Equivocation: A Literary Device

Etymology of Equivocation

The term “equivocation” has its roots in Latin, coming from the word “aequivocatio,” which means ‘an equal voice’ or ‘equal or similar utterance.’

The concept of equivocation involves the deliberate use of ambiguous language or expressions that have multiple meanings, often with the intent to mislead or deceive.

It has been a subject of interest in various fields, including linguistics, philosophy, and literature, where the phenomenon of equivocation plays a role in discussions about language, truth, and interpretation.

Meanings of Equivocation

Aspect	Meaning
Ambiguity in Language	Intentionally using ambiguous language to allow multiple interpretations of a word or phrase.
Deceptive Language	Utilizing misleading language to create confusion or obscure the true intent of the speaker.
Rhetorical Strategy	Employing equivocation in rhetoric to maintain flexibility and avoid firm commitments for persuasion or argumentation.
Doublespeak	Relating to George Orwell’s concept, using language to obscure meaning, especially in political or manipulative contexts.
Philosophical and Ethical Considerations	Raising ethical and philosophical questions about truth, honesty, and communication, particularly in cases involving deception or manipulation.
Literary Device	Using equivocation as a narrative or rhetorical device in literature to add tension, irony, or complexity to a story or dialogue.
Historical and Legal Usage	Historical significance in legal and political discourse, such as the Gunpowder Plot in England, and its application in legal contexts.
Linguistic Analysis	Studying equivocation as a linguistic phenomenon, exploring how language structure and meaning can be manipulated or exploited.
Ethical Dilemmas	Creating ethical dilemmas, especially in journalism and public relations, where providing information blurs with intentional misleading.
Cultural and Societal Impact	Influencing culture and society by affecting public opinion, trust, and the interpretation of political or corporate messages.

Definition of Equivocation

Equivocation in literature refers to the deliberate use of ambiguous language or expressions with dual meanings, often to create a sense of deception or uncertainty within the text. This device is employed to convey complex themes or characters’ internal conflicts, fostering a deeper engagement with the reader. Authors skillfully employ equivocation to add layers of depth and intrigue to their narratives, challenging readers to decipher hidden intentions or multiple interpretations.

Types of Equivocation

• Ambiguity: The use of words or phrases with multiple meanings or interpretations.
• Double Entendre: Words or phrases with simultaneous straightforward and subtle, often risqué, interpretations.
• Punning: Wordplay using words that sound similar but have different meanings.
• Irony: Presenting words or situations contrary to expectations, allowing for subtle or satirical commentary.
• Paradox: Statements that appear self-contradictory but reveal deeper truths upon examination.
• Metaphor and Allegory: Using metaphors and allegories equivocally to convey hidden meanings or symbolic representations.
• Juxtaposition: Placing contrasting elements side by side to create ambiguity or irony.
• Allusion: Making references to historical, literary, or cultural material to invite interpretations based on readers’ knowledge of the alluded content.

Common Examples of Equivocations

Equivocation, or the use of ambiguous language, is common in everyday life and can be found in various situations. Here are some everyday examples of equivocation:

1. Job Interviews: When asked about weaknesses, a candidate might say, “I tend to be too detail-oriented,” which could mean being excessively meticulous or avoiding discussing real weaknesses.
2. Politics: Politicians often use equivocation to avoid giving direct answers to contentious questions. They might say, “I’ll look into it” instead of committing to a stance on an issue.
3. Relationships: In personal relationships, someone might say, “I’m not ready for a serious commitment right now,” which could mean they’re not interested in a committed relationship.
4. Sales and Advertising: Advertisers may use equivocal language to create a sense of allure or uncertainty. For instance, a product may be described as “clinically tested,” without specifying the nature or results of the testing.
5. Apologies: When apologizing, people may say, “I’m sorry if you were hurt,” which implies that the person is sorry for the other’s feelings rather than taking responsibility for their actions.
6. Parenting: Parents may use equivocation when discussing sensitive topics with their children. For example, they might say, “We’ll see” instead of giving a definite answer to a child’s request.
7. Customer Service: In customer service interactions, representatives may use equivocation to avoid making promises or commitments. They might say, “I’ll see what I can do,” without guaranteeing a specific outcome.
8. Negotiations: In business negotiations, equivocal language can be used to maintain flexibility and avoid committing to a particular position. For example, someone might say, “Let’s explore our options” instead of making a firm decision.
9. Evasive Responses: In everyday conversations, people may use equivocation to avoid answering personal or uncomfortable questions directly. For instance, responding with “That’s a personal matter” can be an equivocal way to maintain privacy.
10. Social Interactions: Equivocal language is often used to maintain politeness or diplomacy. Instead of saying, “I don’t like that idea,” someone might say, “I’m not sure that would work for me.”

These examples illustrate how equivocation is a part of everyday communication, often used to navigate social interactions and maintain flexibility in various situations.

Suggested Readings

1. Shakespeare, William. Macbeth. Edited by Barbara A. Mowat and Paul Werstine, Folger Shakespeare Library, 2011.
2. Tsur, Reuven. What Makes Sound Patterns Expressive? The Poetic Mode of Speech Perception. Duke University Press, 2012.
3. Wayne, Valerie. The Ethos of Voice in the Journal of James Rainstorpe Morris. University of California Press, 1992.
4. Belloc, H. (1913). The Servile State. TN Foulis.