Refrain: Etymology, Literal and Conceptual Meanings
Etymology of “Refrain”:
The term “refrain” has its roots in the Old French word “refraindre,” which means “to repeat” or “to restrain.” This, in turn, derives from the Latin “refrangere,” where “re” signifies “back” or “again,” and “frangere” means “to break” or “to shatter.” The evolution of the term reflects its dual nature—it not only involves the repetition of certain lines or phrases within a poem or song but also suggests a form of restraint, a deliberate holding back, and returning to a familiar refrain. Over time, the concept of a refrain has become integral to various poetic and musical traditions, embodying both a structural and emotional significance.
Literal and Conceptual Meanings of “Refrain”
| Aspect | Literal Meaning | Conceptual Meaning |
| Definition | A repeated line, phrase, or stanza within a poem or song. | Represents a structural element contributing to the rhythm. |
| Repetition Structure | Involves the recurrence of specific words or lines at intervals. | Creates a musical or rhythmic pattern, enhancing the work’s cadence. |
| Musical Composition | Used in music to denote a repeated melody or section. | Enhances the overall composition’s coherence and memorability. |
| Emotional Resonance | Can evoke a sense of familiarity, emphasizing key themes. | Functions as a mnemonic device, reinforcing the emotional impact. |
| Narrative Function | May provide a chorus-like effect, summarizing or emphasizing themes. | Serves as a dynamic element in storytelling, guiding the audience. |
| Structural Importance | Influences the poem or song’s form, dividing it into distinct parts. | Adds a layer of organization, contributing to the work’s cohesion. |
| Artistic Freedom | Poets and musicians may vary refrains for artistic expression. | Offers a flexible tool for creativity while maintaining repetition. |
Understanding the etymology, literal meanings, and conceptual nuances of “refrain” provides insight into its historical development and multifaceted role in both literary and musical contexts.
Refrain: Definition as a Literary Device
A refrain, as a literary device, refers to the deliberate repetition of a line, phrase, or stanza at regular intervals within a poem or song. This repetitive element serves to create a rhythmic pattern and emphasizes key themes or sentiments, contributing to the overall structure and musicality of the work. Through its recurrence, a refrain establishes a recognizable and memorable aspect, often acting as a chorus-like anchor that reinforces the emotional and thematic resonance of the composition.
Refrain: Types with Examples
| Type | Description | Example |
| Regular Refrain | Consistent repetition of the same line or lines at fixed intervals throughout the poem or song. | “Do not go gentle into that good night” – Dylan Thomas |
| Incremental Refrain | The repetition with slight variations or additions in each occurrence, gradually building on the previous lines. | “Because I do not hope to turn again / Because I do not hope” – T.S. Eliot, “Ash-Wednesday” |
| Envoi | A short concluding stanza or phrase that summarizes the main themes or offers a resolution, often found at the end of a poem or song. | “And miles to go before I sleep, And miles to go before I sleep.” – Robert Frost, “Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening” |
| Refrain in Music | Repetition of a specific musical section or melody in a song, often serving as the chorus or a recurring musical motif. | “Like a bridge over troubled water, I will lay me down” – Simon & Garfunkel, “Bridge Over Troubled Water” |
| Refrain in Poetry | The repetition of a line or lines with a specific purpose, such as emphasizing a central idea, invoking a mood, or reinforcing a narrative element. | “Nevermore” – Edgar Allan Poe, “The Raven” |
| Epiphora/Epistrophe | Repetition of the same word or phrase at the end of successive clauses or sentences, adding emphasis and rhythm. | “I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up… I have a dream today!” – Martin Luther King Jr., “I Have a Dream” |
These examples illustrate various forms of refrains across poetry and music, showcasing their diverse functions and effects in literary and musical compositions.
Refrain: Examples in Everyday Life
- Common Sayings:
- Everyday phrases like “time will tell” or “practice makes perfect” are refrains that people often use to convey a recurring idea or piece of advice.
- Parental Advice:
- Parents may frequently repeat refrains such as “look both ways before crossing the street” or “early to bed, early to rise” to emphasize safety and discipline.
- Proverbs and Idioms:
- Proverbs and idioms often act as refrains, imparting cultural wisdom. For instance, “don’t count your chickens before they hatch” or “actions speak louder than words” are reiterated in various situations.
- Advertisement Slogans:
- Marketing and advertising frequently employ refrains for brand recognition. Examples include Nike’s “Just Do It” or McDonald’s “I’m Lovin’ It.”
- Meeting Phrases:
- In professional settings, phrases like “let’s circle back to that later” or “moving forward” may serve as refrains during meetings, emphasizing key points or guiding discussions.
- Greeting and Farewell Expressions:
- The use of repeated expressions like “hello” and “goodbye” in daily interactions serves as a refrain that establishes social norms and conventions.
- Apologies and Gratitude:
- Expressions such as “I’m sorry” or “thank you” are refrains that punctuate conversations, emphasizing acknowledgment, politeness, and sincerity.
- Recurring Motivational Phrases:
- Individuals may adopt personal refrains for motivation, like “stay positive” or “never give up,” to reinforce a positive mindset.
In everyday language, refrains manifest as repeated expressions, sayings, or advice that serve to emphasize, guide, or convey specific messages in various contexts.
Refrain in Literature: Suggested Readings
- Addonizio, Kim, and Dorianne Laux. The Poet’s Companion: A Guide to the Pleasures of Writing Poetry. W. W. Norton & Company, 1997.
- Fry, Stephen. The Ode Less Travelled: Unlocking the Poet Within. Arrow Books, 2007.
- Peterik, Jim, Cathy Lynn, and Dave Austin. Songwriting for Dummies. For Dummies, 2010.