Farce: A Literary Device

Farce: Etymology

The term “farce” finds its linguistic origins in Old French, originating as “farse” in the 14th century, initially signifying a stuffing or forcemeat used in culinary contexts. Over time, this culinary connotation metaphorically transitioned into the realm of comedy during the late 15th century, evolving to denote a ridiculous interlude or comic intermezzo inserted into serious theatrical works. In the 16th century, the term developed further in English, specifically referring to a light, humorous play characterized by exaggerated situations, improbable plot twists, and comedic dialogues. As a genre, “farce” has established itself in literature and drama, embodying exaggerated humor and absurdity to entertain and amuse audiences.

Farce: Literal and Conceptual Meanings

Literal Meaning of Farce:	Conceptual Meaning of Farce:
– Etymology: Originates from “farse” in Old French, referring to a stuffing or forcemeat in cooking.	– Humorous Play: Refers to a light, humorous play characterized by exaggerated situations and comedic elements.
– Culinary Origin: Initially denoted a culinary concept before transitioning into a comedic context.	– Exaggeration: Involves the use of exaggeration, improbable situations, and absurdity for comedic effect.
– 16th Century Development: Evolved in the 16th century in English to specifically signify a comedic theatrical work.	– Entertainment: Serves as a form of entertainment, aiming to amuse and entertain audiences.

Farce: Definition as a Literary Device

Farce, as a literary device, encompasses a comedic genre characterized by exaggerated and improbable situations, often employing absurdity and humor to elicit laughter and entertainment from the audience.

It involves the use of heightened comedic elements, such as mistaken identities, exaggerated characters, and improbable plot twists, creating a humorous atmosphere. Farce serves as a form of literary expression that employs caricature and satire to critique societal norms and conventions through its playful and exaggerated presentation of human folly.

Farce: Examples in Everyday Life

1. Television Sitcoms: Many popular sitcoms, such as “Fawlty Towers” and “Seinfeld,” incorporate farcical elements with exaggerated characters, misunderstandings, and comedic misunderstandings.
2. Political Satire: Political cartoons and satirical shows often employ farce to exaggerate political situations, personalities, and events, using humor to comment on societal and political issues.
3. Physical Comedy in Films: Classic films like Charlie Chaplin’s “The Circus” and modern comedies like the “Naked Gun” series often use physical comedy and farcical elements to generate laughter.
4. Sketch Comedy: Sketch comedy shows like “Monty Python’s Flying Circus” utilize farce through absurd and exaggerated scenarios, showcasing the humorous side of human behavior and societal norms.
5. Internet Memes and Viral Videos: Online content, such as memes and viral videos, frequently employs farcical elements to humorously depict relatable situations or create absurd narratives for comedic effect.

Farce in Literature: Types

Type of Farce	Characteristics
Classic Farce	– Exaggerated characters with distinctive traits and behaviors. – Intricate and improbable plot situations often involving mistaken identities, disguises, and complex misunderstandings. – Rapid pace and witty dialogue contributing to comedic effect.
Slapstick Comedy	– Physical humor with exaggerated, often boisterous, gestures. – Comedic violence, often involving pratfalls, slapstick, and humorous accidents. – Visual and bodily comedy that relies on exaggerated actions and reactions.
Parody and Satirical Farce	– Mocking or exaggerating the conventions of other literary genres or societal norms. – Satirizing specific works, genres, or cultural phenomena. – Clever use of irony, wit, and humor to highlight and critique societal absurdities.
Absurdist Farce	– Surreal and illogical scenarios challenging traditional narrative structures. – Characters navigating a nonsensical world with bizarre and absurd events. – Humor derived from the incongruity of the situations and characters’ reactions.
Domestic Farce	– Exaggerated situations within a household or familial setting. – Misunderstandings, mistaken identities, and humorous conflicts between family members. – Often explores societal norms within the context of domestic life.
Farcical Elements in Satire	– Combining farce with social critique and satire. – Exaggerated situations and characters used to emphasize and critique societal issues. – Blending humor with a critical lens to convey satirical messages effectively.

Farce: Suggested Readings

1. Molière. The Misanthrope and Other Plays. Translated by David Coward, Oxford University Press, 1998.
2. Shakespeare, William. The Comedy of Errors. Edited by Stanley Wells, Penguin Classics, 2005.
3. Marx, Groucho. Duck Soup (BFI Film Classics). British Film Institute, 1998.
4. Heller, Joseph. Catch-22. Simon & Schuster, 2011.
5. Beckett, Samuel. Waiting for Godot. Grove Press, 2011.
6. Wilde, Oscar. The Importance of Being Earnest. Dover Publications, 1990.
7. Orwell, George. Animal Farm. Signet Classics, 1996.
8. Fo, Dario. Accidental Death of an Anarchist. Methuen Drama, 1987.