Memento Mori: Etymology, Literal and Conceptual Meanings
Etymology of “Memento Mori”
The term “Memento Mori” originates from Latin, where “memento” translates to “remember,” and “mori” means “to die.” Together, the phrase serves as a reminder of human mortality. This expression gained prominence during the medieval period and the Renaissance, often depicted in art and literature, to underscore the ephemeral nature of life and the inevitability of death. It encapsulates a philosophical concept urging individuals to reflect on the transient nature of existence and prioritize the contemplation of one’s mortality.
Literal and Conceptual Meanings of “Memento Mori” in a Table
| Literal Meaning | Conceptual Meaning |
| Literal Definition: A Latin phrase urging individuals to remember their mortality, often used as a prompt for contemplation on death. | Conceptual Definition: Beyond its literal translation, “Memento Mori” serves as a philosophical and artistic motif, encouraging a broader reflection on the impermanence of life and the importance of seizing the present moment. |
| Example: In historical context, “Memento Mori” might be inscribed on a tombstone or included in artwork featuring skulls, hourglasses, or other symbols of mortality. | Example: Conceptually, the phrase is employed in literature, art, and philosophy to convey themes of humility, the transient nature of worldly pursuits, and the need for introspection in the face of mortality. |
| Symbolism: Often associated with symbols like skulls, skeletons, or timepieces, symbolizing death and the passing of time. | Symbolism: Serves as a symbolic call to live authentically, emphasizing the idea that awareness of mortality can lead to a more meaningful and intentional life. |
| Cultural Variations: Found in various cultures, each interpreting and expressing the concept of mortality uniquely. | Cultural Variations: Explored in literature, art, and philosophy across different cultures, adapting the theme to address specific cultural, religious, or existential perspectives. |
Memento Mori: Definition as a Poetic Genre
Memento Mori, as a poetic genre, encapsulates verse that prompts contemplation on the transient nature of life and the inevitability of death. Rooted in Latin, the term directly translates to “Remember that you will die,” serving as a thematic anchor for poetry that explores mortality, existential reflection, and the impermanence of human existence. Poets within this genre employ evocative language and symbolism to invite readers into a meditative consideration of life’s brevity and the profound implications of mortality.
Memento Mori in Literature: Examples
- “To His Coy Mistress” by Andrew Marvell (1681):
- Feature: Marvell’s poem uses the urgency of time to persuade his lover to seize the moment, emphasizing the brevity of life and the inevitability of death.
- “Because I could not stop for Death” by Emily Dickinson (c. 1863):
- Feature: Dickinson’s poem personifies Death as a carriage driver who patiently escorts the speaker through the stages of life, culminating in eternity.
- “Ozymandias” by Percy Bysshe Shelley (1818):
- Feature: Shelley’s sonnet reflects on the transience of power and human achievements, as a shattered statue in the desert serves as a reminder of the impermanence of empires.
- “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock” by T.S. Eliot (1915):
- Feature: Eliot’s modernist poem explores the existential anxiety and self-doubt of the protagonist, prompting reflection on the passage of time and the inevitability of death.
- “When I Have Fears That I May Cease to Be” by John Keats (1818):
- Feature: Keats expresses his fear of dying before fully realizing his poetic potential, reflecting on the impermanence of life and the pursuit of artistic immortality.
- “Holy Sonnet 10: Death, be not proud” by John Donne (c. 1610):
- Feature: Donne’s sonnet challenges the personification of Death, asserting that death has no power over the eternal soul and that it is merely a transition to an afterlife.
- “Because I Could Not Stop for Death” by Langston Hughes (1936):
- Feature: Hughes’s poem echoes Emily Dickinson’s work, addressing the theme of death as an inevitable journey and emphasizing the acceptance of life’s end.
- “A Dream Within A Dream” by Edgar Allan Poe (1849):
- Feature: Poe’s poem reflects on the elusiveness of reality and the fleeting nature of life, with the speaker lamenting the impossibility of holding onto moments.
- “In Memoriam A.H.H.” by Alfred Lord Tennyson (1850):
- Feature: Tennyson’s long poem is a reflection on the death of his friend, Arthur Hallam, and explores themes of grief, faith, and the afterlife.
- “To Autumn” by John Keats (1819):
- Feature: While not explicitly about death, Keats’s ode to autumn reflects on the cycle of life and nature, celebrating the beauty of the season while hinting at its inevitable decline.
These poetic examples demonstrate the diverse ways in which “Memento Mori” is expressed in literature, with poets using various styles and perspectives to contemplate the nature of life, mortality, and the passage of time.
Memento Mori in Literature: Relevance in Literary Theories
| Literary Theory | Relevance of “Memento Mori” |
| Existentialism | Examines the individual’s confrontation with mortality and the search for meaning in the face of an indifferent or absurd universe. Works with “Memento Mori” often explore existential angst and the human quest for purpose. Examples include Camus’ “The Stranger” and Sartre’s “No Exit.” |
| Psychoanalytic Theory | Interprets death as a recurring motif reflecting unconscious fears and desires. “Memento Mori” in literature can be seen as a symbol or metaphor for repressed thoughts, mortality anxiety, or the inevitability of facing one’s own psyche. Works like Poe’s “The Tell-Tale Heart” may be analyzed through this lens. |
| Marxist Criticism | Considers how the theme of mortality may reflect societal structures, class struggles, and the impact of oppressive systems. The awareness of death can serve as a catalyst for social critique, as seen in works like Orwell’s “Animal Farm.” |
| Feminist Criticism | Explores how representations of mortality and the treatment of death in literature may reinforce or challenge gender norms and power dynamics. Female characters’ experiences with mortality may be analyzed within the context of patriarchal structures. For instance, Gilman’s “The Yellow Wallpaper” could be examined through a feminist lens. |
| Postcolonial Theory | Analyzes how the theme of death may be tied to colonial histories, cultural identity, and the impact of imperialism. “Memento Mori” in postcolonial literature might be a reflection of the cultural disruptions and trauma caused by colonization, as seen in works like Chinua Achebe’s “Things Fall Apart.” |
| Reader-Response Theory | Explores how readers engage with the theme of “Memento Mori” and how their personal experiences and perspectives shape their interpretations. The emotional and psychological responses of readers to mortality in literature become central to analysis. |
| Deconstructionism | Questions the fixed meanings of symbols and language. “Memento Mori” can be deconstructed to reveal the instability of meaning, challenging traditional interpretations of death and mortality in literature. Works like Borges’ “The Library of Babel” may be analyzed in this context. |
Memento Mori in Literature: Relevant Terms
| Term | Definition |
| Memento Mori | Latin for “Remember that you will die,” a theme urging reflection on mortality and the transient nature of life. |
| Vanitas | Artistic genre symbolizing the brevity of life, often featuring symbols of death and decay. |
| Ars Moriendi | Latin for “The Art of Dying,” a medieval genre offering guidance on a good death and Christian salvation. |
| Danse Macabre | French for “Dance of Death,” a theme depicting skeletons or the dead leading the living in a dance, emphasizing the universality of death. |
| Skull Symbolism | The use of skulls as symbols representing death, mortality, and the human skeleton. |
| Hourglass Symbolism | An emblem of time’s passage, frequently used in conjunction with “Memento Mori” to symbolize the finite nature of life. |
| Momento Vivere | Counterpart to “Memento Mori,” Latin for “Remember to live,” encouraging the embrace of life in the face of mortality. |
| Transience | The impermanent and fleeting nature of life, often explored in literature and art. |
| Elegy | A poetic form expressing sorrow or lament, frequently used to contemplate death and loss. |
| Thanatology | The scientific study of death and the psychological, social, and cultural aspects surrounding the end of life. |
Memento Mori in Literature: Suggested Readings
- Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. Edited by Barbara A. Mowat and Paul Werstine, Folger Shakespeare Library, 2003.
- Wilde, Oscar. The Picture of Dorian Gray. Penguin Classics, 2003.
- Tolstoy, Leo. The Death of Ivan Ilyich. Translated by Louise and Aylmer Maude, Oxford University Press, 2008.
- Poe, Edgar Allan. The Masque of the Red Death and Other Tales. Edited by Roger C. Weightman, Oxford University Press, 2008.
- Marquez, Gabriel Garcia. One Hundred Years of Solitude. Harper Perennial, 2006.
- Albom, Mitch. Tuesdays with Morrie. Broadway Books, 2002.
- Green, John. The Fault in Our Stars. Dutton Books, 2012.
- Zusak, Markus. The Book Thief. Alfred A. Knopf, 2005.
- Marlowe, Christopher. Doctor Faustus. Edited by David Wootton, Hackett Publishing Company, 2005.
- Eliot, T.S. The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock and Other Poems. Dover Publications, 1991.