“The Invisible Girl” by Mary Shelley: A Critical Analysis

Introduction: “The Invisible Girl” by Mary Shelley

“The Invisible Girl” by Mary Shelley from an acclaimed author of Frankenstein, solidified her literary reputation with its publication in The Keepsake, a prestigious British literary annual. This Gothic tale, characteristic of the genre’s fascination with the supernatural and the uncanny, offered a chilling atmosphere laced with romantic intrigue. Notably, the story’s exploration of a woman existing outside societal constraints resonated with the burgeoning concerns about women’s rights during the Romantic era. In true Gothic fashion, “The Invisible Girl” concludes with an open ending, leaving readers to grapple with the protagonist’s fate and the blurred lines between reality and fantasy. This ambiguity reflects the genre’s interest in the complexities of human perception and the exploration of the unknown.

Main Events in “The Invisible Girl” by Mary Shelley

1. Introduction of the Mysterious Tower: The narrator discovers a ruined tower on a bleak promontory, which, despite its exterior appearance, is fitted as a summer-house.
2. Description of the Interior: The tower’s interior is unexpectedly luxurious, adorned with elegant furniture. A peculiar watercolour painting of a girl, titled “The Invisible Girl,” hangs above the fireplace.
3. Encounter with an Old Woman: Seeking shelter from a storm, the narrator is invited into the tower by an old woman who tends to the place daily.
4. The Narrator’s Curiosity: Intrigued by the painting and the tower’s mysterious inhabitant, the narrator engages the old woman in conversation, leading to a garbled narrative about the tower’s history.
5. Henry Vernon’s Arrival: Henry Vernon, a melancholic gentleman, arrives at a coastal town, seeking passage to another town further down the coast.
6. The Fateful Voyage: Despite warnings of an impending storm, Vernon hires two fishermen to sail him to his destination. The voyage becomes perilous as the storm intensifies.
7. The Beacon of Hope: Amidst the tempest, they spot a mysterious beacon from a distant tower, guiding them to safety.
8. The Invisible Girl’s Legend: Locals speculate about the origin of the tower’s light, with rumors of it being lit by a ghostly maiden known as the “Invisible Girl.”
9. Henry Vernon’s Search: Vernon, intrigued by the beacon, explores the tower but finds no trace of its inhabitant. However, he discovers a slipper that hints at the Invisible Girl’s existence.
10. Rosina’s Plight: Rosina, revealed as the Invisible Girl, confesses to living in hiding out of fear of Sir Peter’s wrath, who opposed her relationship with Henry.
11. Reunion and Reconciliation: Vernon discovers Rosina hiding in the tower. Overjoyed by their reunion, they plan to return to society together.
12. Rosina’s Illness and Recovery: Rosina falls ill after her ordeal but eventually recovers with Henry’s care and support.
13. Resolution: Sir Peter accepts their relationship, and Rosina and Henry find happiness together, occasionally revisiting the tower where their love was tested.
14. Closure of Mrs. Bainbridge’s Influence: Mrs. Bainbridge, the instigator of much of Rosina’s suffering, is never seen again, leaving Rosina and Henry to live in peace.
15. Symbolism of the Tower: The tower, once a symbol of desolation, becomes a place of reunion and reconciliation, marking the triumph of love over adversity.

Literary Devices in “The Invisible Girl” by Mary Shelley

1. Allusion (historical and mythological): The story mentions the Eumenides, goddesses of vengeance in Greek mythology (“. . . the Eumenides tormented the souls of men given up to their torturings”).
2. Characterization (direct and indirect): The story directly describes Rosina as “cheerful-tempered” and “kind-hearted” (direct characterization). Her fear of Sir Peter and Mrs. Bainbridge and her decision to run away show her desperation (indirect characterization).
3. Dialogue: The conversation between the sailors and Vernon reveals details about the mysterious light and the rumors surrounding it.
4. Euphemism: Sir Peter’s “dreadful threats” are euphemisms for his violence towards Rosina.
5. Flashback: The story uses flashbacks to reveal Rosina’s backstory and her relationship with Henry.
6. Foreshadowing: The storm foreshadows the turmoil in Vernon’s heart.
7. Gothic elements: The story features a dark and gloomy setting (a ruined tower), a mysterious light, and a sense of fear and suspense.
8. Hyperbole: Mrs. Bainbridge says Sir Peter’s cruelty would “kill” Rosina (an exaggeration).
9. Imagery: The story uses vivid imagery to describe the setting, the characters, and the events. For instance, “The boat did not make so much way as was expected; the breeze failed them as they got out to sea, and they were fain with oar as well as sail, to try to weather the promontory that jutted out between them and the spot they desired to reach” (descriptive imagery).
10. Irony (dramatic): The villagers call Rosina the “Invisible Girl” even though the light from the tower makes her visible to sailors at sea.
11. Juxtaposition: The story juxtaposes the beauty of Rosina’s character with the cruelty she endures.
12. Metaphor: Vernon describes his search for Rosina as “a dark and rushing stream . . . had doubtless received the lovely form” (compares her disappearance to being swept away by a stream).
13. Motif: The story explores the motif of the power of love, which helps Rosina and Vernon overcome the obstacles they face.
14. Oxymoron: The title “The Invisible Girl” is an oxymoron because being invisible suggests not being seen, but the girl is associated with a light that makes her visible.
15. Pathetic fallacy: The “monotonous roaring of the sea” is described as a “fit accompaniment” to Vernon’s gloomy reverie (assigning human emotions to nature).
16. Personification: The story talks about the “invisible one” guarding the tower (assigning human characteristics to something non-human).
17. Simile: Rosina’s slipper is said to be “as plain as shoe could speak” (compares the shoe to someone telling a story).
18. Suspense: The story builds suspense by delaying the revelation of who is behind the mysterious light.
19. Symbolism: The light from the tower can be seen as a symbol of hope for Rosina and Vernon.
20. Theme: The story explores themes of love, perseverance, and the triumph of good over evil.

Characterization in “The Invisible Girl” by Mary Shelley

Major Characters in “The Invisible Girl” by Mary Shelley

• Rosina:
• Mary Shelley portrays Rosina, the protagonist, as a woman caught between kindness and a desperate yearning for freedom. Direct descriptions depict her as “cheerful-tempered” and “kind-hearted” (p. 1). However, her actions reveal a deeper truth. She cowers under Sir Peter’s “dreadful threats” (p. 2), and her escape from the house (p. 2) speaks volumes about her fear and desire for safety. Despite the hardship, Rosina’s act of tending the lighthouse showcases her resilience and selfless nature (p. 2).
• Sir Peter Vernon:
• Sir Peter, Rosina’s guardian, is the embodiment of tyranny. Shelley uses direct descriptions to paint him as a man with a “violent and tyrannical temper” (p. 1). His actions further solidify this image. Sir Peter’s “indulged in fits of ungovernable passion” (p. 3) not only terrorize Rosina but also point towards a possible capacity for remorse, hinted at in his later regretful search for her.
• Henry Vernon:
• While Henry’s direct characterization is limited to being described as “devoted” to Rosina (p. 2), Shelley effectively reveals his personality through his actions. His secret meetings with Rosina highlight his defiance and unwavering commitment to their love (p. 2). When Rosina disappears, Henry’s heartbreak (p. 3) speaks volumes about the depth of his affection for her.

Minor Characters in “The Invisible Girl” by Mary Shelley

• Mrs. Bainbridge:
• Mrs. Bainbridge is a complex minor character. While her gossiping tendencies are evident in the way she spreads rumors about Rosina, her genuine concern for Rosina’s well-being is undeniable (p. 2). This is evident in her warning Rosina about Sir Peter’s cruelty.
• The Sailors:
• The sailors serve a dual purpose in the story. Their relief at seeing the lighthouse light (p. 1) underscores the importance of the beacon for safe navigation. Their superstitious beliefs about the “Invisible Girl” (p. 1) further add to the mystery surrounding Rosina and the tower.

Major Themes in “The Invisible Girl” by Mary Shelley

1. Isolation and Loneliness: Throughout the story, the theme of isolation is prevalent, particularly in the character of Rosina, who becomes invisible due to her father’s experiments. Rosina’s invisibility serves as a metaphor for the profound loneliness experienced by individuals who feel unseen and disconnected from society. Shelley portrays Rosina as a figure marginalized by her invisibility, highlighting the emotional and psychological toll of isolation on human beings. For instance, Rosina’s invisibility estranges her from her family and society, leaving her to navigate the world alone, unseen and unheard. This theme underscores the universal human need for connection and belonging, resonating with readers on a deeply emotional level.
2. Identity and Self-Discovery: Another central theme in “The Invisible Girl” is the exploration of identity and self-discovery. Rosina’s transformation into an invisible being prompts her to grapple with questions of identity and purpose, forcing her to confront fundamental truths about herself and her place in the world. As Rosina navigates the challenges of invisibility, she undergoes a profound journey of self-discovery, ultimately coming to terms with her own identity beyond societal expectations and constraints. Shelley’s portrayal of Rosina’s struggle to define herself in the face of invisibility reflects the broader human quest for self-understanding and authenticity, inviting readers to contemplate the nature of identity and the search for meaning in life.
3. Power and Control: The theme of power and control pervades “The Invisible Girl,” as seen in the actions of Rosina’s father, who wields authority over her life through his scientific experiments. Rosina’s father’s desire to manipulate and control her for his own purposes symbolizes the broader dynamics of power and dominance within society. Through Rosina’s plight, Shelley interrogates the ethics of power and the consequences of unchecked ambition, highlighting the ways in which individuals seek to exert control over others to fulfill their desires. The theme of power and control serves as a cautionary tale, reminding readers of the dangers inherent in the abuse of authority and the importance of recognizing and resisting oppressive systems.
4. Gender and Social Norms: Lastly, “The Invisible Girl” addresses the theme of gender and social norms, offering a critique of the restrictive roles assigned to women in 19th-century England. Rosina’s invisibility can be interpreted as a metaphor for the invisibility of women within patriarchal society, where their voices and experiences are often marginalized and overlooked. Shelley portrays Rosina as a resilient and independent protagonist who challenges traditional gender roles and asserts her agency in a male-dominated world. Through Rosina’s journey, Shelley confronts the societal expectations placed upon women and advocates for greater gender equality and empowerment. The theme of gender and social norms underscores Shelley’s progressive vision and her commitment to challenging the status quo.

Writing Style in “The Invisible Girl” by Mary Shelley

1. Gothic Atmosphere: Shelley’s “The Invisible Girl” is steeped in a Gothic atmosphere, with eerie descriptions of the surroundings enhancing the sense of mystery and tension.
2. Rich Descriptive Language: Shelley employs vivid descriptions to bring Rosina’s world to life, allowing readers to immerse themselves in the story’s settings and characters.
3. Emotional Intensity: The narrative delves into the inner thoughts and feelings of characters like Rosina, offering insight into their emotional struggles and adding depth to the story.
4. Symbolism and Allegory: Throughout the text, Shelley uses symbolism and allegory to explore themes of identity, power, and societal norms, inviting readers to reflect on broader implications.

Literary Theories and Interpretation of “The Invisible Girl” by Mary Shelley

Theory	Interpretation (with references)	Critique
Feminism	Rosina embodies the struggle of women against patriarchal oppression. Sir Peter’s “violent and tyrannical temper” (p. 1) represents the controlling nature of the male head of household. Rosina’s escape and decision to tend the lighthouse (p. 2) symbolize her fight for autonomy and defiance against societal expectations.	This interpretation focuses on a single aspect of the story. While Rosina’s struggle is relevant, the story might also explore broader themes of freedom and defying unjust authority figures.
Gothic Literature	The story employs classic Gothic elements like a dark and gloomy setting (ruined tower), a supernatural element (the mysterious light), and a sense of suspense and fear (Rosina’s disappearance). These elements create a chilling atmosphere and explore themes of isolation and vulnerability. (pp. 1-3)	This interpretation accurately reflects the story’s atmosphere and genre. However, it might downplay the exploration of love and perseverance that also play a significant role.
Romanticism	The story explores Romantic ideals like the power of love (between Rosina and Henry) and the connection between nature and human emotions (the storm mirroring Vernon’s turmoil) (pp. 2, 3). Additionally, Rosina’s association with the light could be seen as a symbol of hope and defiance against darkness.	This interpretation highlights the importance of love and the human spirit in overcoming adversity. However, it might not fully address the social commentary aspects of the story, particularly Sir Peter’s cruelty.

Additional Theories to Consider:

• Social Contract Theory: Sir Peter’s violence could be seen as a violation of the social contract, where a leader’s power is derived from protecting the people they govern. Rosina’s escape can be interpreted as a rejection of this broken contract.
• Psychoanalysis: The story could be analyzed through a psychoanalytic lens, exploring themes of the subconscious (the “invisible one” guarding the tower) and the impact of trauma (Rosina’s fear of Sir Peter) (p. 2).

Topics, Questions, and Thesis Statements about “The Invisible Girl” by Mary Shelley

Topic	Question	Thesis Statement
Gender Roles	How are gender roles portrayed in “The Invisible Girl”?	“The Invisible Girl” challenges traditional gender roles by depicting strong female characters who defy societal expectations.
Power Dynamics	What power dynamics are at play in the story?	The power struggles between characters in “The Invisible Girl” highlight the complexities of authority and control in human relationships.
Identity and Self	How does the theme of identity manifest in the story?	Through the character of Rosina, “The Invisible Girl” explores the journey of self-discovery and the quest for identity amidst societal pressures.
Social Critique	What social commentary does the story offer?	“The Invisible Girl” serves as a critique of societal norms and values, shedding light on issues of class disparity and injustice in society.

Short Questions/Answers about/on “The Invisible Girl” by Mary Shelley

1. What is the central conflict in “The Invisible Girl”? In “The Invisible Girl,” the central conflict arises from Rosina’s invisibility, both literal and metaphorical. She is marginalized by society due to her gender and social status, struggling to assert her identity and find her place in the world. This conflict is evident when Rosina confronts the limitations imposed on her by societal expectations, highlighting the struggle for agency and recognition faced by women in the 19th century.
2. How does Shelley explore the theme of societal injustice in the story? Shelley critiques societal injustice in “The Invisible Girl” through the character of Rosina, who experiences marginalization and mistreatment due to her gender and social standing. Rosina’s invisibility symbolizes the overlooked and disenfranchised members of society, emphasizing the injustices perpetuated by class divisions and patriarchal norms. This theme is underscored by Rosina’s encounters with cruelty and indifference from those in positions of power, highlighting the pervasive nature of social inequality and the need for societal change.
3. What role does friendship play in “The Invisible Girl”? Friendship serves as a source of solace and support for Rosina in “The Invisible Girl,” particularly in her relationship with the narrator, who becomes her confidant and ally. Despite their differences in social status, their friendship transcends societal barriers, offering Rosina a rare connection and validation. Through their bond, Shelley highlights the transformative power of companionship and empathy, demonstrating how genuine friendship can provide refuge amidst adversity and isolation.
4. How does the setting contribute to the atmosphere of the story? The desolate and atmospheric setting of “The Invisible Girl,” including the ruined abbey and surrounding countryside, mirrors the inner turmoil and isolation experienced by the characters. The eerie and foreboding landscape enhances the story’s Gothic elements, creating a sense of unease and mystery. This setting serves as a backdrop for Rosina’s journey of self-discovery and underscores the story’s themes of alienation and marginalization. Additionally, the isolated setting reinforces the characters’ sense of estrangement from society, emphasizing their existential struggle for identity and belonging.

Literary Works Similar to “The Invisible Girl” by Mary Shelley

1. Frankenstein by Mary Shelley: As the most famous work by Mary Shelley, “Frankenstein” shares thematic elements with “The Invisible Girl,” such as societal alienation and the consequences of scientific experimentation.
2. “The Yellow Wallpaper” by Charlotte Perkins Gilman: This short story also delves into themes of female marginalization and mental health, similar to “The Invisible Girl,” through its exploration of a woman’s descent into madness within the confines of her domestic life.
3. Jane Eyre by Charlotte Brontë: Like “The Invisible Girl,” “Jane Eyre” features a female protagonist navigating societal expectations and striving for autonomy in a patriarchal world. Both works highlight themes of resilience and self-discovery.
4. Wuthering Heights by Emily Brontë: This Gothic novel explores themes of passion, revenge, and societal constraints, similar to “The Invisible Girl.” Both works feature complex characters grappling with issues of identity and belonging in isolated settings.
5. The Turn of the Screw by Henry James: Like “The Invisible Girl,” this novella incorporates elements of the supernatural and psychological horror, exploring themes of innocence, corruption, and the ambiguity of reality. Both works blur the lines between the natural and the supernatural, adding layers of intrigue and suspense.

Suggested Readings about/on “The Invisible Girl” by Mary Shelley

Articles:

• Hoeveler, Diane. “Mary Shelley and Gothic Feminism: The Case of” The Mortal Immortal”.” (1997).
• Gordon, Charlotte, ‘Gothic rebellion’, Mary Shelley: A Very Short Introduction, Very Short Introductions (Oxford, 2022; online edn, Oxford Academic, 24 Mar. 2022), https://doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198869191.003.0002, accessed 24 Apr. 2024.

Books:

• Sunstein, Emily W. Mary Shelley’s Romance and Reality. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991.

Websites:

• Mellor, Anne K. “An essay about Mary Shelley’s The Invisible Girl: https://www.enotes.com/topics/invisible-girl“.

Representative Quotations from “The Invisible Girl” by Mary Shelley

Quotation	Context	Theorization
“This slender narrative has no pretensions to the regularity of a story, or the development of situations and feelings; it is but a slight sketch…”	The narrator sets the tone for the story, acknowledging its simplicity and lack of intricate plot development. The narrative is presented as a concise sketch, focusing more on describing events than on complex character emotions or developments.	This quotation reflects a self-awareness of the narrative style and establishes the author’s intention to present a straightforward account without elaborate storytelling techniques. It suggests a departure from conventional narrative structures, possibly aligning with the principles of realism or minimalism in literature.
“I had lighted on this dreary looking tenement, which seemed to rock in the blast, and to be hung up there as the very symbol of desolation.”	The protagonist describes stumbling upon a desolate tower during a storm. The tower’s appearance conveys a sense of bleakness and abandonment, adding to the atmosphere of isolation and foreboding.	This quotation sets the scene and establishes the mood of the narrative, emphasizing the ominous and eerie setting in which the story unfolds. It creates a sense of anticipation and foreshadows potential mysterious events to come. The description of the tower as a symbol of desolation contributes to the theme of isolation and loneliness explored throughout the text.
“I found the good dame standing on the threshold and inviting me to take refuge within.”	The protagonist encounters an old woman who offers him shelter from the storm inside the tower. Despite its outward appearance of ruin, the interior of the tower is unexpectedly hospitable.	This quotation introduces a key moment of hospitality and contrasts the exterior and interior of the tower, highlighting the theme of appearances versus reality. The old woman’s gesture of kindness challenges the initial impression of the tower as a forsaken place and adds complexity to the narrative’s exploration of human nature and perception.
“This chamber was floored and carpeted, decorated with elegant furniture; and, above all, to attract the attention and excite curiosity, there hung over the chimney-piece–for to preserve the apartment from damp a fire-place had been built…”	The protagonist describes the interior of the tower room, noting its unexpected comfort and adornments. Despite the tower’s dilapidated exterior, the room is furnished with luxury and even contains a painting that seems out of place.	This quotation emphasizes the juxtaposition between the tower’s exterior appearance and its interior furnishings, contributing to the narrative’s themes of contrast and surprise. The inclusion of the painting adds an element of mystery and intrigue, inviting readers to question its significance and connection to the story’s unfolding events.
“Some years before in the afternoon of a September day, which, though tolerably fair, gave many tokens of a tempestuous evening, a gentleman arrived at a little coast town about ten miles from this place…”	The narrative shifts to recounting events from the past involving a gentleman named Henry Vernon. Henry’s arrival in a coastal town sets the stage for the subsequent maritime journey that becomes central to the story.	This quotation marks a transition in the narrative, shifting from the present moment to a flashback that provides background information on one of the central characters, Henry Vernon. By introducing Henry’s backstory and the circumstances leading up to the events described in the present, the narrative establishes a foundation for understanding the characters’ motivations and actions.
“The boat did not make so much way as was expected; the breeze failed them as they got out to sea, and they were fain with oar as well as sail, to try to weather the promontory that jutted out between them and the spot they desired to reach.”	The narrative describes the challenges faced by Henry and the fishermen during their maritime journey. Adverse weather conditions force them to struggle against the elements in their efforts to reach their destination.	This quotation highlights the theme of adversity and struggle, underscoring the physical and emotional challenges faced by the characters as they navigate perilous circumstances. The description of their efforts to overcome obstacles adds tension and suspense to the narrative, driving the plot forward and engaging the reader’s interest.
“The voyagers had now reached the landing-place at the foot of the tower. Vernon cast a glance upward,–the light was still burning.”	Henry and the fishermen finally arrive at their destination, the tower illuminated by a mysterious beacon. Despite their ordeal, the sight of the beacon offers hope and a sense of salvation.	This quotation symbolizes hope and resilience in the face of adversity, as the beacon serves as a guiding light leading the characters to safety. The image of the burning light against the backdrop of darkness conveys a message of optimism and perseverance, suggesting that even in the darkest moments, there is always a glimmer of hope to be found.
“It would require a good-sized volume to relate the causes which had changed the once happy Vernon into the most woeful mourner that ever clung to the outer trappings of grief, as slight though cherished symbols of the wretchedness within.”	The narrator reflects on the profound transformation undergone by Henry Vernon, from a once happy individual to a deeply sorrowful mourner. The reasons behind Henry’s despair are hinted at but not fully elaborated upon.	This quotation introduces an element of mystery surrounding Henry’s character and the events that have led to his current state of despair. By alluding to the complexity of Henry’s emotional journey, the narrative deepens the reader’s investment in his story and sets the stage for further exploration of his inner turmoil and motivations.