Tag: poem analysis

I struck the board, and cried, “No more;

                         I will abroad!

What? shall I ever sigh and pine?

My lines and life are free, free as the road,

Loose as the wind, as large as store.

          Shall I be still in suit?

Have I no harvest but a thorn

To let me blood, and not restore

What I have lost with cordial fruit?

          Sure there was wine

Before my sighs did dry it; there was corn

    Before my tears did drown it.

      Is the year only lost to me?

          Have I no bays to crown it,

No flowers, no garlands gay? All blasted?

                  All wasted?

Not so, my heart; but there is fruit,

            And thou hast hands.

Recover all thy sigh-blown age

On double pleasures: leave thy cold dispute

Of what is fit and not. Forsake thy cage,

             Thy rope of sands,

Which petty thoughts have made, and made to thee

Good cable, to enforce and draw,

          And be thy law,

While thou didst wink and wouldst not see.

          Away! take heed;

          I will abroad.

Call in thy death’s-head there; tie up thy fears;

          He that forbears

         To suit and serve his need

          Deserves his load.”

But as I raved and grew more fierce and wild

          At every word,

Methought I heard one calling, Child!

          And I replied My Lord.

·         Rebellion and Defiance: The poem opens with a tone of rebellion, as the speaker expresses frustration with the restrictions of his religious or moral life. The use of words like “No more” and “I will abroad” reflect a desire to break free from the constraints that have confined him. The speaker questions whether he should “ever sigh and pine,” suggesting that he feels enslaved by expectations and desires a life of freedom (“My lines and life are free, free as the road, Loose as the wind”). This defiant attitude dominates the first half of the poem, as the speaker rejects traditional duties and restrictions.

·         Despair and Disillusionment: The theme of despair is evident as the speaker laments the perceived futility of his life. He feels that his efforts have yielded nothing but pain and frustration, metaphorically describing his harvest as “a thorn” and his labor as bloodletting without reward (“Have I no harvest but a thorn to let me blood, and not restore”). The repetition of questions, such as “Is the year only lost to me?” and “All blasted? All wasted?” reflects a deep sense of disillusionment with the course of his life, feeling as though he has reaped no rewards for his sacrifices.

·         Spiritual Struggle and Conflict: Throughout the poem, there is an underlying spiritual struggle as the speaker wrestles with his faith and his duties to God. The “collar” in the title can be interpreted as a symbol of the clerical collar, representing the speaker’s obligations to his religious calling. His struggle is not only personal but also spiritual, as he grapples with his feelings of inadequacy and the lack of fulfillment in his spiritual duties (“Thy rope of sands, which petty thoughts have made”). The conflict between his rebellious desires and his faith intensifies as he moves between rage and self-reflection.

·         Submission and Redemption: In the final lines of the poem, the speaker hears a voice calling “Child!”—a representation of God calling him back to faith and submission. This moment of divine intervention contrasts sharply with the earlier rebellion, and the speaker’s response, “My Lord,” signifies his return to humility and acceptance. The final act of submission reflects the theme of redemption, as the speaker recognizes that his defiance is ultimately futile and that true peace lies in surrendering to God’s will. This moment brings closure to the spiritual conflict that has dominated the poem, offering a resolution through faith.

·         How does the speaker’s initial sense of rebellion reflect the conflict between personal freedom and religious duty?

• The speaker’s declaration, “I will abroad!” marks a clear desire for freedom from the constraints he feels in his life, which can be interpreted as both personal and spiritual. This line, along with his refusal to “sigh and pine” any longer, suggests a deep-seated frustration with the burdens of religious commitment. Does this rebellion represent a broader struggle within the speaker to balance his desires for independence with the responsibilities of faith? The vivid imagery of being “Loose as the wind” and “free as the road” conveys a longing for autonomy, yet the poem also suggests that this freedom comes at the cost of abandoning the spiritual calling symbolized by the “collar.” The tension between personal liberty and spiritual duty raises the question of whether the speaker truly seeks freedom, or if he is simply fleeing from his obligations.

·         What role does metaphor play in expressing the speaker’s emotional and spiritual turmoil?

• The poem is rich with metaphors that deepen the understanding of the speaker’s internal struggle. For instance, the “thorn” that draws blood but fails to “restore” symbolizes the pain and sacrifice the speaker feels without receiving spiritual nourishment in return. Similarly, “cordial fruit” and the “rope of sands” serve as metaphors for fulfillment and futility, respectively. How do these metaphors shape the reader’s understanding of the speaker’s despair and sense of loss? The image of the “rope of sands” powerfully conveys the futility of his efforts, while the metaphor of “wine” and “corn” evokes a sense of past blessings now dried up or drowned. The use of metaphor highlights the complex emotional and spiritual state of the speaker, raising the question of whether his suffering is self-imposed or inherent in his religious duties.

·         How does the tone shift throughout the poem, and what does this reveal about the speaker’s journey?

• The poem begins with a tone of anger and rebellion, as the speaker declares, “No more,” signaling his decision to break free from what he perceives as an oppressive life. However, as the poem progresses, the tone shifts from defiance to a softer, more reflective mood. This transition is most evident when the speaker hears the voice calling, “Child!” and his immediate response, “My Lord,” suggests submission. How does this shift in tone reveal the transformation in the speaker’s mindset, from anger to acceptance? The wild, fierce language of the beginning, characterized by rapid questioning and exclamations, contrasts sharply with the calm, almost peaceful, tone at the poem’s conclusion. This tonal shift reveals a journey from inner turmoil to spiritual reconciliation, raising the question of what ultimately leads the speaker to accept his faith again.

·         What is the significance of the final dialogue between the speaker and the voice that calls “Child”?

• The climax of the poem occurs when the speaker, in the midst of his raging rebellion, hears a voice call out “Child!” The speaker’s response, “My Lord,” marks a pivotal moment of submission and return to faith. Is this voice an external divine presence, such as God, or is it an internal realization within the speaker himself? The simplicity and tenderness of the word “Child” contrasts with the speaker’s earlier fury, suggesting that the speaker’s rebellion was always meant to end in reconciliation. What does this exchange reveal about the relationship between the speaker and his faith, and does the speaker’s final submission indicate genuine spiritual renewal, or is it a reluctant resignation? The tenderness of this final dialogue suggests a loving, merciful God who welcomes the speaker back despite his rebellion, which opens up questions about the nature of divine grace and forgiveness in the poem.

Primary Sources:

• Herbert, George. The Temple. London: Thomas Cotes, 1633.

Secondary Sources:

• Baum, Paul. “The Collar: Herbert’s Paradox of Freedom.” Studies in English Literature, 1500-1900 15, no. 1 (Winter 1975): 1-16.
• Lewis, C. S. Preface to Paradise Lost. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1942. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Preface_to_Paradise_Lost
• Winters, Yvor. “George Herbert.” The Triple Thinker: On the Poetry of T. S. Eliot, Robert Frost, and Wallace Stevens. New York: Meridian Books, 1958.

1. What is the significance of the unicorn as a symbol in the poem? The unicorn, often associated with purity and innocence, is subverted in Lorde’s poem. The black unicorn, a marginalized and misunderstood creature, represents the Black woman and her experiences of oppression. The unicorn’s mythical qualities symbolize the strength, resilience, and power that Black women possess despite facing adversity.

2. How does the poem explore the themes of identity and self-determination? The poem delves into the complexities of Black identity and the struggle for self-determination. The unicorn’s journey through a “cold country” where her “fury” is mocked reflects the challenges and discrimination faced by Black women. However, the poem ultimately asserts the unicorn’s strength and resilience, emphasizing the importance of self-love and empowerment.

3. What is the role of the moonpit in the poem? The moonpit, a hidden and powerful place, symbolizes the inner strength and resilience of the Black woman. It is where the unicorn’s horn grows, suggesting that her power and identity are rooted in her own self-worth and agency. The moonpit represents a sanctuary where the unicorn can nurture her strength and resist external pressures.

4. How does the poem address the concept of freedom? The poem explores the elusive nature of freedom for the Black woman. While the unicorn is not explicitly free, she is restless and unrelenting, suggesting a constant striving for liberation. The poem implies that freedom is not merely an external state but a state of mind, achieved through self-determination and resistance.

·         overall meaning?

• Lorde’s use of the unicorn as a symbol is central to the poem’s meaning. The unicorn, traditionally associated with purity and innocence, is reimagined as a black, powerful figure. This subversion of the traditional image challenges societal expectations and stereotypes. The black unicorn represents the marginalized and oppressed, yet it also embodies strength and resilience. By associating these qualities with the unicorn, Lorde suggests that marginalized individuals can find power and beauty in their own identities.

·         What is the significance of the unicorn’s captivity in the poem?

• The unicorn’s captivity symbolizes the constraints and limitations faced by marginalized individuals. It suggests that even those who are strong and resilient can be confined by societal pressures and expectations. The unicorn’s struggle for freedom reflects the ongoing fight for equality and justice.

·         How does Lorde’s exploration of the unicorn’s identity relate to her own experiences as a Black woman?

• Lorde’s exploration of the unicorn’s identity is deeply connected to her own experiences as a Black woman. As a marginalized individual, Lorde faced discrimination and prejudice throughout her life. The unicorn’s struggle for self-acceptance and liberation mirrors Lorde’s own personal journey. By creating a powerful symbol of resistance and empowerment, Lorde gives voice to the experiences of marginalized individuals and inspires them to embrace their own unique identities.

·         What is the overall message of the poem, and how does it relate to contemporary issues of race, gender, and identity?

• The overall message of “The Black Unicorn” is a call for empowerment and self-acceptance. Lorde encourages marginalized individuals to embrace their unique qualities and resist societal pressures. The poem’s themes of identity, resilience, and resistance remain relevant today, as individuals continue to struggle against discrimination and inequality. The black unicorn serves as a powerful symbol of hope and inspiration, reminding us that even in the face of adversity, it is possible to find strength and beauty in our own identities.

·         The Tragic Consequences of Racial Segregation: “The Ballad of Birmingham” poignantly depicts the devastating effects of racial segregation during the Civil Rights Movement. The tragic death of a young girl in the bombing of the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church serves as a stark reminder of the violence and injustice faced by African Americans. Randall’s use of vivid imagery, such as “she clawed through bits of glass and brick,” underscores the physical and emotional trauma endured by victims of racial discrimination.

·         The Courage and Determination of Young People: Despite the inherent dangers, the young girl in the poem expresses a desire to participate in the Freedom March, demonstrating the courage and determination of young people who fought for racial equality. The poem suggests that even in the face of adversity, young individuals can be powerful catalysts for social change.

·         The Limitations of Parental Protection: The mother in the poem attempts to shield her child from harm by prohibiting her from joining the march. However, the tragic outcome underscores the limitations of parental protection in a society plagued by racial violence. The poem suggests that even in seemingly safe spaces like a church, African Americans were vulnerable to the dangers of segregation.

·         The Pervasive Nature of Racial Discrimination: The poem emphasizes the pervasive nature of racial discrimination. Even a young girl, who was innocent and unaware of the dangers, was not immune to the consequences of segregation. The bombing of the church, a place of worship and sanctuary, underscores the fact that racial discrimination was deeply ingrained in American society.

·         How does Dudley Randall use irony to highlight the tragedy in “The Ballad of Birmingham”?

• Randall uses situational irony throughout the poem to intensify the emotional impact of the tragedy. The mother believes she is protecting her child by refusing to let her march in the dangerous streets of Birmingham, suggesting that “the dogs are fierce and wild” and that “clubs and hoses, guns and jails aren’t good for a little child” (Randall, lines 6-8). Instead, she sends her daughter to what she believes is a safe space—church. Ironically, the church, a symbol of sanctuary, becomes the site of an explosion, leaving the mother grieving. This devastating twist emphasizes the cruel reality that no place is safe for African Americans in a racially divided society, even in spaces traditionally associated with safety and peace.

·         How does Randall portray the innocence of the child in the poem?

• The child’s innocence is conveyed through her eagerness to participate in the Freedom March to make her “country free” (line 8), showing her idealistic belief in peaceful protest and justice. Randall emphasizes this innocence through descriptions of her physical appearance—her “night-dark hair,” her “small brown hands,” and her “rose petal sweet” cleanliness as she prepares for church (lines 17-19). These details depict the child as pure and untainted by the harsh realities of racial violence. This portrayal of innocence makes the child’s death all the more tragic, underscoring the vulnerability of African American children during the Civil Rights era.

·         What is the significance of the mother’s protective role in the poem?

• The mother’s protective instincts reflect the harsh environment African American parents faced during the Civil Rights Movement. She forbids her daughter from joining the protest, fearing the violent response of the authorities, warning her of “dogs…fierce and wild” and “guns” (lines 6, 14). However, her protective role is undermined by the unpredictability of racial violence. The explosion at the church, where she believes her child will be safe, illustrates the heartbreaking reality that no amount of protection can shield their loved ones from systemic violence. The mother’s loss embodies the emotional toll on African American families during this era, where even the most cautious actions could not prevent tragedy.

·         How does Randall explore the theme of racial violence in the poem?

• Randall powerfully addresses the theme of racial violence by framing the church bombing as a senseless act of terror against the African American community. The mother’s fear of sending her child to a Freedom March stems from the expectation of encountering violence—dogs, clubs, hoses, and guns—all symbols of the brutality faced by peaceful protesters (lines 6-8). The irony of the child’s death in a church, traditionally seen as a safe and sacred space, underscores the pervasiveness of racial violence, even in places of refuge. Randall highlights how this violence leaves African American families devastated, as seen when the mother finds her child’s shoe amid the rubble but is left crying out, “But, baby, where are you?” (line 31), symbolizing the profound personal and collective loss caused by systemic racism.

Southern trees bear a strange fruit

Blood on the leaves and blood at the root

Black bodies swingin’ in the Southern breeze

Strange fruit hangin’ from the poplar trees

Pastoral scene of the gallant South

The bulgin’ eyes and the twisted mouth

Scent of magnolias sweet and fresh

Then the sudden smell of burnin’ flesh

Here is a fruit for the crows to pluck

For the rain to gather, for the wind to suck

For the sun to rot, for the tree to drop

Here is a strange and bitter crop

·         Racial Injustice and Violence: The overarching theme of “Strange Fruit” is the horrific reality of racial injustice and violence, specifically lynching, in the American South. The poem vividly depicts the brutality of these acts, contrasting the peaceful imagery of the South with the stark violence inflicted upon African Americans. The repeated image of “strange fruit” hanging from the trees serves as a powerful symbol of the victims of lynching.

·         Social Commentary and Protest: Meeropol’s poem is a potent social commentary that calls attention to the systemic racism and injustice prevalent in American society. The stark language and imagery are designed to shock and provoke, urging readers and listeners to confront the brutality of lynching and demand change. The poem’s enduring power lies in its ability to serve as a rallying cry for social justice and equality.

·         Loss and Grief: The poem also explores the themes of loss and grief associated with the victims of lynching. The vivid imagery of the “black bodies swingin’ in the Southern breeze” evokes a sense of deep sorrow and despair. The poem mourns the loss of human life and the devastating impact of racial violence on families and communities.

·         The Power of Art and Language: “Strange Fruit” demonstrates the power of art and language to expose injustice and inspire social change. Through its haunting imagery and evocative language, the poem serves as a powerful indictment of racial violence and a call to action. Meeropol’s use of poetic devices, such as metaphor, symbolism, and repetition, enhances the poem’s emotional impact and ensures its enduring relevance.

·         How does the poem’s use of imagery contribute to its emotional impact?

• Meeropol employs vivid and disturbing imagery to evoke a strong emotional response in the reader. The contrast between the peaceful imagery of the South and the horrific violence of lynching creates a powerful tension. The repeated image of “strange fruit” hanging from the trees serves as a haunting symbol of the victims. How does this imagery contribute to the poem’s overall message and emotional impact?

·         What is the significance of the poem’s title, “Strange Fruit”?

• The title “Strange Fruit” is a powerful metaphor for the victims of lynching. The word “strange” suggests something unusual and disturbing, while the word “fruit” is associated with life and growth. How does this contrast contribute to the poem’s meaning and significance?

·         How does the poem’s form and structure contribute to its effectiveness?

• The poem is written in a ballad form, with a simple and repetitive structure. How does this form contribute to the poem’s emotional impact and memorability? Additionally, the use of anaphora, repetition, and rhyme creates a haunting and memorable rhythm. How does this contribute to the poem’s overall effectiveness?

·         What is the role of the speaker in the poem?

• The speaker of the poem is an unnamed narrator who observes and describes the horrific practice of lynching. How does the speaker’s perspective contribute to the poem’s emotional impact and message? Does the speaker’s tone and attitude towards the subject matter influence the reader’s interpretation?

·         How does the poem’s simple language and repetitive structure contribute to its enduring popularity?

• The simplicity of “Silent Night” is a key factor in its enduring popularity. The poem’s use of straightforward language and repetitive structure makes it easily accessible to a wide audience, regardless of age or educational background. The refrain, “Silent night, holy night!”, serves as a unifying element, reinforcing the central theme of peace and joy. This accessibility, combined with the poem’s heartfelt message, has ensured its continued relevance and appreciation throughout the centuries.

·         What is the significance of the setting of the night in the poem?

• The night setting in “Silent Night” creates a sense of mystery, wonder, and anticipation. The darkness of the night contrasts with the light and joy of the birth of Jesus, symbolizing the triumph of good over evil. The night also suggests a time of peace and quiet, emphasizing the sacredness of the event. This setting contributes to the poem’s overall atmosphere of reverence and awe.

·         How does the poem portray the relationship between humanity and divinity?

• “Silent Night” presents a portrayal of the relationship between humanity and divinity that is both intimate and accessible. The birth of Jesus is depicted as a divine event, yet it is also portrayed as a human experience. The shepherds, who represent ordinary people, are witnesses to the miracle, emphasizing the possibility of human connection to the divine. This portrayal suggests that God is not distant or inaccessible but rather present and involved in the lives of individuals.

·         What is the significance of the repetition of the phrase “Silent night, holy night!” throughout the poem?

• The repetition of “Silent night, holy night!” serves as a refrain, emphasizing the central theme of the poem and creating a sense of peace and tranquility. It also reinforces the idea of a sacred and special night, setting the scene for the miraculous birth of Jesus. By repeating this phrase throughout the poem, the author creates a sense of unity and rhythm, making the poem more memorable and impactful.

The difference between poetry and rhetoric

is being ready to kill

yourself

instead of your children.

I am trapped on a desert of raw gunshot wounds

and a dead child dragging his shattered black

face off the edge of my sleep

blood from his punctured cheeks and shoulders

is the only liquid for miles

and my stomach

churns at the imagined taste while

my mouth splits into dry lips

without loyalty or reason

thirsting for the wetness of his blood

as it sinks into the whiteness

of the desert where I am lost

without imagery or magic

trying to make power out of hatred and destruction

trying to heal my dying son with kisses

only the sun will bleach his bones quicker.

A policeman who shot down a ten year old in Queens

stood over the boy with his cop shoes in childish blood

and a voice said “Die you little motherfucker” and

there are tapes to prove it. At his trial

this policeman said in his own defense

“I didn’t notice the size nor nothing else

only the color”. And

there are tapes to prove that, too.

Today that 37 year old white man

with 13 years of police forcing

was set free

by eleven white men who said they were satisfied

justice had been done

and one Black Woman who said

“They convinced me” meaning

they had dragged her 4’10” black Woman’s frame

over the hot coals

of four centuries of white male approval

until she let go

the first real power she ever had

and lined her own womb with cement

to make a graveyard for our children.

I have not been able to touch the destruction

within me.

But unless I learn to use

the difference between poetry and rhetoric

my power too will run corrupt as poisonous mold

or lie limp and useless as an unconnected wire

and one day I will take my teenaged plug

and connect it to the nearest socket

raping an 85 year old white woman

who is somebody’s mother

and as I beat her senseless and set a torch to her bed

a greek chorus will be singing in 3/4 time

“Poor thing. She never hurt a soul. What beasts they are.”

·         How does Lorde use imagery and symbolism to convey the devastating impact of violence and oppression on marginalized communities?

• Lorde employs powerful imagery and symbolism throughout “Power” to depict the devastating effects of violence and oppression on marginalized communities. She compares her experiences to a “desert of raw gunshot wounds” (lines 5-6), symbolizing the barren and desolate landscape created by trauma. The image of a “dead child dragging his shattered black face off the edge of my sleep” (lines 6-7) is particularly haunting, suggesting the persistent nature of trauma and its intrusion into even the most intimate moments of rest. These vivid images serve to highlight the emotional and psychological toll of violence on individuals and communities.

·         How does Lorde explore the relationship between power, race, and gender in the poem?

• Lorde’s poem interrogates the complex interplay between power, race, and gender. She demonstrates how these factors intersect to create systemic oppression and marginalization. The poem highlights the ways in which white men wield power to control and exploit women of color. For example, the trial of the policeman who shot the ten-year-old boy reveals the racial bias of the justice system, as the white man is acquitted despite overwhelming evidence. Additionally, the Black woman juror’s capitulation to societal pressures underscores the internalized racism that can limit the agency and power of marginalized individuals.

·         What is the significance of the speaker’s exploration of her own internalized violence and the potential for self-destruction?

• The speaker’s exploration of her own internalized violence and the potential for self-destruction is a crucial element of the poem. By acknowledging her own capacity for cruelty and aggression, Lorde highlights the ways in which trauma can lead to a cycle of violence. This self-reflection serves as a warning against the destructive nature of unchecked anger and hatred. It also suggests the importance of healing and addressing internalized trauma in order to break free from the cycle of violence.

·         How does Lorde’s use of language and poetic form contribute to the overall impact of the poem?

• Lorde’s use of language and poetic form is integral to the poem’s power and impact. Her language is direct, raw, and emotionally charged, reflecting the intensity of the experiences she describes. The poem’s free verse form allows for a flexible and expressive structure, enabling Lorde to shift between narrative, reflection, and emotional outbursts. This combination of direct language and poetic form creates a powerful and visceral experience for the reader, immersing them in the world of the poem and highlighting the urgency of the issues addressed.