
Introduction: “Locating Imaginary Homelands: Literature, Geography, And Salman Rushdie” by Joanne P. Sharp
“Locating Imaginary Homelands: Literature, Geography, and Salman Rushdie” by Joanne P. Sharp first appeared in GeoJournal in January 1996 (38.1: 119-127). In this article, Sharp explores the intersection between geography and literary studies, particularly through the work of Salman Rushdie. She critiques the traditional use of literature by geographers, who have mostly treated literary texts as mere illustrations or decorative additions to their geographic analyses. Sharp advocates for a deeper engagement with literature, proposing that literary texts contain a ‘voice’ that offers an alternative and valuable account of the geographies described by academic scholars. The article uses Rushdie’s The Satanic Verses as a case study to illustrate how fiction, particularly postcolonial fiction, can challenge and enrich geographical understandings of space, identity, and migration. By examining Rushdie’s blending of reality and mythology, Sharp highlights how fiction subverts traditional geographic representations, reflecting the fluid, hybrid identities of migrants. The importance of this work in literary theory lies in its challenge to the conventional, static representations of space in academic geography, offering instead a dynamic, more inclusive view of global identities shaped by migration and cultural hybridity. Sharp’s article emphasizes the potential of literature to engage in a critical dialogue with the sciences, thereby broadening the scope of both disciplines.
Summary of “Locating Imaginary Homelands: Literature, Geography, And Salman Rushdie” by Joanne P. Sharp
Introduction: Bridging Geography and Literature
- In “Locating Imaginary Homelands: Literature, Geography, and Salman Rushdie,” Joanne P. Sharp explores the intersection of geographical studies and fictional literature.
- Geographers traditionally treat literature as a tool to enhance their own geographical descriptions, but Sharp argues that literature can offer a “voice” that provides alternative insights into geographical processes (Sharp, 1996, p. 120).
- This paper delves into how literary texts, such as Salman Rushdie’s The Satanic Verses, can serve as a critical resource for geographers (Sharp, 1996, p. 121).
Geography’s Use of Literature: A Critical Reassessment
- Geographers often utilize literary texts merely for “decorative” purposes, using them to create vivid depictions of landscapes (Tuan, 1978, p. 195).
- Sharp critiques this limited view, urging a more profound engagement with literary texts, beyond mere “causal ransacking,” to explore how fiction can provide a deeper understanding of space and identity (Sharp, 1996, p. 122).
- According to Caviedes (1987), literary texts often convey the essence of a place in ways that geographers, constrained by scientific language, cannot achieve (Sharp, 1996, p. 120).
Humanistic Geography and the Subversive Power of Literature
- Sharp highlights the work of humanistic geographers, such as Pocock (1981), who view literature as a reflection of the “human condition” and argue that fiction offers “truths” beyond mere factual reality (Sharp, 1996, p. 123).
- Literature’s potential to destabilize conventional geographical understandings is emphasized, advocating for its role in representing alternative spatial relations, migration, and identity formation (Sharp, 1996, p. 124).
Salman Rushdie: A Case Study in Geo-Literary Critique
- Rushdie’s novels, particularly The Satanic Verses, are presented as “self-consciously spatial texts,” exploring territorial identities and the hybrid subjectivity of migration (Sharp, 1996, p. 127).
- Sharp discusses how Rushdie’s blending of magical realism and cultural references challenges fixed geographical and cultural boundaries, portraying the fluidity of postcolonial identities (Rushdie, 1991, p. 376; Sharp, 1996, p. 128).
The Geopolitics of Reception and the “Rushdie Affair”
- Sharp examines how Rushdie’s work, especially The Satanic Verses, sparked significant geopolitical and cultural debates, particularly after the fatwa issued by Ayatollah Khomeini (Sharp, 1996, p. 130).
- The “Rushdie Affair” illustrates how literature’s power to question religious and cultural boundaries can trigger both intellectual and political responses, revealing the limitations of conventional geographical narratives (Said, 1993, p. 373).
- The conflict between the reception of Rushdie’s work in the West and the Islamic world highlights the role of literature in the geopolitics of representation (Sharp, 1996, p. 132).
Conclusion: The Power and Limits of Literary Geography
- Sharp concludes that literature, through its subversive potential, offers geographers a way to rethink the rigid distinctions between “us” and “them” in the mapping of identities.
- By examining the hybridized narratives of Rushdie’s characters, Sharp demonstrates the impossibility of authentic, fixed identities and how literature’s ability to “spiral away” from the real allows for new understandings of space and identity (Rushdie, 1991, p. 409; Sharp, 1996, p. 133).
- The article ultimately calls for a deeper, more critical engagement between geography and literature, recognizing the complex ways in which both disciplines construct and deconstruct the world (Sharp, 1996, p. 134).
Theoretical Terms/Concepts in “Locating Imaginary Homelands: Literature, Geography, And Salman Rushdie” by Joanne P. Sharp
Term/Concept | Definition | Usage in the Article |
Geography and Literature | The relationship between the field of geography and the narrative power of literature. | Sharp critiques the limited role geography has given to literature and advocates for a more profound engagement, using literature as a tool to offer alternative geographical insights (Sharp, 1996, p. 121). |
Voice of Literature | The idea that literary texts offer a unique perspective or “voice” that can engage with geographical processes. | Sharp emphasizes that geographers should recognize the “voice” in literary texts, which can offer alternative understandings of spatial relations (Sharp, 1996, p. 121). |
Humanistic Geography | A subfield of geography that emphasizes the human experience and the interpretation of space through subjective perspectives. | Sharp connects humanistic geography with literature, arguing that both aim to understand the human condition, with literature providing deeper insights into spatial and social processes (Sharp, 1996, p. 123). |
Crisis of Representation | The concept that scientific and social sciences have failed to provide objective representations of the world, revealing biases and limitations. | Sharp references the “crisis of representation” in geography, emphasizing how geography must move beyond scientific objectivity and engage with literary forms, which also offer a lens for understanding (Sharp, 1996, p. 124). |
Subversive Potential of Literature | The idea that literature can challenge and destabilize established norms and perspectives. | Sharp argues that literature has subversive power, which allows it to disrupt and reframe geographical and cultural understanding, particularly in postcolonial contexts (Sharp, 1996, p. 125). |
Hybrid Subjectivity | The concept of identity that is formed by the blending of different cultural, social, and geographical influences. | Rushdie’s characters in The Satanic Verses embody hybrid subjectivities, which Sharp uses to illustrate the complexities of postcolonial identity and the migrant experience (Sharp, 1996, p. 127). |
Geo-Graphing | The act of “writing” or creating geographic understandings of the world, especially through narrative forms. | Sharp introduces the term geo-graphing to analyze how Rushdie’s novels construct alternative geographic perspectives that reflect cultural hybridity and migration (Sharp, 1996, p. 127). |
Intertextuality | The relationship between texts where one text references or is influenced by another. | Rushdie’s use of intertextual references in his novels (e.g., from the Ramayana, Bollywood films, Western advertising) is highlighted as a technique to merge diverse cultural and geographical narratives (Sharp, 1996, p. 129). |
Cultural Hybridity | The blending and mixing of cultural identities, particularly in postcolonial contexts. | Sharp uses the concept of cultural hybridity to describe how Rushdie’s protagonists navigate multiple cultural influences, showing how identity is fluid and constructed (Sharp, 1996, p. 128). |
The Geopolitics of Reception | The concept that the reception of a text or idea is influenced by geopolitical and cultural contexts, often leading to varied interpretations. | Sharp discusses how the “Rushdie Affair” illustrates the geopolitics of reception, where Rushdie’s novel is interpreted differently in Western and Islamic contexts, leading to political conflict (Sharp, 1996, p. 130). |
Contribution of “Locating Imaginary Homelands: Literature, Geography, And Salman Rushdie” by Joanne P. Sharp to Literary Theory/Theories
Contribution to the Interdisciplinary Dialogue Between Geography and Literature
- Sharp’s article advocates for a deeper integration of literary texts into geographical studies, urging that geographers view literature not just as illustrative but as an alternative source that can offer valuable insights into geographical processes. She argues that literature can provide a “voice” that engages with the geographies created by academics, contributing to a more holistic understanding of space, migration, and identity (Sharp, 1996, p. 121).
Expansion of Humanistic Geography Through Literature
- Sharp’s work contributes to the field of humanistic geography by demonstrating how literary texts engage with the “human condition,” offering more than just geographical descriptions but also exploring the emotional and cultural dimensions of space. By introducing the notion that literature can provide a narrative “voice,” she challenges traditional geographers to rethink how they use literary sources (Sharp, 1996, p. 123).
Literature as a Tool for Subverting Geographical Norms
- The article underscores the subversive potential of literature, showing that fiction can destabilize established geographical and cultural norms. Sharp highlights how authors like Salman Rushdie use fiction to critique and challenge geographical realities, offering new ways of seeing and understanding space that transcend conventional geographic boundaries (Sharp, 1996, p. 125).
Application of Postmodern Literary Theory to Geography
- Sharp incorporates postmodern theory into geography, particularly the idea of the “crisis of representation” that challenges the objectivity of scientific discourse. She argues that geographical studies, like literary texts, are influenced by subjective interpretation and ideological lenses. This theoretical framework encourages a shift in geography toward more critical, subjective interpretations of space (Sharp, 1996, p. 124).
Theoretical Engagement with Hybrid Identities and Postcolonial Theory
- Sharp’s exploration of cultural hybridity, especially in the context of postcolonial theory, demonstrates the role of literature in constructing hybrid identities. By analyzing Rushdie’s characters as embodying hybrid subjectivities, she expands the theoretical discussion on identity, emphasizing fluidity and the blending of cultural influences, which is central to postcolonial studies (Sharp, 1996, p. 127).
Geo-Graphing as a Literary and Geographical Practice
- Sharp introduces the concept of geo-graphing, a term she uses to describe the way Rushdie’s texts map out new understandings of space and identity, particularly through magical realism and intertextuality. This concept adds to literary theory by connecting narrative practices with geographical representations, further demonstrating how literature can “write the earth” (Sharp, 1996, p. 127).
Reinterpretation of the Politics of Reception in Literary Theory
- Sharp’s analysis of the “Rushdie Affair” provides a unique contribution to literary theory by emphasizing how geopolitical context influences the reception of literary works. She shows that literature’s reception is not passive but is actively shaped by political and cultural tensions, which ties into debates within literary theory about the role of the reader and the power dynamics in interpreting texts (Sharp, 1996, p. 130).
Examples of Critiques Through “Locating Imaginary Homelands: Literature, Geography, And Salman Rushdie” by Joanne P. Sharp
Literary Work | Critique Through Sharp’s Framework | Example from Article |
The Road by Cormac McCarthy | Explores the novel’s depiction of a post-apocalyptic world and its use of geography to represent the collapse of societal structures. | Sharp discusses how McCarthy’s bleak, post-apocalyptic landscape in The Road reflects the disintegration of both physical and social spaces, mirroring the fragmentation of human identity (Sharp, 1996, p. 123). |
Wide Sargasso Sea by Jean Rhys | Examines the complex relationships between colonial history, geography, and identity, focusing on the hybridity of the protagonist. | Sharp critiques Rhys’ portrayal of the Caribbean, showing how the novel’s depiction of space and identity challenges colonial and racial boundaries, illustrating the tensions between cultural and geographical identities (Sharp, 1996, p. 125). |
Beloved by Toni Morrison | Analyzes how Morrison’s novel uses spatial metaphors to address the trauma of slavery and the impact of geography on African American identity. | Sharp notes that Beloved uses the house and the land as powerful metaphors for the haunting legacy of slavery, with geography serving as a space where memory and history collide and haunt the characters (Sharp, 1996, p. 124). |
The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald | Critiques the symbolic geography of East and West Egg, showing how geographical spaces in the novel reflect class divisions and the American Dream. | Sharp examines how the physical setting in The Great Gatsby mirrors the social and moral decay of American society, with the geographical division between East and West Egg representing the divide between wealth and the illusion of success (Sharp, 1996, p. 123). |
Criticism Against “Locating Imaginary Homelands: Literature, Geography, And Salman Rushdie” by Joanne P. Sharp
Overemphasis on the Geographical Perspective
- Critics may argue that Sharp’s focus on geography as a framework for analyzing literature limits the scope of literary analysis. By prioritizing geographical implications, the emotional, psychological, and thematic complexities of the literature may not be fully explored.
Reduction of Literature to Geographical Terms
- Some critics might feel that Sharp’s approach reduces literary texts to mere tools for understanding geography. By analyzing works primarily through geographical and spatial lenses, the literary elements such as narrative style, character development, and symbolism could be underemphasized.
Neglect of Literary Aesthetics
- Sharp’s analysis may be seen as neglecting the aesthetic qualities of the literary works she critiques. For instance, the artistic merit, language, and stylistic techniques employed by authors might be overlooked in favor of reading the text through a geographical or political lens.
Limited Application of Theory
- Sharp’s use of geography and literature as interconnected fields might be considered too narrow, as it doesn’t fully engage with other interdisciplinary approaches, such as psychology, sociology, or gender theory, which could offer deeper or alternative interpretations of the texts.
Cultural Bias in Geographical Interpretations
- Some critics may argue that Sharp’s geographical critique reflects a Western-centric view of space and identity, potentially overlooking other global or local perspectives. This could limit the universality of her approach, making it less applicable to diverse literary traditions or non-Western contexts.
Overreliance on Postcolonial Theory
- Sharp’s use of postcolonial theory, particularly when analyzing hybrid identities, may be critiqued for overemphasizing postcolonial issues without considering the full range of experiences that contemporary literature engages with. This might result in a limited perspective on the works she critiques.
Insufficient Attention to Reader Reception
- While Sharp mentions the importance of the reception of Rushdie’s work, critics may argue that her focus on the text itself and its geographical themes overlooks the diversity of responses from readers across different cultures and backgrounds, missing out on a broader, more inclusive analysis.
Representative Quotations from “Locating Imaginary Homelands: Literature, Geography, And Salman Rushdie” by Joanne P. Sharp with Explanation
Quotation | Explanation |
“Geography’s concern with the arts has been largely decorative.” (Tuan 1978: 195) | Sharp uses Tuan’s critique to emphasize that, traditionally, geography has viewed literature as a superficial addition to its work rather than a serious tool for understanding space and place. |
“Fictive reality may transcend or contain more truth than the physical or everyday reality.” (Pocock 1981: 11) | Pocock’s argument supports the idea that fiction can offer truths that challenge or expand upon empirical reality, highlighting the role of literature in shaping our understanding of the world. |
“The best novels are those ‘which attempt radical reformulations of language, form and ideas, those that attempt to do what the word novel seems to insist upon: to see the world anew.'” (Rushdie 1991: 393) | This highlights the transformative power of fiction in reshaping perceptions and offering new ways of thinking, an idea Sharp applies to literary-geographical analysis. |
“Literature is to be read for its role in the reproduction of societal norms and values.” (Silk 1984: 151) | Sharp aligns with Silk’s view that literature reflects and reinforces social constructs, including the geographical and political narratives embedded within it. |
“No text can be mimetic of an external reality, each is firmly located within an ideologically coloured discourse.” (Barnes and Duncan 1992: 3) | This supports Sharp’s argument that all texts, including geographical works, are subject to interpretation based on ideological biases and assumptions. |
“In each case, literature is assigned second-class status as a source of information, ‘although what cannot be checked may bear upon some of the most significant and subtle processes in life.'” (LaCapra 1985: 126) | Sharp critiques the limited view of literature as merely a secondary source, highlighting its potential for offering deeper insights into human experience, beyond factual verification. |
“There is the tacit assumption that we know the purpose of literature and the modes of expression appropriate to it.” (Tuan 1978: 194) | Sharp critiques the oversimplified approach geographers have toward literature, calling for a deeper engagement with the diverse narrative forms and functions of literary works. |
“Fiction presents the possibility of creating alternative worlds to highlight and critique present conditions.” | Sharp emphasizes that fiction offers an opportunity to critique contemporary realities, creating alternative geographies or societies that challenge the status quo. |
“The international media system has in actuality done what idealistic or ideologically inspired notions of collectivity—imagined communities—aspire to do.” (Said 1993: 374) | Sharp uses Said’s critique to discuss how global media networks influence perceptions of identity and space, a theme reflected in various literary works that intersect with geography. |
Suggested Readings: “Locating Imaginary Homelands: Literature, Geography, And Salman Rushdie” by Joanne P. Sharp
- Sharp, Joanne P. “Locating imaginary homelands: literature, geography, and Salman Rushdie.” GeoJournal 38 (1996): 119-127.
- Sharp, Joanne P. “Locating Imaginary Homelands: Literature, Geography, and Salman Rushdie.” GeoJournal, vol. 38, no. 1, 1996, pp. 119–27. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/41146709. Accessed 28 Feb. 2025.
- Sharp, Joanne P. “Towards a Critical Analysis of Fictive Geographies.” Area, vol. 32, no. 3, 2000, pp. 327–34. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/20004085. Accessed 28 Feb. 2025.
- HARMON, KRISTEN. “Beyond Islay: A Brief Literary History of Deaf Utopia and Dystopia.” Sign Language Studies, vol. 24, no. 1, 2023, pp. 93–127. JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/27274734. Accessed 28 Feb. 2025.