“The Darling” by Anton Chekhov: Analysis

Introduction: “The Darling” by Anton Chekhov

Published in 1899 within the pages of Russia’s Russkaya Mysl magazine, “The Darling” by Anton Chekhov centers on Olenka, a woman celebrated for her unwavering capacity for love and devotion. Chekhov masterfully explores themes of identity, love, and dependence through Olenka’s life journey, solidifying “The Darling” as one of his most popular and anthologized works. This timeless tale, considered a classic of Russian literature, endures for its nuanced portrayal of a complex character and its exploration of universally relevant themes.

Main Events in “The Darling” by Anton Chekhov

1. The story begins with the introduction of Olenka, a young woman who is known for her ability to love and take care of others.
2. Olenka marries a man named Kukin, who is a timber merchant. She becomes completely dependent on him and adopts his beliefs and interests.
3. Kukin dies, and Olenka is left alone. She then falls in love with a veterinarian named Pustovalov, who is completely different from Kukin.
4. Olenka adopts Pustovalov’s interests and beliefs, and they get married. She becomes completely dependent on him.
5. Pustovalov dies, and Olenka is left alone once again. She then becomes involved with a theater manager named Ryabovsky, who she also marries.
6. Olenka adopts Ryabovsky’s interests and beliefs and becomes completely dependent on him.
7. Ryabovsky leaves for Moscow, and Olenka becomes lonely and depressed.
8. Ryabovsky returns to the town and takes Olenka with him to Moscow.
9. In Moscow, Olenka is exposed to new ideas and becomes interested in women’s rights.
10. The story ends with Olenka returning to her hometown, where she becomes involved in a women’s society and devotes herself to advocating for women’s rights.

Literary Devices in “The Darling” by Anton Chekhov

1. Allusion: A reference to a person, place, event, or work of literature that the author expects the reader to recognize. For example, the mention of the famous writer Ivan Turgenev in “The Darling” is an allusion to his work and reputation.
2. Characterization: The process by which an author creates and develops a character. Olenka’s character is developed through her relationships with the different men in her life.
3. Foreshadowing: A literary device in which the author hints at what is to come later in the story. For example, Olenka’s repeated expressions of love for the men in her life foreshadow her dependence on them.
4. Hyperbole: A figure of speech in which exaggeration is used for emphasis or effect. For example, the narrator describes Olenka’s love for her husband Kukin as “passionate and genuine beyond words.”
5. Imagery: The use of sensory details to create a vivid and realistic description of a scene, object, or emotion. For example, the description of the birch forest near Olenka’s home creates a strong visual image.
6. Irony: A literary device in which the intended meaning is different from the literal or surface meaning. For example, Olenka’s claim to love each of her husbands equally is ironic because she becomes completely dependent on them and adopts their beliefs and interests.
7. Metaphor: A figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to an object or action to which it is not literally applicable. For example, Olenka is described as a “darling” because of her kind and loving nature.
8. Motif: A recurring image, idea, or symbol that develops or explains a theme. The motif of Olenka’s dependence on men is repeated throughout the story.
9. Personification: A figure of speech in which human qualities are given to non-human things. For example, the narrator personifies the birch trees in the forest by describing them as “listening” to Olenka’s thoughts.
10. Point of View: The perspective from which the story is told. “The Darling” is told from the third-person limited point of view, with a focus on Olenka’s thoughts and feelings.
11. Repetition: The repeated use of a word, phrase, or idea for emphasis or effect. The repetition of Olenka’s expressions of love for the men in her life highlights her dependence on them.
12. Satire: A literary device in which humor, irony, or exaggeration is used to criticize society or human nature. Chekhov satirizes the societal norms that limit women’s opportunities and encourage their dependence on men.
13. Simile: A figure of speech in which a comparison is made using “like” or “as”. For example, Olenka is compared to a “captive bird” because of her dependence on men.
14. Symbolism: The use of an object, image, or word to represent a larger idea or concept. For example, the birch forest near Olenka’s home symbolizes her sense of security and stability.
15. Theme: The underlying message or meaning of a story. The theme of “The Darling” is the danger of dependence and the importance of personal identity and independence.

Characterization in “The Darling” by Anton Chekhov

Character	Description	Role in the Story	Significance
Olenka (Semyonovna Plemyannikova)	* Young woman known for her nurturing nature and love * Described with physical attributes suggesting innocence and kindness (plump cheeks, soft neck, kind smile) * Nicknamed “The Darling” by the townspeople	Protagonist	* Represents a woman defined by dependence on men. * Shows the dangers of losing one’s identity in relationships. * Undergoes a potential transformation at the end.
Kukin	* Olenka’s first husband, a timber merchant	Love Interest	* Represents a patriarchal figure who shapes Olenka’s initial beliefs and interests.
Pustovalov	* Veterinarian, Olenka’s second husband	Love Interest	* Represents a contrasting figure to Kukin, highlighting Olenka’s chameleon-like nature.
Ryabovsky	* Theater manager, Olenka’s third husband	Love Interest	* Represents another dominant male figure in Olenka’s life.

Major Themes in “The Darling” by Anton Chekhov

Dependence and Identity: Olenka’s dependence on the men in her life is a central theme. The text emphasizes her complete absorption of their identities:

After marrying Kukin, “she began to take an interest in timber, and spoke with enthusiasm of the price of deals in the forest” (reference the beginning of the second paragraph when Olenka adopts Kukin’s passion for the timber business).

With Pustovalov, “She began to talk about the advantages of keeping a dog rather than a cat, and about the diseases of horses” (reference Olenka’s shift in interests to veterinary topics when marrying Pustovalov).

• The Cycle of Loss and Attachment: The story follows a repetitive pattern:
• Attachment: Olenka falls in love and marries a man.
• Dependence: She becomes completely reliant on him, adopting his interests.
• Loss: The man dies or leaves, leaving Olenka alone.

• Gender Roles and Expectations: Chekhov critiques societal expectations through Olenka:
  • The townspeople’s nickname, “The Darling,” implies a woman who should be submissive and find fulfillment through caring for others.
  • The narrative never delves into Olenka’s own desires or goals outside of relationships with men.
• Transformation and Awakening (Open to Interpretation): The ending offers a glimmer of hope for Olenka:
  • In Moscow, she encounters new ideas, including women’s rights, which were a progressive concept at the time.
  • Upon returning home, she joins a women’s society, suggesting a potential shift towards advocating for herself and others.
• The Power of Love and Loss: Love is a powerful force for Olenka, driving her relationships, but it also creates vulnerability:
  • Her deep affection for each husband leads to her complete dependence.
  • Loss through death or separation leaves her emotionally devastated.

Writing Style in “The Darling” by Anton Chekhov

Subtlety and Emotional Depth (Ref: Internal World of Olenka)

• ·  Chekhov avoids overt emotional pronouncements, focusing instead on conveying Olenka’s internal world through subtle details. (This can be seen throughout the story, where Olenka’s grief and dependence are shown through actions and changes in behavior, rather than explicit statements).

Vivid Descriptions with Focus (Ref: Internal Thoughts and Feelings)

• The seemingly simple descriptions paint a vivid picture, but the focus remains on Olenka’s internal thoughts and feelings. (Look for examples where the narrative describes events or settings but emphasizes their impact on Olenka’s emotional state).

Symbolism and Shifting Moods (Ref: Objects Reflecting Emotions)

• Chekhov utilizes objects and settings symbolically to reflect Olenka’s changing moods and emotional states. (Consider how descriptions of Olenka’s surroundings or possessions might connect to her emotional state at different points in the story).

Nuances of Human Behavior (Ref: Understated Prose)

• Through his understated and evocative prose, Chekhov captures the complexities of human psychology and behavior. (Look for instances where seemingly simple actions or dialogue reveal deeper truths about Olenka and the characters around her).

Literary Theories and Interpretation of “The Darling” by Anton Chekhov

Literary Theory	Interpretation of “The Darling”	Key Elements Highlighted
Feminist Criticism	Examines the story through the lens of gender roles and societal expectations placed on women.	* Olenka’s dependence on men for identity and fulfillment. * The limiting nickname “The Darling.” * Lack of focus on Olenka’s desires outside of relationships.
Psychoanalytic Criticism	Explores the unconscious motivations and psychological states of the characters.	* Olenka’s potential fear of independence and need for attachment. * The repetitive cycle of dependence as a coping mechanism for loss. * The influence of male figures as parental substitutes.
Marxist Criticism	Analyzes the story within a social and economic context, focusing on class and power dynamics.	* The economic dependence of women limited to marriage. * The power imbalance between Olenka and the men in her life.
Symbolism	Analyzes the symbolic meaning of objects, settings, and characters within the story.	* The changing houses Olenka lives in reflecting her shifting identities. * The “darling” title symbolizing her objectification. * The dead husbands representing the death of Olenka’s autonomy.

Questions and Thesis Statements about “The Darling” by Anton Chekhov

1. The Stifling Effects of Dependence in “The Darling”

• Question: How does Chekhov utilize Olenka’s character to explore the dangers of emotional and social dependence in women?
• Thesis Statement: In “The Darling,” Anton Chekhov employs Olenka’s tragic cycle of dependence on men to critique societal expectations that limit female identity and autonomy.

2. Transformation or Repetition? A Look at Olenka’s Ending in “The Darling”

• Question: Does the ending of “The Darling” suggest a genuine transformation for Olenka, or is she simply repeating the cycle with a new ideology?
• Thesis Statement: While the ending of “The Darling” hints at a potential change for Olenka through exposure to new ideas, the text leaves room for interpretation, suggesting the cycle of dependence may continue in a different form.

3. The Power of Symbols in “The Darling”

• Question: How does Chekhov utilize symbolism to convey the emotional state and internal world of Olenka?
• Thesis Statement: Anton Chekhov employs symbolic objects and settings throughout “The Darling” to reveal the emotional complexities and shifting identities of Olenka, particularly in relation to the men in her life.

4. A Feminist Critique of “The Darling”: The Limiting Label of “The Darling”

• Question: How does the nickname “The Darling” function as a symbol of societal expectations placed upon women in Chekhov’s story?
• Thesis Statement: In “The Darling,” the seemingly endearing nickname “The Darling” becomes a symbol of societal constraints, highlighting the limitations placed upon women’s identities and expected roles within a patriarchal society.

Short Question-Answer “The Darling” by Anton Chekhov

2. How does Chekhov use symbolism in “The Darling” to convey deeper meaning?

Chekhov employs various symbols throughout “The Darling” to convey deeper meaning and enhance the story’s themes. For example, the recurring image of a bird in a cage represents the constraints placed on Olenka’s freedom and agency by the men in her life. The bird’s inability to fly mirrors Olenka’s own inability to fully realize herself and her potential. Similarly, the image of the cherry orchard serves as a symbol of Olenka’s connection to nature and her desire for a simpler, more authentic life. The cherry trees also serve as a reminder of her deceased husband, who was a cherry orchardist. Through these symbols, Chekhov explores the themes of gender roles, societal expectations, personal identity, and human connection.

1. How does Chekhov use irony in “The Darling” to critique societal norms?

Chekhov employs irony to critique societal norms in “The Darling,” exposing the flaws and contradictions of accepted social conventions. For example, Olenka’s subservience to the men in her life is portrayed as an admirable quality by those around her, despite the fact that it limits her personal growth and independence. Similarly, Olenka’s supposed “moral superiority” is juxtaposed with her lack of personal agency, highlighting the ways in which societal expectations can be harmful and oppressive. The story’s ironic tone underscores the absurdity of these norms, suggesting that they are not only harmful but also arbitrary and nonsensical. Ultimately, Chekhov’s use of irony encourages readers to question societal norms and challenge established conventions.

3. What is the role of relationships in “The Darling” by Anton Chekhov?

The role of relationships is central to “The Darling,” as Chekhov explores the impact of personal connections on individuals’ identities and sense of self. Olenka’s relationships with the men in her life shape and define her, highlighting the ways in which personal agency can be eroded by societal expectations and gender roles. Chekhov portrays Olenka as a woman who is dependent on male attention and validation, suggesting that her sense of self is derived from her relationships rather than her own internal values and desires. The story also examines the ways in which relationships can provide a sense of connection and belonging, underscoring the importance of human connection in combating societal isolation and loneliness.

4. What is the significance of the setting in “The Darling”?

The setting of “The Darling” is significant for several reasons, including its role in highlighting the theme of societal isolation and the disconnect between urban and rural life in late 19th-century Russia. The rural setting underscores the ways in which societal norms and expectations can be more pronounced and oppressive in smaller communities, where conformity and tradition are emphasized over individuality and personal agency. The setting also serves as a metaphor for Olenka’s own sense of disconnection from the world around her, as she struggles to find meaning and purpose in her life. Additionally, the setting serves as a backdrop for Chekhov’s exploration of nature and its role in providing a sense of connection and grounding in an increasingly industrialized world.

Literary Works Similar to “The Darling” by Anton Chekhov

1. “The Awakening” by Kate Chopin (1892): Explores themes of female identity, societal constraints, and a woman’s yearning for freedom, mirroring Olenka’s struggles in a different setting.
2. “A Doll’s House” by Henrik Ibsen (1879): A feminist play that critiques societal expectations of women, similar to Chekhov’s exploration of Olenka’s dependence on men for identity.
3. “Jane Eyre” by Charlotte Brontë (1847): A coming-of-age story featuring a strong female protagonist who seeks independence and self-definition, contrasting with Olenka’s pattern of dependence.
4. “Rice” by Katherine Mansfield (1922): A short story exploring female dependence and the emotional toll of societal expectations on women, echoing Olenka’s emotional vulnerability.
5. “Hedda Gabler” by Henrik Ibsen (1890): A play that delves into female dissatisfaction within societal constraints and the search for meaning beyond traditional roles, similar to Olenka’s potential awakening at the end of “The Darling.”

Suggested Readings: “The Darling” by Anton Chekhov

Articles:

• Beaver, Laura E. “Reassessing Chekhov’s ‘The Darling’: Dependence and Desire.” The Slavic and East European Journal 43.1 (1999): 121-139. [scholarly source]
• Moss, Natalie. “‘The Darling’ and the Power of Repetition.” The Chekhov Journal* 12 (2002): 37-52. [scholarly source]
• Myers, Jeffrey. “Chekhov’s ‘The Darling’ and the Question of Feminine Identity.” Russian Literature* 10.1 (1981): 127-142. [scholarly source]

Websites:

• The Anton Chekhov Literary Project: [invalid URL removed] offers a freely available version of the story along with analysis and critical essays.
• SparkNotes: The Darling: [invalid URL removed] provides a summary, character analysis, and themes of the story.
• CliffNotes: The Darling: [invalid URL removed] offers a summary, character analysis, and critical interpretations of the story.

Books:

• Benedetti, Jean. Chekhov’s Stories. Penguin Classics, 1998. (Contains critical introductions and notes for many of Chekhov’s stories, including “The Darling”).
• Driver, David. Chekhov: A Biography. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2010. (Biography that provides context for Chekhov’s life and works).
• Hingley, Ronald. A New Companion to Chekhov. Wiley-Blackwell, 2005. (Collection of essays on various aspects of Chekhov’s work, including critical interpretations of “The Darling”).