Category: Poem Analysis

Introduction: “Let America Be America Again” by Langston Hughes

“Let America Be America Again” by Langston Hughes first appeared in 1935 in the poetry collection The Weary Blues. The poem is notable for its powerful imagery, rhythmic language, and poignant critique of the American Dream. Hughes uses vivid metaphors to expose the hypocrisy of a nation that promises equality but often delivers oppression. The central theme of the poem is the enduring struggle of marginalized groups, particularly African Americans, to achieve true freedom and justice in the United States.

Text: “Let America Be America Again” by Langston Hughes

Let America be America again.
Let it be the dream it used to be.
Let it be the pioneer on the plain
Seeking a home where he himself is free.

(America never was America to me.)

Let America be the dream the dreamers dreamed—
Let it be that great strong land of love
Where never kings connive nor tyrants scheme
That any man be crushed by one above.

(It never was America to me.)

O, let my land be a land where Liberty
Is crowned with no false patriotic wreath,
But opportunity is real, and life is free,
Equality is in the air we breathe.

(There’s never been equality for me,
Nor freedom in this “homeland of the free.”)

Say, who are you that mumbles in the dark?
And who are you that draws your veil across the stars?

I am the poor white, fooled and pushed apart,
I am the Negro bearing slavery’s scars.
I am the red man driven from the land,
I am the immigrant clutching the hope I seek—
And finding only the same old stupid plan
Of dog eat dog, of mighty crush the weak.

I am the young man, full of strength and hope,
Tangled in that ancient endless chain
Of profit, power, gain, of grab the land!
Of grab the gold! Of grab the ways of satisfying need!
Of work the men! Of take the pay!
Of owning everything for one’s own greed!

I am the farmer, bondsman to the soil.
I am the worker sold to the machine.
I am the Negro, servant to you all.
I am the people, humble, hungry, mean—
Hungry yet today despite the dream.
Beaten yet today—O, Pioneers!
I am the man who never got ahead,
The poorest worker bartered through the years.

Yet I’m the one who dreamt our basic dream
In the Old World while still a serf of kings,
Who dreamt a dream so strong, so brave, so true,
That even yet its mighty daring sings
In every brick and stone, in every furrow turned
That’s made America the land it has become.
O, I’m the man who sailed those early seas
In search of what I meant to be my home—
For I’m the one who left dark Ireland’s shore,
And Poland’s plain, and England’s grassy lea,
And torn from Black Africa’s strand I came
To build a “homeland of the free.”

The free?

Who said the free? Not me?
Surely not me? The millions on relief today?
The millions shot down when we strike?
The millions who have nothing for our pay?
For all the dreams we’ve dreamed
And all the songs we’ve sung
And all the hopes we’ve held
And all the flags we’ve hung,
The millions who have nothing for our pay—
Except the dream that’s almost dead today.

O, let America be America again—
The land that never has been yet—
And yet must be—the land where every man is free.
The land that’s mine—the poor man’s, Indian’s, Negro’s, ME—
Who made America,
Whose sweat and blood, whose faith and pain,
Whose hand at the foundry, whose plow in the rain,
Must bring back our mighty dream again.

Sure, call me any ugly name you choose—
The steel of freedom does not stain.
From those who live like leeches on the people’s lives,
We must take back our land again,
America!

O, yes,
I say it plain,
America never was America to me,
And yet I swear this oath—
America will be!

Out of the rack and ruin of our gangster death,
The rape and rot of graft, and stealth, and lies,
We, the people, must redeem
The land, the mines, the plants, the rivers.
The mountains and the endless plain—
All, all the stretch of these great green states—
And make America again!

Annotations: “Let America Be America Again” by Langston Hughes

Literary And Poetic Devices: “Let America Be America Again” by Langston Hughes

Themes: “Let America Be America Again” by Langston Hughes

• The Hypocrisy of the American Dream: Langston Hughes’ “Let America Be America Again” exposes the stark contrast between the idealized American Dream and the harsh realities faced by marginalized groups. The poem critiques the nation’s promise of equality and opportunity, highlighting the pervasive discrimination and injustice experienced by African Americans, Native Americans, immigrants, and the working class. Hughes emphasizes the hypocrisy of a society that extols freedom and democracy while simultaneously oppressing and exploiting its citizens.
• The Struggle for Social Justice: The poem serves as a powerful indictment of systemic racism and economic inequality. Hughes uses vivid imagery to convey the struggles of marginalized groups, from the enslaved African Americans to the impoverished workers. The speaker’s plea for a “land where every man is free” reflects the enduring fight for social justice and economic equality in America.
• The Power of Dreams: Despite the harsh realities depicted in the poem, Hughes maintains a glimmer of hope. The speaker’s dream of a just and equitable America serves as a source of inspiration and resilience. The poem suggests that even in the face of adversity, the power of dreams can fuel collective action and social change.
• The Importance of Collective Action: Hughes emphasizes the need for unity and collective action to achieve social justice. The speaker calls upon the marginalized groups to reclaim their land and rebuild America in their image. The poem suggests that through collective struggle and resistance, oppressed people can overcome systemic injustice and create a more equitable society.

Literary Theories and “Let America Be America Again” by Langston Hughes

Critical Questions about “Let America Be America Again” by Langston Hughes

Literary Works Similar to “Let America Be America Again” by Langston Hughes

1. “I, Too” by Langston Hughes: Similar to “Let America Be America Again,” this poem addresses the theme of racial inequality and the dream of a just and equitable America.
2. “The Weary Blues” by Langston Hughes: Both poems explore the experiences of marginalized groups, with “The Weary Blues” focusing on the blues music and the struggles of African Americans.
3. “Harlem” by Langston Hughes: This anthology of poems showcases the vibrant literary movement that emerged in Harlem during the 1920s, reflecting themes of racial identity, cultural pride, and social justice, similar to “Let America Be America Again.”
4. “The Second Coming” by William Butler Yeats: While Yeats’ poem is not directly about race, it shares with “Let America Be America Again” a sense of impending doom and the collapse of societal order.
5. “America” by Claude McKay: This poem also addresses themes of racial inequality and the American Dream, exploring the complexities of African American identity and the challenges of living in a racially divided society.

Suggested Readings: “Let America Be America Again” by Langston Hughes

Representative Quotations of “Let America Be America Again” by Langston Hughes

Introduction: “It Came Upon a Midnight Clear” by Edmund Sears

“It Came Upon a Midnight Clear,” a beautiful Christmas carol penned by Edmund Sears, first appeared in the 1849 collection Songs for the Christian Year. The poem’s tranquil and reflective tone, combined with its evocative imagery of a peaceful night and a heavenly choir, has made it a perennial favorite. Sears’s lyrical masterpiece evokes a sense of wonder and awe, reminding listeners of the divine message of peace and goodwill.

Text: “It Came Upon a Midnight Clear” by Edmund Sears

It came upon a midnight clear,
That glorious song of old,
From angels bending near the earth
To touch their harps of gold:
“Peace on the earth, good will to men,
From heav’n’s all gracious King!”
The world in solemn stillness lay
To hear the angels sing.

Still thru the cloven skies they come
With peaceful wings unfurled,
And still their heav’nly music floats
O’er all the weary world:
Above its sad and lowly plains
They bend on hov’ring wing,
And ever o’er its Babel sounds
The blessed angels sing.

And ye, beneath life’s crushing load,
Whose forms are bending low,
Who toil along the climbing way
With painful steps and slow,
Look now! for glad and golden hours
Come swiftly on the wing:
O rest beside the weary road
And hear the angels sing.

For lo, the days are hast’ning on,
By prophet bards foretold,
When with the ever circling years
Comes round the age of gold;
When peace shall over all the earth
Its ancient spendors fling,
And the whole world give back the song
Which now the angels sing.

Annotations: “It Came Upon a Midnight Clear” by Edmund Sears

Literary And Poetic Devices: “It Came Upon a Midnight Clear” by Edmund Sears

Themes: “It Came Upon a Midnight Clear” by Edmund Sears

1. Peace and Goodwill: The theme of peace and goodwill is central to the poem, echoing the traditional Christmas message. In the opening stanza, Sears writes, “Peace on the earth, good will to men, / From heav’n’s all gracious King!” This line emphasizes the divine desire for peace on Earth, highlighting the heavenly origins of this message through the depiction of angels who “touch their harps of gold.” The recurring reference to “peace” throughout the carol underscores its significance as a universal longing and divine blessing meant for all humanity.
2. Divine and Heavenly Music: The poem vividly captures the celestial and spiritual essence of angelic music as a symbol of divine intervention and comfort. Sears describes how “the world in solemn stillness lay / To hear the angels sing.” This imagery suggests a moment of sacred pause and reflection where earthly troubles are momentarily transcended by the beauty of heavenly music. The repetition of scenes where angels sing, and the world listens, serves to reinforce the theme of spirituality and the comforting presence of divine forces in human life.
3. Human Struggle and Respite: Sears contrasts the divine and serene with the harsh realities of human existence. He speaks to those “beneath life’s crushing load, / Whose forms are bending low,” illustrating the weight of human struggles and the laborious journey through life. Yet, he offers a vision of respite as he encourages the weary to “Look now! for glad and golden hours / Come swiftly on the wing.” This juxtaposition not only highlights the trials faced by humanity but also the promise of relief and moments of joy that are as swift and uplifting as the angels’ visitations.
4. Eschatological Hope: The poem concludes with a forward-looking, eschatological vision of a world transformed by peace and renewed splendor. Sears reflects on the prophetic visions of “the days are hast’ning on, / By prophet bards foretold,” where a future “age of gold” will envelop the world, bringing about universal peace and joy. This ultimate redemption and renewal of the world, where “the whole world give back the song / Which now the angels sing,” captures a hopeful anticipation of a future where divine promises are fulfilled, and earthly existence is elevated to heavenly ideals.

Literary Theories and “It Came Upon a Midnight Clear” by Edmund Sears

Critical Questions about “It Came Upon a Midnight Clear” by Edmund Sears

Literary Works Similar to “It Came Upon a Midnight Clear” by Edmund Sears

1. “O Holy Night” by Placide Cappeau: This French Christmas carol, translated into English by John Sullivan Dwight, shares themes of divine intervention and peace, mirroring the hopeful and celestial imagery in Sears’ poem.
2. “Silent Night” by Joseph Mohr: This widely known carol emphasizes the calm and holy aspect of Christmas night, similar to the “solemn stillness” and peaceful message depicted in “It Came Upon a Midnight Clear.”
3. “Hark! The Herald Angels Sing” by Charles Wesley: This carol also features angels who herald the birth of Christ, aligning with Sears’ depiction of angels singing about peace and goodwill towards humanity.
4. “Angels from the Realms of Glory” by James Montgomery: Like Sears’ poem, this carol calls on people to pay heed to the angelic message, emphasizing the spiritual significance and joyous news of the Christmas season.

Suggested Readings: “It Came Upon a Midnight Clear” by Edmund Sears

Representative Quotations of “It Came Upon a Midnight Clear” by Edmund Sears

Introduction: “For My Lover, Returning to His Wife” by Anne Sexton

“For My Lover, Returning to His Wife” by Anne Sexton, first appeared in 1961 in her collection, Live or Die, ischaracterized by its raw, confessional tone, exploring themes of love, betrayal, and the complexities of human relationships. Sexton’s vivid imagery and emotional intensity capture the pain and anguish experienced by the speaker, who is forced to confront the loss of her lover to his wife. The main idea of the poem is a lament over the inevitability of separation and the enduring power of love despite its challenges.

Text: “For My Lover, Returning to His Wife” by Anne Sexton

She is all there.
She was melted carefully down for you
and cast up from your childhood,
cast up from your one hundred favorite aggies.
She has always been there, my darling.
She is, in fact, exquisite.
Fireworks in the dull middle of February
and as real as a cast-iron pot.
Let’s face it, I have been momentary.
vA luxury. A bright red sloop in the harbor.
My hair rising like smoke from the car window.
Littleneck clams out of season.
She is more than that. She is your have to have,
has grown you your practical your tropical growth.
This is not an experiment. She is all harmony.
She sees to oars and oarlocks for the dinghy,
has placed wild flowers at the window at breakfast,
sat by the potter’s wheel at midday,
set forth three children under the moon,
three cherubs drawn by Michelangelo,
done this with her legs spread out
in the terrible months in the chapel.
If you glance up, the children are there
like delicate balloons resting on the ceiling.
She has also carried each one down the hall
after supper, their heads privately bent,
two legs protesting, person to person,
her face flushed with a song and their little sleep.
I give you back your heart.
I give you permission —
for the fuse inside her, throbbing
angrily in the dirt, for the bitch in her
and the burying of her wound —
for the burying of her small red wound alive —
for the pale flickering flare under her ribs,
for the drunken sailor who waits in her left pulse,
for the mother’s knee, for the stocking,
for the garter belt, for the call —
the curious call
when you will burrow in arms and breasts
and tug at the orange ribbon in her hair
and answer the call, the curious call.
She is so naked and singular
She is the sum of yourself and your dream.
Climb her like a monument, step after step.
She is solid.
As for me, I am a watercolor.
I wash off.

Annotations: “For My Lover, Returning to His Wife” by Anne Sexton

Literary And Poetic Devices: “For My Lover, Returning to His Wife” by Anne Sexton

Themes: “For My Lover, Returning to His Wife” by Anne Sexton

1. The Inevitability of Separation and Loss: Sexton explores the painful reality of separation and loss in this poem. The speaker acknowledges that her relationship with the lover is ultimately temporary, and the inevitability of their parting casts a shadow over their love. This theme is evident in lines like “Let’s face it, I have been momentary” and “I give you back your heart.”
2. The Power of Love and Devotion: Despite the inevitability of separation, Sexton also highlights the enduring power of love and devotion. The speaker expresses deep affection for the lover, and her words reveal the intensity of her feelings. The wife’s role as the “sum of [the lover’s] self and [his] dream” underscores her significance in his life and the profound impact of their relationship.
3. The Complexities of Female Identity and Sexuality: Sexton delves into the complexities of female identity and sexuality through her portrayal of the wife. The wife is presented as a multifaceted figure, embodying both nurturing qualities and passionate desires. Her “small red wound alive” suggests a hidden, sensual aspect of her personality, while her role as a mother and homemaker highlights her traditional feminine qualities.
4. The Conflict Between Passion and Domesticity: The poem explores the tension between passion and domesticity. The speaker’s passionate love for the lover contrasts with the wife’s more settled and domestic life. This conflict is evident in the juxtaposition of the speaker’s “bright red sloop in the harbor” with the wife’s “three children under the moon.”

Literary Theories and “For My Lover, Returning to His Wife” by Anne Sexton

Critical Questions about “For My Lover, Returning to His Wife” by Anne Sexton

Literary Works Similar to “For My Lover, Returning to His Wife” by Anne Sexton

1. “Daddy” by Sylvia Plath: Both poems explore themes of love, loss, and the complexities of female identity, with a focus on the destructive nature of certain relationships.
2. “Lady Lazarus” by Sylvia Plath: Both poems feature strong female protagonists who defy societal expectations and explore themes of rebirth and transformation.
3. “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock” by T.S. Eliot: Both poems grapple with themes of alienation, anxiety, and the fear of aging, with a focus on the inner turmoil of the speaker.
4. “My Last Duchess” by Robert Browning: Both poems explore the theme of obsession and control, with a focus on the possessive nature of male characters.
5. “Dulce et Decorum Est” by Wilfred Owen: Both poems explore the horrors of war and the human cost of conflict, with a focus on the suffering and sacrifice of soldiers.

Suggested Readings: “For My Lover, Returning to His Wife” by Anne Sexton

Representative Quotations of “For My Lover, Returning to His Wife” by Anne Sexton

Introduction: “Exposure” by Wilfred Owen

“Exposure” by Wilfred Owen first appeared in 1920 in the poetry collection “Poems” is renowned for its vivid depiction of the horrors of trench warfare during World War I. The poem is characterized by its stark imagery, haunting rhythm, and the exploration of themes such as despair, disillusionment, and the dehumanizing effects of war. Owen’s use of sensory details and repetition creates a powerful sense of hopelessness and isolation, highlighting the psychological toll of the conflict on soldiers.

Text: “Exposure” by Wilfred Owen

Annotations: “Exposure” by Wilfred Owen

Literary And Poetic Devices: “Exposure” by Wilfred Owen

Themes: “Exposure” by Wilfred Owen

• The Futility of War: One of the central themes in “Exposure” is the futility and senselessness of war. Owen repeatedly emphasizes the pointlessness of the soldiers’ suffering through the refrain “But nothing happens,” which appears at the end of several stanzas. This line reflects the endless waiting and the lack of progress or resolution, suggesting that the soldiers endure extreme hardship without achieving any meaningful outcome. The question “What are we doing here?” (Stanza 2) further underscores the soldiers’ disillusionment and the sense that their sacrifices are in vain.
• The Power of Nature: Nature is depicted as a formidable and indifferent force, often more deadly than the enemy. The “merciless iced east winds” (Stanza 1) and the “sidelong flowing flakes” of snow (Stanza 4) represent nature’s relentless assault on the soldiers, who are exposed to the elements without adequate protection. The personification of dawn as “her melancholy army” (Stanza 3) and the snowflakes “fingering stealth” at the soldiers’ faces (Stanza 5) illustrate how nature is portrayed as an active, almost malevolent force that contributes to the soldiers’ suffering.
• Despair and Hopelessness: Throughout the poem, Owen conveys a deep sense of despair and hopelessness among the soldiers. This is evident in their resigned acceptance of their fate, as seen in lines like “Is it that we are dying?” (Stanza 5) and “We turn back to our dying” (Stanza 6). The soldiers’ belief that “For love of God seems dying” (Stanza 7) indicates a loss of faith, not just in religion but in any meaningful purpose behind their suffering. The repetition of “But nothing happens” reinforces the idea that their situation is static and unchanging, leading to a profound sense of hopelessness.
• The Dehumanization of Soldiers: Owen explores the dehumanizing effects of war on soldiers, reducing them to mere shadows of their former selves. The imagery of “ghosts” dragging home (Stanza 6) and the “half-known faces” observed by the burying party (Stanza 8) highlights how war strips soldiers of their identities and reduces them to anonymous, forgotten figures. The line “All their eyes are ice” (Stanza 8) symbolizes the emotional numbness and detachment that results from prolonged exposure to the horrors of war, further emphasizing the theme of dehumanization.

Literary Theories and “Exposure” by Wilfred Owen

Critical Questions about “Exposure” by Wilfred Owen

• How does Owen’s use of sensory imagery contribute to the poem’s overall effect?
• Wilfred Owen’s masterful use of sensory imagery is a key element in the poem’s haunting power. Through vivid descriptions of the cold, the mud, the wind, and the bleak landscape, Owen immerses the reader in the harsh realities of trench warfare. The sensory details not only create a palpable atmosphere but also evoke a strong emotional response, conveying the soldiers’ physical and psychological suffering. For example, the image of “the merciless iced east winds that knive us” immediately sets the tone for the poem, emphasizing the brutal conditions faced by the soldiers.
• What is the significance of the repeated phrase “But nothing happens”?
• The refrain “But nothing happens” throughout the poem serves as a stark contrast between the soldiers’ anticipation of action and the relentless monotony of their existence. It highlights the futility of their situation, as they wait in vain for the war to end or for something meaningful to occur. This repetition reinforces the sense of hopelessness and despair that pervades the poem, emphasizing the psychological toll of prolonged exposure to the horrors of war.
• How does Owen explore the themes of despair and disillusionment in “Exposure”?
• Owen’s portrayal of despair and disillusionment is central to the poem’s impact. The soldiers’ sense of hopelessness is conveyed through their physical suffering, the bleakness of their surroundings, and the constant threat of death. The repetition of “But nothing happens” emphasizes their disillusionment with the war, as they realize that their sacrifices are in vain. The poem also explores the loss of faith in humanity and the divine, as the soldiers question the meaning of their existence and the purpose of their suffering.
• What is the significance of the final lines of the poem?
• The final lines of the poem, “Tonight, this frost will fasten on this mud and us, / Shrivelling many hands, and puckering foreheads crisp,” offer a chilling prediction of the soldiers’ fate. The image of the frost “fastening” on the mud and the soldiers suggests a sense of inevitability, as if their deaths are predetermined. The poem ends on a note of despair, emphasizing the futility of their sacrifice and the enduring horrors of war.

Literary Works Similar to “Exposure” by Wilfred Owen

1. “Dulce et Decorum Est” by Wilfred Owen: Both poems explore the horrors of war and the psychological impact on soldiers.
2. “The Waste Land” by T.S. Eliot: Both poems depict a world characterized by fragmentation, disillusionment, and a loss of meaning.
3. “War Poems” by Isaac Rosenberg: Both poets use vivid imagery and language to convey the brutality and senselessness of war.
4. “Winter Solstice” by Siegfried Sassoon: Both poems explore themes of despair, isolation, and the longing for peace.
5. “The Second Coming” by William Butler Yeats: Both poems express a sense of impending doom and the breakdown of traditional values.

Suggested Readings: “Exposure” by Wilfred Owen

Representative Quotations of “Exposure” by Wilfred Owen

Introduction: “Christmas Eve” by Christina Rossetti

“Christmas Eve” by Christina Rossetti first appeared in 1893 in the collection, Verses, is a beautiful reflection on the anticipation and joy of Christmas. Rossetti employs vivid imagery and a contemplative tone to convey the spiritual significance of the holiday. The poem’s central theme is the coming of Jesus Christ and the hope and peace that this brings to the world. Through its lyrical language and evocative imagery, “Christmas Eve” invites readers to contemplate the profound meaning of the season.

Text: “Christmas Eve” by Christina Rossetti

Christmas hath a darkness
    Brighter than the blazing noon,
Christmas hath a chillness
   Warmer than the heat of June,
Christmas hath a beauty
   Lovelier than the world can show:
For Christmas bringeth Jesus,
   Brought for us so low.

Earth, strike up your music,
   Birds that sing and bells that ring;
Heaven hath answering music
   For all Angels soon to sing:
Earth, put on your whitest
   Bridal robe of spotless snow:
For Christmas bringeth Jesus,
   Brought for us so low.

Annotations: “Christmas Eve” by Christina Rossetti

Literary And Poetic Devices: “Christmas Eve” by Christina Rossetti

Themes: “Christmas Eve” by Christina Rossetti

• Reference: “The starry sky above, The silent night below, A peaceful scene, a holy sight.”

Literary Theories and “Christmas Eve” by Christina Rossetti

Critical Questions about “Christmas Eve” by Christina Rossetti

• How does Rossetti use paradox to convey the spiritual significance of Christmas?
• Christina Rossetti employs paradoxical imagery throughout “Christmas Eve” to highlight the spiritual depth and mystery of the Christmas celebration. For instance, the poem opens with the line, “Christmas hath a darkness / Brighter than the blazing noon,” where darkness, typically associated with absence of light, is described as brighter than noon, suggesting a divine light that transcends ordinary perception. Similarly, the line “Christmas hath a chillness / Warmer than the heat of June” contrasts the coldness of winter with the warmth of summer, implying that the spiritual warmth of Christmas surpasses even the physical warmth of the sun. These paradoxes serve to elevate the reader’s understanding of Christmas as an event that defies ordinary expectations, embodying both the humility and the majesty of Christ’s birth.
• In what ways does the poem reflect Rossetti’s Christian beliefs?
• “Christmas Eve” is deeply rooted in Christian theology, reflecting Rossetti’s devout beliefs. The poem’s central focus is the birth of Jesus, whom Rossetti describes as “Brought for us so low,” emphasizing the humility of Christ’s incarnation. The recurring motif of Jesus being “brought low” highlights the idea of divine sacrifice, a core tenet of Christianity. Additionally, the poem calls for a response from both Earth and Heaven: “Earth, strike up your music,” and “Heaven hath answering music,” suggesting a cosmic celebration of Christ’s birth. This duality of earthly and heavenly joy underscores the poem’s depiction of Christmas as a momentous event that bridges the divine and the human.
• How does Rossetti use imagery to contrast the physical and spiritual worlds in the poem?
• Rossetti skillfully contrasts the physical and spiritual realms through vivid imagery in “Christmas Eve.” The physical world is depicted with tangible elements like “Birds that sing and bells that ring,” representing the natural and human-made celebrations of Christmas. In contrast, the spiritual world is evoked through phrases like “Heaven hath answering music” and “Bridal robe of spotless snow,” where the purity of snow and the music of Heaven symbolize the spiritual purity and divine harmony associated with the birth of Christ. These contrasting images serve to emphasize that while Christmas is celebrated in the physical world, its true significance lies in the spiritual realm, where it is seen as a manifestation of divine love and purity.
• What role does nature play in Rossetti’s depiction of Christmas in the poem?
• Nature plays a significant role in “Christmas Eve,” serving as both a participant in and a witness to the sacred event of Christ’s birth. Rossetti personifies the Earth, urging it to “strike up your music” and to “put on your whitest / Bridal robe of spotless snow.” The imagery of nature donning a bridal robe suggests that the Earth is preparing itself for a sacred union, symbolizing the purity and sanctity of Christmas. The mention of “Birds that sing” further connects nature to the celebration, illustrating how the natural world joins in the joy of the occasion. Through these references, Rossetti portrays nature as not only a backdrop but an integral part of the divine celebration, reflecting the harmony between the natural and the spiritual during Christmas.

Literary Works Similar to “Christmas Eve” by Christina Rossetti

1. “The Night Before Christmas” by Clement Moore: Both poems capture the anticipation and joy of Christmas Eve.
2. “Winter Wonderland” by Felix Bernard and Richard Smith: Both poems evoke the magical atmosphere of a winter wonderland.
3. “Silent Night” by Franz Gruber and Joseph Mohr: Both poems celebrate the birth of Jesus Christ and the peaceful night of his arrival.
4. “It Came Upon a Midnight Clear” by Edmund Sears: Both poems describe the peaceful and serene atmosphere of Christmas Eve.
5. “O Holy Night” by Adolphe Adam and Placide Cappeau: Both poems express the awe and wonder of the birth of Jesus Christ.

Suggested Readings: “Christmas Eve” by Christina Rossetti

Representative Quotations of “Christmas Eve” by Christina Rossetti

Introduction: “The Power of the Dog” by Rudyard Kipling

“The Power of the Dog” by Rudyard Kipling, first appeared in 1902 in the collection Actions and Reactions, explores the profound bond between humans and dogs, highlighting the unconditional love and devotion dogs offer. Kipling’s poignant verses delve into the bittersweet reality of this relationship, acknowledging the inevitable sorrow that comes with the loss of a beloved pet. The poem’s enduring appeal lies in its ability to resonate with readers on a deeply emotional level, capturing the universal experience of grief and the enduring power of a dog’s love.

Text: “The Power of the Dog” by Rudyard Kipling

There is sorrow enough in the natural way
From men and women to fill our day;
And when we are certain of sorrow in store,
Why do we always arrange for more?
Brothers and Sisters, I bid you beware
Of giving your heart to a dog to tear.

Buy a pup and your money will buy
Love unflinching that cannot lie—
Perfect passion and worship fed
By a kick in the ribs or a pat on the head.
Nevertheless it is hardly fair
To risk your heart for a dog to tear.

When the fourteen years which Nature permits
Are closing in asthma, or tumour, or fits,
And the vet’s unspoken prescription runs
To lethal chambers or loaded guns,
Then you will find—it’s your own affair—
But… you’ve given your heart to a dog to tear.

When the body that lived at your single will,
With its whimper of welcome, is stilled (how still!).
When the spirit that answered your every mood
Is gone—wherever it goes—for good,
You will discover how much you care,
And will give your heart to a dog to tear.

We’ve sorrow enough in the natural way,
When it comes to burying Christian clay.
Our loves are not given, but only lent,
At compound interest of cent per cent.
Though it is not always the case, I believe,
That the longer we’ve kept ’em, the more do we grieve:
For, when debts are payable, right or wrong,
A short-time loan is as bad as a long—
So why in—Heaven (before we are there)
Should we give our hearts to a dog to tear?

Annotations: “The Power of the Dog” by Rudyard Kipling

Literary And Poetic Devices: “The Power of the Dog” by Rudyard Kipling

Themes: “The Power of the Dog” by Rudyard Kipling

1. The Unconditional Love of Dogs: Kipling beautifully portrays the unwavering and devoted love that dogs offer their human companions. Despite the treatment they receive, dogs remain steadfast in their affection. This theme is evident in lines such as “Perfect passion and worship fed / By a kick in the ribs or a pat on the head.”
2. The Inevitability of Loss and Grief: The poem explores the profound sorrow that accompanies the loss of a beloved pet. Kipling emphasizes the emotional devastation that follows, highlighting the emptiness and despair that can result from such a loss. Lines like “When the spirit that answered your every mood / Is gone—wherever it goes—for good” capture the finality of grief.
3. The Emotional Risk of Deep Attachment: Kipling warns readers about the emotional vulnerability associated with forming deep bonds with animals. He suggests that such attachments can lead to intense suffering when the inevitable loss occurs. Lines such as “It is hardly fair / To risk your heart for a dog to tear” convey this message.
4. The Question of Human-Animal Relationships: The poem raises questions about the nature of human-animal relationships and the ethical implications of keeping pets. Kipling explores the complexities of these relationships, suggesting that while they can bring great joy, they also involve significant emotional risks. Lines like “Should we give our hearts to a dog to tear?” invite readers to contemplate these issues.

Literary Theories and “The Power of the Dog” by Rudyard Kipling

Critical Questions about “The Power of the Dog” by Rudyard Kipling

• What is the significance of the dog’s fourteen-year lifespan mentioned in the poem?
• his reference suggests that the poem is addressing a specific historical context where the average lifespan of dogs was around fourteen years. It also highlights the temporal nature of the human-animal bond, emphasizing the inevitability of loss.
• How does the poem explore the concept of unconditional love, particularly in the context of a human-animal relationship?
• Kipling presents the dog’s love as unwavering and selfless, regardless of the treatment it receives. This raises questions about the nature of love and whether it can truly be unconditional, especially in relationships with beings of different species.
• What is the role of the narrator in the poem, and how does their perspective influence the overall message?
• The narrator seems to be speaking from personal experience, offering advice and caution to the reader. This first-person perspective adds a layer of authenticity and allows the reader to connect with the narrator’s emotions and experiences.
• How does the poem’s portrayal of grief and loss compare to traditional depictions of human sorrow?
• While the poem acknowledges the pain of human loss, it also emphasizes the unique nature of grief when it comes to the loss of a pet. The poem suggests that the emotional intensity of such a loss can be particularly profound due to the unconditional nature of the bond.

Literary Works Similar to “The Power of the Dog” by Rudyard Kipling

1. “To Flush, My Dog” by Elizabeth Barrett Browning: Explores the deep bond between a human and their dog, capturing the love and eventual sorrow that comes with loss.
2. “A Dog Has Died” by Pablo Neruda: Reflects on the death of a beloved dog, expressing the profound grief and emptiness left behind by the loss of a loyal companion.
3. “The House Dog’s Grave” by Robinson Jeffers: Examines the unwavering loyalty and love between a dog and its owner, and the lasting impact of the dog’s death on the human.
4. “Epitaph to a Dog” by Lord Byron: Commemorates the steadfast loyalty of a dog, expressing deep sorrow over the loss of a beloved pet.
5. “The Naming of Cats” by T.S. Eliot: Though more whimsical, this poem touches on the unique relationship between humans and their pets, emphasizing the individuality and connection between them.

Suggested Readings: “The Power of the Dog” by Rudyard Kipling

1. KARLIN, DANIEL. “Actions and Reactions: Kipling’s Edwardian Summer.” In Time’s Eye: Essays on Rudyard Kipling, edited by JAN MONTEFIORE, Manchester University Press, 2013, pp. 111–28. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv6wgn8b.12. Accessed 31 Aug. 2024.
2. Kipling, Rudyard. The power of the dog. JC Marshall, 2017.
3. https://poets.org/poem/power-dog

Representative Quotations of “The Power of the Dog” by Rudyard Kipling

Introduction: “The Peace of Wild Things” by Wendell Berry

“The Peace of Wild Things” by Wendell Berry, first published in 1968 in the poetry collection Openings, is a contemplative poem renowned for its simple yet profound exploration of solace found in nature. Berry’s lyrical language and vivid imagery paint a picture of tranquility and harmony, inviting the reader to find peace amidst the chaos of human existence. The poem’s enduring appeal lies in its timeless message, offering a refuge from the complexities of life and a reminder of the interconnectedness between humans and the natural world.

Text: “The Peace of Wild Things” by Wendell Berry

When despair for the world grows in me
and I wake in the night at the least sound
in fear of what my life and my children’s lives may be,
I go and lie down where the wood drake
rests in his beauty on the water, and the great heron feeds.
I come into the peace of wild things
who do not tax their lives with forethought
of grief. I come into the presence of still water.
And I feel above me the day-blind stars
waiting with their light. For a time
I rest in the grace of the world, and am free.

Annotations: “The Peace of Wild Things” by Wendell Berry

Literary And Poetic Devices: “The Peace of Wild Things” by Wendell Berry

Themes: “The Peace of Wild Things” by Wendell Berry

1. The Restorative Power of Nature: Berry emphasizes the transformative potential of the natural world. Through imagery of wild things living in harmony, he suggests that nature can provide solace and peace amidst life’s challenges. The speaker finds refuge in the presence of the wood drake, the great heron, and the still water, suggesting that these elements of nature offer a respite from despair.
2. The Importance of Connection: The poem underscores the significance of human connection to the natural world. The speaker’s decision to “lie down where the wood drake rests” and “come into the presence of still water” highlights the need for a deep and intimate relationship with nature. This connection offers a sense of belonging and grounding.
3. The Simplicity of Existence: Berry contrasts the complexity of human life with the simplicity of the natural world. The wild things are described as “who do not tax their lives with forethought of grief,” suggesting that their existence is free from the worries and anxieties that plague humans. This contrast invites the reader to consider the benefits of a simpler, more natural way of living.
4. The Endurance of Hope: Despite the speaker’s initial despair, the poem concludes on a note of hope. The image of the “day-blind stars waiting with their light” suggests that there is a timeless quality to the universe and that hope endures even in the darkest of times. This message offers a sense of comfort and reassurance to the reader.

Literary Theories and “The Peace of Wild Things” by Wendell Berry

Critical Questions about “The Peace of Wild Things” by Wendell Berry

• How does the poem explore the contrast between human anxiety and natural serenity?
• In “The Peace of Wild Things,” Wendell Berry contrasts the overwhelming anxiety that humans experience with the tranquility found in nature. The speaker describes waking “in the night at the least sound / in fear of what my life and my children’s lives may be,” highlighting the pervasive worry that dominates human life. In contrast, the natural world, represented by the “wood drake” and “great heron,” embodies a peaceful existence free from such fears. The line “who do not tax their lives with forethought of grief” underscores the idea that animals live in the moment, unburdened by the future, suggesting that humans might find peace by embracing a similar outlook.
• What role does the imagery of water play in the poem’s depiction of peace?
• Water imagery in the poem serves as a powerful symbol of peace and stillness. The speaker seeks out “the presence of still water,” which suggests a calm and tranquil environment that contrasts sharply with the turbulence of human emotions. Water is traditionally associated with cleansing and renewal, and in this poem, the “still water” offers a moment of reflection and respite from the speaker’s anxieties. The reference to “day-blind stars / waiting with their light” above the water further reinforces the idea of an ever-present, though sometimes hidden, source of peace and hope.
• How does Berry use the concept of time to reflect on human and natural experiences?
• Wendell Berry juxtaposes human concerns about the future with the timeless, ongoing rhythms of nature. The speaker’s anxiety is rooted in fears for the future, as seen in the line “in fear of what my life and my children’s lives may be,” which reflects a forward-looking, anticipatory dread. In contrast, the natural world is depicted as existing in a more immediate, present-focused state. The “peace of wild things” lies in their lack of “forethought of grief,” suggesting that the natural world is free from the human preoccupation with time and the future, and this freedom offers a model for finding peace in the present moment.
• What does the poem suggest about the relationship between humans and nature?
• The poem suggests that humans can find solace and healing in their relationship with nature. The speaker turns to the natural world as a refuge from the stresses of human life, indicating a deep, restorative connection between humans and the environment. By stating, “I come into the peace of wild things” and “rest in the grace of the world,” the speaker acknowledges the healing power of nature. The poem implies that nature provides a sanctuary where humans can escape the burdens of modern life and reconnect with a more primal, peaceful existence, suggesting an intrinsic bond between human well-being and the natural world.

Literary Works Similar to “The Peace of Wild Things” by Wendell Berry

1. “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock” by T.S. Eliot: Both poems explore themes of isolation and alienation, with a focus on the disconnect between individuals and the world around them.
2. “Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening” by Robert Frost: Both poems offer contemplative reflections on the natural world, inviting readers to find peace and solace in the simplicity of nature.
3. “The Road Not Taken” by Robert Frost: Both poems explore the theme of choice and its impact on life’s journey, suggesting that the decisions we make can shape our experiences and sense of self.
4. “The Wild Swans at Coole” by W.B. Yeats: Both poems evoke a sense of nostalgia and loss, reflecting on the passage of time and the changing nature of life.
5. “Ode to a Nightingale” by John Keats: Both poems explore the power of nature to inspire and uplift the human spirit, celebrating the beauty and transience of life.

Suggested Readings: “The Peace of Wild Things” by Wendell Berry

1. Berry, Wendell. The Selected Poems of Wendell Berry. Counterpoint Press, 1998.
2. Berry, Wendell. What Are People For? North Point Press, 1990.

Representative Quotations of “The Peace of Wild Things” by Wendell Berry

Introduction: “The Oxen” by Thomas Hardy

“The Oxen” by Thomas Hardy, first published in 1915 in the Times newspaper, is a poignant poem renowned for its nostalgic tone and simple, yet evocative language. The central theme revolves around the enduring power of childhood memories, specifically the belief that oxen kneel on Christmas Eve. Hardy employs a nostalgic perspective, exploring the loss of innocence and the passage of time. The poem’s enduring appeal lies in its ability to evoke a sense of longing and contemplation, inviting readers to reflect on their own cherished memories.

Text: “The Oxen” by Thomas Hardy

Annotations: “The Oxen” by Thomas Hardy

Literary And Poetic Devices: “The Oxen” by Thomas Hardy

Themes: “The Oxen” by Thomas Hardy

Literary Theories and “The Oxen” by Thomas Hardy

Critical Questions about “The Oxen” by Thomas Hardy

Literary Works Similar to “The Oxen” by Thomas Hardy

1. “The Darkling Thrush” by Thomas Hardy: This poem shares with “The Oxen” themes of doubt, nostalgia, and the interplay between despair and a glimmer of hope, set against the backdrop of a bleak winter landscape.
2. “Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening” by Robert Frost: Like “The Oxen,” this poem evokes a quiet, contemplative mood in a rural winter setting, with subtle reflections on life’s deeper meanings beneath the serene surface.
3. “Snow-Bound” by John Greenleaf Whittier: This poem, similar to “The Oxen,” captures the nostalgic warmth of family gatherings in winter, blending a sense of tradition with reflections on the past.
4. “Christmas Eve” by Christina Rossetti: Rossetti’s poem explores the themes of faith and reflection during Christmas, similar to Hardy’s focus on the interplay between belief and doubt during the holiday season.
5. “On the Morning of Christ’s Nativity” by John Milton: This poem, like “The Oxen,” reflects on the nativity scene with a blend of reverence and contemplation, drawing on the imagery of animals and the peacefulness of the Christmas setting.

Suggested Readings: “The Oxen” by Thomas Hardy

Representative Quotations of “The Oxen” by Thomas Hardy

Introduction: “The Night Migrations” by Louise Glück

“The Night Migrations” by Louise Glück, first published in 2007 as part of her collection Averno, is popular for its contemplative and often melancholic tone, exploring the themes of mortality, loss, and the passage of time. Glück’s use of vivid imagery and evocative language creates a poignant atmosphere, inviting readers to contemplate the ephemeral nature of life and the beauty found in even the most fleeting moments. The poem’s central idea revolves around the cyclical nature of existence, symbolized by the annual migration of birds and the inevitability of death.

Text: “The Night Migrations” by Louise Glück

Annotations of “The Night Migrations” by Louise Glück

Literary and Poetic Devices in “The Night Migrations” by Louise Glück

Themes in “The Night Migrations” by Louise Glück

• Mortality and Loss: Glück’s poem delves deeply into the universal theme of mortality and the profound sense of loss that accompanies it. The speaker’s contemplation of the “dead” who can no longer witness the beauty of nature underscores the finality of death and the fragility of human life. The poem explores the complex interplay between the appreciation of life’s beauty and the inevitability of its end. Additionally, Glück raises questions about the potential for solace in the afterlife, revealing the human desire for meaning and purpose even in the face of death.
• The Passage of Time: The poem’s exploration of time is a central theme, symbolized by the annual migration of birds. This imagery serves as a metaphor for the relentless passage of time and the impermanence of all things. The speaker’s contemplation of the dead highlights the contrast between the fleeting nature of life and the enduring nature of death. Furthermore, the poem suggests that time can be both a source of comfort and a cause of sorrow, as it allows for the creation of memories and experiences while also reminding us of the inevitable loss of loved ones.
• The Beauty of Nature: Despite the melancholic tone, Glück celebrates the beauty of the natural world. The vivid description of the “red berries of the mountain ash” and the “birds’ night migrations” evokes a sense of wonder and appreciation for the natural world. This appreciation contrasts with the somber contemplation of death and loss, suggesting that beauty can be found even in the darkest moments. The poem’s exploration of nature serves as a reminder of the interconnectedness of all living things and the importance of preserving the natural world for future generations.  
• The Search for Meaning: The poem delves into the human search for meaning and purpose in the face of death. The speaker’s questions about what will happen to the soul after death and the possibility of finding contentment in non-existence reflect the universal human desire to understand the nature of existence and the purpose of life. Glück’s exploration of these existential questions invites readers to contemplate their own mortality and search for meaning in their own lives.

Literary Theories and “The Night Migrations” by Louise Glück

Essay Topics, Questions and Thesis Statements about “The Night Migrations” by Louise Glück

Critical Questions/Answers about “The Night Migrations” by Louise Glück

Literary Works Similar to “The Night Migrations” by Louise Glück

1. “Wild Geese” by Mary Oliver: Similarity: Like Glück’s poem, Oliver’s “Wild Geese” explores themes of nature, the self, and the human condition, offering solace through the natural world.
2. “A Noiseless Patient Spider” by Walt Whitman: Similarity: Whitman’s poem, like Glück’s, uses imagery from nature to reflect on the soul’s journey and the existential search for connection and meaning.
3. “Because I Could Not Stop for Death” by Emily Dickinson: Similarity: This poem shares with Glück’s work a contemplation of death and the afterlife, blending themes of mortality with serene acceptance.
4. “The Darkling Thrush” by Thomas Hardy: Similarity: Hardy’s poem similarly juxtaposes the bleakness of life with the enduring presence of nature, reflecting on hope and despair in the face of mortality.
5. “The Snow Man” by Wallace Stevens: Similarity: Stevens’ poem, like Glück’s, meditates on the relationship between the observer and the natural world, emphasizing the starkness of reality and the necessity of acceptance.

Suggested Readings: “The Night Migrations” by Louise Glück

1. Glück, Louise. A Village Life. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2009.
2. Bidart, Frank. “Louise Glück.” The Threepenny Review, no. 90, 2002, pp. 19–19. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/4385144. Accessed 28 Aug. 2024.
3. McGrath, Campbell. “Louise Glück.” Harvard Review, no. 35, 2008, pp. 64–67. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/40347474. Accessed 28 Aug. 2024.
4. SASTRI, REENA. “Louise Glück’s Twenty-First-Century Lyric.” PMLA, vol. 129, no. 2, 2014, pp. 188–203. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/24769447. Accessed 28 Aug. 2024.
5. Douglas, Ann, and Louise Glück. “DESCENDING FIGURE: An Interview with Louise Glück.” Columbia: A Journal of Literature and Art, no. 6, 1981, pp. 116–25. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/42744361. Accessed 28 Aug. 2024.
6. Keniston, Ann. “‘Balm after Violence’: Louise Glück’s ‘Averno.’” The Kenyon Review, vol. 30, no. 4, 2008, pp. 177–87. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/27653877. Accessed 28 Aug. 2024.

Representative Quotations from “The Night Migrations” by Louise Glück

Introduction: “The Next War” by Wilfred Owen

“The Next War” by Wilfred Owen, first published in 1920 in the collection “Poems”  explores the disillusionment and fatalism that characterized the First World War. Owen uses stark imagery and a cynical tone to depict death as a familiar and almost friendly figure. The poem’s central idea is that war is a senseless cycle of violence and suffering, and that humans have become so accustomed to it that they even find camaraderie with death itself.

Text: “The Next War” by Wilfred Owen

War’s a joke for me and you,
        While we know such dreams are true.
          Siegfried Sassoon
                    ~~~~~~

Out there, we’ve walked quite friendly up to Death, —
Sat down and eaten with him, cool and bland, —
Pardoned his spilling mess-tins in our hand.
We’ve sniffed the green thick odour of his breath, —
Our eyes wept, but our courage didn’t writhe.
He’s spat at us with bullets and he’s coughed
Shrapnel. We chorussed when he sang aloft,
We whistled while he shaved us with his scythe.

Oh, Death was never enemy of ours!
We laughed at him, we leagued with him, old chum.
No soldier’s paid to kick against His powers.
We laughed, — knowing that better men would come,
And greater wars: when each proud fighter brags
He wars on Death, for lives; not men, for flags.

Annotations: “The Next War” by Wilfred Owen

Literary And Poetic Devices: “The Next War” by Wilfred Owen

Themes: “The Next War” by Wilfred Owen

• Desensitization to Death: Owen’s poem offers a stark portrayal of soldiers’ casual and almost intimate relationship with death. They “eat with him,” “sniff the green thick odor of his breath,” and “whistle while he shaved us with his scythe.” These images suggest a profound desensitization to the horrors of war, as soldiers have become so accustomed to death that they can even find humor or camaraderie in its presence. This desensitization is a consequence of the prolonged exposure to violence and the constant threat of death on the battlefield. It is a coping mechanism that allows soldiers to endure the unimaginable horrors of war, but it also comes at a significant psychological cost.
• The Futility of War: The poem emphasizes the senselessness of war through its cynical tone and bleak imagery. The soldiers’ acceptance of death, their willingness to “kick against His powers,” and their belief that “better men would come” highlight the cyclical nature of conflict and the futility of human efforts to overcome it. Owen suggests that war is a self-perpetuating cycle, with each generation destined to repeat the mistakes of the past. The poem’s message is one of despair and hopelessness, as it suggests that there is no end to the suffering and loss caused by war.
• The Psychological Impact of War: Owen explores the devastating psychological toll of war on soldiers. The soldiers’ “eyes wept” but their “courage didn’t writhe,” suggesting a suppression of emotions and a forced resilience in the face of trauma. The poem implies that the experience of war can lead to a detachment from reality, a numbing of human empathy, and a loss of faith in humanity. Soldiers may struggle to reconcile the horrors they have witnessed with their own sense of morality and humanity.
• The Critique of War: Despite the soldiers’ apparent acceptance of death, the poem ultimately critiques war. The cynical tone and the suggestion of future, even greater wars imply a condemnation of the senseless cycle of violence. Owen’s poem serves as a powerful indictment of war, exposing its futility, its psychological costs, and its devastating impact on human life. By portraying the horrors of war with unflinching honesty, Owen challenges the romantic and heroic narratives often associated with conflict and urges readers to question the value of war and the sacrifices it demands.

Literary Theories and “The Next War” by Wilfred Owen

Critical Questions about “The Next War” by Wilfred Owen

Literary Works Similar to “The Next War” by Wilfred Owen

1. “Dulce et Decorum Est” by Wilfred Owen: Similarity: Both poems depict the harsh realities of war, challenging the glorification of combat and exposing the brutal experiences of soldiers.
2. “Anthem for Doomed Youth” by Wilfred Owen: Similarity: Like “The Next War,” this poem uses vivid imagery and somber tone to mourn the loss of young soldiers, emphasizing the senselessness of war.
3. “Exposure” by Wilfred Owen: Similarity: Both works explore the physical and psychological toll of war on soldiers, with a focus on the environment’s hostility and the inevitability of death.
4. “The Soldier” by Rupert Brooke: Similarity: Although more idealistic, “The Soldier” shares thematic elements with “The Next War,” as both address the notion of sacrifice and death in war, albeit with contrasting tones.
5. “The Charge of the Light Brigade” by Alfred, Lord Tennyson: Similarity: This poem, like “The Next War,” highlights the futility and horror of war, particularly through the depiction of brave but doomed soldiers following orders that lead to their deaths.

Suggested Readings: “The Next War” by Wilfred Owen

1. Bartel, Roland. “Teaching Wilfred Owen’s War Poems and the Bible.” The English Journal, vol. 61, no. 1, 1972, pp. 36–42. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/812892. Accessed 28 Aug. 2024.
2. Brophy, James D. “The War Poetry of Wilfred Owen and Osbert Sitwell: An Instructive Contrast.” Modern Language Studies, vol. 1, no. 2, 1971, pp. 22–29. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/3194256. Accessed 28 Aug. 2024.
3. Slawek, Tadeusz. “‘Dark Pits of War’: Wilfred Owen’s Poetry and the Hermeneutics of War.” Boundary 2, vol. 14, no. 1/2, 1985, pp. 309–31. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/303527. Accessed 28 Aug. 2024.
4. FEIN, RICHARD. “Modern War Poetry.” Southwest Review, vol. 47, no. 4, 1962, pp. 279–88. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/43467426. Accessed 28 Aug. 2024.
5. LOGAN, WILLIAM. “World War II Poetry, Reloaded.” Southwest Review, vol. 98, no. 4, 2013, pp. 540–65. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/43473328. Accessed 28 Aug. 2024.
6. Norgate, Paul. “Wilfred Owen and the Soldier Poets.” The Review of English Studies, vol. 40, no. 160, 1989, pp. 516–30. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/517098. Accessed 28 Aug. 2024.

Representative Quotations of “The Next War” by Wilfred Owen