Libertarianism in Literature & Literary Theory

Libertarianism: Etymology, Meanings and Concept

Etymology/Term: The word “libertarianism” has roots in the French word “libertaire” and the Latin “libertas,” both meaning “freedom.” It emerged in political discourse in the late 18th century to represent those who championed individual liberty.

Meanings and Concept:

• Individual Liberty: The supreme importance of individual freedom in both personal and economic spheres.
• Self-Ownership: Individuals possess absolute sovereignty over their lives, bodies, and the results of their labor.
• Limited Government: Government exists primarily to safeguard individual rights (life, liberty, property) and should function within strictly defined boundaries.
• Non-Aggression Principle: Prohibition against initiating the use of force or fraud against others, while allowing defensive actions to protect rights.
• Voluntary Exchange and Free Markets: Economic interactions should be based on consent and mutually beneficial transactions, fostering individual choice and innovation.

Libertarianism: Definition of a Theoretical Term

Libertarianism is a political philosophy that prioritizes individual liberty as the fundamental societal value. It advocates for a significantly limited government, with primary functions centered on the protection of individual rights to life, liberty, and property. Libertarians believe that voluntary exchange and cooperation, in the absence of coercion, offer the most equitable and efficient path to societal order.

Libertarianism: Theorists, Works and Arguments

Prominent Theorists

• John Locke: A major influence on libertarian thought with his emphasis on natural rights, the social contract, and the principle of limited government.
• Robert Nozick: Articulated a rights-based theory of justice for a minimal state, focusing on property rights and historical entitlement.
• Ayn Rand: Developed the philosophy of Objectivism, promoting rational self-interest, laissez-faire capitalism, and individualism.
• Murray Rothbard: A founder of anarcho-capitalism, arguing for the complete abolition of the state and reliance on voluntary market mechanisms for societal order.
• Friedrich Hayek: Noted for his analysis of spontaneous order and emphasis on the limitations of central planning, highlighting the advantages of decentralized knowledge in free markets.

Influential Works

• Second Treatise of Government (John Locke): A foundational text advocating for natural rights, limited government, and the fundamental right to property.
• Anarchy, State, and Utopia (Robert Nozick): Presents a framework for a minimal state focused on the protection of individual rights.
• Atlas Shrugged (Ayn Rand): A novel outlining Objectivism, arguing for the virtue of rational self-interest and unfettered capitalism.
• For a New Liberty: The Libertarian Manifesto (Murray Rothbard): An exposition of anarcho-capitalism, advocating for the elimination of the state and the establishment of a fully market-based social order.
• The Road to Serfdom (Friedrich Hayek): Argues that centralized economic planning undermines economic efficiency and ultimately paves the way for oppressive authoritarianism.

Key Arguments

• Moral Foundations: Prioritizes self-ownership and the non-aggression principle, highlighting the ethical imperative of individual liberty.
• Economic Superiority: Advocates for free markets as efficient generators of innovation, prosperity, and consumer choice.
• Limits of Knowledge: Stresses the inability of centralized authorities to accumulate and process sufficient knowledge for optimal resource allocation and social organization.
• Dangers of Coercion: Rejects state intervention as infringing on individual rights and opening the door to the gradual expansion of state power.
• Safeguarding Individuality: Champions individual autonomy and choice, warning against excessive government intrusion into personal and economic spheres.

Libertarianism: Major Characteristics

• Individual Liberty as Paramount: The unwavering dedication to maximizing individual freedom in both social and economic realms. This encompasses freedoms of speech, association, religion, property, and the right to make choices about one’s own life without undue interference.
• Self-Ownership: The principle that individuals have absolute sovereignty over their bodies, their lives, and the fruits of their labor.
• Negative Rights: Emphasis on rights that define freedom from external coercion (e.g., freedom from assault, theft, etc.) as opposed to positive rights that require others to provide something (e.g., right to healthcare).
• Minimal Government: Advocacy for a government with severely limited powers. Its primary roles are seen as the protection of life, liberty, and property, and the enforcement of contracts. Most libertarians see taxation as a potential form of coercion that should be drastically minimized.
• Non-Aggression Principle: Rejection of the initiation of force or fraud against another person. This allows for self-defense or actions to stop aggressors.

Additional Common Characteristics:

• Free Markets: Support of unrestrained markets, viewing them as engines of innovation, wealth creation, and the most efficient distribution of goods and services. Libertarians tend to oppose government intervention in markets (e.g., regulations, subsidies).
• Property Rights: Robust protection of private property rights as fundamental to individual liberty and economic functioning.
• Voluntary Exchange: Emphasis on the right of individuals to engage in uncoerced economic transactions without state interference or excessive regulation.
• Skepticism Towards Authority: Critical stance towards government power and bureaucracy, advocating for checks and balances to restrict state overreach.

Libertarianism: Relevance in Literary Theories

• Reader-Response and Choice: A libertarian-influenced critical lens might prioritize the reader’s individual understanding and interpretation of a text over a presumed single ‘correct’ reading. It celebrates the diversity of subjective experiences and rejects an authoritarian imposition of meaning.
• Authorship and Ownership: A libertarian stance could be used to champion the author’s intellectual property rights and their authority over the meaning of their creation. It might critique interpretations that overly distance a text from its author’s original intent.
• Critique of Power Structures: Literary analysis grounded in libertarian skepticism of power can explore how texts portray authority figures, political hierarchies, and dominant social systems. This lens may be particularly interested in works that question centralized control or depict societal consequences of coercive interventions.
• Free Expression and Censorship: Libertarian-informed views advocate for unfettered freedom of expression in literature, even with controversial or unpopular ideas. Critics may use libertarian arguments to oppose literary censorship.
• Markets and Creativity: Some scholars have examined literature through a free-market lens, exploring how open literary marketplaces, as opposed to those limited by patronage or governmental restrictions, create conditions for varied artistic expression and consumer choice.

Challenges and Limitations

• Non-dominant perspective: While libertarian-inflected viewpoints exist, they aren’t nearly as mainstream within literary theory as approaches like Marxism, feminism, or post-colonial theory.
• Focus on the Individual: Libertarian-rooted theory tends to center the individual (author, reader, character), but some may feel this lens could diminish analysis of collective identities or larger power systems at work in literature.
• Political baggage: The term “libertarian” itself might have political connotations that hinder some from employing libertarian-influenced ideas without being immediately seen as endorsing broader political positions.

Libertarianism: Application in Critiques

1. 1984 (George Orwell)

• Dystopian Power Structures: A libertarian lens would dissect the totalitarian government of Oceania, emphasizing the obliteration of individual liberties under pervasive surveillance, thought control, and the total erasure of privacy.
• Ministry of Truth & Propaganda: Libertarians would focus on the state’s distortion of history and language to suppress dissident thought – a violation of not only intellectual liberty but the fundamental right of accurate self-expression.
• Consequences of Collectivism: The novel underscores the erosion of self-ownership and agency when individualism is subsumed by the collective. Libertarian arguments could stress the dangers of a society where people are reduced to interchangeable cogs in a state machine.

2. The Lord of the Rings (J.R.R. Tolkien)

• The Threat of Power: Libertarians might focus on Sauron and the One Ring as symbols of absolute, centralized power threatening to extinguish individuality and the sovereignty of different peoples in Middle Earth.
• Self-Governance vs. Tyranny: Tolkien’s work illustrates the potential for disparate communities to unite against a common threat while retaining their self-determination. This resonates with libertarian views on voluntary cooperation and decentralized social structures.
• Ownership & Transformation: The libertarian focus on property rights and self-ownership could prompt an analysis of characters like Gollum, tragically corrupted by his possessive obsession with the ring.

3. Atlas Shrugged (Ayn Rand)

• Protagonist as Libertarian Ideal: Rand’s heroes, such as John Galt and Dagny Taggart, champion individualism, rational self-interest, and unfettered free markets. They are often interpreted as embodying elements of libertarian thought.
• Critique of Bureaucracy & Inefficiency: The novel indicts government meddling, wealth redistribution, and excessive regulations as stifling innovation and wealth creation. A libertarian critique would echo these themes.
• Controversial Aspects: Libertarian critics might champion the book’s defense of the “productive” versus the “takers”. However, some libertarian positions would diverge from Rand’s advocacy of a strong intellectual elite within her ideal society.

4. The Handmaid’s Tale (Margaret Atwood)

• Oppression of Women as Extreme Coercion: The theocratic regime of Gilead violently curtails women’s bodily autonomy, intellectual freedom, and economic agency. A libertarian analysis would condemn these violations of self-ownership and highlight the link between authoritarian power and the abolition of individual rights.
• Rebellion & Resistance: The novel depicts subversive acts of resistance to authority. Libertarian critics might explore these as struggles to reclaim individual liberty under a despotic system.
• Markets & Choice: Gilead’s black markets showcase how, even within a highly oppressive structure, individuals seek alternative economic avenues outside of state control—perhaps resonating with a libertarian preference for voluntary transactions.

Libertarianism: Relevant Terms

Term	Definition
Individual Liberty	The supreme value of allowing individuals to make their own choices without undue interference.
Self-Ownership	The principle that individuals have absolute control over their bodies, lives, and property.
Limited Government	The belief that government should be narrowly focused on protecting individual rights and maintaining order.
Non-Aggression Principle (NAP)	The ethical stance against initiating force or fraud upon others.
Voluntary Exchange	Economic interactions based on mutual consent and benefit, without coercion.
Free Markets	Unregulated exchange of goods and services, driven by supply, demand, and individual choice.
Property Rights	Robust protection of rights to acquire, use, and dispose of one’s possessions.
Laissez-Faire	A minimal state economic policy advocating against government intervention in the market.
Spontaneous Order	The concept that complex social and economic systems emerge naturally without central planning.
Individualism	Emphasis on the worth and dignity of the individual in contrast to societal collectives.

Libertarianism: Suggested Readings

Classics and Foundational Works

• Locke, John. Second Treatise of Government. Hackett Publishing, 1980.
• Nozick, Robert. Anarchy, State, and Utopia. Basic Books, 1974.
• Hayek, Friedrich A. The Road to Serfdom. University of Chicago Press, 2007.

Libertarian Philosophy and Its Variants

• Rand, Ayn. Atlas Shrugged. Signet, 1996.
• Rothbard, Murray, N. For a New Liberty: The Libertarian Manifesto. Ludwig von Mises Institute, 2006.
• Friedman, David. The Machinery of Freedom: Guide to a Radical Capitalism. Open Court, 1995.

Economic Perspectives

• Hazlitt, Henry. Economics in One Lesson. Three Rivers Press, 1979.
• Sowell, Thomas. Basic Economics: A Common Sense Guide to the Economy. Basic Books, 2015.

Contemporary Issues and Libertarianism

• Boaz, David. The Libertarian Mind: A Manifesto for Freedom. Simon & Schuster, 2015.
• Huemer, Michael. The Problem of Political Authority: An Examination of the Right to Coerce and the Duty to Obey. Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.