
Introduction: “New Historicism in RIP VAN WINKLE” by Quan Wang
“New Historicism in Rip Van Winkle” by Quan Wang first appeared in The Explicator, Vol. 72, No. 4, 2014 (pp. 320–323), and offers a compelling reinterpretation of Washington Irving’s classic tale through the lens of New Historicist literary theory. In this article, Wang argues that Rip Van Winkle functions not as a straightforward historical narrative but as a layered, rhetorical construction that transforms subjective fable into objective historical “truth” through discursive authority. Wang draws on New Historicist thought—particularly the idea that history is a textual and rhetorical construct shaped by power and discourse—to analyze how the story gradually gains credibility via multiple narrators: Rip himself, Peter Vanderdonk, Knickerbocker, and Geoffrey Crayon. Each figure lends increasing legitimacy, converting a fantastical personal account into national myth. Referencing theorists like Michel Foucault and Hayden White, Wang underscores that truth in historical storytelling is not determined by factual accuracy but by the authority of the speaker and cultural consensus. Thus, Irving is portrayed as an early New Historicist, blurring the lines between myth and history to create a founding narrative for American identity. The article is important in the realm of literary theory as it not only exemplifies the New Historicist critique of objectivity in historical writing but also repositions Irving’s work within a modern theoretical framework, showing how literature serves to both reflect and construct national consciousness.
Summary of “New Historicism in RIP VAN WINKLE” by Quan Wang
• History as a Subjective Construct, Not Objective Record
“This article proposes a New Historical reading of Rip Van Winkle: History, instead of being a record of facts, is a subjective construct” (Wang 320).
Wang argues that Irving transforms a fairy tale into historical truth by manipulating narrative structure and authoritative voices, thereby suggesting that what we call “history” is shaped by rhetoric and discourse, not objective reality.
• The Role of Narrators in Creating Historical Authority
“Van Winkle’s experience is told by four figures with different efficacy” (321).
Rip’s initially “incredible” tale becomes accepted as truth through narration by:
Peter Vanderdonk, whose lineage and reputation lend social credibility: “assured the company that it was a fact” (Irving, “Rip” 14).
Knickerbocker, whose scholarly persona and legal references authenticate the tale: “a certificate on the subject taken before a country justice” (16).
Geoffrey Crayon, who frames the story posthumously, imbuing it with detached objectivity.
• Authority over Content: Foucault and Symbolic Legitimacy
“Truth is not determined by the content but by ‘who is speaking under what circumstances’” (Foucault 124, qtd. in Wang 321).
Even when the judge signs with a cross due to illiteracy, the legal stamp still legitimizes the tale: “What matters is symbolic endorsement of law, not individual evaluation of the content” (Wang 321).
• From Local Tale to National Myth
“It is now admitted into all historical collections” (Irving, “Rip” 4).
The story becomes cultural “food,” both literally (on new-year cakes) and symbolically, forming part of America’s historical identity.
• Posthumous Framing and the Illusion of Objectivity
“Crayon, as an ex-contemporary, is retrospectively reconstructing the story from ‘historicality’” (Wang 322).
Crayon’s narration appears more “objective” due to its posthumous stance, reinforcing the transformation of fiction into official history through narrative distance and intertextual references.
• Irving’s Other Works Support the Constructed Nature of History
“History fades into fable, fact becomes clouded with doubt and controversy” (Sketch Book 903).
Irving’s A History of New York illustrates how revisions were driven not by new facts but by exploiting “rhetorical possibilities” (McGann 350), reinforcing the view that history is narratively and ideologically constructed.
• Historical Writing as Rhetoric, Not Science
“Historical writing in the eighteenth century ‘was regarded as a branch of the art of rhetoric’” (White 64, qtd. in Wang 323).
New Historicism revives this earlier view, challenging the idea of history as an objective discipline and returning to a rhetorical and literary understanding of past events.
• Change in Signifiers, Not Real Change
“The sign of King George is metamorphosed into that of General Washington” (Wang 323).
For Rip, the American Revolution had little personal impact. The supposed progress is only symbolic, a shift in signs rather than substance—highlighting Irving’s skepticism about the myth of linear historical progress.
Theoretical Terms/Concepts in “New Historicism in RIP VAN WINKLE” by Quan Wang
Term/Concept | Definition | Context in the Article |
New Historicism | A literary theory that views history as a construct shaped by power, discourse, and cultural context. | Central framework; Wang reads Rip Van Winkle as a narrative that shows history is “a subjective construct” (Wang 320). |
Historicality | The quality of being historical; how events are retrospectively reconstructed into coherent narratives. | Used to describe Geoffrey Crayon’s role in turning Rip’s tale into “historical truth” from a posthumous perspective (Wang 322). |
Rhetorical Possibilities | The capacity of language and narrative to shape perception and meaning. | Seen in Irving’s revisions of A History of New York, which were not based on new facts but on “rhetorical possibilities” (McGann 350). |
Symbolic Authority | Authority derived from symbols of power (law, scholarship) rather than content truth. | The “certificate” signed with a cross still grants truth to Rip’s tale due to its symbolic legal power (Wang 321). |
Intertextuality | The relationship between texts and how one text shapes the meaning of another. | Peter Vanderdonk’s validation of Rip’s tale draws on the established legend of Hudson, showing “intertextual consistency” (Wang 321). |
Paper Authority | The notion that written, official-looking documents are trusted regardless of their accuracy. | Kirk Curnutt’s idea that people trust “paper authority” blindly, reinforcing Wang’s argument about symbolic legitimacy (Wang 321). |
Configuration (of events) | Hayden White’s idea that historical meaning comes from how events are plotted narratively. | Wang uses this to argue that Irving creates meaning through plot structure, not through historical facts (Wang 322). |
Within-time-ness | Events narrated within their own temporal context, as opposed to a detached historical perspective. | Applied to Rip, Peter, and Knickerbocker, whose narratives are situated within the timeline of the story (Wang 322). |
Posthumous Writing | Narration presented after the fact or death, lending objectivity and narrative distance. | Geoffrey Crayon’s role is described as a “posthumous” narrator who frames the tale as a credible historical account (Wang 322). |
Contribution of “New Historicism in RIP VAN WINKLE” by Quan Wang to Literary Theory/Theories
🔹 1. Contribution to New Historicism
Redefining Historical Truth as Discursively Constructed
Wang shows that Irving transforms a “marvellous” tale into a historically accepted narrative not through factual content, but through authoritative discourse.
“This article proposes a New Historical reading of ‘Rip Van Winkle’: History, instead of being a record of facts, is a subjective construct” (Wang 320).
Illustrates the Power of Narrative Authority
Figures like Peter Vanderdonk, Knickerbocker, and Crayon shape the public’s perception of Rip’s tale as historical reality.
“Truth is not determined by the content but by ‘who is speaking under what circumstances’” (Foucault 124, qtd. in Wang 321).
🔹 2. Contribution to Rhetorical Theory and Hayden White’s Historiography
Narrative Plot Over Factual Accuracy
Wang draws on Hayden White to argue that the significance of events lies in how they are “configured” through narrative.
“The significance of an event could be revealed only in ‘the configuration of them [events] through the instrumentality of plot’” (White 51, qtd. in Wang 322).
Posthumous Framing and the Illusion of Objectivity
Geoffrey Crayon’s role as narrator distances the tale from subjective memory and adds historical gravitas.
“Crayon, as an ex-contemporary, is retrospectively reconstructing the story from ‘historicality’” (Wang 322).
🔹 3. Contribution to Foucault’s Discourse and Power
Symbolic Authority Overrides Truth
The villagers’ acceptance of Rip’s story is driven by institutional symbols (e.g., legal certificates), not logic.
“What matters is symbolic endorsement of law, not individual evaluation of the content” (Wang 321).
Blind Trust in Institutionalized Knowledge
Wang highlights society’s faith in legal and scholarly authority even when those institutions may lack substance.
Kirk Curnutt describes it as “people’s blind faith in ‘paper authority’” (Curnutt 32, qtd. in Wang 321).
🔹 4. Contribution to the Study of National Identity and Myth-Making
Transformation of Fiction into Founding Myth
Irving’s tale becomes part of America’s national historical narrative, functioning as a cultural myth.
“It is now admitted into all historical collections” and his image is on “new-year cakes” (Irving, “Rip” 4; Wang 321).
National Progress as Rhetorical Illusion
The shift from King George to General Washington is a symbolic change without real transformation in Rip’s life.
“The change of signifiers is to flatter our imagination that we have made progress” (Wang 323).
🔹 5. Contribution to Meta-History and Historiography
Irving’s History as Literary Performance
Through A History of New York, Wang reveals Irving’s awareness of history as rhetorical play, not factual documentation.
“Irving’s exploitation of ‘rhetorical possibilities’” in revisions indicates the malleability of history (McGann 350, qtd. in Wang 322).
History as Cyclical, Not Linear
By referencing Kant’s contradictory historical conclusions, Wang emphasizes the imagined nature of progress.
“Historical progress exists only in our imagination” (Wang 323).
Examples of Critiques Through “New Historicism in RIP VAN WINKLE” by Quan Wang
Literary Work | Application of Wang’s New Historicism | Insight Gained |
Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter | Like Irving’s use of authoritative narrators, Hawthorne’s Custom House narrator frames Hester’s tale as a recovered artifact, creating an illusion of historic truth through legal and moral authority. | Truth is socially validated and institutionalized rather than inherently factual. |
Toni Morrison’s Beloved | The ghost story element mirrors Rip’s “incredible” tale, gaining legitimacy through collective memory and oral history. Authority comes from communal trauma and generational testimony. | History emerges from marginalized voices and emotional truth rather than written record. |
George Orwell’s 1984 | Like Rip’s tale becoming official history, Orwell’s Ministry of Truth rewrites past events to fit the present narrative. Authority, not factuality, dictates public belief. | Power structures fabricate history to control identity and memory. |
Chinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart | The clash between Igbo oral tradition and European written history echoes Wang’s idea of multiple narrative authorities shaping history. Colonial archives mirror Crayon’s role in legitimizing one view. | Historical truth is constructed through conflict between indigenous voices and colonial authority. |
Criticism Against “New Historicism in RIP VAN WINKLE” by Quan Wang
🔸 Overemphasis on Discourse, Neglect of Material History
Wang focuses heavily on discursive authority and symbolic legitimization but offers little analysis of the material, economic, or political conditions of early America.
The article may appear detached from historical specificity, treating history as a purely textual phenomenon.
🔸 Reliance on Authority Figures May Reinforce Elitism
While Wang critiques symbolic authority (e.g., Peter Vanderdonk, Knickerbocker), he also accepts their role in shaping “truth”, potentially reinforcing the power of elite narrators without questioning deeper power dynamics.
🔸 Lack of Engagement with Marginalized Voices
The article does not consider whose histories are silenced in the process of Rip’s story becoming “historical truth.”
A feminist or postcolonial perspective might critique Wang for failing to address gender, race, or class in the construction of national myth.
🔸 Ambiguity Between Authorial Intent and Theoretical Reading
Wang blurs the line between Irving’s literary technique and New Historicist ideology, sometimes treating Irving as if he were consciously theorizing history, which may be an anachronistic projection.
🔸 Potential Circular Reasoning in Legitimization
The argument that Rip’s story becomes historical because authoritative figures validate it, and that authority is credible because it validates the story, risks circular logic.
🔸 Neglect of Reader’s Role in Meaning-Making
Wang centers narrative authority and textual framing but overlooks reader reception and the role of audience interpretation in constructing historical meaning.
🔸 Minimal Contrast with Other Theories
The article could benefit from clearer distinctions or dialogue with competing literary theories (e.g., structuralism, postmodernism, or Marxism), which would strengthen its theoretical position.
Representative Quotations from “New Historicism in RIP VAN WINKLE” by Quan Wang with Explanation
1. “History, instead of being a record of facts, is a subjective construct.” (Wang 320)
Central thesis: History is shaped by discourse, not objective truth.
2. “Rip Van Winkle’s experience is an ‘incredible’ story but finally becomes historical reality with ‘unquestionable authority.’” (Irving, “Rip” 4)
The tale’s transformation from fantasy to accepted history illustrates how social belief and narrative framing define truth.
3. “Truth is not determined by the content but by ‘who is speaking under what circumstances.’” (Foucault 124)
Authority of the speaker matters more than the verifiability of the content—key New Historicist idea.
4. “Peter’s social prestige reduces their suspicion and adds much authority to Rip’s story.” (Wang 321)
Social status acts as a tool for legitimizing narratives and shaping public belief.
5. “The certificate from a legal authority suggests official recognition of Van Winkle’s story.” (Wang 321)
Institutional backing lends legitimacy, regardless of truth—history becomes an institutional product.
6. “Crayon… is retrospectively reconstructing the story from ‘historicality.’” (Wang 322)
Geoffrey Crayon’s role exemplifies posthumous narrative distance, giving the tale an illusion of detached objectivity.
7. “History fades into fable, fact becomes clouded with doubt and controversy.” (The Sketch Book 903)
Irving acknowledges history’s tendency to dissolve into myth—reinforcing the cyclical relationship between fiction and history.
8. “Irving’s exploitation of ‘rhetorical possibilities.’” (McGann 350, qtd. in Wang 322)
Irving reshaped his texts not due to new facts but for rhetorical effect, showing awareness of narrative power.
9. “The significance of an event could be revealed only in ‘the configuration of them [events] through the instrumentality of plot.’” (White 51)
History is a literary structure: events gain meaning through how they’re told, not through their factual existence.
10. “The change of signifiers is to flatter our imagination that we have made progress.” (Wang 323)
American independence is symbolically encoded (e.g., King George to General Washington) but does not reflect genuine societal transformation for Rip.
Suggested Readings: “New Historicism in RIP VAN WINKLE” by Quan Wang
- Wang, Quan. “New Historicism in RIP VAN WINKLE.” The Explicator 72.4 (2014): 320-323.
- Parvini, Neema. “New Historicism.” Shakespeare’s History Plays: Rethinking Historicism, Edinburgh University Press, 2012, pp. 10–32. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3366/j.ctt1wf4c98.6. Accessed 26 Mar. 2025.
- Hoover, Dwight W. “The New Historicism.” The History Teacher, vol. 25, no. 3, 1992, pp. 355–66. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/494247. Accessed 26 Mar. 2025.
- FRY, PAUL H. “The New Historicism.” Theory of Literature, Yale University Press, 2012, pp. 246–58. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1npkg4.22. Accessed 26 Mar. 2025.
- Veenstra, Jan R. “The New Historicism of Stephen Greenblatt: On Poetics of Culture and the Interpretation of Shakespeare.” History and Theory, vol. 34, no. 3, 1995, pp. 174–98. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/2505620. Accessed 26 Mar. 2025.