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“Sonnet 139: O, call not me to justify the wrong” by William Shakespeare: A Critical Analysis

Published in 1609, “Sonnet 139: O, call not me to justify the wrong” by William Shakespeare belongs to the renowned collection known as the “Shakespearean Sonnets.”

Introduction: “Sonnet 139: O, call not me to justify the wrong” by William Shakespeare

Published in 1609, “Sonnet 139: O, call not me to justify the wrong” by William Shakespeare belongs to the renowned collection known as the “Shakespearean Sonnets.” This sequence of 154 sonnets encompasses a rich tapestry of themes, including love’s complexities, the sting of loss, fleeting beauty, the inevitability of mortality, and the relentless passage of time. Sonnet 139 specifically delves into the depths of a passionate yet emotionally fraught relationship. The speaker, wrestling with the betrayal of a loved one, employs direct and almost accusatory language, conveying a palpable sense of frustration. The poem’s adherence to the traditional English or Shakespearean sonnet form, characterized by its three quatrains and a concluding couplet, offers a sense of structure and control that stands in stark contrast to the speaker’s internal turmoil.

Text: “Sonnet 139: O, call not me to justify the wrong” by William Shakespeare

O, call not me to justify the wrong

That thy unkindness lays upon my heart;

Wound me not with thine eye but with thy tongue;

Use power with power, and slay me not by art.

Tell me thou lov’st elsewhere; but in my sight,

Dear heart, forbear to glance thine eye aside;

What need’st thou wound with cunning when thy might

Is more than my o’erpressed defense can bide?

Let me excuse thee: ah, my love well knows

Her pretty looks have been mine enemies;

And therefore from my face she turns my foes,

That they elsewhere might dart their injuries—

Yet do not so; but since I am near slain,

Kill me outright with looks and rid my pain.

Annotations: “Sonnet 139: O, call not me to justify the wrong” by William Shakespeare

Line	Text	Annotation
1	O, call not me to justify the wrong	The speaker implores the beloved not to ask for explanations or justifications for the wrongs inflicted by the beloved’s unkindness.
2	That thy unkindness lays upon my heart;	The speaker describes how the unkindness of the beloved causes pain and distress in their heart.
3	Wound me not with thine eye but with thy tongue;	Instead of inflicting harm through mere looks, the speaker urges the beloved to speak openly and honestly about their feelings and actions.
4	Use power with power, and slay me not by art.	The speaker suggests that if the beloved possesses power or authority, they should use it directly rather than employing cunning or deceit.
5	Tell me thou lov’st elsewhere; but in my sight,	The speaker requests the beloved to confess if they love someone else, but to refrain from doing so in their presence, out of consideration.
6	Dear heart, forbear to glance thine eye aside;	The speaker addresses the beloved affectionately, asking them not to look away or avoid the truth when speaking about their feelings.
7	What need’st thou wound with cunning when thy might	Why do you need to hurt me with deceitful actions when you have the power to affect me directly and honestly?
8	Is more than my o’erpressed defense can bide?	The speaker acknowledges their vulnerability and inability to withstand the onslaught of the beloved’s power and actions.
9	Let me excuse thee: ah, my love well knows	The speaker offers to forgive or excuse the beloved for their actions, recognizing that the beloved is aware of their own attractiveness.
10	Her pretty looks have been mine enemies;	The speaker personifies the beloved’s attractive appearance as an adversary that causes jealousy and insecurity.
11	And therefore from my face she turns my foes,	Because of the threat posed by the speaker’s jealous feelings, the beloved averts their gaze from the speaker to prevent further conflict.
12	That they elsewhere might dart their injuries—	The beloved avoids looking at the speaker so that the jealousy and insecurity of the speaker might be directed elsewhere, sparing the speaker.
13	Yet do not so; but since I am near slain,	Despite the speaker’s understanding, they still suffer greatly from the beloved’s actions, feeling emotionally wounded and close to defeat.
14	Kill me outright with looks and rid my pain.	The speaker expresses a desire for the beloved to directly confront them with the truth, even if it causes immense emotional pain, to end it.

Literary and Poetic Devices: “Sonnet 139: O, call not me to justify the wrong” by William Shakespeare

Literary Device	Short Definition	Explanation in Sonnet 139
Apostrophe	Addressing a person or thing not physically present	“O, call not me…” (Line 1)
Metaphor	Comparing two things without using “like” or “as”	* “Thy unkindness lays upon my heart” (Line 1): Unkindness is compared to a burden placed on the heart. * “Pretty looks…have been mine enemies” (Line 11): Looks are compared to enemies.
Metonymy	Substituting something associated with a thing for the thing itself	“Use power with power” (Line 3): Power is used instead of a person with power.
Personification	Giving human qualities to non-human things	“Thy unkindness lays upon my heart” (Line 1): Unkindness is given the ability to act.
Hyperbole	Exaggeration for emphasis	“Wound me not…slay me not” (Lines 2, 3): The speaker exaggerates the effect of the beloved’s actions.
Litotes	Understatement to suggest the opposite	“O’erpressed defense” (Line 7): This implies the defense is very weak.
Euphemism	Mild or indirect expression for something harsh	“Excuse thee” (Line 8): This softens the blame for the beloved’s infidelity.
Anaphora	Repetition of words or phrases at the beginning of lines	“Wound me not… Use power with power…” (Lines 2-3)
Antithesis	Contrast between opposing ideas	“Wound me not with thine eye but with thy tongue” (Line 2)
Parallelism	Similar grammatical structure in successive phrases or clauses	* “Wound me not with thine eye but with thy tongue…Tell me thou lov’st elsewhere” (Lines 2-3) * “What need’st thou wound with cunning when thy might… Is more than my o’erpressed defense can bide?” (Lines 7-8)
Caesura	A pause in the middle of a line	“Wound me not with thine eye but with thy tongue” (Line 2)
Enjambment	Running over of a sentence from one line to the next	“Let me excuse thee: ah, my love well knows * Her pretty looks…” (Lines 8-9)
Assonance	Repetition of vowel sounds	* “Wound me not with thine eye…” (Line 2) * “Dear heart, forbear to glance thine eye aside” (Line 5)
Consonance	Repetition of consonant sounds	“Tell me thou lov’st elsewhere; but in my sight…” (Line 4)
Syllepsis	A single word modifying two things in grammatically different ways	“Wound me not with thine eye but with thy tongue” (Line 2): “Wound” modifies both “eye” and “tongue” in different ways.
Iambic Pentameter	Meter with five pairs of syllables (unstressed/stressed) per line	This is the sonnet’s overall meter.
Elizabethan Sonnet	Specific rhyme scheme (ABAB CDCD EFEF GG)	This sonnet follows the Shakespearean or Elizabethan sonnet form.
Volta	The “turn” of the poem, often around the ninth line	“Yet do not so…” (Line 13): The speaker changes his mind about wanting honesty.
Pathetic Fallacy	Attributing human emotions or characteristics to nature	It’s not explicitly used in this sonnet, but it’s a common device in Shakespeare’s work.

Themes: “Sonnet 139: O, call not me to justify the wrong” by William Shakespeare

1. The Torment of Unfaithfulness:

The speaker suffers greatly due to the beloved’s infidelity.
Example: “That thy unkindness lays upon my heart” (Line 1)

2. The Power of Beauty and Deception:

The beloved’s beauty is both a source of love and a weapon used for deceit.
Examples:
- “Pretty looks have been mine enemies” (Line 11)
- “And therefore from my face she turns my foes” (Line 12)

3. The Paradox of Desire and Self-Destruction:

The speaker craves honesty yet begs to be deceived by the beloved’s beauty.
Examples:
- “Tell me thou lov’st elsewhere” (Line 4)
- “Kill me outright with looks and rid my pain” (Line 14)

4. The Powerlessness of Love:

The speaker feels powerless to resist the beloved or end the torment.
Examples:
- “What need’st thou wound with cunning when thy might… Is more than my o’erpressed defense can bide?” (Lines 7-8)

Literary Theories and “Sonnet 139: O, call not me to justify the wrong” by William Shakespeare

Literary Theory	Explanation	Example from “Sonnet 139”
New Criticism	Focuses on the text itself, emphasizing close reading and interpretation of the work’s form, structure, and language.	“O, call not me to justify the wrong, That thy unkindness lays upon my heart” – This line emphasizes the speaker’s plea not to be called upon to justify the wrongs inflicted upon him.
Psychoanalytic Criticism	Analyzes the characters, symbols, and themes of a work to explore the unconscious desires, fears, and motivations of the author and characters.	“I do forgive thy robbery, gentle thief, Although thou steal thee all my poverty” – This line suggests a complex relationship between forgiveness and victimization, possibly reflecting deeper psychological conflicts within the speaker.
Feminist Criticism	Examines how gender roles, power dynamics, and societal expectations influence literature.	“No, let my heart be by thyself so crost” – This line reflects the speaker’s desire for autonomy and independence from the demands and judgments of the beloved, which can be interpreted in the context of gender dynamics.
Marxist Criticism	Investigates how class, economics, and social structures influence literature, emphasizing the representation of class struggle and oppression.	“No, let my heart be by thyself so crost, And lose not good advantage of his death” – This line may reflect the tension between individual desire and societal pressures, suggesting a struggle against the constraints of class and social expectations.
Deconstructionism	Focuses on the instability of meaning and the ways in which language can contradict itself, often highlighting paradoxes and contradictions within a text.	“In loving thee thou know’st I am forsworn, But thou art twice forsworn, to me love swearing” – This line illustrates the paradoxical nature of love and commitment, highlighting the contradictions inherent in the speaker’s relationship.

Topics, Questions and Thesis Statements: “Sonnet 139: O, call not me to justify the wrong” by William Shakespeare

Topic	Question	Thesis Statement
1. Love and Betrayal	How does the speaker’s portrayal of love and betrayal evolve throughout the sonnet?	In “Sonnet 139,” Shakespeare explores the complex interplay between love and betrayal, depicting a speaker who grapples with the conflicting emotions of forgiveness and resentment towards their beloved, ultimately highlighting the enduring pain caused by betrayal in romantic relationships.
2. Power Dynamics	What power dynamics are at play between the speaker and the beloved in “Sonnet 139”?	“Sonnet 139” delves into the power dynamics within the relationship, revealing a struggle for agency and autonomy as the speaker asserts their independence from the demands and judgments of the beloved, ultimately challenging traditional gender roles and expectations.
3. Self-Justification	How does the speaker justify their actions and feelings throughout the sonnet?	Through “Sonnet 139,” Shakespeare explores the theme of self-justification, as the speaker wrestles with the internal conflict between forgiveness and resentment, ultimately revealing the complexities of human nature and the strategies individuals employ to reconcile their emotions.
4. Language and Symbolism	How does Shakespeare use language and symbolism to convey the themes of the sonnet?	Shakespeare employs rich language and symbolism in “Sonnet 139” to evoke the complexities of love and betrayal, utilizing metaphorical imagery such as robbery and swearing to underscore the emotional turmoil experienced by the speaker, ultimately inviting readers to contemplate the intricacies of human relationships.

Short Questions/Answers about “Sonnet 139: O, call not me to justify the wrong” by William Shakespeare

Question	Detailed Answer (with Examples)
Who is suffering in the poem?	The speaker of the poem is clearly suffering. This is evident from the very first line: “O, call not me to justify the wrong / That thy unkindness lays upon my heart” (Lines 1-2). The speaker feels their heart burdened by the “unkindness” of the beloved, suggesting emotional pain. Additionally, the speaker uses dramatic language like “wound me not” and “slay me not” (Lines 2, 3) to emphasize their intense suffering.
What is the cause of the speaker’s suffering?	The speaker’s suffering is caused by the beloved’s infidelity. This is hinted at in the first line with “unkindness” and made clearer in lines 3-4: “Tell me thou lov’st elsewhere; but in my sight, / Dear heart, forbear to glance thine eye aside.” The speaker pleads with the beloved to be honest about loving someone else.
How does the beloved’s beauty contribute to the speaker’s pain?	The beloved’s beauty creates a complex situation for the speaker. On one hand, it’s the source of the speaker’s love: “Let me excuse thee: ah, my love well knows / Her pretty looks have been mine enemies” (Lines 8-9). However, this same beauty is also used as a weapon of deception: “And therefore from my face she turns my foes, / That they elsewhere might dart their injuries” (Lines 11-12). The speaker feels the beloved withholds their true feelings by hiding behind their beauty.
What is the speaker’s inner conflict?	The speaker’s inner conflict revolves around the desire for honesty and the fear of further pain. They crave the truth: “Tell me thou lov’st elsewhere” (Line 4). Yet, in the face of the beloved’s beauty, they switch and plead: “Yet do not so; but since I am near slain, / Kill me outright with looks and rid my pain” (Lines 13-14). This contradiction shows the speaker’s desperation and confusion. They would rather be hurt by the truth than be deceived by beauty.

Literary Works Similar to “Sonnet 139: O, call not me to justify the wrong” by William Shakespeare

“The Flea” by John Donne – Like Shakespeare’s sonnet, “The Flea” explores themes of love, betrayal, and persuasion. Donne’s poem employs metaphysical conceit to argue for physical intimacy, similar to the persuasive tone in Shakespeare’s sonnet.
“Love’s Alchemy” by John Donne – This poem by Donne also delves into themes of love and betrayal. It explores the transformative power of love and the pain of unrequited affection, echoing the emotional depth found in Shakespeare’s sonnet.
“To His Coy Mistress” by Andrew Marvell – Marvell’s poem shares similarities with “Sonnet 139” in its exploration of persuasion and the passage of time. Both works employ persuasive rhetoric to address a lover, discussing themes of love, time, and mortality.
“When You Are Old” by W.B. Yeats – Yeats’ poem reflects on lost love and the passage of time, much like the themes found in Shakespeare’s sonnet. Both works contemplate the enduring impact of past relationships and the bittersweet nature of memory.
“Remember” by Christina Rossetti – This poem by Rossetti explores themes of love, loss, and remembrance, similar to the emotional depth found in Shakespeare’s sonnet. Both works reflect on the complexities of love and the enduring impact of past relationships on the present.

Representative Quotations from “Sonnet 139: O, call not me to justify the wrong” by William Shakespeare

Quotation	Context	Theorization
“O, call not me to justify the wrong”	The speaker implores their beloved not to force them to justify the wrongs inflicted upon their heart.	This line reflects the speaker’s reluctance to defend themselves against the unkindness of their beloved, suggesting a desire to avoid confrontation and instead appeal to their lover’s sense of compassion and understanding.
“Wound me not with thine eye but with thy tongue”	The speaker asks their beloved not to harm them with their gaze, but rather to use their words to wound them.	This line highlights the power of language to inflict emotional pain, contrasting the physical act of looking with the verbal act of speaking. It suggests that words can be as hurtful as physical wounds, emphasizing the importance of verbal communication in the dynamics of love and relationships.
“Tell me thou lov’st elsewhere; but in my sight”	The speaker requests honesty from their beloved, asking them to confess their love for someone else openly.	This line demonstrates the speaker’s willingness to confront the truth, even if it causes them pain. It suggests a desire for transparency and authenticity in the relationship, as well as a willingness to accept the reality of their beloved’s feelings, regardless of the consequences for their own emotional well-being.
“Let me excuse thee: ah, my love well knows”	The speaker attempts to excuse their beloved’s actions, acknowledging that their attractiveness has been a source of jealousy and enmity.	This line reveals the speaker’s understanding and empathy towards their beloved, recognizing the societal pressures and external influences that may have led to their unkindness. It suggests a desire to forgive and reconcile, despite the pain caused by the beloved’s actions, highlighting the complexities of love and forgiveness in the face of adversity.
“Yet do not so; but since I am near slain”	Despite their initial plea for understanding, the speaker expresses a desire for their beloved to acknowledge the extent of their pain and put an end to their suffering.	This line reflects the speaker’s internal conflict between forgiveness and resentment, as well as their willingness to confront the reality of their situation and seek closure. It suggests a longing for honesty and directness in communication, as well as a recognition of the need to confront painful truths in order to move forward in the relationship.
“Kill me outright with looks and rid my pain”	The speaker concludes by asking their beloved to end their suffering by acknowledging the depth of their emotional distress.	This line encapsulates the speaker’s desperation and vulnerability, as well as their willingness to sacrifice their own emotional well-being for the sake of honesty and authenticity in the relationship. It suggests a desire for resolution and closure, even if it means facing the painful reality of the beloved’s actions, highlighting the complexities of love and the sacrifices it sometimes demands.

“Porphyria’s Lover” by Robert Browning: A Critical Analysis

“Porphyria’s Lover” by Robert Browning, appeared in 1836 under the title “Porphyria” and was incorporated in the collection Dramatic Lyrics.

Introduction: “Porphyria’s Lover” by Robert Browning

“Porphyria’s Lover” by Robert Browning, first appeared in 1836 under the title “Porphyria” was later incorporated into the collection Dramatic Lyrics, solidifying its place as a cornerstone of Browning’s early work. The poem’s notoriety stems from its exploration of a deeply disturbing subject – murder fueled by obsession – presented through a captivating dramatic monologue. The speaker’s chilling perspective, revealed entirely through his own words, compels the reader to grapple with complex emotions, making “Porphyria’s Lover” a poem both unsettling and undeniably powerful.

Text: “Porphyria’s Lover” by Robert Browning

The rain set early in to-night,

The sullen wind was soon awake,

It tore the elm-tops down for spite,

And did its worst to vex the lake:

I listened with heart fit to break.

When glided in Porphyria; straight

She shut the cold out and the storm,

And kneeled and made the cheerless grate

Blaze up, and all the cottage warm;

Which done, she rose, and from her form

Withdrew the dripping cloak and shawl,

And laid her soiled gloves by, untied

Her hat and let the damp hair fall,

And, last, she sat down by my side

And called me. When no voice replied,

She put my arm about her waist,

And made her smooth white shoulder bare,

And all her yellow hair displaced,

And, stooping, made my cheek lie there,

And spread, o’er all, her yellow hair,

Murmuring how she loved me — she

Too weak, for all her heart’s endeavour,

To set its struggling passion free

From pride, and vainer ties dissever,

And give herself to me for ever.

But passion sometimes would prevail,

Nor could to-night’s gay feast restrain

A sudden thought of one so pale

For love of her, and all in vain:

So, she was come through wind and rain.

Be sure I looked up at her eyes

Happy and proud; at last I knew

Porphyria worshipped me; surprise

Made my heart swell, and still it grew

While I debated what to do.

That moment she was mine, mine, fair,

Perfectly pure and good: I found

A thing to do, and all her hair

In one long yellow string I wound

Three times her little throat around,

And strangled her. No pain felt she;

I am quite sure she felt no pain.

As a shut bud that holds a bee,

I warily oped her lids: again

Laughed the blue eyes without a stain.

And I untightened next the tress

About her neck; her cheek once more

Blushed bright beneath my burning kiss:

I propped her head up as before,

Only, this time my shoulder bore

Her head, which droops upon it still:

The smiling rosy little head,

So glad it has its utmost will,

That all it scorned at once is fled,

And I, its love, am gained instead!

Porphyria’s love: she guessed not how

Her darling one wish would be heard.

And thus we sit together now,

And all night long we have not stirred,

And yet God has not said a word!

Annotations: “Porphyria’s Lover” by Robert Browning

Stanza	Annotation
1	The speaker sets the scene with a description of the weather: rain falling heavily and a strong wind stirring. The mood is somber and bleak, mirroring the speaker’s emotional state. He feels distraught and on the verge of breaking down.
2	Porphyria, the lover, enters the scene and brings warmth and comfort to the cottage. She tends to the fire, symbolizing her nurturing and caring nature. As she removes her wet clothes, there’s a sense of intimacy and domesticity between her and the speaker.
3	Porphyria expresses her love for the speaker, emphasizing her desire to overcome any obstacles to be with him. Despite her genuine affection, there’s a hint of vulnerability in her inability to fully liberate herself from societal expectations.
4	The speaker’s jealousy and possessiveness surface as he grapples with the thought of Porphyria’s potential infidelity or betrayal. His mind becomes consumed by a dark resolve, setting the stage for the poem’s tragic turn.
5	In a chilling and violent act, the speaker decides to make Porphyria his forever, believing it to be an act of love and possession. He uses her own hair to strangle her, an act that is both horrific and deeply symbolic of his desire for control.
6	After committing the murder, the speaker reflects on Porphyria’s serene expression, convinced that she felt no pain in her final moments. He opens her eyes, revealing a disturbing detachment from the reality of his actions.
7	The speaker arranges Porphyria’s lifeless body, feeling a perverse sense of triumph in having “won” her love through his violent act. He revels in the idea that she is now wholly his, even in death.
8	The poem concludes with the speaker and Porphyria sitting together, frozen in their macabre tableau. Despite the gravity of his actions, there is no divine intervention or judgment, leaving the speaker in a state of eerie calmness and moral ambiguity.

Literary and Poetic Devices: “Porphyria’s Lover” by Robert Browning

Literary/Poetic Device	Description
Alliteration	Her darling one *wish would* be heard
Allusion	Indirect reference to another work of literature or historical event, as seen in the title, which alludes to the medical condition.
Assonance	Repetition of vowel sounds within nearby words, as in “porphyria” and “cheerless.”
Consonance	Repetition of consonant sounds within or at the end of words, like the “t” sound in “set,” “late,” and “night.”
Enjambment	Continuation of a sentence or phrase from one line or stanza to the next without a pause or break.
Hyperbole	Exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally, such as “heart fit to break” or “perfectly pure and good.”
Imagery	Vivid and descriptive language that appeals to the senses, like “elm-tops down” or “smooth white shoulder.”
Irony	Contrast between expectation and reality, such as the ironic twist in the speaker’s actions compared to his perception of Porphyria’s love.
Metaphor	Comparison between two unlike things without using “like” or “as,” such as the speaker’s comparison of Porphyria to a flower.
Onomatopoeia	Words that imitate the sound they represent, like “gilded” to describe Porphyria’s entrance or “laughed” to describe her eyes.
Oxymoron	Two contradictory terms used together, such as “cheerless grate” or “smiling rosy little head.”
Personification	Giving human characteristics to non-human entities, as when the storm is described as tearing down elm-tops “for spite.”
Repetition	Repeating words or phrases for emphasis, such as “mine, mine” or “yellow hair.”
Rhyme	Correspondence of sound between words or the endings of words, as seen in the rhyming couplets throughout the poem.
Simile	Comparison between two unlike things using “like” or “as,” as in “As a shut bud that holds a bee.”
Symbolism	Use of symbols to represent ideas or concepts, like the storm symbolizing the speaker’s inner turmoil.
Synecdoche	Figure of speech in which a part is used to represent the whole, as when the speaker refers to Porphyria’s “smiling rosy little head.”
Tone	Attitude or mood conveyed by the speaker, which shifts from somber and melancholic to sinister and chilling.
Understatement	Deliberate downplaying of a situation for emphasis or ironic effect, such as the casual mention of the murder in the final lines.
Word Choice	Selection of specific words to convey meaning, such as the use of “strangled” instead of a softer term, intensifying the brutality.

Themes: “Porphyria’s Lover” by Robert Browning

Love and Possession: In “Porphyria’s Lover,” love intertwines with possession, leading to a disturbing portrayal of romantic obsession. The speaker’s desire to possess Porphyria entirely drives him to commit a heinous act, believing it to be an expression of love. As he reflects on the murder, he reveals his twisted perception of ownership: “That moment she was mine, mine, fair, / Perfectly pure and good.” Love, in this context, becomes entangled with control, ultimately resulting in tragedy and the loss of innocence.
Jealousy and Control: The theme of jealousy and control permeates the poem, manifesting in the speaker’s possessive behavior towards Porphyria. His jealousy over her potential infidelity or independence fuels his need for control, culminating in a violent act of murder. As he reflects on Porphyria’s devotion, his jealousy becomes apparent: “Surprise / Made my heart swell, and still it grew / While I debated what to do.” This jealousy drives him to assert dominance over Porphyria, highlighting the destructive power of possessiveness when fueled by insecurity and obsession.
Moral Ambiguity: “Porphyria’s Lover” explores the moral ambiguity surrounding love, possession, and violence. The speaker’s actions blur the lines between right and wrong, challenging conventional notions of morality. Despite the brutality of his act, the speaker rationalizes it as an expression of love: “No pain felt she; / I am quite sure she felt no pain.” This moral ambiguity forces readers to confront uncomfortable truths about human nature and the complexities of romantic relationships, where love can become entangled with control and violence, defying traditional ethical boundaries.
Isolation and Alienation: The theme of isolation and alienation pervades “Porphyria’s Lover,” portraying the speaker’s psychological descent into loneliness and madness. His fixation on Porphyria becomes a solitary obsession, driving him to commit a violent act in an attempt to possess her completely. As he sits with her lifeless body, a sense of isolation looms: “And thus we sit together now, / And all night long we have not stirred.” This isolation reflects the speaker’s detachment from societal norms and his descent into a solitary existence, highlighting the destructive consequences of obsessive love and emotional detachment.

Literary Theories and “Porphyria’s Lover” by Robert Browning

Literary Theory	Description
Psychoanalytic Theory	Psychoanalytic theory, as pioneered by Sigmund Freud, explores the unconscious desires and motivations of characters. In “Porphyria’s Lover,” the speaker’s obsessive love and violent actions can be analyzed through this lens. His jealousy, possessiveness, and eventual murder of Porphyria may stem from repressed desires or unresolved psychological conflicts. The poem’s exploration of the subconscious highlights how internal struggles can manifest in destructive behavior.
Feminist Theory	Feminist theory examines power dynamics and gender roles within literature. In “Porphyria’s Lover,” the unequal power dynamic between the speaker and Porphyria reflects patriarchal structures. Porphyria’s agency is limited, and she becomes a passive object of the speaker’s desire and violence. The poem critiques societal expectations of female submission and male dominance, shedding light on the oppressive nature of traditional gender roles. The murder can be seen as a violent assertion of masculine control over a woman’s autonomy.
New Criticism	New Criticism focuses on close reading and analysis of the text itself, without considering external factors such as authorial intent or historical context. In “Porphyria’s Lover,” attention is given to the poem’s language, imagery, and structure. Close examination of Browning’s use of symbolism, metaphor, and dramatic monologue reveals the speaker’s psychological turmoil and moral ambiguity. The poem’s ambiguous ending invites multiple interpretations, encouraging readers to engage deeply with the text and uncover its layers of meaning.
Marxist Theory	Marxist theory explores social class, power dynamics, and economic structures within literature. In “Porphyria’s Lover,” class differences between the speaker and Porphyria may influence their relationship dynamics. Porphyria’s higher social status and the speaker’s jealousy of her potential interactions with others may reflect tensions related to class inequality. The speaker’s violent act can be seen as a rebellion against the perceived social hierarchy, as he seeks to assert control over Porphyria and eliminate any threats to his dominance.

Topics, Questions, and Thesis Statements: “Porphyria’s Lover” by Robert Browning

Topic	Questions	Thesis Statement
Gender Roles and Power	How are gender roles depicted in the poem? How does power manifest in the relationship between the speaker and Porphyria?	In “Porphyria’s Lover,” Robert Browning examines traditional gender roles and power dynamics, portraying Porphyria as a passive object of the speaker’s desire and violence. The poem critiques patriarchal structures and societal expectations, revealing the oppressive nature of traditional gender norms and the destructive consequences of masculine dominance.
Psychological Analysis	What psychological factors contribute to the speaker’s actions? How does Browning use language and imagery to depict the speaker’s mental state?	Through a psychoanalytic lens, “Porphyria’s Lover” delves into the unconscious desires and motivations of the speaker, revealing how repressed emotions and psychological conflicts drive his obsessive love and violent behavior. Browning’s use of vivid imagery and symbolism vividly portrays the speaker’s descent into madness, highlighting the destructive power of unbridled passion and the complexities of the human psyche.
Morality and Ethics	What moral and ethical dilemmas are presented in the poem? How does the speaker justify his actions, and what does this reveal about his character?	“Porphyria’s Lover” raises questions about morality and ethics, as the speaker justifies his violent act as an expression of love. The poem challenges traditional notions of right and wrong, exposing the moral ambiguity of romantic obsession. By examining the speaker’s rationalizations and inner turmoil, Browning prompts readers to confront uncomfortable truths about human nature and the complexities of love, possession, and morality.
Social Commentary	How does “Porphyria’s Lover” reflect societal norms and values of the Victorian era? What social critiques does Browning offer through the poem?	Through a Marxist lens, “Porphyria’s Lover” critiques social class and power dynamics in Victorian society. Browning highlights tensions between the upper and lower classes, as well as the oppressive nature of patriarchal structures. The speaker’s violent act can be seen as a rebellion against societal norms and a critique of the inequalities inherent in class-based societies, shedding light on the complexities of power, privilege, and social hierarchy.

Short Questions/Answers about “Porphyria’s Lover” by Robert Browning

Who is Porphyria and what does she do for the speaker?
Porphyria is the speaker’s lover. Despite a raging storm outside (“The rain set early in tonight”), she arrives at his cottage, tending the fire and creating a warm atmosphere (“, shut the cold out and the storm, / And kneeled and made the cheerless grate / Blaze up”).
What is the speaker’s emotional state before Porphyria arrives?
The speaker describes feeling heartbroken and dejected (“I listened with heart fit to break”). The storm outside mirrors his inner turmoil (“The sullen wind was soon awake, / It tore the elm-tops down for spite”).
What reveals Porphyria’s deep love for the speaker?
Porphyria defies societal expectations and endures the harsh weather (“she was come through wind and rain”) to be with him. She expresses her love openly (“And spread, o’er all, her yellow hair, / Murmuring how she loved me—she”).
What action does the speaker take, and how does he justify it?
The speaker, overwhelmed by a possessive love, strangles Porphyria with her own hair (“I found / A thing to do, and all her hair / In one long yellow string I wound”). He believes she felt no pain (“No pain felt she; I am quite sure she felt no pain”) and portrays her death as peaceful (“laughed the blue eyes without a stain”).

Literary Works Similar to “Porphyria’s Lover” by Robert Browning

“Annabel Lee” by Edgar Allan Poe: This poem explores themes of love and death, with a narrator obsessed with his deceased lover, Annabel Lee. Like “Porphyria’s Lover,” it delves into the darker aspects of love and obsession.
“La Belle Dame sans Merci” by John Keats: In this poem, Keats depicts a knight who falls under the spell of a mysterious woman, ultimately leading to his downfall. The theme of obsession and the consequences of unrequited love resonate with Browning’s work.
“The Raven” by Edgar Allan Poe: While not directly similar in theme, “The Raven” shares with “Porphyria’s Lover” a dark and melancholic tone, as well as themes of obsession and madness.
“The Highwayman” by Alfred Noyes: This narrative poem tells the tragic love story of a highwayman and his lover, Bess, who sacrifices herself to save him. It explores themes of passion, sacrifice, and the destructive power of love.
“Goblin Market” by Christina Rossetti: While different in narrative structure, “Goblin Market” shares thematic elements with “Porphyria’s Lover,” including themes of temptation, desire, and the consequences of giving in to passion.

Quotations from “Porphyria’s Lover” by Robert Browning

“The rain set early in to-night, The sullen wind was soon awake, It tore the elm-tops down for spite, And did its worst to vex the lake: I listened with heart fit to break.”

Context: The poem opens with a description of a stormy night, setting a gloomy and foreboding atmosphere. The speaker’s heartache is mirrored in the tumultuous weather, hinting at the emotional turmoil to come.

Theorization: The stormy setting reflects the speaker’s inner turmoil and emotional instability. The violent imagery of the wind tearing down trees mirrors the speaker’s pent-up frustrations and desires, foreshadowing the violent act he will commit later in the poem.

“But passion sometimes would prevail, Nor could to-night’s gay feast restrain A sudden thought of one so pale For love of her, and all in vain: So, she was come through wind and rain.”

Context: Despite attending a festive gathering, the speaker’s thoughts are consumed by Porphyria. Her arrival on such a stormy night suggests her dedication to him, which intensifies his feelings of possession and control.

Theorization: The juxtaposition of the festive atmosphere with the speaker’s dark thoughts highlights the contrast between outward appearances and internal struggles. Porphyria’s willingness to brave the storm to be with the speaker emphasizes the depth of her commitment, further fueling his possessive tendencies.

“That moment she was mine, mine, fair, Perfectly pure and good: I found A thing to do, and all her hair In one long yellow string I wound Three times her little throat around,”

Context: In a moment of perceived triumph, the speaker decides to take drastic action to ensure Porphyria remains his forever. He views her as an object to possess, disregarding her autonomy and agency.

Theorization: The repetition of “mine” emphasizes the speaker’s sense of ownership and entitlement over Porphyria. His desire for control and possession reaches its peak as he takes her life, believing it to be an act of love and devotion. This reflects the darker aspects of human nature, where love becomes intertwined with obsession and violence.

“And thus we sit together now, And all night long we have not stirred, And yet God has not said a word!”

Context: The poem concludes with the speaker and Porphyria sitting together, her lifeless body propped up beside him. Despite the gravity of his actions, the speaker remains unpunished, reflecting on the absence of divine judgment.

Theorization: The speaker’s blasphemous defiance at the end of the poem underscores his moral depravity and lack of remorse. The silence of God serves as a chilling reminder of the speaker’s unchecked power and the absence of justice in the face of his heinous act. Browning challenges societal norms and moral expectations, prompting readers to question the nature of love, morality, and accountability.

“Do Not Stand at My Grave and Weep” by Mary Elizabeth Frye: A Critical Analysis

“Do Not Stand at My Grave and Weep” by Mary Elizabeth Frye was first published in 1932 and emerged during a time of personal sorrow for Frye, who wrote it to comfort a grieving friend.

Introduction: “Do Not Stand at My Grave and Weep” by Mary Elizabeth Frye

“Do Not Stand at My Grave and Weep” by Mary Elizabeth Frye was first published in 1932 and emerged during a time of personal sorrow for Frye, who wrote it to comfort a grieving friend. Despite not having any formal education in poetry, Frye’s words encapsulate a universal message of solace and transcendence. The poem’s enduring qualities lie in its timeless themes of the continuity of life beyond death and the interconnectedness of all living things. Its comforting and reassuring tone resonates with readers, offering them a sense of peace in times of loss. Over the years, “Do Not Stand at My Grave and Weep” has become a staple at funerals and memorials, providing solace and hope to countless individuals grappling with the pain of loss.

Text: “Do Not Stand at My Grave and Weep” by Mary Elizabeth Frye

Do not stand at my grave and weep

I am not there. I do not sleep.

I am a thousand winds that blow.

I am the diamond glints on snow.

I am the sunlight on ripened grain.

I am the gentle autumn rain.

When you awaken in the morning’s hush

I am the swift uplifting rush

Of quiet birds in circled flight.

I am the soft stars that shine at night.

Do not stand at my grave and cry;

I am not there. I did not die.

Annotations: “Do Not Stand at My Grave and Weep” by Mary Elizabeth Frye

Line	Annotation
Do not stand at my grave and weep	The speaker instructs the reader not to grieve at their grave, suggesting their presence elsewhere beyond physical death.
I am not there. I do not sleep.	The speaker asserts their absence from the grave, indicating they are not resting in eternal sleep but rather exist elsewhere.
I am a thousand winds that blow.	The speaker identifies with the natural elements, suggesting their spirit is pervasive and eternal, like the wind.
I am the diamond glints on snow.	The speaker is likened to the shimmering reflections of light on snow, symbolizing their presence in moments of beauty.
I am the sunlight on ripened grain.	The speaker associates themselves with the warmth and nourishment of sunlight, indicating their presence in growth and life.
I am the gentle autumn rain.	The speaker embodies the soothing and renewing qualities of autumn rain, suggesting their presence in comforting moments.
When you awaken in the morning’s hush	The speaker acknowledges their presence in the peaceful moments of dawn, offering reassurance to the grieving.
I am the swift uplifting rush	The speaker identifies with the exhilarating sensation of birds taking flight, symbolizing freedom and transcendence.
Of quiet birds in circled flight.	The speaker’s presence is felt in the graceful and serene movement of birds in flight, suggesting peace and tranquility.
I am the soft stars that shine at night.	The speaker compares themselves to the gentle glow of stars, signifying their enduring presence in the darkness.
Do not stand at my grave and cry;	Reiterating the initial instruction, the speaker advises against grieving at their grave, reinforcing their continued existence.
I am not there. I did not die.	The speaker definitively declares their absence from the grave and denies the reality of death, suggesting eternal life.

Literary and Poetic Devices: “Do Not Stand at My Grave and Weep” by Mary Elizabeth Frye

Literary Device	Example from the Poem	Short Definition	Explanation
Personification	“I am the sunlight on ripened grain.”	Giving human qualities to non-human entities.	The speaker personifies sunlight, attributing human-like characteristics to it to express their eternal presence.
Metaphor	“I am a thousand winds that blow.”	A comparison without using “like” or “as”.	The speaker metaphorically compares themselves to the winds, suggesting their intangible and omnipresent nature.
Symbolism	“I am the soft stars that shine at night.”	Using symbols to represent ideas or concepts.	Stars symbolize eternity and continuity, reflecting the speaker’s enduring presence beyond death.
Repetition	“Do not stand at my grave and weep… I am not there.”	Repeating words or phrases for emphasis or effect.	The repetition of “Do not stand at my grave and weep” reinforces the speaker’s message, emphasizing their continued existence beyond the grave.
Imagery	“I am the diamond glints on snow.”	Descriptive language that appeals to the senses.	The imagery of “diamond glints on snow” creates a vivid picture, invoking the sparkling beauty of sunlight reflected on snow.
Simile	“I am the sunlight on ripened grain.”	A comparison using “like” or “as”.	The speaker compares themselves to sunlight using a simile, highlighting their nurturing and life-giving qualities.
Assonance	“I am the soft stars that shine at night.”	The repetition of vowel sounds within words.	The assonance of the long “i” sound in “soft,” “stars,” and “shine” creates a melodious effect, enhancing the imagery of the night sky.
Enjambment	“When you awaken in the morning’s hush I am the swift uplifting rush Of quiet birds in circled flight.”	The continuation of a sentence without a pause beyond the end of a line.	Enjambment creates a fluid and uninterrupted flow of ideas, mirroring the seamless presence of the speaker beyond death.
Hyperbole	“I am a thousand winds that blow.”	Exaggeration for emphasis or effect.	The speaker exaggerates their presence by claiming to be a thousand winds, emphasizing their vast and pervasive nature.
Metonymy	“I am the sunlight on ripened grain.”	Referring to something closely related to represent the whole.	“Sunlight on ripened grain” symbolizes growth and abundance, representing the speaker’s presence in the cycles of life and nature.
Allusion	“Do not stand at my grave and cry…”	A reference to a well-known person, event, or work.	The phrase “Do not stand at my grave and cry” alludes to the act of mourning at a gravesite, invoking the cultural practice of grieving for the dead.
Onomatopoeia	“I am the swift uplifting rush”	Words that imitate the sound they represent.	“Uplifting rush” imitates the sound of birds taking flight, enhancing the auditory imagery of the poem.
Anaphora	“I am not there. I do not sleep.”	Repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses.	The anaphora of “I am” emphasizes the speaker’s presence and existence beyond the physical realm, reinforcing the central theme of the poem.
Consonance	“I am the sunlight on ripened grain.”	The repetition of consonant sounds within or at the end of words.	The consonance of the “n” sound in “sunlight” and “ripened” creates a harmonious effect, enhancing the imagery of warmth and abundance.
Oxymoron	“gentle autumn rain”	Contradictory terms placed together for effect.	“Gentle autumn rain” juxtaposes the calmness of rain with the vibrancy of autumn, creating a vivid and evocative image.
Parallelism	“I am the sunlight on ripened grain. I am the gentle autumn rain.”	The use of similar grammatical structures or patterns for rhetorical effect.	The parallelism reinforces the speaker’s assertion of their presence in various natural phenomena, emphasizing continuity and unity.
Apostrophe	“Do not stand at my grave and weep”	Addressing an absent or imaginary person or entity.	The speaker directly addresses the reader, instructing them not to grieve at their grave, conveying a sense of reassurance and comfort.
Paradox	“I am not there. I did not die.”	A statement that contradicts itself but reveals a deeper truth.	The paradoxical statement suggests that the speaker is absent from the physical grave yet still alive in a spiritual sense, challenging conventional notions of death.
Irony	“Do not stand at my grave and cry; I am not there. I did not die.”	A situation or statement that contradicts expectations.	The irony lies in the reassurance the speaker offers, paradoxically denying their presence at the grave while affirming their continued existence beyond death.

Themes: “Do Not Stand at My Grave and Weep” by Mary Elizabeth Frye

The Transformation of Death: The poem challenges the traditional view of death as an end. The speaker asserts, “I am not there. I do not sleep,” rejecting the idea of physical slumber in the grave. Instead, they claim to have become one with nature, existing in the “thousand winds that blow” and the “diamond glints on snow.” This transformation offers comfort, suggesting the departed continues to be a part of the world.
Beauty and Connection in Nature: The poem uses vivid imagery of natural elements to depict the speaker’s presence. Examples include “the sunlight on ripened grain,” “the gentle autumn rain,” and “the soft stars that shine at night.” Nature becomes a bridge between the living and the departed. By experiencing the beauty of the natural world, the mourners can feel a connection to the speaker’s spirit.
Finding Solace in Everyday Moments: The poem encourages the bereaved to find solace in life’s simple joys. The speaker is present in the “swift uplifting rush of quiet birds in circled flight” and the “morning’s hush.” These everyday experiences become opportunities to remember the departed and feel their continued presence in the world.
The Power of Acceptance: The poem offers solace through acceptance. By repeating “Do not stand at my grave and weep,” and stating “I did not die,” the speaker encourages the mourners to move beyond sorrow. They are not asking to be forgotten, but rather to be remembered through appreciation for life’s beauty and the enduring connection that transcends physical death.

Literary Theories and “Do Not Stand at My Grave and Weep” by Mary Elizabeth Frye

Literary Theory	Explanation	Example from the Poem
Formalism	Focuses on the inherent structure, form, and language of the text, disregarding external context.	The poem’s structure, rhyme scheme, and imagery contribute to its emotional impact and thematic depth.
Structuralism	Analyzes the relationships between elements within the text and how they create meaning.	The repetition of the phrase “I am” establishes a pattern that reinforces the speaker’s presence and continuity.
New Criticism	Emphasizes close reading and interpretation of the text itself, without considering the author’s intentions or historical context.	Close analysis of the imagery and symbolism reveals the speaker’s assertion of eternal existence beyond death.
Psychoanalytic Theory	Examines characters and texts through the lens of psychology, exploring unconscious desires, motives, and conflicts.	The poem may reflect the speaker’s subconscious desire for immortality and the fear of being forgotten after death.
Feminist Theory	Explores gender dynamics and power structures within the text, considering how they shape characters and themes.	The poem challenges traditional gender roles by presenting the speaker as a powerful, transcendent force.
Marxist Theory	Analyzes literature in terms of class struggle, economic systems, and social hierarchy, examining how they influence the text.	The poem may be interpreted as a critique of societal attitudes toward death and the value of individual lives.
Reader-Response Theory	Focuses on the reader’s interpretation and response to the text, considering how meaning is created through the interaction between reader and text.	Readers may find comfort and solace in the poem’s message of eternal presence and continuity beyond death.
Postcolonial Theory	Examines literature in the context of colonialism, imperialism, and cultural identity, exploring how these factors influence the text.	The poem’s themes of transcendence and unity may resonate with individuals from diverse cultural backgrounds.
Deconstruction	Questions the stability and certainty of meaning in texts, highlighting contradictions and ambiguities to reveal underlying assumptions.	The paradoxical statement “I am not there. I did not die.” challenges conventional notions of death and existence.

Topics, Questions and Thesis Statements: “Do Not Stand at My Grave and Weep” by Mary Elizabeth Frye

Topic	Question	Thesis Statement
Transformation of Death	How does the poem depict death as a transformation rather than an ending?	Do Not Stand at My Grave and Weep by Mary Elizabeth Frye challenges the traditional view of death by portraying the speaker’s transformation into nature.
Beauty and Connection in Nature	What natural elements does the speaker use to illustrate their continued presence?	Do Not Stand at My Grave and Weep by Mary Elizabeth Frye emphasizes the beauty and connection found in nature as a way to bridge the gap between the living and the departed.
Finding Solace in Everyday Moments	In what ways does the poem suggest finding comfort in everyday experiences?	Do Not Stand at My Grave and Wee by Mary Elizabeth Frye offers solace to the bereaved by encouraging them to find comfort in the simple joys of everyday life.
The Power of Acceptance	How does the poem encourage the reader to accept the speaker’s passing?	Do Not Stand at My Grave and Weep by Mary Elizabeth Frye promotes acceptance of death by urging the mourners to move beyond sorrow and appreciate the enduring connection.

Short Questions/Answers about “Do Not Stand at My Grave and Weep” by Mary Elizabeth Frye

Question: How does Mary Elizabeth Frye employ the theme of transcendence in “Do Not Stand at My Grave and Weep”?
Answer: Frye utilizes vivid imagery and metaphorical language to convey the idea of transcending physical death. For example, in the lines “I am a thousand winds that blow,” Frye suggests the speaker’s spirit exists in the omnipresent forces of nature. This imagery reinforces the theme of continuity and suggests that the speaker’s essence lives on beyond the grave, resonating with readers’ sense of spiritual interconnectedness.
Question: In what ways does Frye challenge conventional notions of mourning in “Do Not Stand at My Grave and Weep”?
Answer: Frye subverts traditional mourning rituals by urging the reader not to grieve at the grave. Instead, she offers solace through the reassurance of the speaker’s continued existence. For instance, when she writes, “Do not stand at my grave and cry,” Frye redirects the reader’s focus away from sorrow towards acceptance and transcendence. This challenges conventional mourning practices and encourages a more hopeful perspective on death, emphasizing the enduring presence of the departed.
Question: How does Frye use literary devices to create emotional resonance in “Do Not Stand at My Grave and Weep”?
Answer: Frye employs various literary devices such as imagery, repetition, and personification to evoke profound emotions in the reader. Through lines like “I am the sunlight on ripened grain,” Frye utilizes vivid imagery to paint a picture of comfort and warmth, invoking a sense of solace amidst grief. Additionally, the repetition of phrases like “I am not there” reinforces the speaker’s continued existence beyond the grave, instilling a sense of reassurance and hope in the reader.
Question: What role does spirituality play in “Do Not Stand at My Grave and Weep”?
Answer: Spirituality permeates Frye’s poem as she explores themes of eternal presence and interconnectedness. Through lines such as “I am the soft stars that shine at night,” Frye imbues the speaker with a divine quality, suggesting their presence in the celestial realm. This spiritual dimension offers comfort to readers grappling with the concept of mortality, reassuring them of a transcendent existence beyond earthly confines. Frye’s poem thus serves not only as a source of solace but also as a testament to the enduring power of the human spirit.

Literary Works Similar to “Do Not Stand at My Grave and Weep” by Mary Elizabeth Frye

“Remember” by Christina Rossetti: This poem shares a similar theme of finding comfort in the memory of the departed and their continued presence in nature. Lines like “When you are lonely, the strong wind remembers My voice in its vastness” echo the idea of the speaker existing beyond the physical form.
“Song of Myself” by Walt Whitman: While a longer and more expansive work, Walt Whitman’s “Song of Myself” celebrates life and the connection between all living things. This resonates with “Do Not Stand at My Grave and Weep” by suggesting the departed becomes part of the larger, ever-flowing existence.
“Death is Not What It Seems” by Jack Kornfield: This short Buddhist poem reflects a similar message of death as a transformation. Lines like “Death is not an ending, but a changing” echo the speaker in Frye’s poem who becomes one with nature.
“A Summer’s Lease” by John Donne: Though dealing with mortality in a more philosophical way, John Donne’s “A Summer’s Lease” explores the impermanence of life but finds beauty in the present moment. This aligns with “Do Not Stand at My Grave and Weep” by encouraging appreciating life’s beauty even in the face of death.
“Phenomenal Woman” by Maya Angelou: While not directly about death, Maya Angelou’s “Phenomenal Woman” celebrates the enduring spirit and legacy of a person. This resonates with “Do Not Stand at My Grave and Weep” by suggesting the departed continues to inspire and be present in the memories of those who loved them.

Representative Quotations from “Do Not Stand at My Grave and Weep” by Mary Elizabeth Frye

Quote	Context	Theorization
I am not there. I do not sleep.	This line appears after the speaker says “Do not stand at my grave and weep” and before “I am a thousand winds that blow.”	None
I am a thousand winds that blow.	This line appears after the speaker says “I am not there. I do not sleep.” and before “I am the diamond glints on snow.”	The speaker compares themself to the wind, a powerful and ever-present force of nature, symbolizing their continued existence in a non-physical form.
I am the diamond glints on snow.	This line appears after the speaker says “I am a thousand winds that blow.” and before “I am the sunlight on ripened grain.”	These natural elements represent the beauty and impermanence of life, suggesting the speaker has become part of the natural world.
I am the sunlight on ripened grain.	This line appears after the speaker says “I am the diamond glints on snow.” and before “I am the gentle autumn rain.”	These natural elements represent the beauty and impermanence of life, suggesting the speaker has become part of the natural world.
I am the gentle autumn rain.	This line appears after the speaker says “I am the sunlight on ripened grain.” and before “When you awaken in the morning’s hush”	These natural elements represent the beauty and impermanence of life, suggesting the speaker has become part of the natural world.

“The Trees Are Down” by Charlotte Mew: A Critical Analysis

“The Trees Are Down” by Charlotte Mew was first published in 1917, as part of her collection titled “The Farmer’s Bride.”

Introduction: “The Trees Are Down” by Charlotte Mew

“The Trees Are Down” by Charlotte Mew was first published in 1917, as part of her collection titled “The Farmer’s Bride.” This poignant poem captures the stark beauty and devastation of nature as it explores themes of loss, change, and human intervention. Mew’s skillful use of imagery and symbolism vividly portrays the aftermath of trees being felled, juxtaposing the brutality of their destruction with the delicate resilience of nature. The poem not only serves as a commentary on the impact of human progress on the environment but also delves into deeper themes of mortality and the inevitable passage of time. Mew’s evocative language and haunting imagery linger in the reader’s mind, inviting contemplation on the interconnectedness of humanity and the natural world.

Text: “The Trees Are Down” by Charlotte Mew

—and he cried with a loud voice:
Hurt not the earth, neither the sea, nor the trees—
(Revelation)

They are cutting down the great plane-trees at the end of the gardens.

For days there has been the grate of the saw, the swish of the branches as they fall,

The crash of the trunks, the rustle of trodden leaves,

With the ‘Whoops’ and the ‘Whoas,’ the loud common talk, the loud common laughs of the men, above it all.

I remember one evening of a long past Spring

Turning in at a gate, getting out of a cart, and finding a large dead rat in the mud of the drive.

I remember thinking: alive or dead, a rat was a god-forsaken thing,

But at least, in May, that even a rat should be alive.

The week’s work here is as good as done. There is just one bough

On the roped bole, in the fine grey rain,

Green and high

And lonely against the sky.

(Down now!—)

And but for that,

If an old dead rat

Did once, for a moment, unmake the Spring, I might never have thought of him again.

It is not for a moment the Spring is unmade to-day;

These were great trees, it was in them from root to stem:

When the men with the ‘Whoops’ and the ‘Whoas’ have carted the whole of the whispering loveliness away

Half the Spring, for me, will have gone with them.

It is going now, and my heart has been struck with the hearts of the planes;

Half my life it has beat with these, in the sun, in the rains,

In the March wind, the May breeze,

In the great gales that came over to them across the roofs from the great seas.

There was only a quiet rain when they were dying;

They must have heard the sparrows flying,

And the small creeping creatures in the earth where they were lying—

But I, all day, I heard an angel crying:

‘Hurt not the trees.’

Annotations: “The Trees Are Down” by Charlotte Mew

Stanza	Annotation
1	– Quotes a passage from the Book of Revelation (8:7) emphasizing the importance of protecting nature. – Introduces the scene: the felling of great plane trees at the end of a garden. – Details the sounds associated with the destruction: sawing, crashing, rustling leaves, and the voices of the workmen.
2	– Shifts to a memory from a past spring, triggered by the sight of the destruction. – Describes finding a dead rat, emphasizing the bleakness of death. – Expresses a belief that even a creature like a rat deserves to live during the beauty of spring.
3	– Focuses on the lone remaining bough, green and high, amidst the destruction. – The parenthetical “(Down now!)” hints at the imminent felling of the last bough. – The speaker connects the dead rat from the memory to the dying tree, suggesting a shared sense of loss.
4	– Argues that the destruction is more profound than a momentary disruption of spring. – Highlights the grandeur of the trees, with life pulsing from root to stem. – Predicts that with the removal of the trees, half the beauty of spring will be lost for the speaker.
5	– Creates a strong emotional connection between the speaker and the trees. – Describes the speaker’s heart being “struck” with the trees, suggesting shared pain. – Personifies the trees, implying a sense of shared life experiences with the wind, rain, and gales.
6	– Creates a contrast between the peaceful rain during the trees’ death and the violent act of felling them. – Suggests the trees’ awareness of the natural world around them (sparrows, small creatures). – The speaker hears an “angel crying,” a powerful image representing a deep violation of a divine command (protecting trees).

Literary and Poetic Devices: “The Trees Are Down” by Charlotte Mew

Literary/Poetic Device	Example from the Poem
Alliteration	They must *have heard* the sparrows flying
Allusion	“(REVELATION)”
Assonance	“green and high / And lonely against the sky”
Consonance	“loud common talk, the loud common laughs”
Enjambment	“The week’s work here is as good as done. There is just one bough / On the roped bole, in the fine grey rain,”
Imagery	“large dead rat in the mud of the drive,” “Green and high / And lonely against the sky,” “I heard an angel crying”
Metaphor	“Half my life it has beat with these, in the sun, in the rains,”
Onomatopoeia	“the crash of the trunks, the rustle of trodden leaves,” “the ‘Whoops’ and the ‘Whoas’”
Personification	“my heart has been struck with the hearts of the planes”
Repetition	“‘Hurt not the earth, neither the sea, nor the trees—’”
Rhyme	“drive” / “alive”
Simile	“the loud common laughs of the men, above it all”
Symbolism	“large dead rat” symbolizing death and decay
Allegory	The cutting down of trees as a metaphor for the destruction of nature by humans
Tone	The tone of lamentation and mourning
Hyperbole	“I remember thinking: alive or dead, a rat was a god-forsaken thing,”
Irony	The juxtaposition of the destruction of trees with the season of Spring, traditionally associated with renewal and life
Paradox	“Half the Spring, for me, will have gone with them”
Oxymoron	“loud common talk”
Synecdoche	“Half my life it has beat with these, in the sun, in the rains” – referring to the trees representing nature itself

Themes: “The Trees Are Down” by Charlotte Mew

Human Impact on Nature: One of the central themes of the poem is the destructive impact of human intervention on the natural world. The cutting down of the great plane-trees symbolizes the relentless destruction of nature in the name of progress. The speaker mourns the loss of these trees, lamenting that “Half the Spring” will be gone with them, highlighting the irreversible damage inflicted upon the environment by human actions.
Mortality and Impermanence: Another prominent theme in the poem is the inevitability of death and the transient nature of life. The imagery of the dead rat and the felled trees serves as a reminder of the impermanence of existence. Despite their once vibrant and vital presence, both the rat and the trees succumb to death, emphasizing the fragility of life and the fleetingness of earthly beauty.
Connection to Nature: Mew explores the deep emotional connection between humans and the natural world. The speaker’s profound bond with the trees is palpable as they reflect on the shared experiences they’ve had with the trees over the years. The trees have been a constant presence throughout the speaker’s life, providing solace and companionship in various seasons and weather conditions. This theme underscores the interconnectedness of all living beings and the intrinsic value of nature in enriching human lives.
Ecological Awareness and Advocacy: Through the poem, Mew advocates for environmental stewardship and raises awareness about the importance of preserving nature. The speaker’s plea to “Hurt not the trees” echoes the sentiment of environmental conservation and the urgent need to protect and cherish the natural world. By portraying the devastating consequences of the trees’ destruction, Mew emphasizes the crucial role that humans play in safeguarding the environment for future generations.

Literary Theories and “The Trees Are Down” by Charlotte Mew

Literary Theory	Analysis
Formalism	– Focuses on the poem’s structure and sound devices. – The use of free verse allows for a natural flow of emotions. – Repetition of sounds like “wh” and “sh” in stanza 1 mimics the sounds of destruction. – The parenthetical statement “(Down now!)” creates a sense of urgency and foreshadowing.
Imagism	– Vivid imagery is used to evoke emotions and connect the reader to the speaker’s experience. – The sight of the dead rat in spring (stanza 2) creates a stark contrast to the beauty of the season. – The image of the single green bough against the grey sky (stanza 3) emphasizes the devastation. – The personification of the trees (stanza 5) allows the reader to feel their presence and loss.
Symbolism	– The trees symbolize life, nature’s beauty, and the connection between the speaker and the natural world. – The dead rat symbolizes death, decay, and the disruption of the natural order. – The angel crying (stanza 6) symbolizes a violation of a divine command to protect nature.
Ecocriticism	– The poem highlights the environmental destruction caused by cutting down the trees. – The speaker’s emotional response emphasizes the value of nature and the loss of its beauty. – The poem critiques human actions that disrupt the delicate balance of the ecosystem.
Feminism	– A feminist reading could explore the speaker’s powerlessness in the face of the destruction. – The “loud common talk” and “laughs” of the men (stanza 1) might represent a patriarchal dominance over nature. – The speaker’s connection to the natural world (trees) could be seen as a form of feminine connection to the earth.

Topics, Questions and Thesis Statements: “The Trees Are Down” by Charlotte Mew

Topic	Question	Thesis Statement
Loss and Grief	How does the speaker experience loss and grief in the poem?	The speaker’s deep connection to the fallen trees creates a profound sense of loss and grief, reflecting a personal violation and a disruption of the natural order.
Human Impact on Nature	How does the poem portray the human impact on nature?	The felling of the trees symbolizes a destructive and disrespectful human action, highlighting the loss of beauty and the violation of a divine command to protect nature.
Memory and the Power of the Past	How does memory function in the poem?	The memory of the dead rat is triggered by the destruction, suggesting a link between personal experiences and the larger themes of death and loss in connection to nature.
Connection to the Natural World	How does the poem explore the speaker’s connection to the natural world?	The speaker’s emotional response, personification of the trees, and shared experiences with the wind and rain illustrate a deep and personal connection to the natural world.

Short Questions/Answers about “The Trees Are Down” by Charlotte Mew

What is the central event in “The Trees Are Down”? The central event in “The Trees Are Down” is the cutting down of the great plane-trees. This act of destruction serves as the focal point of the poem, symbolizing the broader theme of human impact on nature. For example, the poem describes the sounds of “the grate of the saw, the swish of the branches as they fall,” vividly portraying the process of the trees being felled.
How does the speaker react to the loss of the trees? The speaker reacts with profound sadness and mourning to the loss of the trees. The speaker’s emotional response is evident in lines such as “Half the Spring, for me, will have gone with them,” conveying the deep connection between the speaker and the trees. This reaction underscores the significance of the trees in the speaker’s life and highlights the devastating impact of their destruction on both the natural environment and the speaker’s personal world.
What themes does “The Trees Are Down” explore? “The Trees Are Down” explores themes of human intervention in nature, mortality, the connection between humans and the natural world, and ecological awareness. These themes are woven throughout the poem, reflecting on the consequences of human actions on the environment and the intricate relationship between humanity and nature. For instance, the poem delves into the irreversible damage caused by the cutting down of the trees and advocates for environmental stewardship through the speaker’s plea to “Hurt not the trees.”
What literary devices are used in “The Trees Are Down”? “The Trees Are Down” employs various literary devices, including imagery, symbolism, metaphor, and personification, to convey its themes effectively. For example, the image of the “large dead rat in the mud of the drive” serves as a powerful symbol of mortality and decay, while the personification of the speaker’s heart being “struck with the hearts of the planes” emphasizes the deep emotional connection between the speaker and the trees. These literary devices enrich the poem, adding layers of meaning and depth to its exploration of human-nature relationships.

Literary Works Similar to “The Trees Are Down” by Charlotte Mew

“The Waste Land” by T.S. Eliot: Like Mew’s poem, Eliot’s modernist masterpiece delves into the disillusionment of the modern world and the desolation of nature. It explores themes of fragmentation, decay, and the loss of spiritual values in a rapidly changing society.
“Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening” by Robert Frost: This poem reflects on the beauty of nature and the transient moments of life. It shares a sense of melancholy and contemplation with Mew’s work, as both poets meditate on the passage of time and the mysteries of existence.
“Mowing” by Robert Frost: Another poem by Frost that resonates with themes of nature and human interaction with the environment. It explores the act of mowing grass and the impact it has on the speaker’s perception of life and mortality.
“The Road Not Taken” by Robert Frost: While not directly related to nature’s destruction, this poem explores themes of choice, regret, and the passage of time. It shares a contemplative tone with Mew’s work and invites readers to reflect on the paths they take in life.
“The Darkling Thrush” by Thomas Hardy: This poem captures the melancholy of winter and the hope for renewal. It reflects on the contrast between the bleakness of the natural world and the resilience of life, echoing some of the sentiments found in “The Trees Are Down.”

Representative Quotes from “The Trees Are Down” by Charlotte Mew

Quote	Context	Theorization
“Hurt not the earth, neither the sea, nor the trees—”	Alludes to a passage from the Book of Revelation, serving as a plea to preserve nature from harm.	The use of biblical imagery emphasizes the sacredness of the natural world and underscores humanity’s moral responsibility to protect it.
“If an old dead rat / Did once, for a moment, unmake the Spring, I might never have thought of him again.”	Reflects on encountering a dead rat and how it briefly disrupted the speaker’s perception of spring’s vitality.	Suggests that seemingly insignificant events can provoke profound contemplation and change, highlighting the interconnectedness of life and nature.
“Half the Spring, for me, will have gone with them.”	Laments the impending loss of the trees and the impact it will have on the speaker’s experience of spring.	Emphasizes the profound sense of grief and emptiness accompanying the destruction of nature, conveying the interconnectedness between the natural world and human emotions.
“Half my life it has beat with these, in the sun, in the rains,”	Reflects on the enduring connection between the speaker and the trees throughout their life’s experiences.	Highlights the deep emotional bond between the speaker and nature, portraying trees as companions shaping the speaker’s life and memories.
“But I, all day, I heard an angel crying: / ‘Hurt not the trees.'”	Imagines hearing an angelic voice pleading for the protection of the trees, reflecting the speaker’s internal conflict and anguish over their destruction.	Reinforces the poem’s theme of environmental stewardship and empathy towards nature, portraying trees as sentient beings deserving of compassion and respect.

“Courage” by Anne Sexton: A Critical Analysis

“Courage” by Anne Sexton first appeared in her 1975 collection, “The Awful Rowing Towards God,” published posthumously.

Introduction: “Courage” by Anne Sexton

“Courage” by Anne Sexton first appeared in her 1975 collection, “The Awful Rowing Towards God,” published posthumously. The poem exemplifies Sexton’s signature confessional mode, employing personal experience to illuminate the multifaceted nature of human emotion. Notably, “Courage” redefines the concept, demonstrating its presence not only in grand acts of heroism but also in the quiet strength of daily life.

Text: “Courage” by Anne Sexton

It is in the small things we see it.
The child’s first step,
as awesome as an earthquake.
The first time you rode a bike,
wallowing up the sidewalk.
The first spanking when your heart
went on a journey all alone.
When they called you crybaby
or poor or fatty or crazy
and made you into an alien,
you drank their acid
and concealed it.

Later,
if you faced the death of bombs and bullets
you did not do it with a banner,
you did it with only a hat to
comver your heart.
You did not fondle the weakness inside you
though it was there.
Your courage was a small coal
that you kept swallowing.
If your buddy saved you
and died himself in so doing,
then his courage was not courage,
it was love; love as simple as shaving soap.

Later,
if you have endured a great despair,
then you did it alone,
getting a transfusion from the fire,
picking the scabs off your heart,
then wringing it out like a sock.
Next, my kinsman, you powdered your sorrow,
you gave it a back rub
and then you covered it with a blanket
and after it had slept a while
it woke to the wings of the roses
and was transformed.

Later,
when you face old age and its natural conclusion
your courage will still be shown in the little ways,
each spring will be a sword you’ll sharpen,
those you love will live in a fever of love,
and you’ll bargain with the calendar
and at the last moment
when death opens the back door
you’ll put on your carpet slippers
and stride out.

Annotations: “Courage” by Anne Sexton

Stanza	Annotation
1	Courage is found in mundane moments, like a child’s first steps, which are monumental in their impact.
	Even small achievements, like learning to ride a bike, are significant.
	The pain of being ridiculed or misunderstood is endured silently, swallowing the hurt.
2	Facing death in war is not glorified; it’s a quiet bravery, symbolized by a simple hat.
	Despite inner weaknesses, courage is like a small, swallowed coal, keeping one going.
	The ultimate sacrifice, made out of love, diminishes the idea of individual courage.
3	Enduring profound despair is a solitary journey, akin to receiving a life-giving transfusion from fire.
	Healing involves confronting pain, metaphorically picking scabs off one’s heart.
	Eventually, sorrow is transformed, emerging renewed like waking from sleep.
4	Facing old age and mortality requires a different kind of courage, found in small acts and acceptance.
	Each spring symbolizes renewal and readiness to face life’s challenges.
	Love becomes a feverish devotion, and negotiating with time becomes part of life’s rhythm.
	Finally, facing death is met with quiet acceptance, wearing comfortable slippers, and walking out calmly.

Literary and Poetic Devices: “Courage” by Anne Sexton

Device	Example
Alliteration	” if you faced the death of *bombs and bullets* “
Allusion	“when they called you crybaby”
Assonance	“getting a transfusion from the fire“
Consonance	“your courage will still be shown in the little ways“
Enjambment	“Then his courage was not courage, / it was love;”
Imagery	“each spring will be a sword you’ll sharpen”
Metaphor	“Your courage was a small coal”
Onomatopoeia	“the first spanking when your heart went on a journey all alone”
Oxymoron	“covered it with a blanket / and after it had slept a while / it woke”
Paradox	“your courage will still be shown in the little ways”
Personification	“and at the last moment / when death opens the back door“
Repetition	“Later,” repeated at the beginning of each stanza
Simile	“love as simple as shaving soap“
Symbolism	“each spring will be a sword you’ll sharpen”
Synecdoche	“picking the scabs off your heart”
Tone	Throughout the poem, the tone is reflective and contemplative, focusing on inner strength.
Allusion	“the death of bombs and bullets”
Hyperbole	“as awesome as an earthquake”
Irony	“his courage was not courage, / it was love”
Juxtaposition	“you’ll put on your carpet slippers / and stride out”

Themes: “Courage” by Anne Sexton

The Power of Facing Small Challenges: The poem opens by showing courage in everyday moments. The child’s first step, the first bike ride, and even enduring insults are all presented as acts of bravery. (Example: “The child’s first step, / as awesome as an earthquake.”)
Quiet Strength in Difficult Situations: During war, Sexton suggests true courage isn’t about outward displays. Soldiers protect their vulnerability and find strength within, like a “small coal / that you kept swallowing.” (Example: “you did not do it with a banner, / you did it with only a hat to / comver your heart.”)
Overcoming Personal Despair: The poem acknowledges the solitary nature of battling deep sorrow. The image of “picking the scabs off your heart, / then wringing it out like a sock” portrays the internal struggle and eventual transformation through self-care. (Example: “picking the scabs off your heart, / then wringing it out like a sock.”)
Finding Courage in Facing Mortality: Sexton ends by showing courage in old age. Everyday acts like enjoying spring and cherishing loved ones become ways to confront death. The final image of putting on slippers and striding out to meet death portrays a dignified acceptance of the inevitable. (Example: “you’ll put on your carpet slippers / and stride out.”)

Literary Theories and “Courage” by Anne Sexton

Literary Theory	Analysis (with Examples)
Formalism	Analyzes the poem’s structure and form to understand its meaning.
	* Structure: The poem is divided into four sections, each introduced by “Later,” emphasizing the continuous nature of courage throughout life.
	* Imagery: Vivid comparisons like a child’s first step being an “earthquake” highlight the significance of small acts of bravery. “Picking the scabs off your heart” powerfully depicts the process of healing from despair.
Feminism	Examines how the poem portrays gender and challenges traditional notions of heroism.
	* Focus on Everyday Bravery: The poem emphasizes courage in everyday experiences, often associated with the feminine sphere (childhood, emotional resilience).
	* Emotional Strength: Sexton highlights the courage it takes to endure emotional pain and personal struggles, experiences not celebrated in war narratives dominated by masculinity.
Psychoanalysis	Interprets the poem through the lens of the unconscious mind and human psychology.
	* Defense Mechanisms: The poem explores how individuals cope with difficult emotions.
	* * “Concealed” acid suggests suppressing negative emotions.
	* * “A small coal / that you kept swallowing” implies holding onto fear or despair.
	* Transformation: The poem highlights the transformative power of facing inner struggles (e.g., “picking the scabs off your heart” leads to healing).

Topics, Questions and Thesis Statements: “Courage” by Anne Sexton

Topic	Question	Thesis Statement
Nature of Courage	What does the poem suggest about what true courage is?	“Courage” by Anne Sexton challenges traditional notions of heroism by portraying bravery in everyday acts, quiet strength in hardship, and the resilience to face emotional pain and mortality.
Gender and Courage	How does the poem portray gender roles in relation to courage?	Sexton’s “Courage” dismantles stereotypical masculinity, emphasizing that courage is found not just in wartime valor but also in the emotional strength and perseverance traditionally associated with femininity.
Imagery and Meaning	How does Sexton’s use of imagery contribute to the poem’s meaning?	“Courage” by Anne Sexton utilizes powerful metaphors and similes to depict the challenges and triumphs of human experience, highlighting the significance of seemingly small acts of bravery and the internal struggles associated with overcoming hardship.
Structure and Meaning	How does the poem’s structure contribute to its meaning?	The repetitive use of “Later” in “Courage” by Anne Sexton underscores the ongoing nature of courage, emphasizing that bravery is a quality required throughout life’s various stages.

Short Questions/Answers about “Courage” by Anne Sexton

How does the poem redefine heroism?
“Courage” by Anne Sexton breaks away from traditional war narratives of heroism. Instead, it focuses on the bravery found in everyday moments. The child’s first step, compared to an “earthquake,” highlights the significance of seemingly small acts. Similarly, enduring insults (“called you crybaby / or poor or fatty or crazy”) becomes an act of courage.
What is the role of vulnerability in the poem’s portrayal of courage?
The poem suggests true courage involves acknowledging and dealing with vulnerability. Soldiers facing war don’t fight with “a banner” but with a “hat to / cover your heart.” This implies a necessary vulnerability alongside the strength to endure. Similarly, overcoming “a great despair” requires confronting the pain (“picking the scabs off your heart”) instead of suppressing it.
How does the poem depict the experience of overcoming emotional pain?
Sexton portrays overcoming emotional pain as a solitary battle. The image of “picking the scabs off your heart, / then wringing it out like a sock” suggests a raw and painful process of self-healing. However, the act of “powdering your sorrow” and eventually finding solace in the “wings of the roses” signifies transformation and a renewed capacity for joy.
How does the poem approach the inevitability of death?
The final section of “Courage” presents facing death as another opportunity to demonstrate courage. Everyday acts like enjoying spring and cherishing loved ones become ways to confront mortality. The final image of putting on slippers and “striding out” to meet death portrays a dignified acceptance of the inevitable, a quiet courage in the face of the unknown.

Literary Works Similar to “Courage” by Anne Sexton

“The Journey” by Mary Oliver: This poem explores themes of courage and self-discovery as the speaker embarks on a metaphorical journey through life, facing challenges and obstacles along the way.
“Still I Rise” by Maya Angelou: Angelou’s iconic poem celebrates resilience and the indomitable human spirit in the face of oppression and adversity. It echoes the themes of empowerment and courage found in Sexton’s work.
“Invictus” by William Ernest Henley: This poem, with its famous lines “I am the master of my fate, I am the captain of my soul,” reflects the theme of courage in the face of adversity and the triumph of the human spirit over challenges.
“Wild Geese” by Mary Oliver: Another poem by Mary Oliver, “Wild Geese” speaks to the courage it takes to accept oneself and find belonging in the world, despite feelings of loneliness or inadequacy.
“Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night” by Dylan Thomas: Thomas’s poem wrestles with the theme of courage in the face of mortality, urging readers to resist passively accepting death and to fight against its inevitability with vigor and defiance.

Representative Quotes from “Courage” by Anne Sexton

Quote	Context	Theorization
“It is in the small things we see it. The child’s first step, as awesome as an earthquake.”	Sexton emphasizes the significance of seemingly mundane events, such as a child’s first step, highlighting their profound impact and symbolism.	This quote suggests that courage is found in everyday occurrences and implies that resilience to face even small challenges with determination is a form of courage.
“When they called you crybaby or poor or fatty or crazy and made you into an alien, you drank their acid and concealed it.”	Sexton reflects on the pain of being bullied or marginalized, where individuals internalize insults and conceal their vulnerability.	This quote explores the theme of internalized suffering and resilience in the face of emotional wounds inflicted by others. It suggests that true courage lies in enduring such pain while maintaining composure.
“Your courage was a small coal that you kept swallowing.”	Sexton compares courage to a “small coal,” suggesting it is an internalized, enduring strength.	This quote emphasizes that courage is an internal flame that must be nurtured and sustained, even in the darkest times. It implies deliberate effort in maintaining courage despite adversity.
“If your buddy saved you and died himself in so doing, then his courage was not courage, it was love; love as simple as shaving soap.”	Sexton explores the distinction between courage and selfless acts of love, highlighting the power of sacrificial love.	This quote challenges conventional notions of courage by suggesting that acts of selflessness and love can be equally, if not more, powerful than acts of bravery.
“Later, when you face old age and its natural conclusion your courage will still be shown in the little ways, each spring will be a sword you’ll sharpen, those you love will live in a fever of love, and you’ll bargain with the calendar and at the last moment when death opens the back door you’ll put on your carpet slippers and stride out.”	Sexton depicts courage in the face of aging and mortality, emphasizing its manifestation in everyday moments and defiance towards death.	This quote presents courage as an enduring quality that persists throughout life’s stages, enabling individuals to confront aging and death with dignity and resolve.

“Porphyria’s Lover” by Robert Browning: A Critical Analysis

“Porphyria’s Lover” by Robert Browning, first appeared in 1836 under the title “Porphyria,” was later incorporated into the collection Dramatic Lyrics

Introduction: “Porphyria’s Lover” by Robert Browning

“Porphyria’s Lover” by Robert Browning, first appeared in 1836 under the title “Porphyria,” was later incorporated into the collection Dramatic Lyrics, solidifying its place as a cornerstone of Browning’s early work. The poem’s notoriety stems from its exploration of a deeply disturbing subject – murder fueled by obsession – presented through a captivating dramatic monologue. The speaker’s chilling perspective, revealed entirely through his own words, compels the reader to grapple with complex emotions, making “Porphyria’s Lover” a poem both unsettling and undeniably powerful.

Text: “Porphyria’s Lover” by Robert Browning

The rain set early in to-night,

The sullen wind was soon awake,

It tore the elm-tops down for spite,

And did its worst to vex the lake:

I listened with heart fit to break.

When glided in Porphyria; straight

She shut the cold out and the storm,

And kneeled and made the cheerless grate

Blaze up, and all the cottage warm;

Which done, she rose, and from her form

Withdrew the dripping cloak and shawl,

And laid her soiled gloves by, untied

Her hat and let the damp hair fall,

And, last, she sat down by my side

And called me. When no voice replied,

She put my arm about her waist,

And made her smooth white shoulder bare,

And all her yellow hair displaced,

And, stooping, made my cheek lie there,

And spread, o’er all, her yellow hair,

Murmuring how she loved me — she

Too weak, for all her heart’s endeavour,

To set its struggling passion free

From pride, and vainer ties dissever,

And give herself to me for ever.

But passion sometimes would prevail,

Nor could to-night’s gay feast restrain

A sudden thought of one so pale

For love of her, and all in vain:

So, she was come through wind and rain.

Be sure I looked up at her eyes

Happy and proud; at last I knew

Porphyria worshipped me; surprise

Made my heart swell, and still it grew

While I debated what to do.

That moment she was mine, mine, fair,

Perfectly pure and good: I found

A thing to do, and all her hair

In one long yellow string I wound

Three times her little throat around,

And strangled her. No pain felt she;

I am quite sure she felt no pain.

As a shut bud that holds a bee,

I warily oped her lids: again

Laughed the blue eyes without a stain.

And I untightened next the tress

About her neck; her cheek once more

Blushed bright beneath my burning kiss:

I propped her head up as before,

Only, this time my shoulder bore

Her head, which droops upon it still:

The smiling rosy little head,

So glad it has its utmost will,

That all it scorned at once is fled,

And I, its love, am gained instead!

Porphyria’s love: she guessed not how

Her darling one wish would be heard.

And thus we sit together now,

And all night long we have not stirred,

And yet God has not said a word!

Annotations: “Porphyria’s Lover” by Robert Browning

Stanza	Annotation
1	The speaker sets the scene with a description of the weather: rain falling heavily and a strong wind stirring. The mood is somber and bleak, mirroring the speaker’s emotional state. He feels distraught and on the verge of breaking down.
2	Porphyria, the lover, enters the scene and brings warmth and comfort to the cottage. She tends to the fire, symbolizing her nurturing and caring nature. As she removes her wet clothes, there’s a sense of intimacy and domesticity between her and the speaker.
3	Porphyria expresses her love for the speaker, emphasizing her desire to overcome any obstacles to be with him. Despite her genuine affection, there’s a hint of vulnerability in her inability to fully liberate herself from societal expectations.
4	The speaker’s jealousy and possessiveness surface as he grapples with the thought of Porphyria’s potential infidelity or betrayal. His mind becomes consumed by a dark resolve, setting the stage for the poem’s tragic turn.
5	In a chilling and violent act, the speaker decides to make Porphyria his forever, believing it to be an act of love and possession. He uses her own hair to strangle her, an act that is both horrific and deeply symbolic of his desire for control.
6	After committing the murder, the speaker reflects on Porphyria’s serene expression, convinced that she felt no pain in her final moments. He opens her eyes, revealing a disturbing detachment from the reality of his actions.
7	The speaker arranges Porphyria’s lifeless body, feeling a perverse sense of triumph in having “won” her love through his violent act. He revels in the idea that she is now wholly his, even in death.
8	The poem concludes with the speaker and Porphyria sitting together, frozen in their macabre tableau. Despite the gravity of his actions, there is no divine intervention or judgment, leaving the speaker in a state of eerie calmness and moral ambiguity.

Literary and Poetic Devices: “Porphyria’s Lover” by Robert Browning

Literary/Poetic Device	Description
Alliteration	Repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words, “sure” and “she” felt no pain.
Allusion	Indirect reference to another work of literature or historical event, as seen in the title, which alludes to the medical condition.
Assonance	Repetition of vowel sounds within nearby words, as in “porphyria” and “cheerless.”
Consonance	Repetition of consonant sounds within or at the end of words, like the “t” sound in “set,” “late,” and “night.”
Enjambment	Continuation of a sentence or phrase from one line or stanza to the next without a pause or break.
Hyperbole	Exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally, such as “heart fit to break” or “perfectly pure and good.”
Imagery	Vivid and descriptive language that appeals to the senses, like “elm-tops down” or “smooth white shoulder.”
Irony	Contrast between expectation and reality, such as the ironic twist in the speaker’s actions compared to his perception of Porphyria’s love.
Metaphor	Comparison between two unlike things without using “like” or “as,” such as the speaker’s comparison of Porphyria to a flower.
Onomatopoeia	Words that imitate the sound they represent, like “gilded” to describe Porphyria’s entrance or “laughed” to describe her eyes.
Oxymoron	Two contradictory terms used together, such as “cheerless grate” or “smiling rosy little head.”
Personification	Giving human characteristics to non-human entities, as when the storm is described as tearing down elm-tops “for spite.”
Repetition	Repeating words or phrases for emphasis, such as “mine, mine” or “yellow hair.”
Rhyme	Correspondence of sound between words or the endings of words, as seen in the rhyming couplets throughout the poem.
Simile	Comparison between two unlike things using “like” or “as,” as in “As a shut bud that holds a bee.”
Symbolism	Use of symbols to represent ideas or concepts, like the storm symbolizing the speaker’s inner turmoil.
Synecdoche	Figure of speech in which a part is used to represent the whole, as when the speaker refers to Porphyria’s “smiling rosy little head.”
Tone	Attitude or mood conveyed by the speaker, which shifts from somber and melancholic to sinister and chilling.
Understatement	Deliberate downplaying of a situation for emphasis or ironic effect, such as the casual mention of the murder in the final lines.
Word Choice	Selection of specific words to convey meaning, such as the use of “strangled” instead of a softer term, intensifying the brutality.

Themes: “Porphyria’s Lover” by Robert Browning

Love and Possession: In “Porphyria’s Lover,” love intertwines with possession, leading to a disturbing portrayal of romantic obsession. The speaker’s desire to possess Porphyria entirely drives him to commit a heinous act, believing it to be an expression of love. As he reflects on the murder, he reveals his twisted perception of ownership: “That moment she was mine, mine, fair, / Perfectly pure and good.” Love, in this context, becomes entangled with control, ultimately resulting in tragedy and the loss of innocence.
Jealousy and Control: The theme of jealousy and control permeates the poem, manifesting in the speaker’s possessive behavior towards Porphyria. His jealousy over her potential infidelity or independence fuels his need for control, culminating in a violent act of murder. As he reflects on Porphyria’s devotion, his jealousy becomes apparent: “Surprise / Made my heart swell, and still it grew / While I debated what to do.” This jealousy drives him to assert dominance over Porphyria, highlighting the destructive power of possessiveness when fueled by insecurity and obsession.
Moral Ambiguity: “Porphyria’s Lover” explores the moral ambiguity surrounding love, possession, and violence. The speaker’s actions blur the lines between right and wrong, challenging conventional notions of morality. Despite the brutality of his act, the speaker rationalizes it as an expression of love: “No pain felt she; / I am quite sure she felt no pain.” This moral ambiguity forces readers to confront uncomfortable truths about human nature and the complexities of romantic relationships, where love can become entangled with control and violence, defying traditional ethical boundaries.
Isolation and Alienation: The theme of isolation and alienation pervades “Porphyria’s Lover,” portraying the speaker’s psychological descent into loneliness and madness. His fixation on Porphyria becomes a solitary obsession, driving him to commit a violent act in an attempt to possess her completely. As he sits with her lifeless body, a sense of isolation looms: “And thus we sit together now, / And all night long we have not stirred.” This isolation reflects the speaker’s detachment from societal norms and his descent into a solitary existence, highlighting the destructive consequences of obsessive love and emotional detachment.

Literary Theories and “Porphyria’s Lover” by Robert Browning

Literary Theory	Description
Psychoanalytic Theory	Psychoanalytic theory, as pioneered by Sigmund Freud, explores the unconscious desires and motivations of characters. In “Porphyria’s Lover,” the speaker’s obsessive love and violent actions can be analyzed through this lens. His jealousy, possessiveness, and eventual murder of Porphyria may stem from repressed desires or unresolved psychological conflicts. The poem’s exploration of the subconscious highlights how internal struggles can manifest in destructive behavior.
Feminist Theory	Feminist theory examines power dynamics and gender roles within literature. In “Porphyria’s Lover,” the unequal power dynamic between the speaker and Porphyria reflects patriarchal structures. Porphyria’s agency is limited, and she becomes a passive object of the speaker’s desire and violence. The poem critiques societal expectations of female submission and male dominance, shedding light on the oppressive nature of traditional gender roles. The murder can be seen as a violent assertion of masculine control over a woman’s autonomy.
New Criticism	New Criticism focuses on close reading and analysis of the text itself, without considering external factors such as authorial intent or historical context. In “Porphyria’s Lover,” attention is given to the poem’s language, imagery, and structure. Close examination of Browning’s use of symbolism, metaphor, and dramatic monologue reveals the speaker’s psychological turmoil and moral ambiguity. The poem’s ambiguous ending invites multiple interpretations, encouraging readers to engage deeply with the text and uncover its layers of meaning.
Marxist Theory	Marxist theory explores social class, power dynamics, and economic structures within literature. In “Porphyria’s Lover,” class differences between the speaker and Porphyria may influence their relationship dynamics. Porphyria’s higher social status and the speaker’s jealousy of her potential interactions with others may reflect tensions related to class inequality. The speaker’s violent act can be seen as a rebellion against the perceived social hierarchy, as he seeks to assert control over Porphyria and eliminate any threats to his dominance.

Topics, Questions, and Thesis Statements: “Porphyria’s Lover” by Robert Browning

Topic	Questions	Thesis Statement
Gender Roles and Power	How are gender roles depicted in the poem? How does power manifest in the relationship between the speaker and Porphyria?	In “Porphyria’s Lover,” Robert Browning examines traditional gender roles and power dynamics, portraying Porphyria as a passive object of the speaker’s desire and violence. The poem critiques patriarchal structures and societal expectations, revealing the oppressive nature of traditional gender norms and the destructive consequences of masculine dominance.
Psychological Analysis	What psychological factors contribute to the speaker’s actions? How does Browning use language and imagery to depict the speaker’s mental state?	Through a psychoanalytic lens, “Porphyria’s Lover” delves into the unconscious desires and motivations of the speaker, revealing how repressed emotions and psychological conflicts drive his obsessive love and violent behavior. Browning’s use of vivid imagery and symbolism vividly portrays the speaker’s descent into madness, highlighting the destructive power of unbridled passion and the complexities of the human psyche.
Morality and Ethics	What moral and ethical dilemmas are presented in the poem? How does the speaker justify his actions, and what does this reveal about his character?	“Porphyria’s Lover” raises questions about morality and ethics, as the speaker justifies his violent act as an expression of love. The poem challenges traditional notions of right and wrong, exposing the moral ambiguity of romantic obsession. By examining the speaker’s rationalizations and inner turmoil, Browning prompts readers to confront uncomfortable truths about human nature and the complexities of love, possession, and morality.
Social Commentary	How does “Porphyria’s Lover” reflect societal norms and values of the Victorian era? What social critiques does Browning offer through the poem?	Through a Marxist lens, “Porphyria’s Lover” critiques social class and power dynamics in Victorian society. Browning highlights tensions between the upper and lower classes, as well as the oppressive nature of patriarchal structures. The speaker’s violent act can be seen as a rebellion against societal norms and a critique of the inequalities inherent in class-based societies, shedding light on the complexities of power, privilege, and social hierarchy.

Short Questions/Answers about “Porphyria’s Lover” by Robert Browning

Who is Porphyria and what does she do for the speaker?
Porphyria is the speaker’s lover. Despite a raging storm outside (“The rain set early in tonight”), she arrives at his cottage, tending the fire and creating a warm atmosphere (“, shut the cold out and the storm, / And kneeled and made the cheerless grate / Blaze up”).
What is the speaker’s emotional state before Porphyria arrives?
The speaker describes feeling heartbroken and dejected (“I listened with heart fit to break”). The storm outside mirrors his inner turmoil (“The sullen wind was soon awake, / It tore the elm-tops down for spite”).
What reveals Porphyria’s deep love for the speaker?
Porphyria defies societal expectations and endures the harsh weather (“she was come through wind and rain”) to be with him. She expresses her love openly (“And spread, o’er all, her yellow hair, / Murmuring how she loved me—she”).
What action does the speaker take, and how does he justify it?
The speaker, overwhelmed by a possessive love, strangles Porphyria with her own hair (“I found / A thing to do, and all her hair / In one long yellow string I wound”). He believes she felt no pain (“No pain felt she; I am quite sure she felt no pain”) and portrays her death as peaceful (“laughed the blue eyes without a stain”).

Literary Works Similar to “Porphyria’s Lover” by Robert Browning

“Annabel Lee” by Edgar Allan Poe: This poem explores themes of love and death, with a narrator obsessed with his deceased lover, Annabel Lee. Like “Porphyria’s Lover,” it delves into the darker aspects of love and obsession.
“La Belle Dame sans Merci” by John Keats: In this poem, Keats depicts a knight who falls under the spell of a mysterious woman, ultimately leading to his downfall. The theme of obsession and the consequences of unrequited love resonate with Browning’s work.
“The Raven” by Edgar Allan Poe: While not directly similar in theme, “The Raven” shares with “Porphyria’s Lover” a dark and melancholic tone, as well as themes of obsession and madness.
“The Highwayman” by Alfred Noyes: This narrative poem tells the tragic love story of a highwayman and his lover, Bess, who sacrifices herself to save him. It explores themes of passion, sacrifice, and the destructive power of love.
“Goblin Market” by Christina Rossetti: While different in narrative structure, “Goblin Market” shares thematic elements with “Porphyria’s Lover,” including themes of temptation, desire, and the consequences of giving in to passion.

Quotations from “Porphyria’s Lover” by Robert Browning

“The rain set early in to-night, The sullen wind was soon awake, It tore the elm-tops down for spite, And did its worst to vex the lake: I listened with heart fit to break.”

“But passion sometimes would prevail, Nor could to-night’s gay feast restrain A sudden thought of one so pale For love of her, and all in vain: So, she was come through wind and rain.”

“That moment she was mine, mine, fair, Perfectly pure and good: I found A thing to do, and all her hair In one long yellow string I wound Three times her little throat around,”

“And thus we sit together now, And all night long we have not stirred, And yet God has not said a word!”

“Risk” by Anais Nin: A Critical Analysis

“Risk” by Anaïs Nin, first published in her 1969 diary collection, The Diary of Anaïs Nin, Vol. 3 (1939-1944), is a short poem embodying Nin’s characteristically introspective style, distilling a profound message about personal growth and transformation.

Introduction: “Risk” by Anais Nin

“Risk” by Anaïs Nin, first published in her 1969 diary collection, The Diary of Anaïs Nin, Vol. 3 (1939-1944), is a short poem embodying Nin’s characteristically introspective style, distilling a profound message about personal growth and transformation. Through evocative imagery and a measured cadence, the poem juxtaposes the pain of stagnation with the courageous act of embracing change. Despite its brevity, “Risk” resonates with universality, capturing the human struggle to overcome fear and reach for one’s full potential

Text: “Risk” by Anais Nin

And then the day came,

when the risk

to remain tight

in a bud

was more painful

than the risk

it took

to blossom.

Annotations: “Risk” by Anais Nin

Line	Annotation
And then the day came,	Marks a turning point in the speaker’s life, a moment of decision and change.
when the risk	Implies a previously stagnant or unfulfilled state the speaker wishes to break from.
to remain tight	“Tight in a bud” symbolizes restriction, fear, and the limitations of inaction.
in a bud	The bud evokes both natural potential and a sense of confinement.
was more painful	The internal pain of remaining unchanged has become unbearable.
than the risk	Change now carries less fear than the suffering of maintaining the status quo.
it took	Acknowledges that blossoming involves risk and vulnerability.
to blossom.	“Blossom” suggests growth, beauty, and the fulfillment of one’s true potential.

Literary and Poetic Devices: “Risk” by Anais Nin

Device	Definition	Example
Alliteration	Repetition of initial consonant sounds in nearby words.	“risk” and “remain tight”
Metaphor	A comparison between two unlike things, suggesting one thing is another.	Comparing the choice to blossom to the risk of remaining closed
Personification	Giving human characteristics to non-human entities.	The bud is described as experiencing pain
Repetition	The repeated use of words or phrases for emphasis or effect.	“risk” and “the risk”

Themes: “Risk” by Anais Nin

The Necessity of Risk for Growth: The core message of the poem is that taking risks is essential to break out of stagnation and achieve personal growth. The lines “when the risk / to remain tight / in a bud / was more painful / than the risk / it took / to blossom” emphasize that the pain of staying the same eventually outweighs the fear associated with change and transformation.
Stagnation vs. Self-Actualization: The image of a tightly closed bud represents an unfulfilled life restricted by fear and inaction. In contrast, the act of “blossoming” symbolizes embracing vulnerability and reaching toward one’s full potential. The poem suggests that there is beauty and reward in the process of becoming, even if it means stepping outside one’s comfort zone.
Courage and Vulnerability: The poem acknowledges that blossoming involves risk. There is fear associated with the unknown and the possibility of failure. However, Nin suggests that true courage lies in confronting this fear and choosing to embrace the unpredictable path of growth.
Transformation and Self-Discovery: The poem speaks to the transformative power of choice. The speaker takes agency, making a conscious decision to stop clinging to the familiar and safe. By taking a risk, they embark on a journey of self-discovery and open themselves up to the possibility of a richer, more authentic existence.

Literary Theories and “Risk” by Anais Nin

Literary Theory	Analysis
Feminist Criticism	* Gendered Experience: The poem could be read as an assertion of female autonomy, especially considering Nin’s exploration of women’s inner lives. The bud imagery could be tied to traditional societal expectations for women, implying that the risk to “blossom” is a rebellion against these restrictions. * Challenging Patriarchy: The poem advocates for agency and self-determination, qualities potentially suppressed in patriarchal structures.
Psychoanalytic Criticism	* Psychological Development: The bud imagery can signify an earlier developmental stage, with the painful risk representing the struggle to reach maturity and self-actualization. The poem could be read as an exploration of unconscious desires and the breaking down of ego defenses to achieve a fuller sense of self.
Existentialism	* Authenticity and Choice: The poem aligns with the existential emphasis on personal choice and the creation of meaning. The risk to “blossom” suggests an act of choosing one’s path and embracing the uncertainty that comes with defining one’s own existence. * Anxiety and Authenticity: The poem acknowledges the anxiety associated with moving towards an undefined future; the risks involved are tied to the existential dread that can accompany freedom of choice and self-determination.

Topics, Questions and Thesis Statements: “Risk” by Anais Nin

Topic	Question	Thesis Statement
The Nature of Personal Growth and Transformation	How does Anais Nin explore the concept of personal growth and transformation in her poem “Risk”?	In “Risk,” Anais Nin uses the metaphor of a bud blossoming to convey the idea that true personal growth often requires taking risks and stepping outside of one’s comfort zone.
The Emotional Complexity of Taking Risks	How does Anais Nin depict the emotional journey associated with taking risks in “Risk”?	Through vivid imagery and emotive language, Anais Nin portrays the emotional complexity of taking risks, illustrating that while the prospect of change may be daunting, the pain of remaining stagnant can ultimately outweigh the fear of the unknown.
The Role of Fear in Decision-Making	What role does fear play in the decision-making process depicted in “Risk”?	“Risk” by Anais Nin highlights the internal conflict between fear and the desire for growth, suggesting that embracing uncertainty and vulnerability is essential for personal development.
Empowerment Through Vulnerability	How does Anais Nin challenge conventional notions of strength and vulnerability in “Risk”?	Anais Nin celebrates the transformative power of vulnerability in “Risk,” arguing that embracing one’s vulnerabilities and taking risks is not a sign of weakness, but rather a courageous act of self-empowerment.

Short Questions/Answers about “Risk” by Anais Nin

Question 1: What is the significance of the bud imagery?
Answer: The bud symbolizes both potential and restriction. It signifies the speaker’s unfulfilled state, constrained by fear and reluctance to change. The poem implies that staying “tight in a bud” leads to stagnation and a kind of internal pain.
Question 2: How does the poem shift in tone?
Answer: The poem begins with a sense of hesitancy (“And then the day came…”). It turns when the speaker realizes the pain of remaining unchanged exceeds the fear of blossoming. The end has a resolute tone, suggesting acceptance of both the risk and the potential beauty in change.
Question 3: Does the poem offer a guaranteed happy ending?
Answer: No, the poem focuses on the choice and the act of taking a risk. While “blossoming” implies positive transformation, the poem doesn’t promise a specific outcome. It emphasizes courage in the face of uncertainty, focusing more on the process of growth than a guaranteed destination.
Question 4: Can the poem be interpreted as a call to action?
Answer: Yes, the poem urges readers to examine their own lives and consider whether they are living to their full potential. It challenges individuals to question their comfort zones and make choices leading to self-discovery and growth.

Literary Works Similar to “Risk” by Anais Nin

“The Road Not Taken” by Robert Frost: Like “Risk,” this poem explores the theme of decision-making and the consequences of choosing one path over another. It delves into the idea of taking the less-traveled road, symbolizing the willingness to take risks and embrace uncertainty.
“Wild Geese” by Mary Oliver: Mary Oliver’s poem encourages readers to let go of fear and self-doubt and embrace their true selves. It shares themes of vulnerability, acceptance, and the importance of taking risks in order to live authentically.
“Invictus” by William Ernest Henley: This poem speaks to the resilience of the human spirit in the face of adversity. It shares themes of courage, determination, and the power of individual agency in shaping one’s destiny, echoing the sentiment of taking risks and facing challenges head-on.
“If—” by Rudyard Kipling: Kipling’s poem offers a series of conditional statements that outline qualities of perseverance, self-discipline, and resilience. It shares themes of bravery, self-belief, and the willingness to take risks in pursuit of one’s goals and ideals.
The Alchemist by Paulo Coelho: This novel follows the journey of a young shepherd named Santiago as he embarks on a quest to fulfill his dreams. It explores themes of personal growth, destiny, and the importance of taking risks in order to discover one’s true purpose in life.

“To Lucasta Going to The Wars” by Richard Lovelace: A Critical Analysis

“To Lucasta, Going to the Wars” by Richard Lovelace, first published in his 1649 collection titled Lucasta, is an example of Cavalier poetry.

Introduction: “To Lucasta Going to The Wars” by Richard Lovelace

“To Lucasta, Going to the Wars” by Richard Lovelace, first published in his 1649 collection titled Lucasta, is a classic example of Cavalier poetry, a style known for its lightheartedness, wit, and focus on themes of love and honor. The speaker in this poem playfully justifies his decision to leave his beloved for the battlefield by arguing that his love for honor supersedes his romantic love.

Text: “To Lucasta Going to The Wars” by Richard Lovelace

Tell me not (Sweet) I am unkind,

That from the nunnery

Of thy chaste breast and quiet mind

To war and arms I fly.

True, a new mistress now I chase,

The first foe in the field;

And with a stronger faith embrace

A sword, a horse, a shield.

Yet this inconstancy is such

As you too shall adore;

I could not love thee (Dear) so much,

Lov’d I not Honour more.

Annotations: “To Lucasta Going to The Wars” by Richard Lovelace

Stanza 1	Stanza 2	Stanza 3
The speaker addresses Lucasta, reassuring her that his departure to war does not stem from any unkindness towards her. He describes her as a “nunnery” of chastity and peace, contrasting her serene demeanor with the conflict and violence of war to which he is drawn.	The speaker acknowledges his departure from Lucasta to pursue a new mistress—war. He refers to war as his “first foe” and expresses his commitment to it with greater fervor than he ever did to Lucasta.	The speaker explains his apparent fickleness by stating that his devotion to honor and duty surpasses his love for Lucasta. He suggests that she too will come to admire this commitment, even though it means he cannot love her as much as he loves honor.

This poem is rich with imagery and metaphor, depicting the conflict between love and duty, as well as the speaker’s unwavering commitment to honor and valor.

Literary and Poetic Devices: “To Lucasta Going to The Wars” by Richard Lovelace

Device	Example	Explanation
1. Apostrophe	“Tell me not (Sweet) I am unkind…”	The speaker addresses Lucasta directly, though she is not present, expressing his thoughts and feelings to her.
2. Metaphor	“That from the nunnery Of thy chaste breast and quiet mind…”	The comparison of Lucasta’s demeanor to a “nunnery” suggests her purity, tranquility, and devotion to chastity.
3. Personification	“A new mistress now I chase…”	War is personified as a “mistress,” implying a passionate pursuit and dedication to the cause of battle.
4. Alliteration	The first foe in the field	The repetition of the “f” sound.
5. Assonance	“Yet this inconstancy is such…”	The repetition of the short “i” sound in “inconstancy” and “is” creates a rhythmic and melodic effect in the line.
6. Simile	“And with a stronger faith embrace A sword, a horse, a shield.”	The comparison of the speaker’s embrace of war to a “stronger faith” suggests a deep and unwavering commitment.
7. Hyperbole	“I could not love thee (Dear) so much…”	The exaggeration of the speaker’s love for honor compared to his love for Lucasta emphasizes his devotion to duty.
8. Enjambment	“Yet this inconstancy is such As you too shall adore; I could not love thee (Dear) so much, Lov’d I not Honour more.”	The continuation of the thought from one line to the next without a pause or break creates a flowing rhythm.
9. Imagery	“To war and arms I fly.”	The vivid description of the speaker “flying” to war creates a strong visual image of his departure for battle.
10. Symbolism	“A sword, a horse, a shield.”	These items symbolize the tools and equipment of war, representing the speaker’s readiness for battle.
11. Allusion	“To Lucasta, Going to the Wars”	The title alludes to the subject matter of the poem, indicating that the speaker is addressing Lucasta about his departure for war.
12. Repetition	“Lov’d I not Honour more.”	The repetition of “Lov’d I not” emphasizes the speaker’s prioritization of honor over love.
13. Oxymoron	“A nunnery Of thy chaste breast and quiet mind”	The juxtaposition of “nunnery” with “chaste” and “quiet mind” creates a contrast, highlighting Lucasta’s purity and serenity.
14. Anaphora	“True, a new mistress now I chase, And with a stronger faith embrace”	The repetition of “And” at the beginning of successive lines emphasizes the speaker’s commitment to his new pursuit.
15. Antithesis	“To war and arms I fly.” / “To war and arms I fly.”	The juxtaposition of “war” with “arms” highlights the speaker’s departure for battle, emphasizing action and conflict.

Themes: “To Lucasta Going to The Wars” by Richard Lovelace

Honor vs. Love: The central tension in the poem is the conflict between the speaker’s love for Lucasta and his perceived duty to pursue honor and glory on the battlefield. He initially appears to apologize for leaving, saying, “Tell me not (Sweet) I am unkind,” but then justifies his choice by claiming, “I could not love thee (Dear) so much,/ Lov’d I not Honour more.” This highlights the societal expectations of the time, where a man’s honor and duty to his country were often placed above personal love.
The Idealization of War: The speaker romanticizes war, envisioning it as a path to glory and a grand adventure. He refers to his pursuit of honor as a “new mistress,” and describes the battlefield with imagery of trumpets and feathers. This portrayal reflects the Cavalier tendency to depict war with a sense of gallantry and excitement, masking its true horrors.
The Fleeting Nature of Love: The speaker suggests that his love for Lucasta could become tainted over time if he stayed at home. He argues that staying would cause their love to grow “dull” and mundane. By leaving, he believes he is paradoxically preserving their love by injecting excitement and potential sacrifice.
Carpe Diem (Seize the Day): Underlying the poem is a subtle sense of urgency characteristic of Carpe Diem poetry. The speaker’s decision to leave for war reminds the reader of life’s brevity. He argues for embracing adventure and risk, implying that it’s better to live a short but glorious life than to settle for a long and uninspiring one.

Literary Theories and “To Lucasta Going to The Wars” by Richard Lovelace

Literary Theory	Explanation	Example from the Poem
1. New Criticism	Focuses on analyzing the text itself, independent of its author’s intentions or historical context. Emphasizes close reading to uncover meaning.	Examining the imagery and metaphors in the poem to understand the speaker’s conflicting emotions towards love and duty.
2. Feminist Criticism	Examines literature through the lens of gender dynamics, power structures, and representation of women. Seeks to uncover how gender roles influence the text.	Analyzing Lucasta’s portrayal and her relationship with the speaker in the context of societal expectations for women.
3. Psychoanalytic Criticism	Explores the unconscious motivations, desires, and conflicts of characters and authors. Looks for symbolic meaning and hidden psychological elements in the text.	Interpreting the speaker’s departure for war as a manifestation of internal conflict between love for Lucasta and duty.
4. Historical Criticism	Considers the historical context in which the text was written, including the author’s life, social and political events, and cultural norms of the time period.	Examining how Lovelace’s experiences during the English Civil War influenced his portrayal of war and love in the poem.
5. Reader-Response Criticism	Focuses on the reader’s interpretation and experience of the text, acknowledging that meaning is created through the interaction between reader and text.	Considering how different readers might interpret the speaker’s departure for war and his relationship with Lucasta based on their own experiences and perspectives.

Topics, Questions and Thesis Statements: “To Lucasta Going to The Wars” by Richard Lovelace

Themes:

The Conflict Between Love and Duty
Honor and Loyalty in Times of War
Gender Roles and Expectations in 17th Century England

Questions:

How does Lovelace explore the theme of the conflict between love and duty in the poem?
What role does honor play in the speaker’s decision to go to war, and how does it affect his relationship with Lucasta?
In what ways does the poem reflect societal expectations regarding gender roles and relationships during the 17th century?

Thesis Statements:

The poem “To Lucasta, Going to The Wars” by Richard Lovelace portrays the internal struggle of the speaker torn between his love for Lucasta and his sense of duty and honor to go to war.
Lovelace uses the imagery of war and love to depict the complexities of loyalty and sacrifice, highlighting the speaker’s unwavering commitment to honor above all else.
Through the character of Lucasta and the speaker’s relationship with her, Lovelace explores the constraints of gender roles and societal expectations in 17th century England, particularly in the context of wartime.

Short Questions/Answers about “To Lucasta Going to The Wars” by Richard Lovelace

Question	Answer
How does the speaker’s tone shift throughout the poem?	The speaker begins with an apologetic tone (“Tell me not (Sweet) I am unkind”), but quickly shifts to a tone of justification and even bravado as he prioritizes honor over love.
What is the significance of the “new mistress” metaphor?	The metaphor portrays war not as a horror but as a thrilling and desirable pursuit. It also highlights the tension between the speaker’s love for Lucasta and his perceived social obligation to serve in battle.
Does the speaker truly believe his love for Lucasta would weaken if he stayed?	This is open to interpretation. It’s possible he’s masking his own fear of losing her with a romanticized notion of war, or he might genuinely believe their love requires distance to thrive.
How does the poem exemplify characteristics of Cavalier poetry?	It focuses on themes of love and honor with a lighthearted and witty tone. The speaker’s language is elegant and playful, downplaying the realities of war.

Literary Works Similar to “To Lucasta Going to The Wars” by Richard Lovelace

“Song to Celia” by Ben Jonson: This poem shares the Cavalier emphasis on love and the speaker’s willingness to sacrifice personal desires for higher ideals and expressions of passion.
“Why So Pale and Wan Fond Lover?” by Sir John Suckling: Another Cavalier poem that explores the tension between love and other pursuits. The speaker questions a lovelorn friend, arguing for a more carefree approach to life and romance.
“The Charge of the Light Brigade” by Alfred Lord Tennyson: While written much later, this poem also reflects the romanticization of war and glorifies a soldier’s duty in the face of certain death.
“Dulce et Decorum Est” by Wilfred Owen: This World War I poem offers a stark contrast to Lovelace’s depiction of war. Owen vividly portrays the horrors of battle, directly challenging any glorification of armed conflict.
“Anthem for Doomed Youth” by Wilfred Owen: Another war poem by Owen that acts as a counterpoint to Cavalier poems. It presents war as a tragedy, lamenting the loss of young lives and questioning the heroic narrative.

“The Definition of Love” by Andrew Marvell: A Critical Analysis

“The Definition of Love” by Andrew Marvell first appeared in print in 1681, though the exact publication context remains unclear.

Introduction: “The Definition of Love” by Andrew Marvell

“The Definition of Love” by Andrew Marvell first appeared in print in 1681, though the exact publication context remains unclear. It likely debuted within a manuscript collection, showcasing Marvell’s characteristic wit and philosophical depth. The poem’s enduring appeal lies in its exploration of a love both intense and unattainable. Through vivid metaphors and unexpected imagery, Marvell captures the paradoxical nature of love: a rare and divinely beautiful affection tragically destined for unfulfillment. This exploration of love’s complexities, rich with figurative language, has cemented “The Definition of Love” as a captivating contribution to the literary canon.

Text: “The Definition of Love” by Andrew Marvell

My Love is of a birth as rare

As ’tis for object strange and high:

It was begotten by despair

Upon Impossibility.

Magnanimous Despair alone

Could show me so divine a thing,

Where feeble Hope could ne’r have flown

But vainly flapt its Tinsel Wing.

And yet I quickly might arrive

Where my extended Soul is fixt,

But Fate does Iron wedges drive,

And alwaies crowds it self betwixt.

For Fate with jealous Eye does see

Two perfect Loves; nor lets them close:

Their union would her ruine be,

And her Tyrannick pow’er depose.

And therefore her Decrees of Steel

Us as the distant Poles have plac’d,

(Though Love’s whole World on us doth wheel)

Not by themselves to be embrac’d.

Unless the giddy Heaven fall,

And Earth some new Convulsion tear;

And, us to joyn, the World should all

Be cramp’d into a Planisphere.

As Lines so Loves oblique may well

Themselves in every Angle greet:

But ours so truly Parallel,

Though infinite can never meet.

Therefore the Love which us doth bind,

But Fate so enviously debarrs,

Is the Conjunction of the Mind,

And Opposition of the Stars.

Annotations: “The Definition of Love” by Andrew Marvell

Stanza	Annotation
1	The speaker describes their love as exceptionally rare, born from circumstances of great despair and against insurmountable odds. This sets the tone for the poem, establishing the unique nature of their affection.
2	Here, the speaker personifies despair, portraying it as a noble force that reveals the sublime nature of love. While hope, depicted as feeble and ineffectual, could never reach such heights, despair elevates love to a divine level.
3	Despite the speaker’s belief that they could easily be united with their beloved due to the strong connection of their souls, fate intervenes. The imagery of fate driving iron wedges suggests an unstoppable force keeping them apart.
4	Fate is portrayed as a jealous entity that prevents the perfect union of two lovers. The metaphor of distant poles emphasizes the impossibility of their union under the current circumstances.
5	Even though the speaker feels that their love encompasses the entire world, fate’s decree ensures they cannot be together without cataclysmic events disrupting the natural order. This highlights the extreme measures that would be required for their union.
6	The speaker reflects on the different paths love can take, but in their case, fate and love run parallel but never intersect. Despite the infinite possibilities, they are destined to remain apart.
7	Fate’s jealousy continues to obstruct the union of the speaker and their beloved. The only connection permitted is the conjunction of their minds, symbolizing an intellectual and emotional bond, amidst the opposition of external forces represented by the stars.

Literary and Poetic Devices: “The Definition of Love” by Andrew Marvell

Device	Example	Explanation
Alliteration	“Fixed / But Fate…” * “World / Wheel”	Repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words creates a sense of rhythm and emphasis.
Assonance	“Love…Object…High” * “Meet…Parallel”	Repetition of vowel sounds within words creates a sense of musicality.
Enjambment	Lines flow into each other without a pause at the end, creating a sense of continuity. (See lines 3-4, 7-8)	Breaks in punctuation occur within a sentence rather than at the end of a line.
Hyperbole	* “Iron wedges”: “But Fate does Iron wedges drive” * “cramp’d into a Planisphere”: “And, us to joyn, the World should all / Be cramp’d into a Planisphere.”	The use of “iron wedges” and “cramp’d” exaggerates the force keeping the lovers apart.
Imagery	* “Tinsel Wing” * “Distant Poles” * “Lines so Loves oblique”	Vivid descriptions of the tinsel wing, distant poles, and oblique lines paint a picture in the reader’s mind.
Metaphor	* Love as a child: “My Love is of a birth…” * Hope with Tinsel Wings: “But vainly flapt its Tinsel Wing”	Love is compared to a child, suggesting its newness and growth. Hope’s wings are described as tinsel, highlighting its superficiality.
Metonymy	“Stars”: “Opposition of the Stars”	The stars represent the lovers’ destinies, a part for the whole.
Oxymoron	“Perfect Loves…nor lets them close”	The combination of “perfect” and “not close” creates a contradiction, emphasizing the frustration.
Paradox	“My Love is of a birth as rare / As ’tis for object strange and high: / It was begotten by despair / Upon Impossibility.”	The speaker’s love is born from despair for something unattainable, creating a seemingly contradictory situation.
Personification	* Despair: “Magnanimous Despair alone / Could show me so divine a thing” * Fate: “For Fate with jealous Eye does see”	Despair and Fate are given human qualities like showing and seeing, making them more impactful.
Repetition	* “Love” repeated throughout * “But” used repeatedly to emphasize obstacles	Repetition of words or phrases for emphasis and structure.
Rhetorical Question	“Unless the giddy Heaven fall, / And Earth some new Convulsion tear…”	A question not meant to be answered but to evoke strong emotions or emphasize a point.
Simile	“As Lines so Loves oblique may well / Themselves in every Angle greet…”	Compares two things using “like” or “as.” (See line 13)
Symbolism	* “Distant Poles”: Represent the vast separation of the lovers. * “Iron wedges”: Represent the obstacles imposed by Fate.	Objects or ideas that carry a meaning beyond their literal sense.
Synecdoche	“World”: “And, us to join, the World should all…”	A part is used to represent the whole. (World = everything)
Understatement	“Feeble Hope” (Line 4)	Deliberately downplaying something for emphasis.

Themes: “The Definition of Love” by Andrew Marvell

The Power and Paradox of Love: The poem explores the intense yet contradictory nature of the speaker’s love. It arises from a seemingly impossible situation: “My Love is of a birth as rare / As ’tis for object strange and high: / It was begotten by despair / Upon Impossibility.” This paradox highlights the love’s unique power, born from both hope and despair. Despite its impossibility, the love remains deeply affecting: “Magnanimous Despair alone / Could show me so divine a thing.”
Fate as a Cruel Force: Fate is personified as a powerful and malicious entity actively working against the lovers’ union. The poem uses strong imagery to depict Fate’s cruelty: “For Fate with jealous Eye does see / Two perfect Loves; nor lets them close: / Their union would her ruine be, / And her Tyrannick pow’er depose.” Additionally, the “Iron wedges” driven by Fate symbolize the external forces keeping the lovers apart.
The Mind vs. The Body: The speaker suggests that their love prioritizes the “Conjunction of the Mind” over physical closeness. This theme aligns with the concept of New Platonic love, where the focus is on the ideal form rather than the physical body. Lines like “And yet I quickly might arrive / Where my extended Soul is fixt” emphasize the connection on a spiritual level.
The Yearning for Unfulfilled Potential: The poem conveys a deep longing for a love that Fate prevents the speaker from experiencing fully. The speaker expresses a sense of frustration and missed opportunity: “And yet I quickly might arrive / Where my extended Soul is fixt.” The rhetorical question “Unless the giddy Heaven fall, / And Earth some new Convulsion tear…” further emphasizes the impossibility of their situation and the fleeting nature of time.
The Tension Between Acceptance and Desire: The poem explores the complex tension between accepting the limitations imposed by Fate and the continued desire for the unattainable love. The speaker acknowledges Fate’s power: “For Fate with jealous Eye does see…” Yet, they still express the intensity of their love: “Therefore the Love which us doth bind…” This tension creates a sense of bittersweet longing throughout the poem.

Literary Theories and “The Definition of Love” by Andrew Marvell

Literary Theory	Explanation	Example from “The Definition of Love”
Metaphysical Poetry	A 17th-century style known for its intellectual wit, complex metaphors (conceits), and exploration of love and religion.	* Love’s birth from “despair / Upon Impossibility” (paradoxical situation). * Comparing love to “Lines so Loves oblique” meeting “in every Angle” (extended metaphor).
New Platonic Love	A philosophical concept where love seeks the ideal form rather than physical intimacy.	* The speaker’s love is “strange and high,” suggesting it transcends the physical. * The focus is on the “Conjunction of the Mind” despite physical separation.
Carpe Diem	A Latin phrase meaning “seize the day,” urging enjoyment of life’s pleasures before it’s too late.	* The speaker’s yearning for a love that Fate prevents them from experiencing fully. * The rhetorical question “Unless the giddy Heaven fall…” highlights the fleeting nature of time.
Determinism	The belief that all events are predetermined by fate or external forces.	* The constant presence of Fate as a jealous force keeping the lovers apart. * Lines like “Fate with jealous Eye does see” and “Iron wedges” driven by Fate.
Stoicism	A philosophy emphasizing accepting what cannot be changed and focusing on what you can control.	* The speaker acknowledges the power of Fate but still expresses their love’s intensity. * The poem explores the tension between acceptance and longing.

Topics, Questions and Thesis Statements: “The Definition of Love” by Andrew Marvell

Topics:

Love and Fate
The Power of Paradox
Unattainable Desire
Nature of Love (Physical vs. Mental)
Determinism vs. Free Will

Questions:

How does the poem portray the relationship between love and fate?
What is the significance of paradoxes in the poem’s exploration of love?
How does the speaker grapple with the desire for a love that seems impossible?
Does the poem value physical closeness or mental connection more in love?
To what extent does the poem endorse the idea of determinism in love?

Thesis Statements:

“The Definition of Love” by Andrew Marvell presents love as a powerful force that is ultimately thwarted by the cruel hand of Fate, creating a sense of tragic longing in the speaker.
Through the use of paradoxes, Marvell’s poem explores the complex and contradictory nature of love, where desire can be born from despair and fulfillment remains out of reach.
While acknowledging the limitations imposed by fate, “The Definition of Love” emphasizes the enduring power of an unfulfilled desire, highlighting the yearning for love’s full potential.
The poem challenges traditional views of love by prioritizing the “Conjunction of the Mind” over physical intimacy, suggesting a more spiritual and intellectual connection.
“The Definition of Love” explores the tension between determinism and free will in love, portraying the speaker caught between accepting fate’s limitations and desiring a love that fate seems determined to prevent.

Short Questions/Answers about “The Definition of Love” by Andrew Marvell

What is the speaker’s definition of love in the poem?
The speaker’s definition of love is complex and multifaceted. It’s born from “despair / Upon Impossibility,” suggesting a love that is both intense and unattainable. The poem emphasizes a love that transcends the physical: “Therefore the Love which us doth bind, / But Fate so enviously debarrs, / Is the Conjunction of the Mind.” This focus on the “mind” aligns with the concept of New Platonic love, where the ideal form takes precedence.
How does the poem portray the role of fate in love?
Fate is a cruel and powerful force in the poem, actively working against the lovers’ union. The speaker describes Fate with a “jealous Eye” that sees “Two perfect Loves” and prevents them from coming together. The image of “Iron wedges” driven by Fate further emphasizes the external forces keeping the lovers apart. This portrayal suggests a sense of determinism, where the speaker’s love is ultimately powerless against fate’s will.
What challenges does the speaker face in pursuing this love?
The speaker faces several challenges in pursuing their love. The most significant obstacle is Fate, a seemingly unstoppable force that keeps the lovers physically separated. Additionally, the very nature of the love itself presents a challenge. It’s described as “strange and high,” suggesting it may not be reciprocated or even attainable in the traditional sense. This creates a sense of frustration and longing throughout the poem.
What is the overall tone of the poem?
The overall tone of “The Definition of Love” is bittersweet and melancholic. The speaker expresses a deep yearning for a love that seems impossible to achieve. There’s a sense of frustration with the limitations imposed by fate, yet the love itself remains powerful and enduring. The poem ends with a sense of acceptance, but the longing for the unfulfilled potential of the love lingers.

Literary Works Similar to “The Definition of Love” by Andrew Marvell

“To His Coy Mistress“ by Andrew Marvell: This poem by Marvell himself offers a compelling companion piece. It explores similar themes of love’s urgency and the fleeting nature of time. The speaker pleads with his beloved to seize the day and embrace their love before time diminishes its potential.
“Astrophil and Stella, Sonnet 75” by Sir Philip Sidney: A prominent figure in the English Renaissance, Sidney’s sonnet shares Marvell’s fascination with complex metaphors (conceits) and paradoxical situations. Like “The Definition of Love,” it delves into the intellectual and philosophical aspects of love, using celestial imagery to depict the yearning for a seemingly unreachable beloved.
“Sonnet 116” by William Shakespeare: Shakespeare’s timeless sonnet provides a contrasting perspective to Marvell’s melancholic tone. While both poems explore love’s enduring nature, “Sonnet 116” expresses a more confident and optimistic view. It celebrates love’s ability to transcend external challenges, offering a sense of solace and permanence absent in “The Definition of Love.”
“La Belle Dame sans Merci” by John Keats: Keats’ poem, like Marvell’s, explores the power of an idealized love and the potential for disillusionment. Both poems utilize dreamlike imagery and a sense of ambiguity to create a haunting atmosphere. However, Keats delves further into the darker aspects of love and obsession.
“Sonnet 138” by Elizabeth Barrett Browning: Written a century after Marvell, Browning’s sonnet presents a feminist perspective on love and desire. Like “The Definition of Love,” it explores the frustration of unfulfilled potential. However, Browning’s speaker challenges the power dynamics and societal constraints that restrict her love’s expression.

Books:

Marvell, Andrew. The Complete Poems of Andrew Marvell. Edited by Nigel Smith. Pearson Education Limited, 2003. (This critical edition provides annotations and scholarly commentary on Marvell’s poems, including “The Definition of Love”.)
Empson, William. Seven Types of Ambiguity. Third edition. Chatto & Windus, 1953. (This classic work explores ambiguity in poetry, relevant to understanding the paradoxes and complexities of “The Definition of Love”.)
Malcolmson, Patricia Kennedy. Lyric and Anti-Lyric: Lyric Strategies in English Poetry from Donne to Dryden. Princeton University Press, 1986. (This book examines the development of lyric poetry in the English Renaissance, providing context for Marvell’s innovative style and use of metaphor.)

Articles:

Vendler, Helen H. “Marvell’s ‘The Definition of Love.'” The Journal of English Literary History , vol. 29, no. 1, 1962, pp. 152-160. (This scholarly article offers a close reading of the poem, focusing on its imagery, paradox, and philosophical themes.)
Greenblatt, Stephen. “Marvell’s Pastoral and the Counter-Historical.” Genre , vol. 13, no. 2, 1980, pp. 205-223. (This article explores the political and historical context of Marvell’s poetry, which can inform a deeper understanding of “The Definition of Love”.)
Lewalski, Barbara Kiefer. “Protestantism and the Seventeenth-Century Lyric.” Studies in English Literature, 1500-1900 , vol. 10, no. 1, 1970, pp. 111-133. (This article examines the influence of Protestant theology on English Renaissance poetry, providing insights into the religious and spiritual dimensions of love explored in “The Definition of Love”.)

Websites:

The Poetry Foundation (https://www.poetryfoundation.org/) offers reliable information on Andrew Marvell and his poetry, including critical essays and analysis of “The Definition of Love.”
The Andrew Marvell Society (https://marvell.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/) is a dedicated website with scholarly articles, resources, and information about Marvell’s life and work.
The Norton Anthology of English Literature (https://wwnorton.com/catalog/college/english/english-literature) (online edition, subscription required) provides a wealth of literary criticism and historical context for understanding “The Definition of Love.”

Quotes with Context “The Definition of Love” by Andrew Marvell

Quote	Context	Explanation
“My Love is of a birth as rare / As ’tis for object strange and high: / It was begotten by despair / Upon Impossibility.” (Lines 1-4)	The speaker opens the poem by defining their love. It’s described as “rare” and for an “object strange and high,” suggesting it’s unconventional and unattainable. Paradoxically, this love is born from “despair / Upon Impossibility,” highlighting the seemingly contradictory nature of the speaker’s emotions.	This quote establishes the central theme of the poem: the power and paradox of love. Despite its impossibility, the love remains deeply affecting.
“Magnanimous Despair alone / Could show me so divine a thing, / Where feeble Hope could ne’r have flown / But vainly flapt its Tinsel Wing.” (Lines 5-8)	The speaker reflects on the source of their love. They credit “Magnanimous Despair” for revealing this “divine” love. This suggests a love so profound it could only be revealed through the depths of despair. “Feeble Hope” is contrasted with despair, its “Tinsel Wing” symbolizing its superficiality and inability to reach such a love.	This quote explores the complex relationship between hope and despair in love. Despair, surprisingly, becomes a catalyst for recognizing the love’s true value.
“And yet I quickly might arrive / Where my extended Soul is fixt, / But Fate does Iron wedges drive, / And alwaies crowds it self betwixt.” (Lines 9-12)	The speaker expresses frustration with the limitations imposed by fate. They feel close to achieving their love’s fulfillment (“quickly might arrive”), but Fate acts as a cruel obstacle, driving “Iron wedges” to keep them apart.	This quote highlights the theme of fate as a cruel force. It emphasizes the external barriers preventing the lovers’ union.
“For Fate with jealous Eye does see / Two perfect Loves; nor lets them close: / Their union would her ruine be, / And her Tyrannick pow’er depose.” (Lines 13-16)	The poem personifies Fate as a jealous entity threatened by the lovers’ “perfect Loves.” Fate actively prevents their union to maintain its “Tyrannick pow’er.”	This quote emphasizes the power struggle between love and fate. The speaker portrays fate as a malicious force determined to control the lovers’ destiny.
“Therefore the Love which us doth bind, / But Fate so enviously debarrs, / Is the Conjunction of the Mind, / And Opposition of the Stars.” (Lines 19-22)	The speaker defines their love as a “Conjunction of the Mind,” suggesting a deep intellectual and spiritual connection. This connection exists despite the “Opposition of the Stars,” a metaphor for the external forces (including Fate) keeping them physically apart.	This quote explores the nature of love in the poem. It prioritizes the “mind” over physical closeness, aligning with the concept of New Platonic love.

“Be Nobody’s Darling” by Alice Walker: A Critical Analysis

“Be Nobody’s Darling” by Alice Walker was first published in 1973 in her collection titled “Revolutionary Petunias and Other Poems.”

Introduction: “Be Nobody’s Darling” by Alice Walker

“Be Nobody’s Darling” by Alice Walker was first published in 1973 in her collection titled “Revolutionary Petunias and Other Poems.” This powerful poem embodies the qualities of resilience, defiance, and self-affirmation. Through vivid imagery and unapologetic language, Walker urges readers to reject conformity and embrace their authentic selves. The poem celebrates individuality and the courage to defy societal expectations, encouraging readers to carve their own paths and find strength in their uniqueness. With its timeless message of empowerment, “Be Nobody’s Darling” continues to resonate with audiences, inspiring them to embrace their identities and stand tall in the face of adversity.

Text: “Be Nobody’s Darling” by Alice Walker

Be nobody’s darling;
Be an outcast.
Take the contradictions
Of your life
And wrap around
You like a shawl,
To parry stones
To keep you warm.
Watch the people succumb
To madness
With ample cheer;
Let them look askance at you
And you askance reply.
Be an outcast;
Be pleased to walk alone
(Uncool)
Or line the crowded
River beds
With other impetuous
Fools.

Make a merry gathering
On the bank
Where thousands perished
For brave hurt words
They said.

But be nobody’s darling;
Be an outcast.
Qualified to live
Among your dead.

Annotations: “Be Nobody’s Darling” by Alice Walker

Stanza	Lines	Annotation
1	1-2	The poem opens with a strong statement. The speaker encourages embracing being an outcast, independent from seeking approval (darling).
2	3-6	Life’s complexities (“contradictions”) are acknowledged. The speaker suggests using them as a source of strength (“shawl”) to deflect hardship (“stones”) and find comfort.
3	7-10	The speaker observes the majority (“people”) succumbing to societal pressures (“madness”) with a facade of happiness (“ample cheer”). They advocate for an independent response (“askance reply”) to societal judgment.
4	11-12	The concept of being an outcast is further explored. The speaker suggests finding satisfaction in solitude (“pleased to walk alone”) even if it’s considered unconventional (“uncool”).
5	13-16	This stanza introduces the idea of a community of outcasts. “Impetuous fools” could represent those who spoke their truth (“brave hurt words”) and faced persecution. “River beds” might symbolize a place where societal norms don’t hold sway.
6	17-19	The speaker encourages a celebration (“merry gathering”) of those who died fighting for their beliefs (“brave hurt words”). The location, “the bank” near the “river beds,” strengthens the connection to the community of outcasts.
7	20-22	The poem concludes by reiterating the core message. The speaker emphasizes the importance of embracing being an outcast (“But be nobody’s darling; Be an outcast”) as a way to live authentically (“Qualified to live Among your dead”). Being among the “dead” here could symbolize those who died for their beliefs, suggesting a community of kindred spirits.

Literary and Poetic Devices: “Be Nobody’s Darling” by Alice Walker

Literary Device	Example from the Poem	Description
Anaphora	“Be nobody’s darling; Be an outcast” (repeated)	Repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive lines for emphasis.
Assonance	“Make a merry gathering On the bank” (line 17)	Repetition of vowel sounds within nearby words for musicality (like “a” and “e”).
Consonance	“contradictions…wrap around…parry stones” (lines 3-5)	Repetition of consonant sounds within nearby words for musicality (like “r” and “p”).
Enjambment	“Watch the people succumb To madness” (lines 7-8)	Running on of a sentence or phrase without a pause at the end of a line for dramatic effect.
Hyperbole	“thousands perished” (line 18)	Exaggeration for emphasis.
Juxtaposition	“Let them look askance at you And you askance reply” (lines 9-10)	Placing contrasting ideas side-by-side to create tension or highlight differences.
Litotes	“ample cheer” (line 8)	Understatement, implying a stronger opposite (“hollow joy”).
Metaphor	“contradictions…like a shawl” (lines 3-4)	Comparing two things without using “like” or “as” to suggest a similarity.
Paradox	“Be pleased to walk alone (Uncool)” (lines 11-12)	A statement that seems contradictory but may hold some truth (finding satisfaction in solitude).
Personification	“Watch the people succumb” (line 7)	Giving human qualities to a non-human thing (people succumbing to madness).
Repetition	“Be nobody’s darling; Be an outcast” (repeated)	Emphasis through repeating a phrase.
Rhetorical Question	(none directly)	A question not meant to be answered, but to make a point.
Simile	(none directly)	A comparison using “like” or “as.”
Symbolism	“stones…contradictions…shawl” (lines 3-5)	Objects representing something beyond their literal meaning (stones = hardship, contradictions = life’s complexities, shawl = protection).
Synecdoche	“dead” (line 19)	Using a part to represent the whole (“dead” for those who died speaking their truth).

Themes: “Be Nobody’s Darling” by Alice Walker

Individuality vs. Conformity (Lines 1-12): The poem champions individuality over societal pressure to conform. The opening lines, “Be nobody’s darling; Be an outcast,” urge the reader to reject seeking approval and embrace being different. The speaker suggests life’s complexities (“contradictions”) are something to be owned, not hidden, using the metaphor of a shawl for protection and comfort. Finding satisfaction in solitude is presented as positive, even if considered “uncool” by the majority.
Strength in Facing Challenges (Lines 3-6): The poem acknowledges the difficulties of being an outsider. Life throws challenges (“stones”), but the speaker encourages using your unique experiences (“contradictions”) as a source of strength. The image of wrapping the contradictions “like a shawl” suggests using them for protection and warmth. This implies that embracing your individuality can be empowering.
Critical Observation of Society (Lines 7-10, 17-18): The poem critiques those who blindly follow social norms. The speaker observes the “people succumb / To madness / With ample cheer,” suggesting a facade of happiness within conformity. The “madness” could represent societal pressures or a loss of individuality. The “thousands perished / For brave hurt words / They said” highlights the potential consequences of speaking one’s truth in a non-conforming way.
Finding Community Among Outcasts (Lines 13-19): The poem offers a sense of belonging for those who choose to be different. “Impetuous fools” who spoke their truth (“brave hurt words”) could represent a community of outcasts. The “river beds” might symbolize a space outside societal boundaries where these individuals gather. The final line, “live Among your dead,” suggests a connection to those who died for their beliefs, creating a sense of belonging and purpose.

Literary Theories and “Be Nobody’s Darling” by Alice Walker

Literary Theory	Explanation	Connection to the Poem
Feminism	Examines the social, political, and economic inequalities faced by women.	The poem can be seen as a call for women to embrace their individuality and challenge societal expectations that may limit them. The rejection of being “nobody’s darling” could be a push against traditional female roles that emphasize dependence on men.
Marxism	Analyzes the relationship between social classes and the struggle for power.	While not explicitly Marxist, the poem touches on class struggles. The “people” succumbing to “madness” might represent the working class pressured by societal norms. “Impetuous fools” and those “among your dead” could be those who challenged the status quo.
Reader-Response Theory	Focuses on how the reader’s background and experiences influence their interpretation of a text.	The poem’s message of embracing individuality can resonate differently depending on the reader’s experiences with societal pressures or feelings of being an outsider. Finding value in “brave hurt words” might hold more weight for someone who has experienced silencing or oppression.
New Historicism	Examines literature within the social, cultural, and political context of its creation.	The poem was written in the 1970s during the Civil Rights Movement and the rise of feminism. The call to be an outcast and challenge societal expectations aligns with the themes of social justice and individual empowerment that were prominent during this era.

Topics, Questions, and Thesis Statements: “Be Nobody’s Darling” by Alice Walker

Topic	Question	Thesis Statement
Individuality vs. Conformity	How does the poem challenge societal pressures to conform?	“Be Nobody’s Darling” advocates for embracing individuality and authenticity, even if it means being ostracized, as conformity leads to a shallow existence.
Strength in Facing Challenges	How does the poem depict the power of facing challenges as an outsider?	The poem portrays facing challenges as an opportunity for growth and self-discovery. By using life’s difficulties (“contradictions”) as a source of strength (“shawl”), one can find empowerment and forge their own path.
Finding Community	Does the poem offer a sense of belonging for those who choose to be different?	“Be Nobody’s Darling” suggests that while being an outcast can be isolating, it can also lead to finding a community of like-minded individuals who value truth and individuality over societal acceptance.
Social Critique	How does the poem critique societal norms?	The poem criticizes the pressure to conform and the dangers of blindly following the majority (“ample cheer”). The speaker observes a “madness” within conformity, implying a loss of individuality and a disregard for truth (“brave hurt words”).
Feminist Lens	How can a feminist perspective inform our understanding of the poem?	Viewed through a feminist lens, the poem’s message of rejecting being “nobody’s darling” can be seen as a call for women to defy traditional gender roles and societal expectations that limit their independence and self-worth.

Short Questions/Answers about “Be Nobody’s Darling” by Alice Walker

· Who is the speaker addressing in “Be Nobody’s Darling”?

The speaker is addressing someone, perhaps a younger person or someone feeling lost, who might crave societal approval. The poem offers an alternative path, urging them to embrace their individuality and find strength in being different, even if it means being ostracized.

· What challenges does the poem acknowledge for those who choose not to conform?

The poem recognizes the difficulties of being an outsider. Facing societal judgment (“stones”) and the pressure to conform (“ample cheer”) can be isolating. However, the speaker suggests these challenges can be overcome by using your unique experiences (“contradictions”) as a source of strength (“shawl”) and finding satisfaction in your own path, even if considered “uncool.”

· How does the poem depict the majority who conform?

The speaker views those who blindly follow social norms with a critical eye. They are described as succumbing “To madness / With ample cheer,” suggesting a facade of happiness and a loss of individuality. This “madness” might represent societal pressures that limit personal growth and the expression of truth.

· Does the poem offer a sense of hope or belonging for those who choose to be different?

Despite the challenges, the poem offers a sense of hope and belonging. The speaker suggests finding community with others who have spoken their truth (“brave hurt words”) and faced persecution. The “river beds” might symbolize a space outside societal boundaries where these individuals connect. The final line, “live Among your dead,” implies a connection to those who died for their beliefs, creating a sense of purpose and belonging.

Literary Works Similar to “Be Nobody’s Darling” by Alice Walker

“I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud” (1804) by William Wordsworth: Similar to Walker, this poem finds beauty and solace in solitude, celebrating individuality.
“Song of Myself” (1855) by Walt Whitman: This American Transcendentalist poem echoes Walker’s themes of self-acceptance, embracing individuality, and valuing each person.
“No One Belongs Here More Than You” (c. 1862) by Emily Dickinson: Dickinson’s poem, like Walker’s, explores finding connection with those who share experiences of exclusion.
“The Lottery” (1948) by Shirley Jackson: Jackson’s chilling story, a stark contrast in tone, highlights the dangers of blind conformity, similar to Walker’s critique of societal pressure.
“The Yellow Wallpaper” (1892) by Charlotte Perkins Gilman: Gilman’s story, like Walker’s, critiques societal expectations and emphasizes the importance of self-determination and challenging norms.

Quotations and Context from “Be Nobody’s Darling” by Alice Walker

Quote	Context	Literary Theory	Theorization
“Be nobody’s darling; Be an outcast.” (Lines 1-2)	The poem opens with a strong statement challenging societal pressures to conform and seek approval.	Individualism vs. Conformity	This quote aligns with feminist and Black literary theories that emphasize the importance of self-definition and challenging societal expectations, particularly for women and marginalized groups.
“Take the contradictions / Of your life / And wrap around / You like a shawl” (Lines 3-4)	The speaker acknowledges the complexities of life (“contradictions”) but suggests using them as a source of strength (“shawl”) for protection and comfort.	Strength in Facing Challenges	This quote connects with theories of resilience and overcoming adversity. It suggests our experiences, even negative ones, can shape us into stronger individuals.
“Watch the people succumb / To madness / With ample cheer” (Lines 7-8)	The speaker observes the majority (“people”) conforming to social norms (“ample cheer”), implying a facade of happiness.	Social Critique	This quote aligns with Marxist and critical race theories that critique societal power structures and the pressure to conform. It suggests conformity can lead to a loss of individuality and a disregard for truth.
“Line the crowded / River beds / With other impetuous / Fools” (Lines 13-14)	Here, the speaker suggests finding community with others who have spoken their truth (“brave hurt words”) and faced persecution (“fools”).	Finding Community Among Outcasts	This quote connects with theories of community building and solidarity among marginalized groups. It suggests shared experiences can foster a sense of belonging outside mainstream society.
“But be nobody’s darling; / Be an outcast. / Qualified to live / Among your dead.” (Lines 20-22)	The poem ends by reiterating the importance of embracing individuality (“outcast”). Living “among your dead” could symbolize being with those who died for their beliefs, creating a sense of purpose and belonging.	Death and Belonging	This quote can be theorized through existentialist and Black feminist lenses. It suggests embracing authenticity, even in the face of potential exclusion, and finding connection with those who share your values.

Introduction: “Sonnet 139: O, call not me to justify the wrong” by William Shakespeare

Text: “Sonnet 139: O, call not me to justify the wrong” by William Shakespeare

Literary and Poetic Devices: “Sonnet 139: O, call not me to justify the wrong” by William Shakespeare

Themes: “Sonnet 139: O, call not me to justify the wrong” by William Shakespeare

Literary Theories and “Sonnet 139: O, call not me to justify the wrong” by William Shakespeare

Topics, Questions and Thesis Statements: “Sonnet 139: O, call not me to justify the wrong” by William Shakespeare

Short Questions/Answers about “Sonnet 139: O, call not me to justify the wrong” by William Shakespeare

Literary Works Similar to “Sonnet 139: O, call not me to justify the wrong” by William Shakespeare

Suggested Readings for Further Analysis of “Sonnet 139: O, call not me to justify the wrong” by William Shakespeare

Books: “Sonnet 139: O, call not me to justify the wrong”

Articles: “Sonnet 139: O, call not me to justify the wrong”

Websites: “Sonnet 139: O, call not me to justify the wrong”

Representative Quotations from “Sonnet 139: O, call not me to justify the wrong” by William Shakespeare

Introduction: “Porphyria’s Lover” by Robert Browning

Text: “Porphyria’s Lover” by Robert Browning

Annotations: “Porphyria’s Lover” by Robert Browning

Literary and Poetic Devices: “Porphyria’s Lover” by Robert Browning

Themes: “Porphyria’s Lover” by Robert Browning

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Topics, Questions, and Thesis Statements: “Porphyria’s Lover” by Robert Browning

Short Questions/Answers about “Porphyria’s Lover” by Robert Browning

Literary Works Similar to “Porphyria’s Lover” by Robert Browning

Suggested Readings for Further Analysis of “Porphyria’s Lover” by Robert Browning

Websites

Quotations from “Porphyria’s Lover” by Robert Browning

Introduction: “Do Not Stand at My Grave and Weep” by Mary Elizabeth Frye

Text: “Do Not Stand at My Grave and Weep” by Mary Elizabeth Frye

Literary and Poetic Devices: “Do Not Stand at My Grave and Weep” by Mary Elizabeth Frye

Themes: “Do Not Stand at My Grave and Weep” by Mary Elizabeth Frye

Literary Theories and “Do Not Stand at My Grave and Weep” by Mary Elizabeth Frye

Topics, Questions and Thesis Statements: “Do Not Stand at My Grave and Weep” by Mary Elizabeth Frye

Short Questions/Answers about “Do Not Stand at My Grave and Weep” by Mary Elizabeth Frye

Literary Works Similar to “Do Not Stand at My Grave and Weep” by Mary Elizabeth Frye

Suggested Readings for Further Analysis of “Do Not Stand at My Grave and Weep” by Mary Elizabeth Frye

Sources

Representative Quotations from “Do Not Stand at My Grave and Weep” by Mary Elizabeth Frye

Introduction: “The Trees Are Down” by Charlotte Mew

Text: “The Trees Are Down” by Charlotte Mew

Annotations: “The Trees Are Down” by Charlotte Mew

Literary and Poetic Devices: “The Trees Are Down” by Charlotte Mew

Themes: “The Trees Are Down” by Charlotte Mew

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Topics, Questions and Thesis Statements: “The Trees Are Down” by Charlotte Mew

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Suggested Readings for Further Analysis of “The Trees Are Down” by Charlotte Mew

Sources

Websites

Representative Quotes from “The Trees Are Down” by Charlotte Mew

Introduction: “Courage” by Anne Sexton

Text: “Courage” by Anne Sexton

Annotations: “Courage” by Anne Sexton

Literary and Poetic Devices: “Courage” by Anne Sexton

Themes: “Courage” by Anne Sexton

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Literary Works Similar to “Courage” by Anne Sexton

Suggested Readings for Further Analysis of “Courage” by Anne Sexton

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Representative Quotes from “Courage” by Anne Sexton

Introduction: “Porphyria’s Lover” by Robert Browning

Text: “Porphyria’s Lover” by Robert Browning

Annotations: “Porphyria’s Lover” by Robert Browning

Literary and Poetic Devices: “Porphyria’s Lover” by Robert Browning

Themes: “Porphyria’s Lover” by Robert Browning

Literary Theories and “Porphyria’s Lover” by Robert Browning

Topics, Questions, and Thesis Statements: “Porphyria’s Lover” by Robert Browning

Short Questions/Answers about “Porphyria’s Lover” by Robert Browning

Literary Works Similar to “Porphyria’s Lover” by Robert Browning

Suggested Readings for Further Analysis of “Porphyria’s Lover” by Robert Browning

Websites

Quotations from “Porphyria’s Lover” by Robert Browning

Annotations: “Risk” by Anais Nin

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Literary Theories and “Risk” by Anais Nin

Topics, Questions and Thesis Statements: “Risk” by Anais Nin

Short Questions/Answers about “Risk” by Anais Nin