Month: April 2023

Anecdote

Etymology and Meanings

The word “anecdote” comes from the French word “anecdote,” which means “unpublished narratives.” The word “anecdote” entered English language in the 17th century. It meant the same thing; an oral amusement.

Meanings:

The literal meaning of the word “anecdote” refers to a short, often amusing or interesting, personal story or account of a real-life event or experience. Anecdotes are typically based on a particular incident or situation that happened to an individual or a group of people, and are often used to illustrate a point or to provide a unique perspective on a particular topic. Anecdotes are usually told in a conversational or informal manner and are often used to make a point, provide context or to entertain.

Anecdote in Grammar

“Anecdote” is a noun and its plural form is “anecdotes.” When used in a sentence, it should be accompanied by a plural verb, such as “Anecdotes are often used to illustrate a particular point in literature.”

Definition of Literary Device of Anecdote

Anecdote is a literary device that refers to a short and interesting story or account about a real incident or person. It is used in literature to add depth and richness to a work, often serving to illustrate a point or provide background information.

Types of Anecdotes

There are several types of anecdotes, including:

  1. Biographical Anecdote: This type of anecdote tells a short story about a particular person, often highlighting a significant event or characteristic of their life.
  2. Historical Anecdote: This type of anecdote recounts an interesting or unusual event from history, often highlighting a lesser-known aspect of a particular historical period or figure.
  3. Personal Anecdote: This type of anecdote is based on a personal experience or observation, often used to illustrate a point or provide insight into the author’s own life.
  4. Humorous Anecdote: This type of anecdote is meant to be funny, often involving a surprising or unexpected twist at the end.
  5. Inspirational Anecdote: This type of anecdote is intended to motivate or inspire the reader, often focusing on a person who overcame adversity or achieved a notable accomplishment.
Common Examples of Anecdotes

Here are some common examples of anecdotes:

  1. Biographical Anecdote: A famous example is the story of Thomas Edison’s many failed attempts at inventing the light bulb before finally succeeding on his 1000th attempt.
  2. Historical Anecdote: An example is the story of the Boston Tea Party, where American colonists protested against British taxes by throwing tea into Boston Harbor.
  3. Personal Anecdote: An example is an author sharing a personal story about a difficult experience they went through, such as overcoming a fear of public speaking.
  4. Humorous Anecdote: An example is a joke that ends with a punchline, such as “Why did the tomato turn red? Because it saw the salad dressing!”
  5. Inspirational Anecdote: An example is the story of Malala Yousafzai, who stood up to the Taliban and fought for girls’ education in Pakistan, even after being shot in the head by militants.

These are just a few examples of the many types of anecdotes used in literature. Anecdotes serve a variety of purposes, from entertaining the reader to conveying important messages and ideas.

Shakespearean Anecdotes

There are many Shakespearean anecdotes that have become famous over time. Here are a few examples:

  1. “To be or not to be”: This line from Hamlet has become one of the most famous Shakespearean quotes and is often used to reflect on the meaning of life and the struggle of decision-making.
  2. “All the world’s a stage”: This line from As You Like It is used to reflect on the idea that life is like a play, with people playing different roles and moving through different stages.
  3. “Et tu, Brute?”: This line from Julius Caesar is used to reflect on the idea of betrayal, as it is spoken by Caesar when he realizes that his friend Brutus has turned against him.
  4. “A rose by any other name”: This line from Romeo and Juliet is used to reflect on the idea that the name of something does not change its essence or identity.
  5. “What’s in a name?”: This line, also from Romeo and Juliet, is used to reflect on the idea that a person’s identity is not determined by their name or social status, but by their actions and character.

These Shakespearean anecdotes are just a few examples of how Shakespeare’s works continue to influence and inspire readers and writers for centuries after they were written.

Literary Examples of Anecdotes

Here are a few literary examples of anecdotes with explanations and the authors/works they are from:

  1. Biographical Anecdote: In Mark Twain’s The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Huck tells the story of how he faked his own death to escape from his abusive father. This anecdote reveals Huck’s resourcefulness and his determination to escape a difficult situation.
  2. Historical Anecdote: In George Orwell’s Animal Farm, the story of the Battle of the Cowshed illustrates the power struggle between the animals and the human farmers. This anecdote highlights the animals’ ability to work together to achieve a common goal.
  3. Personal Anecdote: In Virginia Woolf’s essay “A Room of One’s Own,” Woolf tells the story of how she could not win access to the library at Cambridge University because she was a woman. This anecdote illustrates the limitations placed on women’s education and the importance of access to resources.
  4. Humorous Anecdote: In Douglas Adams’ The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy, the character of Ford Prefect tells the story of how he was stranded on Earth for fifteen years and had to adapt to human customs. This anecdote is used to provide comic relief and highlight the absurdity of human behavior.
  5. Inspirational Anecdote: In Paulo Coelho’s The Alchemist, the story of the crystal merchant who dreams of traveling to Mecca but never acts on his dream is used to encourage the protagonist to pursue his own dreams. This anecdote highlights the importance of taking risks and pursuing one’s passions.

These examples show how anecdotes can be used in literature to convey a wide range of messages and ideas, from personal experiences to historical events and universal themes.

How to Create Anecdote

Here are some tips on how to create anecdotes:

  1. Start with a specific moment or event: Think about a moment in your life or a historical event that you find interesting or memorable. This could be a personal experience or a story that you have heard.
  2. Focus on the details: Once you have identified the moment or event, focus on the details. What happened? Who was involved? Where did it take place? What were the key actions and emotions involved?
  3. Use sensory language: To make your anecdote come alive for the reader, use sensory language to describe what you saw, heard, felt, tasted, or smelled. This will help the reader to visualize the scene and feel more connected to the story.
  4. Keep it concise: Anecdotes should be short and to the point, focusing on the most important details. Aim to keep your anecdote to a few sentences or paragraphs at most.
  5. Consider the purpose: Think about why you want to include an anecdote in your writing. What message or idea do you want to convey? How will the anecdote support your overall argument or theme?
  6. Practice and revise: Like any other writing skill, creating anecdotes takes practice. Write and revise your anecdotes until you feel that they are clear, concise, and effective.

Remember that anecdotes are powerful tools for engaging readers and conveying important messages in your writing. By following these tips, you can create effective anecdotes that will enhance your writing and help you connect with your audience.

Benefits of Using Anecdotes

Using anecdotes in writing or speaking can have several benefits, including:

  1. Grabbing the reader’s attention: Anecdotes can be a great way to capture the reader’s attention and make them interested in the topic at hand. By starting with a personal story or example, you can draw the reader in and make them want to learn more.
  2. Making abstract concepts more concrete: Anecdotes can be particularly useful when discussing abstract or complex ideas, as they can help to make these concepts more concrete and understandable. By providing a real-life example, you can help the reader to see how the idea applies in practice.
  3. Demonstrating credibility: Sharing personal anecdotes can help to establish your credibility as a writer or speaker. By sharing your own experiences, you can show that you have firsthand knowledge of the topic and are speaking from a place of authority.
  4. Creating emotional connections: Anecdotes can be a powerful tool for creating emotional connections with your audience. By sharing personal stories or examples, you can help the reader to feel more connected to you and invested in your message.
  5. Supporting arguments: Anecdotes can be used to support arguments and make them more convincing. By providing a concrete example of how a particular idea or principle has played out in real life, you can help to strengthen your argument and make it more compelling.

Overall, anecdotes can be a versatile and effective tool for writers and speakers looking to engage their audience, make their message more memorable, and support their arguments with real-life examples.

Literary Device of Anecdote in Literary Theory

Here are some examples of how this literary device can be analyzed within different literary theories:

  1. Formalism: Formalist critics might analyze an anecdote’s narrative structure and language, paying attention to elements like plot, characterization, and imagery. They might consider how the anecdote contributes to the overall meaning of the work as a whole.
  2. Reader-Response: Reader-response critics might focus on how readers respond emotionally or intellectually to an anecdote. They might consider how different readers might interpret the same anecdote in different ways, based on their own experiences and perspectives.
  3. New Criticism: New critics might analyze an anecdote’s use of irony or symbolism, paying attention to how the anecdote functions within the larger work. They might also analyze the language and word choice of the anecdote to explore its deeper meaning.
  4. Postcolonialism: Postcolonial critics might analyze how an anecdote reflects or challenges the power dynamics between different cultures or groups. They might consider how the anecdote speaks to issues of colonization, imperialism, or cultural identity.
  5. Feminism: Feminist critics might analyze how an anecdote reflects or challenges gender roles or stereotypes. They might consider how the anecdote portrays female characters, and how it contributes to larger questions of gender equality and representation.
  6. Marxism: Marxist critics might analyze how an anecdote reflects or challenges issues of class and power. They might consider how the anecdote portrays characters from different social classes, and how it speaks to larger questions of inequality and social justice.
  7. Psychoanalysis: Psychoanalytic critics might analyze how an anecdote reveals the unconscious desires or fears of the characters involved. They might consider how the anecdote reflects larger psychological themes, such as repression, trauma, or the Oedipus complex.
  8. Structuralism: Structuralist critics might analyze how an anecdote fits into larger patterns or structures within the work as a whole. They might consider how the anecdote relates to other anecdotes or themes within the work, and how it contributes to the overall coherence of the text.
Suggested Readings

Booth, Wayne C. The Rhetoric of Fiction. University of Chicago Press, 1983.

Hulbert, James R. Anecdotes: A Window on Life. Greenwood Press, 1998.

Isenberg, Noah. Anecdote: Theories, Histories, Interpretations. Ohio State University Press, 2018.

Kirby, David. The Haunted Smile: The Story of Jewish Comedians in America. 2nd ed., PublicAffairs, 2006. Palmer, Barbara L. Writing True: The Art and Craft of Creative Nonfiction. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2006.

You may also read:
1. Cliché
2. Ad Hominem
3. Antimetabole

Anapest: A Literary Device in Literature

Etymology of Anapest

The term “anapest” comes from the Greek word “anapaistos,” which means “struck back.” It refers to the rhythmic pattern of the device. It consists of two short syllables followed by a long one. It is commonly used in poetry and verse.

Meanings of Anapest

Anapest is a metrical foot in poetry that consists of two unstressed syllables followed by one stressed syllable, creating a “da-da-DUM” rhythm. It is commonly used in English verse and is often associated with a sense of speed or momentum.

Anapestic meter is frequently used in limericks, comic verse, and children’s poetry, as well as in longer forms such as epic poetry. The use of anapests can create a lively and energetic rhythm that can add to the overall tone and mood of a poem.

Anapest in Grammar

Grammatically, “anapest” is a singular noun. It has a regular plural form “anapests.” It is not typically used as a verb. Instead, it is used to describe a metrical foot in poetry or verse that consists of two unstressed syllables followed by one stressed syllable, as in the line “Twas the NIGHT before CHRISTmas, and ALL through the HOUSE.”

Definition of Literary Device of Anapest

Anapest is a metrical foot in poetry that consists of two unstressed syllables followed by one stressed syllable, creating a “da-da-DUM” rhythm. It is a rhythmic pattern commonly used in English verse, where it is associated with a sense of speed, liveliness, and momentum.

Literary Examples of Anapest
  1. From “The Village Blacksmith” by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow.
    • “Under the spreading chestnut tree / The village smithy stands”
    • The anapestic meter reflects the hard work and physical labor of the blacksmith.
  2. From “The Charge of the Light Brigade” by Alfred, Lord Tennyson.
    • “Half a league, half a league, / Half a league onward”
    • The anapestic meter creates a sense of momentum and urgency, emphasizing the bravery and courage of the soldiers.
  3. From “Hiawatha’s Childhood” by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow.
    • “And the ripples of the river / On its soft and sandy shore”
    • The anapestic meter creates a sense of movement and flow, reflecting the gentle rhythms of nature.
  4. From “The Bells” by Edgar Allan Poe.
    • “How they tinkle, tinkle, tinkle, / In the icy air of night”
    • The anapestic meter creates a sense of excitement and energy, emphasizing the sound and movement of the bells.
  5. From “The Passionate Shepherd to His Love” by Christopher Marlowe.
    • “Come live with me and be my love, / And we will all the pleasures prove”
    • The anapestic meter creates a playful, lighthearted rhythm that emphasizes the poem’s romantic and seductive tone.
  6. From “The Walrus and the Carpenter” by Lewis Carroll.
    • “The time has come,” the Walrus said, / “To talk of many things”
    • The anapestic meter creates a sense of liveliness and energy, reflecting the whimsical and surreal nature of Carroll’s writing.

Explanation: Anapestic meter is a rhythmic pattern that uses two unstressed syllables followed by a stressed syllable. In each of these examples, the use of an anapestic meter creates a specific rhythmic pattern that emphasizes certain words and phrases, creating a sense of motion, energy, or excitement.

How to Create Anapests

To create anapests, follow these steps:

  1. Understand the structure of an anapest: An anapest is a metrical foot consisting of three syllables, with the stress falling on the final syllable. The pattern is unstressed-unstressed-stressed (UU/S).
  2. Choose words with the correct syllabic structure: Look for words with three syllables, where the first two syllables are unstressed and the third syllable is stressed. For example, “un-der-stand” and “re-peat-edly” both have anapestic meter.
  3. Write lines using anapestic meter: Arrange your chosen words into lines that follow the anapestic meter. For example, “The cat in the hat / sat on the mat” contains two anapestic feet.
  4. Vary the rhythm for effect: While anapestic meter has a specific structure, you can vary the rhythm within a poem to create different effects. For example, you might include lines with anapestic meter alongside lines with other metrical patterns to create a more varied, dynamic poem.
  5. Read and revise your work: As with any form of writing, it’s important to read and revise your work to ensure that the anapests fit smoothly into the overall flow and structure of the poem. Pay attention to the sound and rhythm of the lines, and make adjustments as needed to create the desired effect.
Benefits of Using Anapests

There are several benefits to using anapests in poetry or other forms of creative writing:

  1. Rhythm and flow: Anapests can create a distinct rhythm and flow that can make a poem more musical and enjoyable to read or listen to. This can help to draw readers in and keep them engaged with the work.
  2. Emphasis: Anapests can be used to emphasize certain words or phrases within a poem, drawing attention to key themes or ideas. This can help to add depth and meaning to the work.
  3. Creativity: The structure of anapests can be challenging to work with, but it can also be a source of creativity and inspiration. By experimenting with anapestic meter, writers can create new sounds and rhythms that can add to the overall impact of their work.
  4. Memorability: Anapests can make a poem more memorable by creating a catchy and distinctive rhythm. This can help readers to remember and appreciate the work over time.
  5. Historical context: Anapests have a long history in poetry, dating back to ancient Greek and Latin verse. By using anapests in their own work, writers can connect with this rich literary tradition and create works that are both contemporary and timeless.
Literary Device of Anapest in Literary Theory
  1. New Criticism: New Criticism emerged in the early 20th century, emphasizing close reading and analysis of literary texts. In this approach, anapests might be seen as one of many tools a poet might use to create meaning within a poem. As a literary critic, Cleanth Brooks, wrote in “The Language of Paradox,” meanings a poem shows have structure and content as the fundamental elements. Therefore, anapests, with their distinctive rhythm and sound, can be a powerful part of a poem’s structure, contributing to its overall meaning and impact.
  2. Reader-Response Theory: Reader-Response Theory, which emerged in the 1970s and 1980s, focused on the role of the reader in interpreting and creating meaning from a literary text. In this approach, the use of anapests might be seen as a way for the poet to engage the reader, inviting them into the poem’s world and drawing them into its meaning. As a literary critic, Wolfgang Iser, wrote in “The Implied Reader,” the reader is an active participant in the reading process. Therefore, anapests, with their distinctive rhythm and sound, can be one way in which the poet invites the reader to participate in the creation of meaning within a poem.
Suggested Readings
  1. Rothman, David J., and Susan Delaney Spear. “Triple Meters: Dactyls and Anapests.” Learning the Secrets of English Verse: The Keys to the Treasure Chest. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. 91-105.
  2. Frye, Northrop. “The Archetypes of Literature.” In Anatomy of Criticism: Four Essays, Princeton University Press, 1957, pp. 79-126. Vendler, Helen. The Music of What Happens: Poems, Poets, Critics. Harvard University Press, 1988.

You may also read:

Anachronism

Etymology and Meanings of Anachronism

Derived from the Greek words “ana” (meaning “against”) and “chronos” (meaning “time”), anachronism is a very simple literary device. It refers to a person, thing, or idea that is out of place or out of time, in relation to the context in which it occurs.

It means that an anachronism could be;

  1. Something that is out of its proper time period: This is the most common meaning of anachronism. It refers to an object, person, or idea in a time period where it does not belong. For example, a movie set in the Middle Ages that features characters using smartphones is anachronistic.
  2. A mistake in chronology: An anachronism can also refer to a chronological error. For example, if a historian writes that a particular event took place before another event when in fact it happened after, that would be an anachronism.
  3. A cultural artifact that is misattributed to a different time period: This type of anachronism occurs when people attribute something wrongly to a time it does not belong. For example, if a historian claimed that the ancient Greeks used guns, that would be an anachronism.
  4. A person who has beliefs or behaviors that are out of date: This type of anachronism occurs when someone holds views or practices no longer considered acceptable or appropriate in the present time. For example, if someone were to use racial slurs, that would be an anachronistic behavior in modern society.
Anachrooism in Grammar

Anachronism is a singular noun and therefore requires a singular verb. The confusion may come from the fact that “anachronism” can refer to a singular instance of something that is out of place in time, or it can refer to multiple instances of such things. In either case, the verb should agree with the singular noun “anachronism”. For example:

  • Singular: In the film, the anachronism was the appearance of a modern-day car in a medieval setting.
  • Plural: There were several anachronisms in the play, including costumes that were not historically accurate.

In both cases, the verb agrees with the singular noun “anachronism”: “was” in the first sentence, and “were” in the second sentence.

Definition of Anachronism

In literature, anachronism refers to the presence of something in a work of fiction that does not belong to the time period or era in which the work is set. It is a literary device that involves intentionally or unintentionally placing a character, event, object, or custom in a time period where it does not fit.

Literary Examples of Anachronism
From The Odyssey by Homer

In this epic poem, Homer describes Odysseus’ men as eating cheese. However, cheese was not commonly consumed in ancient Greece, the time period in which the story is set.

“Then we kindled a fire and offered sacrifice, and ourselves, too, took of the cheeses and ate, and thus we sat in the cave and waited for him until he came back, herding his flocks.”

From The Taming of the Shrew by William Shakespeare

In this play, the character Petruchio uses the phrase “knocked me here a rin,” which is an anachronism because the word “rin” did not exist in the time period in which the play is set.

“Why, there’s a wench! Come on, and kiss me, Kate. Thy lips are ready, and thy kisses sweet. Hath not a gut, such as a man is, too? He breathed upon my face and knocked me here a rin.”

From The Picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde

In this novel, Dorian Gray mentions having a telegraph installed in his home, which is an anachronism since the story is set in the late 1800s, before the widespread use of telegraphs.

“There was a touch of cruelty in the mouth, and in the curved, pointed hand that gripped the blackthorn stick. A sensitive, educated face, with a touch of passion and a considerable amount of the whimsical. I saw him pull out an old-fashioned silver watch, and stare at it.”

From The Crucible by Arthur Miller

In this play, the character of Giles Corey mentions pressing people to death as a form of punishment, but this was not a common practice in the time period in which the play is set.

“Giles: They say he give them but two words. “More weight,” he says. And died. They say he were a kind man, Mr. Parris. But a fool.”

From Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen

In this novel, Mr. Collins speaks of the “discovery of a most valuable gold mine” in a letter to Mr. Bennet, which is an anachronism since the story takes place in the late 1700s, before the California Gold Rush of the mid-1800s.

“I have lately received an offer of marriage from Mr. Collins, which I have accepted. I will not enter into particulars with respect to the ceremony, because I do not wish to give false hopes to anybody, but as far as I have been able to judge, it is a very good match.”

How to Create Anachronism
  1. Use modern language in a historical setting: Introducing modern slang or terminology into a story set in the past can create an anachronism and add a humorous or satirical element to the work.
  2. Use modern technology or inventions in a historical setting: Introducing modern technology, such as computers or smartphones, into a historical setting can create anachronisms that highlight the differences between past and present.
  3. Mix up historical periods: Combining elements of different historical periods in a single work can create anachronisms that challenge traditional interpretations of history.
  4. Use anachronistic clothing or fashion: Incorporating clothing or fashion styles from different historical periods into a single work can create anachronisms that challenge traditional interpretations of history or add a humorous or satirical element.
  5. Use anachronistic music or art: Incorporating music or art styles from different historical periods into a single work can create anachronisms that challenge traditional interpretations of history or add a humorous or satirical element.
Benefits of Using Anachronism
  1. Humor: One of the most obvious benefits of using anachronism is that it creates humor. By juxtaposing elements from different historical periods or using modern language or technology in a historical setting, writers create humorous situations that play with the audience’s expectations.
  2. Satire: Anachronism also satirizes or critiques historical events or social norms. By highlighting the differences between past and present, writers challenge traditional interpretations of history and point out the absurdities of certain cultural practices or beliefs.
  3. Creative freedom: By using anachronism, writers break free from the constraints of historical accuracy and create works that are more imaginative and creative. This allows them to explore new ideas and concepts that may not be possible within the bounds of historical accuracy.
  4. Accessibility: Anachronism can make historical works more accessible to modern audiences by making them more relatable and engaging. By incorporating elements of modern culture into historical settings, creators can help audiences connect with the past in new and interesting ways.
  5. Cultural commentary: Anachronism are handy to comment on contemporary culture or politics by using historical events or settings as a lens through which to view modern society. By drawing parallels between past and present, creators can offer insights into the cultural and political issues of our time.
Anachronism  in Literary Theory

Anachronism can be viewed through various literary theories, each providing a unique perspective on how it functions within literature. Here are some ways anachronism can be interpreted through different literary theories:

  1. British Humanism: British Humanism emphasizes the importance of studying the classics and the historical context of literature. Anachronism, therefore, is often seen as a problem because it disrupts the historical accuracy of the work and undermines the value of studying literature as a window into the past.
  2. Formalism: Formalism focuses on the structural elements of literature and sees anachronism as a way to disrupt the flow of the narrative and create tension or irony. Formalist critics may analyze how anachronism functions within the text and what effect it has on the overall structure of the work.
  3. New Criticism: New Criticism emphasizes the close reading of literary texts and sees anachronism as a way to create ambiguity and multiple meanings. New Critics may analyze how anachronism functions within the text and what it reveals about the themes and motifs of the work.
  4. Feminism: Feminist literary theory often focuses on the ways in which women have been excluded from traditional narratives and seeks to recover their voices and experiences. Anachronism can be a useful tool for feminist critics because it allows them to insert contemporary perspectives into historical narratives and challenge traditional gender roles and expectations.
  5. Postmodernism: Postmodernism is a literary theory that rejects traditional notions of truth and history and instead emphasizes the fragmented and contingent nature of knowledge. Anachronism is often used in postmodern literature to disrupt traditional narratives and challenge the idea that history is a linear, objective record of the past.
  6. Postcolonialism: Postcolonial literary theory focuses on the legacy of colonialism and how it continues to shape contemporary culture and society. Anachronism can be used to challenge Eurocentric narratives and to recover the voices and experiences of colonized peoples who have been excluded from traditional historical accounts.
  7. Reader Response Theory: Reader Response Theory emphasizes the importance of the reader’s interpretation of the text and sees anachronism as a way to engage the reader and encourage them to question their assumptions about history and literature. Reader Response theorists may analyze how readers respond to anachronism and what it reveals about their own beliefs and values.
Suggested Readings

Easterling, P. E. “Anachronism in Greek Tragedy.” The Journal of Hellenic Studies, vol. 105, 1985, pp. 1-10.

Tambling, Jeremy. On Anachronism. Manchester University Press, 2013. Rood, Tim, Carol Atack, and Tom Phillips. Anachronism and Antiquity. Bloomsbury Academic, 2020.

Climax

Etymology of Climax

The word “climax” has its roots in the Greek word “klimax,” which means “ladder” or “staircase.” The term was originally used to describe a rhetorical device in which a series of ideas or events were arranged in ascending order of importance or intensity, much like ascending a ladder.

Over time, the term evolved to also refer to the peak or highest point of a story, experience, or event. Today, the term “climax” is commonly used to describe the most intense, exciting, or emotionally charged part of a narrative, music, or any other form of art.

Meanings of Climax

The term “climax” has multiple different meanings, depending on the context in which it is used. Here are some of its literal meanings:

  1. In literature or storytelling, climax refers to the point of maximum tension or excitement in a plot, often considered the turning point of the story.
  2. In music, climax refers to the point in a musical composition where the intensity or volume reaches its highest point, often considered the emotional peak of the piece.
  3. In ecology, climax refers to the stable final stage of natural succession in an ecosystem, where the balance between plant and animal communities is established and maintained over time.
  4. In human physiology, climax refers to the peak of sexual excitement and pleasure during sexual intercourse.
  5. In medicine, climax can refer to the peak of a disease or medical condition, often when symptoms are at their most severe.
  6. In rhetoric, climax refers to a series of words, phrases, or clauses arranged in ascending order of importance, creating a sense of building towards a peak or conclusion.
  7. In gardening, climax can refer to the highest point or central feature of a landscape design, often a focal point in the garden.
Climax in Grammar

Grammatically, “climax” is a singular noun, but it can take a plural verb when it refers to a series of climaxes or a range of climactic events. For example:

  • The climax of the movie was thrilling. (singular noun, singular verb)
  • The climaxes of the different acts in the play were all equally dramatic. (plural noun, plural verb)
  • The region experienced several climaxes of volcanic activity over the course of a century. (plural noun, plural verb)
Definition of Climax

A climax is the most intense or dramatic point in a sequence of events. It is the peak of emotional or physical excitement or intensity, often leading to a turning point in a story, musical composition, or other situation. The term can also refer to the final and stable stage of natural succession in an ecosystem.

Types of Climaxes

Here are some types of climaxes:

  1. Action Climax: This type of climax involves a physical or dramatic confrontation between characters that leads to a resolution of the story’s main conflict.
  2. Revelation Climax: A revelation climax involves the unveiling of a major truth or secret that changes the course of the story and its characters.
  3. Character Development Climax: In this type of climax, a character undergoes a significant change, often resulting in a newfound understanding of themselves or their situation.
  4. Symbolic Climax: A symbolic climax occurs when a symbolic event or object reaches its peak significance and leads to a resolution of the story’s main conflict.
  5. Epiphany Climax: An epiphany climax involves a character’s moment of realization or understanding, often resulting in a significant change in their perspective or behavior.
  6. Anti-climax: An anti-climax is a type of climax that subverts expectations by leading up to a highly anticipated event or resolution, only to fall short of expectations, often resulting in a disappointing or humorous effect.
  7. Tragic Climax: A tragic climax involves a devastating conclusion to a story, often resulting in the death or downfall of the protagonist.
  8. Romantic Climax: A romantic climax involves a resolution of the romantic tension between two characters, often leading to a declaration of love or a kiss.
  9. Irony Climax: An irony climax involves a twist of fate or a sudden turn of events that results in an unexpected outcome, often resulting in a humorous or satirical effect.
  10. Philosophical Climax: A philosophical climax involves a discussion or reflection on a deep philosophical or existential question, often resulting in a profound realization or revelation.
  11. Comedic Climax: A comedic climax involves a humorous and often absurd resolution to a story’s conflict, often resulting in a lighthearted and satisfying conclusion.
  12. Structural Climax: This is the traditional type of climax that occurs at the end of a story or a play. It is the point of maximum tension, where the conflict between the protagonist and antagonist reaches its peak and is then resolved.
  13. Emotional Climax: Emotional climax refers to the point in a story or a play where the emotions of the characters and the audience reach a peak. It’s often associated with a major revelation or a character’s moment of realization.
  14. Anticlimax: An anticlimax is the opposite of a traditional climax. It occurs when the tension or excitement of a story or situation is built up to a high point, but then the resolution is disappointing or less impactful than expected.
  15. Midpoint Climax: A midpoint climax occurs in the middle of a story, often leading to a change in the direction of the plot or revealing a major twist in the story.
Common Examples of Climax

Here are some common everyday examples of climax:

  1. Sports: In a sports game, the climax may be the final moments of the game, when one team is trying to score a winning goal or touchdown.
  2. Movies or TV Shows: In a movie or TV show, the climax may be the most intense and dramatic moment, such as a fight scene or the revelation of a major plot twist.
  3. Job Interviews: In a job interview, the climax may be the moment when the interviewer asks the most important or challenging question, or when the candidate makes their best argument for why they are the right fit for the job.
  4. Relationships: In a romantic relationship, the climax may be the moment of confession or proposal, or the point when the couple overcomes a major obstacle.
  5. Public Speaking: In a public speaking engagement, the climax may be the moment when the speaker makes their most persuasive argument, or when they deliver a powerful call to action.
  6. Music: In a piece of music, the climax may be the moment when the volume and intensity of the music reaches its highest point, often creating a powerful emotional effect.
Literary Examples of Climax
Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare

The climax of Romeo and Juliet occurs in Act III, Scene 1, when Tybalt kills Mercutio and Romeo subsequently kills Tybalt. This moment marks the turning point in the play’s plot, as it sets in motion a series of events that lead to the tragic ending of the play.

To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee:

The climax of To Kill a Mockingbird occurs in Chapter 24, when Tom Robinson is found guilty of raping Mayella Ewell, despite Atticus Finch’s compelling defense. This moment marks the climax of the novel’s themes of prejudice and injustice, and sets the stage for the novel’s resolution.

The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald:

The climax of The Great Gatsby occurs in Chapter 7, when Gatsby and Tom Buchanan have a confrontation over their respective relationships with Daisy. This moment marks the climax of the novel’s themes of love, betrayal, and the corrupting influence of wealth.

Hamlet by William Shakespeare:

The climax of Hamlet occurs in Act III, Scene 3, when Hamlet has the opportunity to kill his uncle, King Claudius, but ultimately decides not to. This moment marks the climax of the play’s themes of revenge, morality, and the struggle between action and inaction.

The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger:

The climax of The Catcher in the Rye occurs in Chapter 25, when Holden Caulfield realizes that he cannot protect children from the corruption and complexity of the adult world. This moment marks the climax of the novel’s themes of innocence, isolation, and the struggle to find meaning in a complex world.

How to Create Climax in a Fictional Work
  1. Build Tension:
  2. Create a sense of anticipation and suspense throughout the story by gradually building tension.
  3. Use foreshadowing, symbolism, and other literary devices to hint at the coming conflict or resolution.
  4. Introduce obstacles and challenges that make the story’s outcome uncertain.
  5. Increase the Stakes:
  6. Raise the stakes by making the potential consequences of the story’s conflict more severe.
  7. Make it clear to the reader what is at stake for the protagonist and other characters.
  8. Increase the urgency of the story’s conflict by introducing a deadline or other time constraint.
  9. Introduce a Twist:
  10. Surprise the reader by introducing a twist in the story’s plot or resolution.
  11. Use irony, satire, or unexpected character actions to subvert the reader’s expectations.
  12. Introduce a new piece of information or a sudden change in circumstance that alters the story’s outcome.
  13. Heighten Emotions:
  14. Use vivid language and sensory detail to heighten the emotions of the story’s climax.
  15. Use dialogue and internal monologue to reveal the characters’ thoughts and feelings during the conflict.
  16. Create a sense of catharsis by resolving the story’s conflict in a way that is emotionally satisfying for the reader.
  17. Bring Closure:
  18. Provide closure for the story’s conflict by resolving the main conflict and any subplots.
  19. Tie up loose ends and provide a sense of resolution for the story’s major themes and conflicts.
  20. Leave the reader with a sense of satisfaction and closure, while also leaving room for interpretation and further exploration.
Benefits of Climax
  • Creates emotional impact and intensity in a story or scene
  • Heightens tension and suspense
  • Provides a sense of resolution and closure
  • Allows for character development and growth
  • Can serve as a memorable and impactful conclusion
  • Keeps readers engaged and invested in the story
  • Can provide insight into the themes and messages of the work
  • Helps to create a sense of catharsis for the reader
  • Can be used to deliver a moral or lesson to the reader
  • Can showcase the author’s skill in building and resolving tension.
Climax and Literary Theory

In literary theory, the climax is often discussed in the context of narrative structure and the way in which stories are constructed. Here are some ways in which the climax is relevant to literary theory:

  • Structuralist theory views the climax as a key component of the narrative structure, which typically consists of an exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, and resolution.
  • Reader-response theory emphasizes the importance of the reader’s interpretation and experience of the climax. It suggests that the climax may be interpreted differently by different readers, and that readers’ individual responses to the climax shape their understanding of the work as a whole.
  • Feminist theory may examine how the climax represents the resolution of conflicts and the achievement of goals for female characters, and how the gender of the author may influence the portrayal of climactic events.
  • Psychoanalytic theory may analyze the climax as the point of maximum tension and release in a narrative, and explore how it relates to the psychological states of the characters and the reader.
  • Marxist theory may look at how the climax reflects power dynamics and social class struggles, and how it contributes to the overall political message of the work.

Suggested Readings

Brooks, Cleanth. The Well Wrought Urn: Studies in the Structure of Poetry. Mariner Books, 1975.

Frye, Northrop. Anatomy of Criticism: Four Essays. Princeton University Press, 2000.

Genette, Gérard. Narrative Discourse: An Essay in Method. Cornell University Press, 1983.

Jahn, Manfred. Narratology: A Guide to the Theory of Narrative. Translated by Peter Hühn et al., de Gruyter, 2017.

Prince, Gerald. A Dictionary of Narratology. University of Nebraska Press, 2003.

Rimmon-Kenan, Shlomith. Narrative Fiction: Contemporary Poetics. Routledge, 2002.

Scholes, Robert, and Robert Kellogg. The Nature of Narrative. Oxford University Press, 2006. Stanzel, Franz K. A Theory of Narrative. Translated by Charlotte G. Maier, Cambridge University Press, 1984.

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Ambiguity

Etymology of Ambiguity

The term “ambiguity” originates from the Latin word “ambiguitas,” which means “doubtfulness” or “uncertainty.” The prefix “ambi-” indicates “both” or “around,” while “agere” refers to “driving” or “doing.” Thus, ambiguity implies the presence of two or more possible interpretations or meanings in a single expression or statement.

Meanings of Ambiguity

The literal meanings of ambiguity are:

  1. The quality of being open to more than one interpretation or having a double meaning.
  2. The presence of multiple meanings or uncertainty in language or communication that makes it difficult to understand or interpret correctly.
  3. The condition of being vague or unclear, making it difficult to determine the exact meaning of something.
Ambiguity in Grammar

Ut is a noun with its plural form “ambiguities.” It is not a verb. However, the verb form of ambiguity is “to ambiguous,” which means to make something unclear or open to multiple interpretations. For example, “The author’s use of language ambiguous the meaning of the sentence.”

Definition of Ambiguity

Ambiguity is a literary device that intentionally creates uncertainty or confusion in a text by allowing for multiple possible interpretations of a word, phrase, sentence, or entire passage. It can be used to add complexity and depth to a work, create a sense of mystery or suspense, or reflect the complexities of the human experience.

Types of Ambiguity

There are several types that can occur in literature:

  1. Lexical: When a word or phrase has more than one meaning, resulting in confusion or uncertainty.
  2. Syntactic : When the structure or arrangement of words in a sentence allows for multiple interpretations.
  3. Semantic: When the meaning of a word or phrase is unclear or has multiple meanings.
  4. Phonological: When the pronunciation of a word or phrase is unclear or can be heard in different ways.
  5. Pragmatic: When the context in which a word or phrase is used creates uncertainty or confusion about its meaning.
  6. Modal: When a statement can be interpreted in more than one way depending on the mode of the verb used
Common Examples of Ambiguity

It refers to a situation where a word, phrase, or sentence has more than one way to interpret it. Here are some common examples:

  1. Homonyms: These words sound the same but have different meanings. For example, “bear” can mean a large mammal or it also means to tolerate something.
  2. Polysemy: These are words that have multiple related meanings. For example, the word “bank” can mean a financial institution, a riverbank, or a place to store something.
  3. Pronoun ambiguity: This occurs when it’s unclear which noun a pronoun is referring to. For example, “The dog bit the boy, and he cried.” It’s unclear whether “he” refers to the dog or the boy.
  4. Syntactic ambiguity: This occurs when the structure of a sentence allows for more than one interpretation. For example, “I saw the man with the telescope.” It’s unclear whether the man or the speaker had the telescope.
  5. Semantic ambiguity: This occurs when a word or phrase can have more than one meaning. For example, “Time flies like an arrow.” It’s unclear whether “time flies” refers to the passage of time or flies that travel quickly.
  6. Cultural ambiguity: This occurs when there are cultural differences in understanding. For example, “I’ll call you back later” might be interpreted differently in different cultures based on expectations for when a call should be returned.
Literary Examples of Ambiguity
From “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock” by T.S. Eliot

“Do I dare Disturb the universe? In a minute there is time For decisions and revisions which a minute will reverse.”

The ambiguity in this passage lies in the question of whether Prufrock will take action or not. He considers disturbing the universe but ultimately suggests that time may undo any decision he makes.

“The Road Not Taken” by Robert Frost

“Two roads diverged in a wood, and I—

I took the one less traveled by,

And that has made all the difference.”

This poem has been interpreted in different ways, but the ambiguity lies in whether the speaker actually took the road less traveled or is simply saying that to make himself feel unique.

From The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger

“You take somebody that cries their goddam eyes out over phoney stuff in the movies, and nine times out of ten they’re mean bastards at heart.”

The ambiguity in this passage lies in whether Holden is referring to himself or others. Is he projecting his own insecurities and weaknesses onto others, or is he accurately assessing the nature of people who are moved by fake emotions?

From Hamlet by William Shakespeare

“To be or not to be, that is the question.”

This famous soliloquy is ambiguous in its meaning. Is Hamlet contemplating suicide or the possibility of taking action against his oppressors? The ambiguity allows for multiple interpretations and reflects Hamlet’s conflicted state of mind.

From The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald

“I hope she’ll be a fool – that’s the best thing a girl can be in this world, a beautiful little fool.”

This quote from Daisy Buchanan is ambiguous in its meaning. Is she advocating for women to be naive and ignorant, or is she commenting on the limited options available to women in a patriarchal society? The ambiguity reflects the complexity of Fitzgerald’s characters and themes.

How to Create Ambiguity

Creating it involves intentionally crafting words, phrases, or sentences, having multiple interpretations. Here are some ways to create ambiguity:

  1. Use homonyms: Incorporate words having multiple meanings into your writing to create confusion or double meanings.
  2. Use polysemy: Use words having multiple related meanings to create ambiguity in your writing.
  3. Use pronoun ambiguity: Use pronouns without clear antecedents or that could refer to multiple characters to create confusion.
  4. Use syntactic ambiguity: Use sentence structures that could have multiple interpretations to create ambiguity.
  5. Use semantic ambiguity: Use words or phrases that could have multiple meanings in a given context to create ambiguity.
  6. Use cultural ambiguity: Use language or references that may be interpreted differently by readers from different cultural backgrounds to create ambiguity.
  7. Use unreliable narrators: Use narrators who may not be trustworthy or may have limited perspectives to create ambiguity in the story.
Benefits of Using Ambiguity

Using it in writing can have several benefits:

  1. Stimulates the Reader’s Imagination: Ambiguity tends to make readers think deeply about what they’re reading. It allows them to draw their own conclusions. This can lead to a more immersive reading experience and make the reader more invested in the story.
  2. Enhances the Complexity of the Story: It makes a story more complex and thought-provoking, by creating multiple interpretations and perspectives.
  3. Allows for Multiple Meanings: It makes a piece of writing more inclusive by allowing readers to interpret the work in their own way. This can make the work more accessible to a wider audience.
  4. Challenges the Reader: Ambiguity can challenge the reader to think beyond their initial assumptions and encourages them to consider alternative perspectives.
  5. Increases Tension: It creates suspense and tension in a story by leaving the reader uncertain about what will happen next.
Literary Device of Ambiguity in Literary Theory

Ambiguity is a literary device that has been explored in various literary theories. Here are eight literary theories that discuss the use of ambiguity in literature:

  1. Reader-Response Theory: Reader-response theorists argue that the meaning of a text relies on reader’s interpretation. Ambiguity allows for multiple interpretations, which allows the reader to engage with the text in a more active way.
  2. New Criticism: New Critics argue that the meaning of a text relies on the text itself, not on the reader’s interpretation. Ambiguity, thus, is seen as a deliberate strategy used by authors to create complexity and depth in their writing.
  3. Deconstruction: Deconstructionists argue that language is inherently unstable and that meaning is always in flux. Ambiguity is, thus, a way to subvert traditional meaning and create alternative interpretations.
  4. Feminist Theory: Feminist theorists argue that language is gendered and that women have been excluded from traditional interpretations of literature. Ambiguity is, thus, a way to challenge gender norms and create alternative readings of texts.
  5. Postcolonial Theory: Postcolonial theorists argue that literature reflects the power dynamics of colonialism and imperialism. Ambiguity in this theory is a way to resist dominant power structures and create alternative narratives.
  6. Psychoanalytic Theory: Psychoanalytic theorists argue that literature reflects the subconscious desires and anxieties of the author. Here it is a way to express unconscious desires and create complex characters.
  7. Marxist Theory: Marxist theorists argue that literature reflects the social and economic conditions of the time. Ambiguity is a way to challenge dominant ideologies and create alternative perspectives.
  8. Structuralism: Structuralists argue that language and literature are organized into systems of meaning. Here it is a way to disrupt these systems and create alternative meanings.
Suggested Readings
  1. Eco, Umberto. Six Walks in the Fictional Woods. Harvard University Press, 1994.
  2. Fish, Stanley. Is There a Text in This Class? The Authority of Interpretive Communities. Harvard University Press, 1980.
  3. Heidegger, Martin. Being and Time. Translated by John Macquarrie and Edward Robinson, Harper Perennial Modern Classics, 2008.
  4. Robbe-Grillet, Alain. For a New Novel: Essays on Fiction. Northwestern University Press, 1989.
  5. Sontag, Susan. Against Interpretation: And Other Essays. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1966.

Everyday Use by Alice Walker

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Alice Walker published her story, “Everyday Use” in 1973 as part of her collection of short stories, In Love and Trouble: Stories of Black Women. The story has gained widespread popularity and is often included in high school and college literature classes. It follows a mother and her two daughters, Maggie and Dee, as they navigate their relationships with each other and their heritage. Dee, who has changed her name to Wangero, embraces her African heritage, while Maggie remains rooted in their family’s rural Southern traditions. The story explores themes of identity, heritage, and the intricate relationships between mothers and daughters.

Main Events in “Everyday Use” by Alice Walker
  1. Mama and Maggie await Dee’s arrival at their rural home, symbolizing the arrival of modernity and cultural differences into their traditional lifestyle. The anticipation of this arrival sets the stage for the exploration of identity and heritage throughout the story.
  2. Dee’s immediate focus on capturing photographs of Mama’s house and possessions exemplifies her perspective as a tourist, viewing Mama’s life and possessions as objects to be collected and displayed for her own consumption. The arrival of Dee’s boyfriend, Hakim-a-barber, further emphasizes the external forces that have influenced Dee’s identity and perspectives.
  3. Dee expresses her desire to take Mama’s old possessions, including handmade quilts, to use as decoration in her own home. This request highlights the differing values and attitudes toward heritage and material possessions between Mama and Dee.
  4. Mama reflects on her past and the significance of the house that her family has lived in for generations, emphasizing the importance of history and tradition in her identity.
  5. Mama and Maggie recall a traumatic event in their past, a house fire that left Maggie with scars on her body. This shared experience further emphasizes the connection between Mama and Maggie, as well as their bond to the physical and emotional history of their home.
  6. Dee’s criticism of Mama and Maggie’s lifestyle and perceived lack of connection to their African heritage highlights the tension between modernity and tradition, as well as the complexity of individual identity and cultural inheritance.
  7. Mama and Maggie prepare a traditional meal for Dee and Hakim-a-barber, emphasizing the value of familial traditions and shared experiences.
  8. Dee’s request to take the handmade quilts made by Mama and her grandmother illustrates the differing perspectives on the value and significance of familial heritage and cultural artifacts.
  9. Dee becomes upset and leaves after Mama insists on giving the quilts to Maggie instead. It highlighting the tension and division caused by differing perspectives on identity and cultural inheritance.
  10. The story concludes with Mama and Maggie sitting outside, reflecting on their simple way of life and the memories and traditions that they continue to cherish, symbolizing the importance of personal and cultural history in shaping individual identity.
Literary Devices in “Everyday Use” by Alice Walker
  1. Allusion: An indirect reference to a well-known person, place, event, or work of literature.

Example: Dee (Wangero) wants to ask questions and to be considered for a scholarship to attend school in Augusta (Paragraph 16).

  1. Characterization: The way an author reveals the personality of a character.

Example: “Maggie will be nervous until after her sister goes: she will stand hopelessly in corners, homely and ashamed of the burn scars down her arms and legs” (Paragraph 10).

  1. Conflict: A struggle between opposing forces.

Example: The conflict between Dee and Mama over the quilts.

  1. Dialogue: Conversation between characters.

Example: “She wrote me once that no matter where we “choose” to live, she will manage to come see us. But she will never bring her friends” (Paragraph 30).

  1. Foreshadowing: A hint or clue about what will happen later in the story.

Example: “When I looked at her like that something hit me in the top of my head and ran down to the soles of my feet” (Paragraph 9).

  1. Imagery: The use of descriptive language to create a mental image.

Example: “Her feet were always neat-looking, as if God himself had shaped them with a certain style” (Paragraph 3).

  1. Irony: A contrast between expectation and reality.

Example: Dee changes her name to “Wangero Leewanika Kemanjo” to embrace her African heritage, but she fails to appreciate the significance of her family’s quilts.

  1. Metaphor: A comparison between two unlike things.

Example: “Maggie can’t appreciate these quilts!” (Paragraph 58).

  1. Motif: A recurring element that has symbolic significance in a story.

Example: Quilts are a motif in “Everyday Use,” symbolizing heritage and family.

  1. Personification: Giving human qualities to non-human things.

Example: “A yard like this is more comfortable than most people’s living rooms” (Paragraph 1).

  1. Point of view: The perspective from which a story is told.

Example: “Everyday Use” is told from Mama’s point of view.

  1. Setting: The time and place in which a story takes place.

Example: “Everyday Use” is set in the rural South in the 1960s.

  1. Simile: A comparison between two unlike things using “like” or “as.”

Example: “Like somebody used to never winning anything, or having anything reserved for her” (Paragraph 23).

  1. Symbolism: The use of symbols to represent ideas or qualities.

Example: The quilts are a symbol of heritage and family tradition.

  1. Theme: The underlying message or meaning in a story.

Example: One theme in “Everyday Use” is the importance of understanding and valuing one’s heritage.

Characterization in “Everyday Use” by Alice Walker

The major characters in “Everyday Use” are:

  1. Mama (the narrator): She is a hardworking, practical woman who values family and tradition over material possessions.
  2. Dee (Wangero): She is Mama’s older daughter who has changed her name to reflect her African heritage. Dee is educated and ambitious but often clashes with her family over their perceived lack of cultural awareness.
  3. Maggie: She is Mama’s younger daughter who is less educated than Dee but possesses a deep understanding of their family’s traditions and heritage. Maggie is shy and has physical scars from a house fire.

The minor characters in the story are:

  1. Hakim-a-Barber: He is Dee’s boyfriend who also has African heritage. He is presented as an outsider to the family’s traditions and beliefs.
  2. Grandma Dee: She is Dee’s namesake and Mama’s mother. She is mentioned briefly in the story but represents the family’s heritage and traditions.
  3. John Thomas: He is briefly mentioned in the story as a potential love interest for Dee, but it is unclear if he is a real person or a figment of Dee’s imagination.
Major Themes in “Everyday Use” by Alice Walker
  1. The Importance of Cultural Heritage: The story highlights the importance of preserving cultural heritage and passing it on to future generations. Mama values the practical items that have been passed down in her family and sees them as a tangible connection to her ancestors. However, Dee is more interested in the abstract idea of heritage and wants to use it to express her own identity. This theme is exemplified in Mama’s description of their yard: “It is not just a yard. It is like an extended living room.”
  2. The Tension Between Tradition and Modernity: The story also explores the tension between traditional ways of life and modernity. Dee represents the modern, educated, and upwardly mobile woman who has rejected her family’s traditional lifestyle. Mama, on the other hand, and Maggie represent the older generation who have not had the same opportunities for education and advancement. This tension is evident in Dee’s desire to take the quilts and other items that Mama sees as practical, everyday objects.
  3. The Importance of Self-Definition: The story also deals with the importance of self-definition and how it relates to cultural heritage. Dee wants to define herself in terms of her African heritage, but Mama and Maggie see themselves as part of a broader cultural heritage that includes their ancestors and their community. This story highlights this theme in Dee’s rejection of her given name and her choice of the African name “Wangero” instead.
  4. The Value of Family: The story underscores the value of family and the bonds that tie people together. Mama and Maggie have a close relationship. And this relationship is based on shared experiences and a deep understanding of their family’s traditions, while Dee’s relationship with them is more distant and strained. This story exemplifies this theme in Mama’s refusal to let Dee take the quilts: “I promised to give them quilts to Maggie, for when she married John Thomas. She was to marry him yesterday.”
Writing Style in “Everyday Use” by Alice Walker

In “Everyday Use,” Alice Walker’s writing style demonstrates a straightforward and descriptive narrative that is rich in vivid imagery and sensory details. Walker’s use of dialect and regional language adds an authentic and down-to-earth feel to the story, while also highlighting the cultural and social background of the characters. The author also employs symbolism and metaphor to convey deeper meanings and themes, such as the significance of heritage and the tension between tradition and modernity. Overall, Walker’s writing style in “Everyday Use” is engaging, thought-provoking, and evocative, capturing the essence of the African American experience in a rural setting.

Literary Theories and Interpretation of “Everyday Use” by Alice Walker
  1. Feminist Theory: “Everyday Use” highlights the struggles of Black women in a patriarchal society. Mama and Maggie represent traditional, domestic roles, while Dee represents a more modern, independent woman. Through these characters, Walker explores the challenges faced by Black women as they navigate conflicting ideas of femininity and cultural heritage.
  2. Marxist Theory: The story highlights issues of class and power. Dee represents the upwardly mobile middle class, while Mama and Maggie represent the working-class. The tension between these classes is highlighted by Dee’s desire to appropriate her family’s cultural heritage, while ignoring the practical items that Mama and Maggie value.
  3. Postcolonial Theory: “Everyday Use” explores the ways in which cultural identity is constructed and contested in a postcolonial world. Dee’s rejection of her given name and adoption of an African name reflects the desire to reclaim cultural identity that is often experienced by people of color in a postcolonial context.
  4. Reader-Response Theory: The story can also be interpreted through a reader-response lens, as it invites readers to engage with their own experiences and perspectives. The ambiguous ending, in which Mama and Maggie sit in the yard watching Dee drive away, leaves open the possibility of multiple interpretations and encourages readers to actively participate in the meaning-making process.
  5. Psychological Theory: “Everyday Use” can also be analyzed through a psychological lens, as it explores issues of self-esteem and identity. Dee’s rejection of her family’s cultural heritage can be seen as a reflection of her own insecurities and desire to distance herself from her working-class background.
  6. Structuralist Theory: The story it explores the ways in which cultural symbols and myths shape our understanding of the world. The quilts that Mama and Maggie value can be seen as symbols of cultural heritage, while Dee’s rejection of them represents a rejection of traditional values and beliefs. This tension between symbols and their meaning is a central theme of the story.
Questions and Thesis Statements about “Everyday Use” by Alice Walker
  1. What is the significance of the quilts in “Everyday Use,” and how do they represent the tension between traditional cultural heritage and modern individualism?

Thesis statement: Through the use of the quilts as a symbol, Walker explores the tension between preserving cultural heritage and embracing individualism, ultimately suggesting that a balance between the two is necessary for a healthy cultural identity.

  • How does the character of Dee challenge traditional notions of Black femininity in “Everyday Use,” and what is the significance of this challenge?

Thesis statement: Through Dee’s rejection of traditional gender roles and embrace of a more independent lifestyle, Walker challenges traditional notions of Black femininity and highlights the difficulties faced by Black women as they navigate conflicting expectations of femininity and cultural heritage.

  • What is the role of education in “Everyday Use,” and how does it affect the characters’ relationships to their cultural heritage?

Thesis statement: By exploring the relationship between education and cultural identity, Walker suggests that education can either facilitate the preservation of cultural heritage or lead to a rejection of it, depending on how it is approached.

  • How does the conflict between Mama and Dee in “Everyday Use” reflect larger tensions between different generations of Black Americans?

Thesis statement: Through the conflict between Mama and Dee, Walker highlights the tension between traditional values and modern individualism in the Black community, ultimately suggesting that a balance between the two is necessary for a healthy cultural identity.

  • What is the significance of the setting of “Everyday Use,” and how does it contribute to the story’s themes?

Thesis statement: By setting the story in a rural Southern community, Walker highlights the importance of cultural heritage and the tension between preserving it and embracing modernity, ultimately suggesting that a balance between the two is necessary for a healthy cultural identity.

  • How does the ending of “Everyday Use” reflect the story’s central themes of cultural heritage and individualism?

Thesis statement: Through the ambiguous ending, Walker invites readers to engage with the tension between cultural heritage and individualism and suggests that a resolution between the two is not always possible, but that it is important to strive for a balance between the two.

Short Question-Answer “Everyday Use” by Alice Walker
  1. How does the character of Mama view her cultural heritage in “Everyday Use”?

Mama values her cultural heritage and sees it as an integral part of her identity. She has a deep appreciation for the practical items passed down through her family, such as the churn top and dasher she uses to make butter. When Dee wants to take these items to display as artifacts, Mama initially hesitates, feeling that they belong in their everyday use. For Mama, preserving her cultural heritage means keeping it alive through continued use, rather than just showcasing it as a relic of the past.

  • What does Dee’s rejection of her given name and embrace of African names in “Everyday Use” reveal about her character?

Dee’s rejection of her given name and embrace of African names shows her desire to reject the cultural heritage she grew up with in favor of a more idealized African identity. The story shows this rejection in her criticism of her family’s rural lifestyle and her desire to display cultural artifacts as art objects, rather than functional items. For Dee, embracing her African heritage means rejecting the more traditional and practical aspects of her upbringing.

  • How does the conflict between Dee and Maggie in “Everyday Use” reflect the larger themes of the story?

The conflict between Dee and Maggie reflects the larger tension between cultural heritage and individualism. Dee’s desire to display the family’s quilts as art objects reflects her desire to claim ownership of her cultural heritage and express her individual identity. Maggie, on the other hand, wants to preserve the quilts for their traditional purpose of warmth and comfort. The conflict between the sisters highlights the tension between preserving cultural heritage and embracing individual identity.

  • What is the significance of the quilts in “Everyday Use” and how do they relate to the larger themes of the story?

The quilts are a central symbol in the story and represent the family’s cultural heritage. They also represent the tension between preserving cultural heritage and embracing individualism. Dee wants to take the quilts and display them as art objects, while Maggie wants to preserve them for their traditional purpose of warmth and comfort. The quilts ultimately become a point of conflict between the sisters and highlight the tension between preserving cultural heritage and embracing individual identity. The fact that the quilts are made from pieces of the family’s clothing also emphasizes the importance of the family’s history and legacy in preserving their cultural heritage.

Anagram

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Etymology of Anagram

The word “anagram” comes from the Greek “ana-” meaning “back” or “again,” and “graphein” meaning “to write.” Anagrams have been used as a literary device for centuries. They are present in literature from ancient times to the present day.

Meanings:

The meanings behind anagrams can vary widely depending on the context in which they are used.

  • An anagram is a word or phrase formed by rearranging the letters of another word or phrase.
  • Anagrams serves various purposes, including entertainment, creating distinctive names, conveying hidden messages or meanings, and adding humor, depth, or complexity to a work of literature.
  • Anagrams are a versatile literary device that can be used in many different contexts, from casual word games to serious writing.
Anagram in Grammar

Grammatically, “anagram” is a noun and its plural form is “anagrams.” As a verb, “anagram” means to form a word or phrase by rearranging the letters of another word or phrase. For example, one could say “I will anagram the word ‘cinema’ to get the word ‘iceman.’” In this case, “anagram” is used as a transitive verb. It is not used as an intransitive verb or a linking verb.

Definition of Literary Device of Anagram

The literary device of anagram involves rearranging the letters of a word or phrase to form a new word or phrase. Anagrams are used in literature to create wordplay, reveal hidden meanings, or add a sense of mystery or intrigue.

Types of anagrams

There are several types of anagrams used as literary devices. Here are a few examples:

  1. Direct anagram: This is the simplest type of anagram, where the letters of the original word or phrase are simply rearranged to form a new word or phrase. For example, “listen” and “silent” are direct anagrams of each other.
  2. Reverse anagram: In a reverse anagram, the letters of the original word or phrase are reversed and then rearranged to form a new word or phrase. For example, “desserts” and “stressed” are reverse anagrams of each other.
  3. Transposition anagram: In a transposition anagram, some of the letters of the original word or phrase are swapped with each other to form a new word or phrase. For example, “debit card” and “bad credit” are transposition anagrams of each other.
  4. Substitution anagram: In a substitution anagram, some of the letters of the original word or phrase are replaced with other letters to form a new word or phrase. For example, “funeral” and “real fun” are substitution anagrams of each other.
  5. Hybrid anagram: This is a combination of two or more types of anagrams. For example, “astronomer” can be rearranged to form the phrase “moon starer,” which is a hybrid of a direct and a substitution anagram.
Common Examples of Anagram

Here are some common examples of anagrams:

  1. Dormitory = Dirty room
  2. Funeral = Real fun
  3. A gentleman = Elegant man
  4. The eyes = They see
  5. Astronomer = Moon starer
  6. Debit card = Bad credit
  7. Mother-in-law = Woman Hitler
  8. Eleven plus two = Twelve plus one
  9. Listen = Silent
  10. Clint Eastwood = Old West action
Literary Examples:
  1. “Madam, in Eden, I’m Adam” – This famous anagram is a palindrome popularized by Lewis Carroll in his book, Through the Looking Glass. The anagram is a play on the names Adam and Eve, the first humans according to the Bible.
  2. “The Morse code” = “Here come dots” – This anagram English writer, poet, and mathematician Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, presents his fictional detective, Sherlock Holmes. The anagram is a witty play on words that transforms “The Morse Code” into “Here come dots,” emphasizing the use of dots in Morse Code.
  3. “Astronomer” = “Moon starer” – This anagram is from the play, The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus by Christopher Marlowe, a famous Elizabethan playwright. The anagram is a clever play on words that transforms “Astronomer” into “Moon starer,” highlighting the interest in celestial bodies and stars that an astronomer might have.
  4. “Dormitory” = “Dirty room” – This anagram was made famous by the British novelist, playwright, and essayist, Tom Stoppard, in his play, Jumpers. The anagram is a humorous play on words that transforms “Dormitory” into “Dirty room,” highlighting the uncleanliness of a typical dorm room.
  5. “Eleven plus two” = “Twelve plus one” – This anagram is a play on the arithmetic equation. The British writer and mathematician, James Joyce, used it in his novel, Ulysses. The anagram emphasizes the mathematical equivalence of “Eleven plus two” and “Twelve plus one.”
  6. “Funeral” = “Real fun” – This anagram is a humorous play on words that transforms the word “Funeral” into “Real fun.” The American writer and humorist, Mark Twain, used it in his book, Following the Equator. The anagram emphasizes the irony of a funeral being described as “real fun.”
How to Create Anagram
  1. Choose a Word or Phrase
  2. Decide on a word or phrase that you want to make an anagram of.
  3. This could be anything, from a simple four-letter word to a longer phrase or sentence.
  4. Rearrange the Letters
  5. Take the letters from your chosen word or phrase and rearrange them.
  6. You can move the letters around in any order you like to create a new arrangement of letters.
  7. It’s important to use all of the letters from the original word or phrase.
  8. Create a New Word or Phrase
  9. Using the rearranged letters, create a new word or phrase.
  10. The new word or phrase can have a completely different meaning from the original, or it can be related in some way.
  11. Check your Spelling
  12. Make sure that your new word or phrase is spelled correctly.
  13. Check that you haven’t left out any letters from the original word or phrase.
  14. Have Fun!
  15. Anagrams are a fun and creative way to play with language.
  16. Experiment with different words and phrases to see what you can come up with.
Benefits:

Anagrams are words or phrases formed by rearranging the letters of another word or phrase. There are several benefits of using anagrams, including:

  1. Vocabulary Building: Creating and solving anagrams help improve your vocabulary. It is because you think of words and their various spellings.
  2. Brain Exercise: Anagrams require your brain to work and think creatively, which can help improve your cognitive skills and memory.
  3. Improved Spelling: Anagrams can help improve your spelling skills as you need to know the correct spellings of words to create them.
  4. Fun and Entertaining: Anagrams can be a fun and entertaining way to pass the time.
  5. Educational Tool: Anagrams are a good educational tool to help children learn new words and improve their language skills.
  6. Problem-Solving Skills: Creating anagrams requires you to think outside the box and develop your problem-solving skills.
  7. Communication Skills: Anagrams can help improve your communication skills as you articulate your thoughts and ideas clearly.
Literary Device of Anagram in Literary Theory

Anagram is a literary device in which the letters of a word or phrase are rearranged to form a new word or phrase. In literary theory, it can be interpreted and analyzed through various lenses.

  1. Structuralism: Structuralism emphasizes the underlying structures that shape and give meaning to human experiences. In the context of anagram, structuralists might analyze the way that the rearrangement of letters in a word or phrase reveals underlying structures and patterns in language.
  2. Post-structuralism: Poststructuralism challenges the assumptions of structuralism by emphasizing the instability and indeterminacy of language. In the context of anagram, post-structuralists might analyze the way that the rearrangement of letters in a word or phrase destabilizes the meaning of the original word or phrase and highlights the arbitrariness of language.
  3. Psychoanalysis: Psychoanalysis emphasizes the role of the unconscious in shaping human behavior and experience. In the context of anagram, psychoanalysts might analyze the way that the rearrangement of letters in a word or phrase reveals hidden meanings and unconscious desires.
  4. Feminist theory: Feminist theory emphasizes the importance of gender and the role that it plays in shaping human experience. In the context of anagram, feminist theorists might analyze the way that the rearrangement of letters in a word or phrase reveals gendered biases and assumptions in language.
  5. Queer theory: Queer theory challenges normative assumptions about gender and sexuality. In the context of anagram, queer theorists might analyze the way that the rearrangement of letters in a word or phrase reveals alternative possibilities for gender and sexuality.
  6. New Criticism: New Criticism emphasizes close reading and analysis of literary texts. In the context of anagram, New Critics might analyze the way that the rearrangement of letters in a word or phrase contributes to the overall meaning and effect of a literary work.
  7. Reader-response theory: Reader-response theory emphasizes the role of the reader in shaping the meaning of a literary work. In the context of anagram, reader-response theorists might analyze the way that the rearrangement of letters in a word or phrase invites readers to participate in the creation of meaning.
  8. Deconstruction: Deconstruction challenges the binary oppositions that underlie much of Western thought. In the context of anagram, deconstructionists might analyze the way that the rearrangement of letters in a word or phrase disrupts and destabilizes the binary oppositions that underlie language and thought.
Suggested Readings

Baudrillard, Jean. Simulacra and Simulation. University of Michigan Press, 1994.

Kristeva, Julia. Desire in Language: A Semiotic Approach to Literature and Art. Columbia University Press, 1980.

Queneau, Raymond. Exercises in Style. New Directions Publishing, 1981. Steiner, George. After Babel: Aspects of Language and Translation. Oxford University Press, 1975.

A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings

A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings by Gabriel Garcia Marquez

First published in Spanish in 1955 and later included in his 1968 collection of short stories, Leaf Storm and Other Stories, “A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings” is a short story by Gabriel Garcia Marquez.  It is a work of magical realism, presenting an event from the life of a very old man with wings. He appears in a small town and meets a happy welcome out of th curious public, but eventually faces fear and exploitation. The story has become one of Marquez’s most popular works, translated into many languages and widely studied and analyzed in literature courses around the world. It is often cited as a prime example of magical realism and has influenced numerous writers to follow in Marquez’s footsteps.

Main Events in “A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings” by Gabriel Garcia Marquez
  1. The story begins with the discovery of a very old man with enormous wings who appears in a small town. A couple, Pelayo and Elisenda, finds him in their courtyard, and express their amazement at his appearance.
  2. The townspeople soon come to know about the presence of the old man, and throng to see him for themselves. They feel fascinated by his wings, but quickly lose interest when they realize that he is unable to communicate with them.
  3. Meanwhile, a carnival arrives and the old man becomes the main attraction. People pay to see him, and Pelayo and Elisenda start charging admission fees to their courtyard to make money.
  4. A neighbor woman, who claims to have the power to communicate with angels, comes to see the old man and declares that he is an angel who has come to take their sick child to heaven. However, the old man seems indifferent to the child and does not attempt to fly away.
  5. As time goes on, the old man becomes increasingly weak and ill. Pelayo and Elisenda stop charging admission fees to their courtyard and consider getting rid of him altogether.
  6. A spider-woman appears in the town and becomes the new attraction, drawing people away from the old man. The old man is eventually moved to the chicken coop.
  7. Despite his deteriorating condition, the old man remains a mystery. Some people believe that he is an angel, while others feel convinced that he is a fraud.
  8. One day, a doctor comes to see the old man and concludes that he is simply a very old man with wings. He recommends that the old man be treated like any other patient and given medicine. However, when Father Gonzaga is consulted, he feels unable to identify and asks the people that he would tell them after consulting authorities in Rome.
  9. Eventually, the old man regains his strength and flies away, leaving behind only a few feathers. Pelayo and Elisenda are left with mixed emotions, wondering whether the old man was really an angel or not.
  10. The story ends with the implication that the old man’s appearance was just one of many strange and unexplainable occurrences in the town, suggesting that the line between reality and fantasy is blurry and indistinct.
Literary Devices in “A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings” by Gabriel Garcia Marquez
  1. Allegory: A narrative that uses symbolic characters and events to represent abstract ideas or moral concepts. Example: The old man with wings is an allegory for the struggle between faith and reason.
  2. Allusion: A reference to a person, place, or event outside of the story that the author expects the reader to recognize. Example: The mention of the “miracles” performed by the Virgin Mary alludes to religious mythology.
  3. Foreshadowing: A literary device that hints at events or outcomes to come later in the story. Example: The appearance of the angel foreshadows the arrival of other supernatural beings.
  4. Imagery: Descriptive language that creates a vivid mental picture in the reader’s mind. Example: “His pitiful condition of a drenched great-grandfather took away any sense of grandeur he might have had.”
  5. Irony: A contrast between what is expected and what actually happens. Example: The fact that the townspeople are more interested in seeing the spider woman than the angel they once admired is ironic.
  6. Metaphor: A comparison between two unlike things without using the words “like” or “as.” Example: The angel is compared to a “huge decrepit hen” in his appearance.
  7. Mood: The overall emotional tone or atmosphere of a piece of writing. Example: The story creates a somber and mysterious mood through its use of dark, surreal imagery.
  8. Personification: Giving human qualities to non-human entities. Example: The weather is personified as bad-tempered and vindictive.
  9. Point of view: The perspective from which a story is told. Example: “A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings” has been told from a third-person omniscient point of view.
  10. Satire: The use of humor, irony, or exaggeration to criticize society or human behavior. Example: The portrayal of the townspeople’s greed and obsession with spectacle is satirical.
  11. Simile: A comparison between two unlike things using the words “like” or “as.” Example: The old man, in the end, is presented as “the feathers of a scarecrow, which looked more like another misfortune of decreptitude.”
  12. Symbolism: The use of symbols to represent abstract ideas or concepts. Example: The angel’s wings symbolize freedom and divine grace.
  13. Tone: The author’s attitude towards the subject matter or audience. Example: The story’s tone is both critical and empathetic toward human nature.
  14. Verisimilitude: The appearance of being true or real within the context of the story. Example: The realistic portrayal of the characters and setting makes the magical elements of the story more believable.
  15. Irony of situation: A contrast between what is expected to happen and what actually happens in a situation. Example: The fact that the angel is a disappointment to the townspeople despite his supernatural nature is an example of irony of situation.
Characterization in “A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings” by Gabriel Garcia Marquez
Major Characters:
  1. The Old Man with Enormous Wings: The titular character of the story, the old man with enormous wings is a mysterious figure who appears in a small town. He is old and ragged, with enormous wings initially believed to be an angel. He does not speak and seems to be in a weakened state, but he endures the townspeople’s curiosity and exploitation.
  2. Pelayo: Pelayo is the first person to discover the old man with enormous wings. He and his wife Elisenda initially feel wonder at the old man’s wings and the potential for profit that his presence could bring. However, as the old man becomes more of a burden, Pelayo begins to question his own motives and the old man’s true identity.
  3. Elisenda: Elisenda is Pelayo’s wife and the other person who discovers the old man with enormous wings. She is initially fascinated by the old man’s wings and the potential for making money by exhibiting him to the townspeople. However, as the old man’s condition deteriorates, Elisenda becomes increasingly conflicted about her own feelings towards him.
Minor Characters:
  1. The Villagers: The villagers are the townspeople who come to see the old man with enormous wings. They initially feel fascinated by his wings and believe that he is an angel. However, as the novelty wears off, they become bored and indifferent toward him. Some of them even mock, mistreat and torture him.
  2. Father Gonzaga: Father Gonzaga is the local priest consulted about the old man with enormous wings. He is skeptical of the old man’s identity and does not believe that he is an angel. He sends a letter to the bishop to seek confirmation, but the response is inconclusive.
  3. The Spider-Woman: The spider-woman is a new attraction who appears in town, drawing people away from the old man with enormous wings. She is described as having the body of a tarantula and the head of a woman. Like the old man, she is a strange and unexplainable presence in the town.
  4. The Neighbor Woman: The neighbor woman is a local woman who claims to have the power to communicate with angels. She comes to see the old man with enormous wings and declares that he is an angel who has come to take their sick child to heaven. Her pronouncement adds to the confusion and speculation surrounding the old man’s identity.
Writing Style in “A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings” by Gabriel Garcia Marquez

Gabriel Garcia Marquez’s writing style in “A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings” shows magical realism, blending the fantastic and the mundane to create a world that is both familiar and surreal. Vivid imagery and lyrical language convey sensory details and enhance the story’s dreamlike quality, with metaphors and similes creating powerful and evocative descriptions. The language’s rhythm and flow draw the reader in, making for a rich and immersive reading experience. Overall, Marquez’s writing style creates a world that is both strange and familiar, captivating the reader with its wonder and mystery.

Major Themes in “A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings” by Gabriel Garcia Marquez

“A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings” by Gabriel Garcia Marquez is a short story that is rich in themes. Some of the major themes in the story include:

  1. The Limitations of Human Perception: Throughout the story, Marquez questions the limits of human perception and understanding. For example, when the townspeople first see the old man with wings, they assume he is a fallen angel, but when he fails to live up to their expectations of what an angel should be like, they quickly lose interest. The narrator notes, “Pelayo and Elisenda were happy with fatigue, for in less than a week they had crammed their rooms with money and the line of pilgrims waiting their turn to enter still reached beyond the horizon.” This highlights how easily humans can be distracted by superficial things and how they often fail to recognize true value and beauty.
  2. The Complexities of Human Nature: Marquez explores the multifaceted nature of human beings and the ways in which their desires, fears, and prejudices shape their behavior. For instance, the townspeople’s reactions to the old man with wings vary from curiosity and awe to fear and hostility. Some see him as a miraculous being, while others view him as a threat. This reflects the complexity of human nature and the ways in which people’s perceptions are shaped by their personal experiences and biases.
  3. The Power of Symbols: Marquez emphasizes the power of symbols and their ability to evoke deep emotions and reactions. The old man’s wings, for instance, represent both beauty and terror, freedom and captivity. The townspeople’s reactions to the wings reveal their underlying beliefs and desires, such as their fascination with the supernatural and their fear of the unknown. This underscores the importance of symbols in shaping human culture and identity.
  4. The Need for Compassion and Empathy: Marquez suggests that compassion and empathy are essential qualities that can help us connect with others and find meaning in life. While many of the townspeople treat the old man with wings as a spectacle, Pelayo and Elisenda show him kindness and take care of him. Their actions demonstrate the power of compassion and the importance of seeing beyond appearances. As the narrator notes, “They did not have the heart to club him to death.” This highlights the transformative potential of empathy and the capacity of human beings to connect with one another, despite their differences.
Literary Theories and Interpretation of “A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings” by Gabriel Garcia Marquez
  1. Magical Realism: Marquez’s use of magical realism in “A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings” blurs the line between the real and the fantastic, creating a world that is both familiar and surreal. For example, the old man’s wings are a fantastical element that clash with the otherwise realistic setting, but the townspeople’s reactions to them are depicted as commonplace and mundane.
  2. Symbolism: The old man with enormous wings can be interpreted as a symbol of various things, such as hope, faith, or the unknown. For instance, his wings can be seen as a symbol of freedom and spirituality, but also as a symbol of alienation and otherness.
  3. Postcolonialism: The story can be interpreted through a postcolonial lens, as it is set in a small Latin American town and depicts the exploitation of a marginalized and exoticized character. For example, the old man can be seen as a representation of indigenous peoples who were colonized and marginalized, while the townspeople can be seen as a representation of the colonizers.
  4. Existentialism: The story can be analyzed through an existentialist lens, focusing on the human search for meaning and the absurdity of existence. For instance, the townspeople’s reactions to the old man’s presence and their attempts to rationalize his existence can be seen as a reflection of the human need to understand the unknown.
  5. Feminist Theory: The story can also be analyzed through a feminist lens, as it portrays the exploitation and marginalization of female characters. For example, Elisenda’s treatment of the old man and her desire to profit from his presence can be seen as a reflection of the ways in which women are often forced to use their bodies for financial gain in a patriarchal society.
  6. Structuralism: The story can be interpreted through a structuralist lens, focusing on the underlying structures and patterns of the narrative. For instance, the recurring motifs of wings and feathers throughout the story can be seen as a reflection of the story’s underlying themes of freedom and captivity, hope and despair.
Essay Questions and Thesis Statements about “A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings” by Gabriel Garcia Marquez
  1. How does Gabriel Garcia Marquez use magical realism to create a sense of wonder and mystery in “A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings”?

Thesis statement: By blending the fantastic with the mundane, Marquez creates a world that is both familiar and surreal, drawing the reader into a world of wonder and mystery that challenges traditional notions of reality.

  1. What is the significance of the title “A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings” and how does it relate to the themes of the story?

Thesis statement: The title “A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings” reflects the story’s exploration of themes such as otherness, faith, and the limitations of organized religion, as well as the power of imagination and the resilience of the human spirit.

  1. In “A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings,” how does Gabriel Garcia Marquez use the character of Elisenda to explore the themes of greed and corruption?

Thesis statement: By depicting Elisenda’s desire for wealth and power and her exploitation of the old man’s wings, Marquez critiques the dangers of greed and the corrupting influence of power, ultimately showing the negative consequences of putting personal gain above compassion and humanity.

  1. What is the significance of the townspeople’s reactions to the old man’s wings in “A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings”?

Thesis statement: The varying reactions of the townspeople to the old man’s wings reflect the story’s exploration of themes such as faith and doubt, otherness and marginalization, and the complexities of human existence.

  1. How does Gabriel Garcia Marquez use the setting of the story in “A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings” to convey deeper meaning and symbolism?

Thesis statement: Through the use of vivid imagery and symbolism in the setting of the story, such as the decaying houses and the muddy courtyard, Marquez creates a rich and immersive world that reflects the story’s exploration of themes such as decay, transformation, and resilience.

  1. In “A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings,” how does Gabriel Garcia Marquez use the old man’s wings as a symbol to explore themes of transformation and the power of the miraculous?

Thesis statement: Through the symbolism of the old man’s wings, Marquez explores the themes of transformation and the power of the miraculous to challenge our perceptions of reality and the limits of the human spirit.

Short Questions-Answers “A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings” by Gabriel Garcia Marquez
  1. How would you characterize Father Gonzaga? Refer to the text.

In “A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings,” Gabriel Garcia Marquez portrays Father Gonzaga as a religious figure in the village who holds strong opinions. Upon encountering the old man with wings, he greets him in Latin but dismisses him as an imposter when he responds in his own dialect. Father Gonzaga declares the old man a devil and promises to write to higher religious authorities to determine his case. This demonstrates how ordinary individuals, with a little bit of knowledge, can assume religious authority and offer opinions on topics beyond their understanding, turning to higher authorities when necessary.

  • Garcia Marquez’s fiction has been described as magical realism. Comment on the label and his short story.

Magical realism is a literary theory that incorporates magical elements into realistic settings to explore how people react to the fantastical. In “A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings,” Marquez introduces the magical character of an old man with wings into the real-world setting of a village, sparking public curiosity and debate. Various individuals offer their opinions on the old man’s identity, including Father Gonzaga, who deems him a devil. The villagers’ fascination with the old man’s unusual appearance highlights their interest in the fantastical, even as they continue to go about their daily lives.

  • How is the view of the angel in “A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings” a thoroughly modern (or postmodern) one?

The portrayal of the angel in “A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings” is thoroughly modern, as Gabriel Garcia Marquez uses the figure to evaluate the public’s reactions. The villagers are focused on their own lives and interests, largely ignoring the old man’s suffering despite his otherworldly appearance. The couple who discovers him, Pelayo and Elisenda, charge pilgrims to see him and accumulate wealth without paying attention to his needs. Their callous attitude toward the old man reflects the modern idea of individualism, where people prioritize their own needs above those of others. The son of Pelayo and Elisenda also recovers, and other miracles occur, further highlighting how the villagers are only interested in the benefits that the old man’s presence brings to them.

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Adage

Etymology and Meanings of Literary Device of Adage

Etymology of Adage

 The word “adage” comes from the Latin word “adagium,” which means “saying” or “proverb.” The term first appeared in English in the mid-16th century and has been used ever since to describe a brief, memorable saying that expresses a general truth or piece of wisdom.

Meaning of Adage

An adage is a concise, memorable saying that expresses a general truth or piece of wisdom. Adages are often used to communicate a moral or lesson and can be found in literature, folklore, and everyday conversation. They are also known as proverbs, maxims, or aphorisms

Definition of Literary Device of Adage

An adage is a literary device that refers to a traditional and widely recognized statement that expresses a general truth or moral principle.

Common Features of an Adage
  1. It is short.
  2. It is memorable.
  3. It is pithy.
  4. It expresses cultural heritage and generational legacy.
  5. It contains general truths of a society.
  6. It contains shared experience.
Types of Adages

There are many different types of adages, including proverbs, aphorisms, maxims, and idioms.

  • Proverbs: Proverbs are short, pithy statements that convey a moral lesson or a general truth about life. Examples of proverbs include “Actions speak louder than words” and “A stitch in time saves nine.”
  • Aphorisms: Aphorisms are concise and memorable statements that express a general truth or a witty observation. They are often used to convey a message in a clever and memorable way. Examples of aphorisms include “All that glitters is not gold” and “Time heals all wounds.”
  • Maxims: Maxims are brief and memorable statements that express a general rule or a principle of conduct. They are often used to provide guidance or advice on how to behave in a particular situation. Examples of maxims include “Honesty is the best policy” and “Practice makes perfect.”
  • Idioms: Idioms are phrases or expressions that have a figurative meaning that differs from their literal meaning. They are often used to convey a message in a more colorful and interesting way. Examples of idioms include “Bite the bullet” and “Kick the bucket.”
Common Examples of Adages
  1. “Actions speak louder than words” – This means that what people do is more important than what they say.
  2. “An apple a day keeps the doctor away” – This means that eating healthy foods can help you stay healthy and avoid getting sick.
  3. “When in Rome, do as the Romans do” – This means that when you’re in a new place, you should follow the customs and practices of that place.
  4. “Don’t put all your eggs in one basket” – This means that you shouldn’t risk everything on one plan or idea.
  5. “You can’t judge a book by its cover” – This means that you shouldn’t make assumptions about someone or something based on their appearance.
  6. “There’s no such thing as a free lunch” – This means that everything comes at a cost, even if it’s not immediately obvious.
  7. “The early bird catches the worm” – This means that those who start early and are proactive tend to have more success.
  8. “If it ain’t broke, don’t fix it” – This means that if something is working well, there’s no need to change it.
  9. “All’s fair in love and war” – This means that anything goes when it comes to matters of the heart or in a conflict situation.
  10. “Honesty is the best policy” – This means that telling the truth is always the right thing to do.
Shakespearean Adages

William Shakespeare, the famous playwright and poet, coined many adages that are still commonly used today. Here are some examples from different plays of Shakespeare.

  1. “All the world’s a stage” – This means that life is like a play, with different acts and scenes, and people playing different roles.
  2. “To be, or not to be: that is the question” – This famous line from Hamlet is often used to express uncertainty or indecision.
  3. “All that glitters is not gold” – This means that things that look good on the surface may not be as valuable or desirable as they seem.
  4. “Brevity is the soul of wit” – This means that being concise and to the point is more effective than being verbose or long-winded.
  5. “To thine own self be true” – This means that you should be honest and true to yourself, rather than pretending to be someone you’re not.
  6. “What’s in a name? That which we call a rose by any other name would smell as sweet” – This means that a person or thing is not defined by their name, but by their actions or qualities.
  7. “The course of true love never did run smooth” – This means that love can be complicated and challenging, and there are often obstacles to overcome.
  8. “Cowards die many times before their deaths; the valiant never taste of death but once” – This means that living in fear is worse than facing one’s fears, even if it means risking one’s life.
  9. “To be forewarned is to be forearmed” – This means that being prepared and aware of potential problems or dangers can help you avoid them.
  10. “The fault, dear Brutus, is not in our stars, but in ourselves” – This means that we are responsible for our own actions and decisions, rather than being controlled by fate or destiny.
Literary Examples of Adages

Here are some examples of adages from plays and poems, along with quotations and explanations:

  1. “Beauty is truth, truth beauty” – From John Keats’ poem “Ode on a Grecian Urn.” This means that true beauty is timeless and enduring, and can be found in simple, ordinary things.
  2. “The best-laid plans of mice and men often go awry” – From Robert Burns’ poem “To a Mouse.” This means that no matter how carefully we plan, things can still go wrong and not turn out as expected.
  3. “To err is human, to forgive divine” – From Alexander Pope’s poem “An Essay on Criticism.” This means that making mistakes is a natural part of being human, and forgiving others for their mistakes is a noble and virtuous act.
  4. “Parting is such sweet sorrow” – From William Shakespeare’s play “Romeo and Juliet.” This means that saying goodbye can be bittersweet, as it is both painful and yet also brings closure.
  5. “Hope springs eternal in the human breast” – From Alexander Pope’s poem “An Essay on Man.” This means that even in the face of adversity and despair, people always hold onto hope for a better future.
  6. “All that we see or seem is but a dream within a dream” – From Edgar Allan Poe’s poem “A Dream Within a Dream.” This means that reality is subjective and can be interpreted differently by each individual, and that our perceptions of the world are not necessarily objective or concrete.
  7. “Out, damned spot!” – From William Shakespeare’s play “Macbeth.” This means that guilt and shame can be so overwhelming that they seem impossible to erase or remove.
  8. “Life is a tale told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, signifying nothing” – From William Shakespeare’s play “Macbeth.” This means that life can seem chaotic and meaningless, and that all our struggles and achievements are ultimately insignificant in the grand scheme of things.
  9. “Better to have loved and lost than never to have loved at all” – From Alfred Lord Tennyson’s poem “In Memoriam A.H.H.” This means that even if a relationship ends in heartbreak or loss, the experience of love is still valuable and worth pursuing.
  10. “The road to hell is paved with good intentions” – From an unknown source, but popularized by Samuel Johnson in the 18th century. This means that even if someone has good intentions, their actions can still have negative consequences, and they may still be held accountable for their mistakes.
How to Create an Adage

Creating an adage is a creative process that involves distilling a piece of wisdom or insight into a concise and memorable phrase. Here are some steps you can take to create your own adage:

  1. Identify the core message: Think about the lesson or insight you want to convey. What is the essence of your message? What is the one idea that you want people to remember?
  2. Use vivid imagery: Adages often use metaphor or analogy to make a message more vivid and memorable. Think about images or symbols that capture the essence of your message.
  3. Keep it concise: Adages are short and pithy, so aim for brevity in your phrasing. Ideally, your adage should be no more than a few words or a short sentence.
  4. Make it memorable: A good adage should stick in people’s minds, so think about how you can make it memorable. Does it have a catchy rhythm or rhyme? Does it use alliteration or repetition to create impact?
  5. Test it out: Once you have drafted your adage, try it out on friends or colleagues to see if it resonates with them. Ask for feedback on whether the message is clear and memorable, and whether the phrasing works well.
  6. Refine and polish: Based on feedback, refine your adage until you are happy with the wording and impact. Remember that adages are meant to be timeless and enduring, so take the time to craft a message that will stand the test of time.
Benefits of Using Adage

Using adages can have several benefits, including:

  1. Communicating complex ideas Easily: Adages distill complex ideas and insights into a short and memorable phrase, making them an effective way to communicate wisdom or advice in a way that is easy to understand.
  2. Providing Guidance and Inspiration: Adages often contain timeless truths and insights that can provide guidance and inspiration for personal growth, decision-making, and problem-solving.
  3. Creating Cultural Vocabulary: Adages are a part of our cultural heritage and provide a shared language that connects people across generations and cultures. They can be used to build bridges between people and to create a sense of shared identity and belonging.
  4. Boosting Memory Retention: Adages are often memorable and easy to recall, making them a useful tool for improving memory retention. By associating a complex idea or concept with a memorable phrase, it becomes easier to remember and recall when needed.
  5. Encouraging Critical Thinking: Adages often have multiple interpretations and can be applied to different situations in different ways. This encourages critical thinking and analysis, as people are forced to consider the context and meaning behind the adage and how it might apply to their own situation.
  6. Fostering Cultural Literacy: Knowledge of common adages and sayings is an important aspect of cultural literacy. Understanding and using adages helps people to connect with others and to understand the values and beliefs of different cultures.
Literary Device of Adage in Literary Theory
  1. Structuralism: In structuralism, adages are viewed as a part of the larger structure of language and literature. Adages may be analyzed for their underlying structures and meanings, and their use in literature can be seen as a reflection of larger cultural structures and systems of thought.
  2. New Criticism: New criticism emphasizes the close reading of literary texts, and adages may be analyzed as part of a text’s language and imagery. Adages can provide insights into a text’s themes and motifs, and their use can contribute to a text’s overall meaning and impact.
  3. Reader-Response Theory: In reader-response theory, the meaning of a text is seen as being constructed by the reader in their interpretation of the text. Adages may be interpreted in different ways by different readers, and their use in literature may be seen as inviting readers to bring their own perspectives and experiences to the text.
  4. Feminist Theory: In feminist theory, adages may be analyzed for their gendered implications and associations. Some adages may perpetuate gender stereotypes or reinforce patriarchal values, while others may challenge traditional gender roles and expectations.
  5. Postcolonial Theory: In postcolonial theory, adages may be analyzed for their colonial or imperialist origins and associations. Some adages may reflect and reinforce colonial power structures and attitudes, while others may challenge and subvert them.
  6. Cultural Studies: In cultural studies, adages may be analyzed for their social and cultural significance. Adages may reflect and reinforce cultural values and beliefs, or they may challenge and subvert them. They may also be used to examine the ways in which culture is constructed and transmitted through language.
Suggested Readings on Adages

Aesop’s Fables. Edited by Laura Gibbs, Oxford University Press, 2002.

The Book of Proverbs. Edited by Michael V. Fox, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2000.

The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Proverbs. Edited by John Simpson and Jennifer Speake, Oxford University Press, 2015.

The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations. Edited by Elizabeth Knowles, Oxford University Press, 2014. The Penguin Dictionary of Proverbs. Edited by Rosalind Fergusson, Penguin Books, 2004.

In Medias Res

Etymology and Meanings of Literary Device In Medias Res

A classical Latin term, in medias res, is mostly used for literary writings. In English, it literally means “in the middle of things.” It is often compared with ab oyo which means to start from the beginning, or the origin, or the egg. Both terms are compared with each other when writing a piece of literature.

Definition of Literary Device In Medias Res

In literature, in medias res is defined as a work of literature that starts the main narrative or the main plot from the middle and not from the beginning. The main exposition of the plot is left to be started later when the middle is filled with flashbacks, reminisces, events, and frame stories.

Common Examples of Literary Device In Medias Res
  1. Hamlet starts with the death of King Hamlet when Horatio, Hamlet, and their two sentinels are on the outposts at night. Shakespeare has used in medias res in Hamlet.
  2. Homer has used this device in the Odyssey as Odysseus starts his narrative when he is present in the court of the King of Phoenicia
  3. Milton starts Paradise Lost in the middle when Satan is preparing his companions for rebellion.
  4. Dante starts his famous epic, Divine Comedy, using in medias res.
Literary Examples of In Medias Res
Example # 1

From The Iliad by Homer

Anger be now your song, immortal one,

Akhilleus’ agger, doomed and ruinous,

that caused the Akhaians loss on hitter loss

and crowded brave souls into the undergloom,

leaving so many dead men-carrion

for dogs and birds; and the will of Zeus was done.

Begin it when the two men first contending

broke with one another-

the Lord Marshal Agamemnon.

Atreus’ son, and Prince Akhilleus.

These are the first ten lines of The Iliad translated by Robert Fitzgerald. These lines show that Homer has started from the events of the Trojan War when Achilles is in the middle of the war. He terms it the will of Zeus, the Lord of Mount Olympus. The Greeks and the Trojans are fighting with each other. In other words, he has placed the readers in medias res instead of starting his epic from the very beginning of the life of Achilles.

Example # 2

From One Flew Over Cuckoo’s Nest by Ken Kesey

They’re out there. Black boys in white suits up before me to commit sex acts in the hall and get it mopped up before I can catch them. They’re mopping when I come out the dorm, all three of them sulky and hating everything, the time of day, the place they’re at here, the people they got to work around. When they hate like this, better if they don’t see me.

This passage occurs in the novel of Ken Kesey, One Flew Over Cuckoo’s Nest, in which he presents the story of Bromden known as the chief in the psychological hospital. This passage shows that the story has already taken place which means that it now starts in medias res and after that Bromden tells it in flashbacks.

Example # 3

From The Stranger by Albert Camus

Maman died today. Or yesterday maybe, I don’t know. I got a telegram from the home: “Mother deceased. Funeral tomorrow. Faithfully yours.” That doesn’t mean anything. Maybe it was yesterday. The old people’s home is at Marengo, about eighty kilometres from Algiers, I’ll take the two o’clock bus and get there in the afternoon. That way I can be there for the vigil and come back tomorrow night. I asked my boss for two days off and there was no way he was going to refuse me with an excuse like that.

This passage occurs in the novel of Albert Camus, The Stranger. Meursault narrates the death of his mother but not where he lives and where he has come from. Although these details are also not given in the novel which means that it starts in medias res, it does not show the complete usage of this term. The reason is that the story captures the rest of the incidents from this point onward yet it does not present them in chronological order. Therefore, it is safe to say that it is the use of in medias res that Camus has demonstrated here.

Example # 4

From The Odyssey by Homer

All the other Greeks
who had survived the brutal sack of Troy
sailed safely home to their own wives—except
this man alone. Calypso, a great goddess,
had trapped him in her cave; she wanted him
to be her husband. When the year rolled round
in which the gods decreed he should go home
to Ithaca, his troubles still went on.
The man was friendless. All the gods took pity,
except Poseidon’s anger never ended
until Odysseus was back at home.

These lines occur in the beginning of the epic, the Odyssey by Homer. Although every other epic starts with an invocation to Muse, the next lines tell the war of Troy and how Odysseus, the Greek hero, is going to start his homeward journey which means that Homer has employed in medias res like The Iliad. The reason is that his story does not start with this war. It rather starts from his journey toward Troy which he recounts later in the court of Phoenicia.

Example # 5

From The Glass Castle by Jeannette Walls

I was sitting in a taxi, wondering if I had overdressed for the evening, when I looked out the window and saw Mom rooting through a Dumpster. It was just after dark. A blustery March wind whipped the steam coming out of the manholes, and people hurried along the sidewalks with their collars turned up. I was stuck in traffic two blocks from the party where I was heading. Mom stood fifteen feet away. She had tied rags around her shoulders to keep out the spring chill and was picking through the trash while her dog, a black-and-white terrier mix, played at her feet.

This is the first passage of the novel by Jeannette Walls, The Glass Castle. The story of her life starts with her watching her mother in the street in New York instead of her being a child. Therefore, this is a good use of in medias res that Walls has used in her autobiographical fiction.

How to Create In Medias Res
  1. In medias rest term is used in fiction, poetry, and prose. You need to pick up the most important or significant event, incident, or point of the story.
  2. Start the story from that event and then use a flashback or frame story to move back to the past.
  3. Link all the points, historical events, or incidents through a single motif.
  4. End the story on the endpoint already decided. See that in medias res is hooking the reader appropriately.
Benefits of Using In Medias Res
  1. It hooks the readers to read the rest of the story.
  2. It makes the readers take interest in the storyline and its events.
  3. It makes the readers emotionally responsive.
  4. It helps the readers to become imaginatively creative.
In Medias Res in Literary Theory
  1. In medias res is an important literary term. It is an integral part of fiction writing. Therefore, its role appears in narratives and narratology when the focuser and the narrator need to be determined.
  2. In medias res is also an integral part of formalism as fabula determines its use in the story.
  3. Although in medias res also used in postmodern novels and stories, it loses its significance as the narrator could insert any incident without giving due regard to its criticality or importance.
  4. Other than this, in medias res does not play any significant role in other theoretical perspectives until it receives specific attention in terms of terminology specifically used in narratology.
Suggested Readings

Bennett, Andrew, and Nicholas Royle. Literature, Criticism, and Theory. Harlow, UK: Pearson, 2004. Print.

Barry, Peter. Beginning Theory: An Introduction to Literary and Cultural Theory. Manchester University Press, 2020. Print. Cooren, François. “In Medias Res: Communication, Existence, And Materiality.” Communication Research and Practice 1.4 (2015): 307-321.

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