“Rip Van Winkle” by Washington Irving: A Critical Analysis

Introduction: “Rip Van Winkle” by Washington Irving

“Rip Van Winkle” by Washington Irving first appeared in 1819 as part of his collection of short stories titled “The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent.” This tale, set in the Catskill Mountains of New York, follows the protagonist Rip Van Winkle, who falls asleep for twenty years and awakens to find a world vastly changed. Irving’s story is renowned for its blend of humor, satire, and American folklore, capturing the essence of early American life and exploring themes of identity, change, and the passage of time. Through Rip’s journey, Irving paints a vivid picture of colonial America, incorporating elements of myth and legend to create a timeless piece of literature that continues to captivate readers to this day.

Main Events in “Rip Van Winkle” by Washington Irving

1. Rip Van Winkle, a Wilful Man with a Fear of Wives: Rip Van Winkle is introduced as a kindhearted but easily led man who avoids chores and errands at the behest of his domineering wife.
2. A Mysterious Encounter in the Catskills: While hunting in the mountains, Rip meets a group of strange men with long beards who offer him a drink from their keg.
3. A Long and Unexpected Slumber: After drinking from the keg, Rip falls into a deep sleep that lasts for twenty years.
4. Waking to a Changed World: Rip awakens to find his world transformed. His beard is long and grey, his gun is rusted, and the village looks unfamiliar.
5. The Passage of Time: Confused and disoriented, Rip learns that twenty years have passed while he slept.
6. Loss and New Beginnings: He discovers that his wife has died, and his children are grown and no longer recognize him.
7. Finding Refuge with Family: Rip is taken in by his grown daughter and her kind husband, who offer him a place to live.
8. Facing Skepticism: The villagers are suspicious of Rip’s story about his extended sleep, with some believing he is delusional.
9. A Credible Witness Emerges: An old villager named Peter Vanderdonk confirms Rip’s story, lending credence to his fantastical experience.
10. Freedom from Matrimonial Woes: Rip finally enjoys freedom from his nagging wife’s control, a source of secret delight for him.
11. The Village Storyteller: Rip becomes a fixture at the inn, regaling everyone with his tale of the mysterious sleep and the passage of time.
12. Doubting Thomases and Believers: Some villagers remain unconvinced by Rip’s story, while others find it fascinating and believe him.
13. A Local Legend: Hendrick Hudson and His Crew: The story mentions a local legend about the ghost of Hendrick Hudson and his crew playing nine-pins in the mountains.
14. Wishing for Rip’s Escape: The story suggests that many hen-pecked husbands in the village envy Rip’s experience of escaping his wife’s control.
15. The Author’s Humorous Aside: Washington Irving, the author, adds a humorous note about the story’s inspiration, referencing a German folktale.

Literary Devices in “Rip Van Winkle” by Washington Irving

Literary Device	Short Definition	Example (From Passage)
Apostrophe	Addressing someone who is not present	“…Poor Wolf,” he would say, “thy mistress leads thee a dog’s life of it…”
Assonance	Repetition of vowel sounds	“…long lazy summer’s day…”
Euphemism	Mild term used in place of a harsher one	“…Rip’s sole domestic adherent was his dog Wolf…” (adherent for pet)
Hyperbole	Exaggeration for emphasis	“…Rip Van Winkle was thrice blessed…”
Idiom	Expression with figurative meaning	“…they found it impossible…”
Imagery	Language that evokes a sensory experience	“…descended away to the west of the river, swelling up to a noble height, and lording it over the surrounding country…”
Irony	Meaning the opposite of what is literally stated	“…a kind neighbor, and an obedient hen-pecked husband…”
Juxtaposition	Placing two contrasting ideas side-by-side	“…evening was gradually advancing; the mountains began to throw their long blue shadows over the valleys…”
Metaphor	A comparison that does not use “like” or “as”	“…a curtain lecture is worth all the sermons in the world for teaching the virtues of patience and long-suffering…” (wife’s nagging compared to a sermon)
Metonymy	Using an associated word to represent something else	“…stamped on a Waterloo Medal, or a Queen Anne’s Farthing…” (medal represents war)
Onomatopoeia	Word that imitates a sound	“…hallooing, “Rip Van Winkle! Rip Van Winkle!”…”
Parallelism	Similar grammatical structure in two or more sentences	“…evening was gradually advancing; the mountains began to throw their long blue shadows over the valleys…”
Personification	Giving human characteristics to inanimate objects	“…the children of the village, too, would shout with joy whenever he approached…” (children given the ability to shout with joy)
Rhetorical Question	Question not meant to be answered, but to make a point	“…but what courage can withstand the ever-during and all-besetting terrors of a woman’s tongue?”
Simile	Comparison using “like” or “as”	“…a kind neighbor, and an obedient hen-pecked husband. Indeed, to the latter circumstance might be owing that meekness of spirit which gained him such universal popularity…” (meekness compared to a husband)
Synecdoche	Using a part to represent the whole	“…evening was gradually advancing…” (evening for night)
Understatement	Downplaying the severity of a situation	“…a tart temper never mellows with age…” (tart temper implies worse than mellowing)
Foreshadowing	Hints at future events	“…he heaved a heavy sigh when he thought of encountering the terrors of Dame Van Winkle…”

Characterization in “Rip Van Winkle” by Washington Irving

Major Characters:

• Rip Van Winkle: A simple and good-natured man, Rip embodies a reluctance towards labor and an affinity for leisure. Descended from a lineage of heroic ancestors, he contrasts sharply with his predecessors through his pacifist disposition and avoidance of responsibility. Despite his aversion to toil, Rip is esteemed by his community for his amiable demeanor and willingness to assist others. His neglect of his farm reflects his prioritization of personal enjoyment over societal expectations.
  • Example: Rip’s farm, emblematic of his disregard for labor, falls into disarray under his stewardship, serving as a visual metaphor for his rejection of traditional responsibilities.

Minor Characters:

• Dame Van Winkle: Rip’s wife, Dame Van Winkle, stands as a formidable presence in his life, embodying the domestic authority that he shuns. Sharp-tongued and assertive, she incessantly reproaches Rip for his idleness and incompetence, becoming a symbol of domestic discord. Despite her harsh demeanor, Dame Van Winkle garners support from the village women, who echo her criticisms of Rip’s behavior.
  • Example: Dame Van Winkle’s relentless nagging and criticism contribute to Rip’s desire to escape his domestic responsibilities, driving him to seek solace in the companionship of his friends.
• Wolf: Rip’s loyal canine companion, Wolf serves as a faithful yet submissive ally in his master’s life. Intimidated by Dame Van Winkle’s authoritarian presence, Wolf mirrors Rip’s own deference to her authority. Despite his steadfast loyalty to Rip, Wolf is depicted as powerless in the face of Dame Van Winkle’s dominance.
  • Example: Wolf’s reaction to Dame Van Winkle’s scolding, symbolized by his cowering and retreat, underscores her control over both Rip and his dog, highlighting the oppressive atmosphere of their household.

Major Themes in “Rip Van Winkle” by Washington Irving

1. Freedom from Social Constraints: “Rip Van Winkle” explores the theme of freedom from societal expectations, as Rip rejects the norms of labor and responsibility imposed by his community. His retreat into the mountains symbolizes a desire to escape the pressures of society and live according to his own desires. For example, Rip’s neglect of his farm and his avoidance of his wife’s criticisms illustrate his rebellion against traditional roles and duties.
2. The Passage of Time: Washington Irving’s tale delves into the theme of time’s inexorable march, as Rip falls into a deep slumber only to awaken decades later, finding the world drastically changed. Rip’s encounter with the ghosts of Henry Hudson’s crew serves as a haunting reminder of the passage of time and the inevitability of change, highlighting the transient nature of human existence and the persistence of history.
3. The Power of Nature: Nature serves as a powerful force in “Rip Van Winkle,” influencing both the physical landscape and the characters’ destinies. The majestic Kaatskill Mountains, with their ever-changing hues and mystical aura, symbolize the primordial forces that shape human lives. Rip’s long slumber amidst the natural splendor of the mountains underscores the profound connection between humanity and the natural world, emphasizing nature’s ability to evoke awe and wonder while also reflecting the cyclical nature of life.
4. Individual Identity and Legacy: Throughout the story, the theme of individual identity and legacy emerges as Rip grapples with his own sense of purpose and belonging. His journey from a carefree wanderer to a bewildered outsider highlights the importance of personal agency and self-discovery. For instance, Rip’s return to the village as a stranger underscores the fleeting nature of human relationships and the enduring quest for self-identity in the face of societal expectations.

Writing Style in “Rip Van Winkle” by Washington Irving

1. Romantic Influence: The story reflects the Romantic era’s emphasis on nature, imagination, and the simple life. Irving paints a vivid picture of the idyllic Catskill Mountains, a stark contrast to Rip’s domestic troubles.
2. Conversational Tone: The narration feels like a chat with a friendly acquaintance. Irving uses simple, clear language and avoids overly complex sentence structures. This informality draws the reader into the story and creates a sense of intimacy.
3. Gentle Humor: Irving infuses the story with a gentle humor, often through playful exaggeration and witty observations. Rip’s character itself is a source of amusement, with his easygoing nature and aversion to work.
4. Satire: There’s a subtle vein of satire directed at societal norms and expectations. Rip’s escape from domestic duties can be seen as a commentary on the constraints placed on men at the time.
5. Vivid Descriptions: While the language is clear, Irving doesn’t shy away from creating evocative descriptions. He brings the setting and characters to life with details about the landscape, Rip’s appearance, and the bustling village life.
6. Folkloric Elements: The story incorporates elements of folklore, such as the magical encounter with the strange men and the twenty-year slumber. This adds a layer of mystery and wonder to the narrative.

Literary Theories and Interpretation of “Rip Van Winkle” by Washington Irving

Literary Theory	Interpretation
Romanticism	* Glorification of nature: The Catskill Mountains are depicted as a peaceful escape from societal pressures, reflecting Romantic ideals. * Importance of imagination: The fantastical elements of the story, like the magical sleep and changed world, highlight the power of imagination. * Celebration of the simple life: Rip’s carefree nature, though deemed lazy, resonates with the Romantic emphasis on rejecting societal constraints.
Feminism	* Gender roles: The story can be seen as reinforcing traditional gender roles. Dame Van Winkle’s shrewish nature and control over the household upholds the patriarchal structure. * Limited female agency: The story focuses on Rip’s experience, with little exploration of the impact on his grown daughter.
Marxism	* Class conflict: Rip’s avoidance of work can be interpreted as a subtle rebellion against the capitalist ideal of productivity. The story might suggest a critique of societal pressures to conform to economic expectations. * Power dynamics: The arrival of a new government with unfamiliar faces highlights the changing social order and potential anxieties about the redistribution of power.
Postcolonialism	* Cultural clash: The story can be seen as a commentary on the Dutch colonial legacy in America. Rip’s confusion upon waking reflects the displacement experienced by those who held onto the past after the American Revolution. * Loss of identity: Rip’s struggle to find his place in the new society highlights the challenges of cultural identity after colonization.

Topics, Questions and Thesis Statements about “Rip Van Winkle” by Washington Irving

Topics	Questions	Thesis Statements
The Symbolism of Sleep and Awakening	– How does Rip’s extended slumber symbolize personal and societal change?	Through the motif of sleep and awakening, “Rip Van Winkle” explores themes of transformation and adaptation to evolving circumstances and values.
Social Commentary and Critique	– How does Washington Irving critique societal norms and gender roles in the story?	“Rip Van Winkle” serves as a critique of traditional gender roles and societal expectations, particularly evident in the character of Dame Van Winkle.
The Representation of American Identity	– How does the setting of the story reflect early American identity and culture?	By depicting colonial Dutch settlers and the Revolutionary War, “Rip Van Winkle” offers insights into the construction of American identity.
Themes of Time and History	– What insights does the story offer into the interplay between personal narrative and historical context?	“Rip Van Winkle” explores the cyclical nature of human existence and the shaping of individual lives by historical events.

Short Questions/Answers about/on “Rip Van Winkle” by Washington Irving

• How does the story use the setting of the Catskill Mountains?
• The Catskill Mountains serve as a symbolic escape for Rip. In contrast to the domestic chaos of his home life, the mountains are depicted as a peaceful, majestic haven. Nature’s beauty offers Rip a temporary reprieve from societal pressures and foreshadows the fantastical events to come. (“…kindly old Rip Van Winkle…wandered into the recesses of the Kaatskill Mountains…”).
• What is the significance of the mysterious men Rip encounters?
• The men on the mountain function on multiple levels. Literally, they offer Rip the magical drink that triggers his long sleep. Symbolically, they represent an escape from reality, a way to avoid his problems with Dame Van Winkle. Their strange attire and behavior hint at the otherworldly nature of Rip’s experience. (“…attired in a quaint old Dutch fashion…their beards of a grizzled grey…” ).
• How does Rip’s character change (or not change) after his 20-year slumber?
• While the world around him has undergone a revolution, Rip remains essentially unchanged. He’s still good-natured and easygoing. However, the loss of his wife and his struggle to find his place in the new society add a layer of melancholy. He adapts to his circumstances but reflects a sense of loss for the familiar past. (“…Rip looked down on his beard, which had become white as snow…his whole existence seemed changed…”).
• What is the potential social commentary embedded within the story?
• The story subtly critiques societal expectations. Rip’s avoidance of work can be seen as a rebellion against the pressure to conform to rigid social and economic structures. The confusion caused by the American Revolution highlights the anxieties surrounding change and the redistribution of power. (“…Rip had not a cent in the world, but it was very trifling to him…he inquired for Peter Vander Beek, and Nicholas Vedder, and several other old friends; but found not a single familiar name…”).

Literary Works Similar to “Rip Van Winkle” by Washington Irving

1. “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” by Washington Irving: Another classic tale by Irving, “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” explores themes of folklore, the supernatural, and the intersection of tradition with modernity, similar to the themes present in “Rip Van Winkle.”
2. “The Devil and Tom Walker” by Washington Irving: This short story, also by Irving, delves into themes of greed, morality, and the consequences of making deals with the devil. Like “Rip Van Winkle,” it features vivid imagery and elements of folklore.
3. “The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County” by Mark Twain: Written by Mark Twain, this short story shares Irving’s humorous and satirical style. It explores the eccentricities of human nature and the quirks of small-town life, much like Irving’s portrayal of the village in “Rip Van Winkle.”
4. “The Lottery” by Shirley Jackson: Although darker in tone, Shirley Jackson’s short story “The Lottery” shares thematic elements with “Rip Van Winkle,” particularly in its exploration of tradition, community dynamics, and the unsettling consequences of blindly following societal norms.
5. “Young Goodman Brown” by Nathaniel Hawthorne: This allegorical tale by Nathaniel Hawthorne delves into themes of sin, temptation, and the conflict between good and evil. Like “Rip Van Winkle,” it features a protagonist who undergoes a transformative experience that challenges his perceptions of reality.

Suggested Readings about/on “Rip Van Winkle” by Washington Irving

Articles:

• Albrecht, James R. “Washington Irving’s ‘Rip Van Winkle’ and the American Dream.” Studies in Short Fiction 18.3 (1981): 332-338. Print.
• Levine, Robert S. “Rip Van Winkle and the American Revolution.” American Quarterly 25.2 (1973): 144-160. Print.
• Myer, Susan. “Irving’s ‘Rip Van Winkle’ and the Fear of History.” American Transcendental Quarterly (1982): 11-23. Print.

Websites:

• Washington Irving Society https://washingtonirvingsociety.org/
• National Archives https://www.archives.gov/ (“This website offers historical documents and resources that can provide context for understanding the story”)

Books:

• Bryant, William Cullen. Washington Irving . AMS Press, 1962. Print.
• Burbank, Joyce. Washington Irving and the Culture of American History. Rutgers Univ Press, 1997. Print.

Representative Quotations from “Rip Van Winkle” by Washington Irving

Context	Quotation	Theorization
Describes the picturesque Kaatskill mountains, setting the scene for the story.	“Whoever has made a voyage up the Hudson must remember the Kaatskill mountains. They are a dismembered branch of the great Appalachian family…”	Symbolizes the enduring and timeless nature of the natural landscape, contrasting with the changing human world.
Depicts Rip’s easygoing nature and his tendency to avoid conflict or responsibility.	“Rip Van Winkle, however, was one of those happy mortals, of foolish, well-oiled dispositions, who take the world easy, eat white bread or brown, whichever can be got with least thought or trouble…”	Reflects Irving’s commentary on the virtues of simplicity and the drawbacks of excessive ambition or industriousness.
Highlights Rip’s aversion to work and his lack of interest in tending to his farm or household duties.	“The great error in Rip’s composition was an insuperable aversion to all kinds of profitable labor…”	Symbolizes the tension between individual freedom and societal expectations, as well as the consequences of avoidance.
Describes Rip’s unhappy marriage and his attempts to escape domestic strife by spending time with idle companions.	“Times grew worse and worse with Rip Van Winkle as years of matrimony rolled on; a tart temper never mellows with age, and a sharp tongue is the only edged tool that grows keener with constant use…”	Suggests the challenges of marriage and the limitations of escapism, emphasizing the need to confront responsibilities.
Marks the beginning of Rip’s encounter with the mysterious figure in the mountains, signaling the onset of his transformative journey.	“As he was about to descend, he heard a voice from a distance, hallooing, ‘Rip Van Winkle! Rip Van Winkle!’ He looked round, but could see nothing but a crow winging its solitary flight across the mountain…”	Foreshadows the supernatural elements of the story and hints at the impending disruption of Rip’s ordinary life.