Myth Criticism / Myth Theory

Introduction to Myth Criticism

Myth criticism, rooted in the ancient Greek term “mythos,” which signifies stories or narratives with symbolic and often sacred significance, is a scholarly discipline dedicated to the analysis and interpretation of these enduring tales across various cultures and epochs.

It seeks to uncover the profound cultural, psychological, and archetypal dimensions embedded within myths, shedding light on the ways in which these narratives shape human understanding and beliefs.

Myth criticism’s etymology underscores its focus on the exploration of narratives that transcend their temporal and cultural origins, offering insights into the universal themes and enduring symbolism that continue to resonate within the human experience.

Myth Criticism: Origin, Major Theorists, Works and Arguments

Origin of Myth Criticism

• Ancient Roots: Myth criticism has ancient roots in the study of myths within cultures, particularly in the fields of anthropology, folklore, and religious studies.
• Modern Scholarly Discipline: It evolved into a modern scholarly discipline within the realms of literary studies, cultural studies, and comparative mythology.

Major Theorists in Myth Criticism

• Carl Jung: Jung’s work on archetypes and the collective unconscious has greatly influenced myth criticism, emphasizing the psychological aspects of myth.
• Joseph Campbell: Campbell’s theory of the monomyth or the hero‘s journey has been influential in understanding the common structure of myths across cultures.
• Mircea Eliade: Eliade’s studies on the sacred and profane, as well as his exploration of myth’s role in religious experience, are foundational in myth criticism.

Key Works in Myth Criticism

• The Hero with a Thousand Faces by Joseph Campbell: This seminal work explores the archetype of the hero in various myths and cultures.
• The Masks of God series by Joseph Campbell: This series delves into the mythologies of different world cultures, emphasizing their interconnectedness.
• The Sacred and the Profane by Mircea Eliade: Eliade’s book discusses the role of myth in shaping religious experiences and the concept of sacred space and time.
• The Power of Myth by Joseph Campbell and Bill Moyers: This influential book and accompanying interviews explore the significance of myth in contemporary society.

Major Arguments in Myth Criticism

• Universality of Myths: Myth criticism argues that certain mythic themes and symbols are universal, reflecting shared human experiences and archetypes.
• Psychological Significance: It emphasizes the psychological significance of myths, suggesting that they serve as mirrors to the human psyche and its collective unconscious.
• Cultural and Religious Function: Myth criticism posits that myths play essential roles in shaping cultural identity, religious beliefs, and societal values.
• Interconnectedness of Myths: Scholars in this field argue that myths from different cultures often share underlying structures and themes, illustrating the interrelatedness of human storytelling.

Principles of Myth Criticism

The principles of myth criticism involve analyzing literary works based on their underlying myths and archetypes. Here are some of the key principles of myth criticism:

Principle	Explanation	Example
1. Archetypal Analysis	Myth criticism utilizes archetypal analysis to identify recurring symbols and themes across different cultures and epochs.	For instance, when myth critics analyze the archetype of the “hero” in myths from various cultures, such as King Arthur in Arthurian legends and Hercules in Greek mythology, they reveal a common pattern of heroism that transcends time and place.
2. Cultural Significance	Myths are examined for their cultural significance, reflecting the values, beliefs, and identity of a society.	An illustrative example is the creation myth of the Cherokee Nation, which explains the origin of their people. This myth reflects the cultural heritage and ancestral connection of the Cherokee people, embodying their collective identity.
3. Psychological Exploration	Myth criticism explores the psychological dimensions of myths, revealing insights into the human psyche and collective unconscious.	A case in point is Carl Jung’s analysis of the “Mother” archetype in myths like Demeter and Persephone. Jung’s exploration showcases how myths can unveil universal human experiences and emotions, offering profound insights into the human psyche.
4. Comparative Approach	Myths from different cultures are compared to uncover shared narratives and cross-cultural influences.	An example of this principle involves comparing the flood myths of the Mesopotamian Epic of Gilgamesh and the biblical story of Noah’s Ark. Through this comparison, scholars highlight common themes of divine punishment and renewal found across diverse cultures and traditions.
5. Function in Society	Myth criticism considers the societal functions of myths, including their role in shaping religious beliefs, moral values, and social cohesion.	An exemplary instance is the Hindu epic, the Mahabharata, which serves as a moral and philosophical guide for Hindu society. This epic imparts essential teachings on duty, righteousness, and the consequences of actions, playing a pivotal role in shaping cultural and moral values.
6. Allegorical Interpretation	Myths may be interpreted allegorically to convey deeper philosophical or moral lessons.	An illustration of this principle can be found in Plato’s allegorical interpretation of the Cave Myth in “The Republic.” In this context, the Cave Myth symbolizes the journey from ignorance to enlightenment, serving as a powerful allegory for the pursuit of knowledge and enlightenment.

Suggested Readings about Myth Criticism

1. Campbell, Joseph. The Hero with a Thousand Faces. Princeton University Press, 2008.
2. Frye, Northrop. Anatomy of Criticism: Four Essays. Princeton University Press, 2000.
3. Jung, Carl Gustav. Man and His Symbols. Dell Publishing, 1968.
4. Leeming, David Adams. Mythology: The Voyage of the Hero. Oxford University Press, 2018.
5. Neumann, Erich. The Origins and History of Consciousness. Princeton University Press, 1973.
6. Propp, Vladimir. Morphology of the Folk Tale. University of Texas Press, 1968.
7. Raglan, Lord. The Hero: A Study in Tradition, Myth, and Drama. Dover Publications, 2003.
8. Segal, Robert A. Myth: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2004.
9. Von Franz, Marie-Louise. The Interpretation of Fairy Tales. Shambhala, 1996.
10. Wood, Juliette. The Heroine’s Journey: Woman’s Quest for Wholeness. Rider, 1990.