar to “A Dirge” by Christina Rossetti

1. “Because I Could Not Stop for Death” by Emily Dickinson
   This poem, like Rossetti’s, contemplates the inevitability of death, personifying it and exploring life’s end with a reflective tone.
2. “Ode to the West Wind” by Percy Bysshe Shelley
   Shelley’s poem uses seasonal imagery to convey themes of life, death, and rebirth, similar to Rossetti’s use of nature to reflect the cycle of life and loss.
3. “Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night” by Dylan Thomas
   Thomas’s poem reflects a mournful yet defiant attitude toward death, resonating with Rossetti’s exploration of loss and timing in life’s end.
4. “Break, Break, Break” by Alfred, Lord Tennyson
   Tennyson’s poem expresses profound grief and loss against a natural backdrop, paralleling Rossetti’s mournful reflection on death within the cycle of seasons.
5. “The Darkling Thrush” by Thomas Hardy
   Hardy’s poem uses winter imagery and a reflective tone on life and death, echoing Rossetti’s thematic alignment of human emotions with the bleakness of nature.

Representative Quotations of “A Dirge” by Christina Rossetti

Suggested Readings: “A Dirge” by Christina Rossetti

1. Rosenblum, Dolores. “Christina Rossetti’s Religious Poetry: Watching, Looking, Keeping Vigil.” Victorian Poetry, vol. 20, no. 1, 1982, pp. 33–49. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/40003689. Accessed 25 Oct. 2024.
2. Chapman, Alison. “Defining the Feminine Subject: D. G. Rossetti’s Manuscript Revisions to Christina Rossetti’s Poetry.” Victorian Poetry, vol. 35, no. 2, 1997, pp. 139–56. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/40003618. Accessed 25 Oct. 2024.
3. Humphries, Simon. “Christina Rossetti’s Tennysonianism.” The Cambridge Quarterly, vol. 44, no. 1, 2015, pp. 43–61. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/43492470. Accessed 25 Oct. 2024.
4. Courtney, W. S. “Lesser Literary Lights.” The North American Review, vol. 211, no. 775, 1920, pp. 793–804. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/25120531. Accessed 25 Oct. 2024.