Day: August 17, 2023

Etymology of Non-Sequitur

The term “non sequitur” comes from the Latin language, where non means “not,” and sequitur means “it follows.” In English, non sequitur refers to a conclusion or statement that does not logically follow from the previous argument or statement. The term has been in use in English since the mid-16th century.

Meaning of Non Sequitur

1. “Non” – The prefix “non” indicates negation or absence, meaning “not” or “no.”
2. “Sequitur” – This word is the third-person singular form of the Latin verb “sequi,” which means “to follow.”

Therefore, “non sequitur” can be understood as “not following” or “it does not follow.” It refers to a statement or conclusion that lacks logical coherence or does not logically follow from the previous information or argument.

Non Sequitur in Grammar

• Non Sequitur is grammatically a noun, specifically a Latin phrase adopted into English.
• Non sequitur is not typically used as an adjective but can be used in adjectival phrases like “a non sequitur argument” or “a non sequitur statement.”
• In terms of grammatical function, non sequitur functions similarly to other Latin phrases adopted into English, such as ad hoc, ad hominem, and de facto.

Definition of Non Sequitur

Non sequitur is a literary device/rhetorical device in which a statement or conclusion does not logically follow from the preceding statement or argument. It is a form of intentional deviation from logical or narrative flow used to create surprise, humor, or irony.

Types of Non Sequitur

There are several types of non sequitur that can occur in language and argumentation:

Type	Definition	Example
Hasty Generalization	A conclusion is drawn about a whole group based on only a few examples.	Example: “I met two rude people from that country, so everyone from that country must be rude.”
Red Herring	An irrelevant or misleading point is introduced in order to distract from the main argument.	Example: “We shouldn’t worry about climate change when there are so many other important issues to focus on.”
Straw Man	An opponent’s argument is misrepresented or exaggerated in order to make it easier to attack.	Example: “Opponent: We should invest more in education. Misrepresentation: So, you’re saying we should pour unlimited funds into education without addressing any other important areas?”
Appeal to Emotion	An argument is made based on emotional appeals rather than logical reasoning.	Example: “You should support this policy because it will help innocent children who are suffering.”
Begging the Question	The conclusion of an argument is assumed in the premises.	Example: “The death penalty is wrong because killing people is morally unacceptable.”
Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc	It is assumed that because one event happened after another, the first event caused the second event.	Example: “I wore my lucky socks and my team won the game, so my lucky socks must have brought us the victory.”
Ad Hominem	An attack on the person making an argument is used to dismiss the argument itself.	Example: “You shouldn’t listen to her opinion on climate change because she failed at running her own business.”
Appeal to Authority	An argument is made based on the authority of someone who is not actually an expert on the topic.	Example: “Celebrity X believes in this product, so it must be effective.”
False Dichotomy	Only two options are presented, when in reality there are more options available.	Example: “Either you’re with us or against us.”
Slippery Slope	It is assumed that if one event happens, it will inevitably lead to a series of other events, even though there is no evidence to support this claim.	Example: “If we allow same-sex marriage, next people will want to marry animals, and eventually, society will crumble.”
Appeal to Novelty	An argument is made based on the fact that something is new or different.	Example: “This new gadget is the latest innovation, so it must be better than anything else on the market.”
Appeal to Pity	An argument is made based on the fact that the person making the argument is in a difficult situation.	Example: “You should give me a discount because I’m struggling to make ends meet.”

These are just a few examples of the different types of non sequitur that occur in language and argumentation.

Everyday Examples of Non Sequitur

Everyday examples of non sequitur include:

1. “I love pizza. Therefore, dogs are better than cats.”
2. “I don’t like broccoli. Therefore, I must hate all vegetables.”
3. “I’m not feeling well today. Therefore, it must be raining outside.”
4. “I can’t find my keys. Therefore, the world is against me.”
5. “I heard a strange noise last night. Therefore, there must be ghosts in my house.”
6. “I’m really tired. Therefore, the sun must be setting earlier.”
7. “I’m running late. Therefore, I’ll never get everything done today.”

These examples show how a statement or conclusion can be unrelated or illogical in relation to the previous statement or situation. They are often used for comedic effect or to exaggerate a situation. However, in serious situations, non sequitur can lead to misunderstandings or flawed arguments if conclusions are drawn without logical or relevant evidence.

Suggested Readings

1. Booth, Wayne C., Gregory G. Colomb, and Joseph M. Williams. The Craft of Research. 4th ed., University of Chicago Press, 2016.
2. Corbett, Edward P. J., and Rosa A. Eberly. The Elements of Reasoning. 7th ed., Allyn & Bacon, 2018.
3. Graff, Gerald, and Cathy Birkenstein. They Say/I Say: The Moves That Matter in Academic Writing with Readings. 4th ed., W. W. Norton & Company, 2018.
4. Lunsford, Andrea A. Everything’s an Argument. 8th ed., Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2019.
5. Lutz, William D. The New Rhetoric: A Treatise on Argumentation. University of Notre Dame Press, 2002.
6. Perelman, Chaïm, and Lucie Olbrechts-Tyteca. The New Rhetoric: A Treatise on Argumentation. Translated by John Wilkinson and Purcell Weaver, University of Notre Dame Press, 1969.
7. Toulmin, Stephen. The Uses of Argument. Updated ed., Cambridge University Press, 2003.

More from Literary Devices:

• Soliloquy: A Literary Device
• Setting: Creating and Using It
• Satire: Creating and Using It

Motifs: Introduction

Motif refers to a recurring thematic element, image, symbol, or idea that holds significance and contributes to the overall meaning of a work. It serves as a unifying thread, enriching the narrative by reinforcing key themes or emotions. Through its repetition and variation, a motif deepens the reader’s understanding of the text and enhances its artistic and symbolic dimensions.

How to Create Motif in a Fictional Work

To create a motif in a fictional work, follow these steps:

Step	Explanation	Practical Example
1. Choose a Recurring Element	Select a thematic element, image, symbol, or idea that can be consistently woven throughout the narrative.	In The Great Gatsby, the green light across the bay becomes a recurring symbol representing Gatsby’s unattainable dreams and the allure of the American Dream.
2. Introduce the Motif	Introduce the chosen motif organically within the story, allowing it to emerge naturally without overt emphasis.	In To Kill a Mockingbird, the motif of mockingbirds is subtly introduced through Atticus’ advice against harming innocent creatures, setting the tone for themes of empathy and injustice.
3. Repeat the Motif	Repetition of motifs should occur at strategic points in the narrative, reinforcing its presence and significance.	In Moby-Dick, the repeated imagery of the white whale underscores Captain Ahab’s obsession and symbolizes the larger human pursuit of the unknown.
4. Create a Connection	Establish a thematic or emotional connection between it and the broader themes of the work.	In The Scarlet Letter, the recurring letter “A” on Hester’s chest connects to themes of sin, guilt, and societal judgment, highlighting the tension between individuality and societal norms.
5. Develop the Motif	Allow it to evolve and adapt, revealing different facets and interpretations as the story progresses.	In Lord of the Flies, the motif of the conch shell transitions from a symbol of order and authority to one of chaos and power struggles, mirroring the boys’ deteriorating civilization.
6. Use the Motif to Create Meaning	Utilize the motif as a tool to enhance the depth of the narrative, contributing to the overall themes, character development, and symbolism.	In The Catcher in the Rye, Holden Caulfield’s fixation on the image of children playing in a field represents his desire to preserve innocence and his struggle with growing up.
7. Use the Motif to Create an Impact	By integrating the motif effectively, enhance the reader’s engagement and understanding, leaving a lasting impression that resonates beyond the surface level.	In 1984, the motif of Big Brother’s omnipresent gaze serves as a chilling symbol of totalitarian control, deeply affecting readers’ perceptions of surveillance and authority.

Remember that a motif should not be forced into the work. It should feel natural and fit within the overall structure of the work.

Benefits of Motif

There are several benefits of using of using in a fictional work, including:

1. Creates Cohesion: Using a motif in a fictional work brings together various elements by creating a recurring thread that ties the narrative together. This cohesion helps unify the story’s different aspects and provides a sense of continuity that guides the reader through the plot.
2. Adds Depth: A motif adds layers of meaning to a story. By weaving a thematic element or symbol throughout the narrative, authors can explore multiple interpretations and perspectives, enriching the story’s complexity and encouraging readers to delve deeper into its themes.
3. Provides Structure: A motif serves as a structural device that organizes and guides the narrative’s progression. Its recurrence at strategic points offers a framework for the story’s development, helping the author manage pacing and foreshadowing while providing the reader with a sense of anticipation.
4. Enhances Reader Engagement: The repetition and evolution of a it pique the reader’s curiosity and involvement. As they notice its appearances and changes, readers become active participants in uncovering its significance, leading to a heightened level of engagement with the text.
5. Creates Emotional Impact: Motifs have the power to evoke emotions on a subconscious level. When a symbol or theme is carefully chosen and developed, it can resonate deeply with readers, tapping into universal feelings and experiences that intensify the emotional impact of the story.

Incorporating these benefits, Using it contributes to the overall depth and impact of a fictional work, enhancing its literary value and enriching the reader’s experience.

Motif and Literary Theory

Literary Theory	Interpretation of Motif	Example
Structuralism	Repeating elements that give structure to the work and create meaning through their repetition	The motif of mirrors in “Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland” reflects the theme of self-reflection.
Psychoanalytic	Symbols or images that reveal characters’ inner conflicts, desires, and fears	The motif of water in The Great Gatsby symbolizes the characters’ hidden emotions and desires.
Feminist Criticism	Motifs that represent gender roles, power dynamics, or societal expectations	The motif of clothing in The Handmaid’s Tale reflects the oppression and control over women.
Marxist Criticism	Motifs that illustrate class struggle, inequality, or economic systems	The motif of money in The Jungle symbolizes the exploitative nature of capitalism.
Postcolonial Criticism	It implies those which explore the effects of colonialism, identity, or cultural clashes	The motif of language in Things Fall Apart portrays the clash between colonial and indigenous cultures.

Suggested Readings

1. Abrams, M.H. A Glossary of Literary Terms. 11th ed., Cengage Learning, 2014.
2. Baldick, Chris. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms. 4th ed., Oxford University Press, 2014.
3. Cuddon, J.A. The Penguin Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory. 4th ed., Penguin Books, 2013.
4. DiYanni, Robert. Literature: Approaches to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. 3rd ed., McGraw-Hill Education, 2016.
5. Drabble, Margaret, editor. The Oxford Companion to English Literature. 7th ed., Oxford University Press, 2009.
6. Greene, Roland, et al., editors. The New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics. 3rd ed., Princeton University Press, 1993.
7. Shklovsky, Viktor. “Art as Technique.” Russian Formalist Criticism: Four Essays, edited and translated by Lee T. Lemon and Marion J. Reis, University of Nebraska Press, 1965, pp. 3-24.
8. Wellek, René, and Austin Warren. Theory of Literature. 3rd ed., Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1977.

Etymology of Motif

The term “motif” originates from the French term having the same spellings and meanings. It means a recurring theme or pattern in art or music. However, the French term used to be motife in old French and it means a note in music or a figure in design. The Old French term comes from the Medieval Latin term motivus, meaning “moving” or “causing motion.”

Difference Meanings of Motif

1. Motif in Literature: A motif is a recurring element or theme that helps to unify a work and convey its meaning. It can be an image, symbol, character, plot device, or any other element that repeats throughout the work.
2. Motif in Art: A motif is a recurring design or pattern, often used to create a sense of unity and coherence in a work of art. It can be a visual element that appears repeatedly and contributes to the overall aesthetic or message of the artwork.
3. Motif in Music: A motif is a short melodic or rhythmic idea that repeats throughout a composition. It serves as a unifying element, appearing multiple times to create a sense of cohesion within the music.

Motif in Grammar

Grammatically, the word motif is a singular noun that typically takes a singular verb, such as “the motif is repeated throughout the novel.” When using pronouns with motif, singular pronouns such as “it” or “its” are used, for example: “The motif appears in the first chapter, and it recurs throughout the novel.”

Definition of Motif

A motif is a recurring element, symbol, or theme in a work of literature, art, or music. It could be an object, image, sound, or concept that appears repeatedly throughout the work, often serving as a unifying and symbolic element. A motif enhances the coherence and meaning of the work and helps to convey its message to the readers, viewers, or listeners.

Types of Motif

There are many types of motifs used in literature, art, and music. Here are some common types of motifs:

Type	Explanation/Definition	For Example
Character motifs	It is the recurring traits or attributes associated with a particular character.	As a character motif, a character always wears a specific color or has a habit of speaking in a certain way.
Object motifs	It is the recurring objects in a work with symbolic meaning.	For example, a clock representing the passage of time or the inevitability of death is an object motif.
Color motifs	It is the recurring colors in a work with symbolic meaning.	For example, red color symbolizes passion or danger, while blue represents calmness or sadness.
Nature motifs	It is recurring natural elements (plants, animals, weather patterns) in a work with symbolic meaning.	For example, a snake represents temptation or evil, or rain symbolizing cleansing or renewal.
Sound motifs	It is recurring sounds (e.g., musical themes) that create unity or emotional resonance in a work.	For example, a particular musical theme appears throughout a composition.
Action motifs	It is recurring actions or events in a work with symbolic meaning.	For example, a character consistently lights a cigarette to represent their personality or state of mind.

These motifs are used in literature, art, music, and other forms of expression to enhance the thematic and aesthetic elements of a work, contributing to its unity and coherence.

Common Examples of Motif

Type	Definition	Example
Catchphrases	It means recurring phrases or expressions that individuals frequently use in conversations, becoming a distinctive part of their communication style.	Someone frequently says, “You know what I mean?” or “I’m just saying.”
Hand gestures	It means certain repetitive hand movements used by individuals during conversations to serve as nonverbal cues or emphasize particular points.	For example, thumbs-ups, finger-pointing, or hand-waving for emphasis in conversations are hand gestures.
Inside jokes	It means recurring humorous references or phrases shared among a specific group of people, creating a sense of belonging and shared experiences within the group.	For example, inside jokes that only a particular group of friends understand and find amusing is a type of inside motif.
Verbal tics	It means repetitive words, sounds, or phrases unconsciously or habitually used by individuals in their speech.	Verbal tics are like saying “like,” “um,” or “you know,” or using phrases such as “I mean” or “sort of” frequently in conversations.
Personal anecdotes	It means recurring personal stories or anecdotes shared by individuals in different conversations to illustrate points, provide examples, or entertain others.	For example, sharing a particular personal story repeatedly in various conversations to emphasize a specific point or entertain others is a personal anecdote.
Social media trends	Social media trends, viral content, memes, hashtags, or references to popular internet content become recurring motifs in everyday conversations.	Incorporating popular internet phrases, memes, or viral videos into discussions as shared cultural references or as a way to connect with others who are familiar with the content.

Examples of Motifs with Extracts

1. “Conch” in William Golding’s Lord of the Flies:

The conch shell that the boys find on the island becomes a symbol of authority and order. It is used to call assemblies and only the person holding it is allowed to speak. In this extract, the motif of the conch is used to establish order and to show how quickly it can be lost:

Extract: “But there was a stillness about Ralph as he sat that marked him out: there was his size, and attractive appearance; and most obscurely, yet most powerfully, there was the conch. The being that had blown that, had sat waiting for them on the platform with the delicate thing balanced on his knees, was set apart” (Chapter 1).

• “Water” in Toni Morrison’s Beloved:

Water is a recurring motif in this novel, representing both life and death. In this extract, the motif of water is used to describe the flood that destroys Sethe’s house and washes away her past:

The plash of water, the sight of her shoes and stockings awry on the path where she had flung them; or Here Boy lapping in the puddle near her feet, and suddenly there was Sweet Home rolling, rolling, rolling out before her eyes, and although there was not a leaf on that farm that did not make her want to scream, it rolled itself out before her in shameless beauty. (Chapter-2)

• “Light” in Virginia Woolf’s To the Lighthouse:

The motif of the lighthouse’s beam of light represents the search for meaning and understanding in a world that can seem chaotic and confusing. In this extract, the light is described as a beacon of hope and reassurance:

Extract: “Yes, she thought, laying down her brush in extreme fatigue, I have had my vision. She sewed as if to hold it there for a moment. But it was too deep, too far below the surface for that. ‘The little minute you and I will spend together—’ she murmured. ‘I have had my vision.’” (Chapter 17)

• “Rosebush” in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter: The motif of the rosebush outside the prison represents the beauty and hope that can exist in even the darkest of places. In this extract, the rosebush is used to foreshadow the appearance of Hester Prynne:

Extract: “But on one side of the portal, and rooted almost at the threshold, was a wild rose-bush, covered, in this month of June, with its delicate gems, which might be imagined to offer their fragrance and fragile beauty to the prisoner as he went in, and to the condemned criminal as he came forth to his doom, in token that the deep heart of Nature could pity and be kind to him.” (Chapter 1)

Suggested Readings

1. Abrams, M.H. A Glossary of Literary Terms. 11th ed., Cengage Learning, 2014.
2. Baldick, Chris. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms. 4th ed., Oxford University Press, 2014.
3. Cuddon, J.A. The Penguin Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory. 4th ed., Penguin Books, 2013.
4. DiYanni, Robert. Literature: Approaches to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. 3rd ed., McGraw-Hill Education, 2016.
5. Drabble, Margaret, editor. The Oxford Companion to English Literature. 7th ed., Oxford University Press, 2009.
6. Meyer, Michael. The Bedford Introduction to Literature: Reading, Thinking, Writing. 12th ed., Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2018.
7. Greene, Roland, et al., editors. The New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics. 3rd ed., Princeton University Press, 1993.
8. Shklovsky, Viktor. “Art as Technique.” Russian Formalist Criticism: Four Essays, edited and translated by Lee T. Lemon and Marion J. Reis, University of Nebraska Press, 1965, pp. 3-24.
9. Wellek, René, and Austin Warren. Theory of Literature. 3rd ed., Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1977.

Introduction

Mood, as a literary device, refers to the emotional atmosphere or prevailing emotional tone that a literary work conveys to its readers.

It is established through the author’s careful selection of descriptive language, imagery, setting, and narrative style, which collectively evoke specific feelings or sensations within the reader. Mood plays a crucial role in shaping the reader’s engagement with the text and influencing their overall interpretation of the narrative’s emotional essence.

How to Create Mood in a Fictional Work

Creating mood in a work can be a subtle and nuanced process, but here are some tips to help you get started:

Step	Explanation	Practical Example
Use Descriptive Language	Employ descriptive adjectives and adverbs to enrich the text. Craft sensory details for reader engagement. Choose words to evoke desired emotions.	In describing a forest, use “lush, verdant foliage” to convey a vibrant and serene mood, or “foreboding shadows” to create a sense of mystery and tension.
Set the Scene	Establish the physical and emotional backdrop. Describe settings, time, and weather to align with the mood.	Depict a quiet seaside town at sunset with “golden hues painting the tranquil waves,” evoking a serene and nostalgic atmosphere.
Use Imagery	Utilize metaphors, similes, and comparisons. Create visual imagery. Connect images to emotions being conveyed.	Compare a smile to “sunlight breaking through clouds,” conjuring an image of warmth and happiness in a moment of joy.
Develop Your Characters	Portray characters’ emotions, thoughts, behaviors. Show interactions with surroundings. Foster reader empathy.	Reveal a protagonist’s trembling hands and racing heartbeat while facing a challenge, allowing readers to share their anxiety and anticipation.
Use Pacing and Tone	Regulate narrative rhythm for mood influence. Vary sentence lengths, structures. Match narrative voice to mood.	Use short, abrupt sentences during an intense chase scene to intensify the pace and tension, immersing readers in the urgency of the moment.
Experiment and Adapt	Recognize mood creation’s subjectivity. Explore techniques. Tailor methods to your work’s unique requirements.	Test combining imagery and character development in a reflective moment to evoke both a sense of place and the character’s emotional journey.

Remember, creating mood is not an exact science, and many different factors influence how your reader feels. Experiment with different techniques and see what works best for your particular work.

Benefits of Mood

1. Engages the Reader
   • Captures readers’ attention through emotional resonance.
   • Fosters a personal connection and emotional investment in the narrative.
2. Sets the Tone
   • Establishes the initial emotional context for the story.
   • Guides readers’ expectations and perceptions of the unfolding events.
3. Enhances the Theme
   • Amplifies the intended thematic messages and ideas.
   • Deepens readers’ understanding by aligning emotions with underlying concepts.
4. Creates Atmosphere
   • Immerses readers in a sensory-rich environment.
   • Conjures a distinct emotional backdrop that envelops the story.
5. Shows the Writer’s Skill
   • Demonstrates the author’s mastery in evoking emotions.
   • Highlights the writer’s ability to manipulate language and imagery effectively.

Mood and Literary Theory

Mood is a fundamental aspect of literature that has been analyzed and interpreted by various literary theories. Here are a few examples of how literary theories view mood:

Literary Theory	Interpretation of Mood	Example of Application of Theory on Mood
Reader Response Theory	The mood is subjective and created through the reader’s interpretation and response to the text.	“Pride and Prejudice” by Jane Austen shows how different readers may interpret the mood as romantic, humorous, or satirical, depending on their individual responses to the characters and events.
Formalism Literary Theory	The mood is created through the use of literary devices and contributes to the overall structure.	T.S. Eliot’s poem “The Waste Land” uses fragmented imagery and disjointed narrative to create a mood of disillusionment and despair, reflecting the fragmented state of post-World War I society.
Psychological Criticism Literary Theory	The mood is created through the author’s language and imagery to evoke specific emotions in the reader.	Edgar Allan Poe’s short story “The Tell-Tale Heart” employs dark and suspenseful imagery to create a mood of fear and unease, eliciting a psychological response from the reader.
Postcolonial Literary Theory	The mood reflects the cultural and historical context, revealing attitudes and challenging dominant beliefs.	In Chinua Achebe’s novel Things Fall Apart, the mood shifts from cultural pride to despair as the protagonist grapples with the impact of colonialism on his community.
Feminist Literary Theory	Here it is analyzed in terms of gender roles, power dynamics, and representation of women.	Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s short story “The Yellow Wallpaper” explores the mood of confinement and oppression experienced by the female protagonist within a patriarchal society.
Marxist Literary Theory	The mood is examined based on economic and social structures, highlighting class struggles and inequalities.	John Steinbeck’s novel The Grapes of Wrath portrays the mood of economic hardship and societal injustice faced by the Joad family during the Great Depression.
Deconstructionist Literary Theory	Here it is deconstructed to reveal underlying contradictions and complexities in the text.	In William Shakespeare’s play “Hamlet,” the deconstructionist perspective can reveal a mood that oscillates between uncertainty, madness, and existential crisis in the protagonist.
Psychoanalytic Literary Theory	Here it is explored through characters’ subconscious desires and psychological conflicts.	F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel The Great Gatsby can be analyzed through psychoanalytic theory to uncover the mood influenced by characters’ repressed longings and emotional struggles.

Suggested Readings

1. Abrams, M. Howard. The Mirror and the Lamp: Romantic Theory and the Critical Tradition. Oxford University Press, 1971.
2. Barthes, Roland. The Semiotic Challenge. Translated by Richard Howard, University of California Press, 1994.
3. Brooks, Cleanth. The Well Wrought Urn: Studies in the Structure of Poetry. Harcourt, Brace & World, 1947.
4. Frye, Northrop. Anatomy of Criticism: Four Essays. Princeton University Press, 1957.
5. Freud, Sigmund. The Interpretation of Dreams. Translated by James Strachey, Basic Books, 2010.
6. Iser, Wolfgang. The Act of Reading: A Theory of Aesthetic Response. The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978.
7. Lodge, David. The Modes of Modern Writing: Metaphor, Metonymy, and the Typology of Modern Literature. University of Chicago Press, 1977.
8. Wimsatt, W. K., and Monroe C. Beardsley. “The Intentional Fallacy.” The Sewanee Review, vol. 54, no. 3, 1946, pp. 468-488.

More from Literary Devices:

• Sonnet: Writing and Critique It
• Sonnet: A Poetic Genre
• Soliloquy: Writing and Use It

Etymology of Mood

The term “mood” originated from the Old English word mōd, which meant “mind, feeling, or intention.” The term was also in vogue in Middle English. It used to describe a state of mind, emotion, or temper. The modern usage of the term, as it applies to literature, emerged in the 1580s, when it was used to describe the emotional or psychological atmosphere of a literary work.

Meanings of Mood

1. Emotional State: A person’s emotional feeling.
2. Atmosphere: Emotional quality of a place or situation.
3. Grammatical Mood: Linguistic attitude toward a verb.
4. Weather Conditions: Older usage related to weather.

Mood in Literature:

• Emotional Atmosphere: Refers to the emotional or psychological atmosphere that a literary work creates for the reader.
• Vibe and Feeling: Describes the overall feeling or vibe that a reader gets from a particular text.
• Techniques: Created through various literary techniques such as imagery, setting, tone, and language.
• Subjectivity: Can be influenced by the reader’s own emotional state and interpretation of the text.

Mood in Grammar

In grammar, “mood” is a singular noun that refers to a grammatical category that expresses the speaker’s or writer’s attitude towards the verb.

Definition of Mood

Mood is a literary device that creates an emotional or psychological atmosphere in a work of literature. It is the feeling or vibe that the reader gets from the text, and it is created through various elements, such as setting, tone, imagery, and language. Mood is an important tool for authors to shape the reader’s emotional response to the text and influence their interpretation of the story.

Types of Mood with Examples

Here’s a table that includes the types of mood, their definitions, and examples:

Type	Definition	Example
Eerie Mood	It means to create a sense of unease, mystery, or fear. It often involves dark or unsettling imagery, creating an atmosphere of tension or suspense.	Example: “The old, abandoned mansion stood shrouded in fog, its creaking doors and flickering lights adding to the eerie mood of the scene.”
Joyful Mood	It means to portray a sense of happiness, delight, or exuberance. It uses vibrant and positive language, evoking a cheerful and optimistic atmosphere.	Example: “The children danced and laughed in the colorful meadow, their joyful mood contagious and filling the air with the sounds of pure happiness.”
Gloomy Mood	It means to convey a feeling of sadness, melancholy, or despair. It employs somber language and imagery to evoke a sense of gloom or desolation.	Example: “The rain poured relentlessly, matching the protagonist’s gloomy mood as they wandered through the empty streets, their heart heavy with sorrow.”
Whimsical Mood	A whimsical mood means to establish a playful, fanciful, or imaginative atmosphere. It often includes elements of surprise, humor, or fantasy, captivating the reader.	Example: “In the whimsical forest, the trees whispered secrets to each other, and the animals wore hats and carried umbrellas, creating a delightful mood of enchantment and wonder.”
Mysterious Mood	It means to cultivate an aura of intrigue and enigma. It prompts curiosity and keeps the reader engaged by hinting at hidden secrets or unknown outcomes.	Example: “The locked room on the top floor held an air of mystery, its contents hidden from view. The characters couldn’t help but be drawn to the room, the mysterious mood captivating their thoughts and driving the plot forward.”
Tense Mood	It means building an atmosphere of anxiety, apprehension, or suspense. It utilizes pacing, suspenseful events, and heightened language to create tension.	Example: “As the detective crept through the dark, narrow hallway, every creak of the floorboards and every gust of wind intensified the tense mood, signaling that danger was lurking just around the corner.”
Surreal Mood	It means to portray a dreamlike or bizarre atmosphere that defies traditional logic or reality. It often incorporates surrealistic imagery and elements.	Example: “The protagonist found themselves in a surreal world where fish flew through the sky and trees bloomed with rainbow-colored leaves, blurring the line between dreams and reality and creating a whimsical and surreal mood.”
Serene Mood	It means establishing a calm, tranquil, or peaceful atmosphere. It uses soothing language and gentle imagery to evoke a sense of tranquility and relaxation.	Example: “The sun set over the calm ocean, casting a warm golden glow that reflected on the water’s surface. The serene mood enveloped the characters, offering a moment of tranquility amidst the chaos of their lives.”
Foreboding Mood	It means creating a sense of impending doom, danger, or ominousness. It uses foreshadowing, dark imagery, and a sense of impending catastrophe.	Example: “The thunder rumbled ominously in the distance as dark clouds loomed overhead, foreshadowing the storm that would soon unleash its fury. The foreboding mood hung in the air, hinting at the challenges that lay ahead.”
Nostalgic Mood	It means evoking a sentimental longing for the past. It uses descriptive language and imagery to create a wistful and sentimental atmosphere.	Example: “As the old photo album was opened, memories of carefree childhood days flooded back. The nostalgic mood enveloped the characters, transporting them to a time long gone, filled with laughter and innocence.”

Please note that these examples are just illustrative. You can think about any other mood and find examples or write examples of your own.

Literary Examples of Mood

1. “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock” by T.S. Eliot:

Let us go then, you and I,

When the evening is spread out against the sky

Like a patient etherized upon a table; (Lines 1-3)

Explanation: The mood in this opening stanza of the poem is a sense of isolation and melancholy. The simile of the “patient etherized upon a table” suggests a sense of detachment and lifelessness, and the use of the word “patient” implies a feeling of helplessness or resignation.

• The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald:

The eyes of Doctor T. J. Eckleburg are blue and gigantic—their retinas are one yard high. They look out of no face, but instead, from a pair of enormous yellow spectacles which pass over a nonexistent nose. (Chapter-2)

Explanation: In this excerpt from the novel, the mood is one of surrealism and ambiguity. The description of the “gigantic” eyes and the “enormous” spectacles creates a sense of unease and uncertainty, and the fact that they are disembodied adds to the dreamlike, surreal quality of the scene.

• Macbeth by William Shakespeare:

Is this a dagger which I see before me,

The handle toward my hand?

Come, let me clutch thee. I have thee not, and yet I see thee still. (Act-II, Scene-1)

Explanation: This soliloquy shows the mood that is of darkness and foreboding. The hallucination of the dagger, and the fact that the protagonist is unable to grasp it, create a sense of confusion and danger.

• “Annabel Lee” by Edgar Allan Poe:

But we loved with a love that was more than love—

I and my Annabel Lee—

With a love that the wingèd seraphs of Heaven

Coveted her and me.

Explanation: In this hauntingly beautiful poem, the mood is one of longing and melancholy. The description of the speaker’s love for Annabel Lee as being greater than that of the angels creates a sense of otherworldliness and transcendence, but also a feeling of sorrow and loss.

• The Road by Cormac McCarthy:

He walked out in the gray light and stood and he saw for a brief moment the absolute truth of the world. The cold relentless circling of the interminable wheels of the earth.

Explanation: This excerpt shows the mood that is of bleakness and despair. The stark imagery of the “cold relentless circling” of the earth creates a sense of hopelessness and futility, and the fact that the protagonist is described as seeing “the absolute truth of the world” suggests a realization of the harsh realities of life.

Suggested Readings

1. Abrams, M. Howard. The Mirror and the Lamp: Romantic Theory and the Critical Tradition. Oxford University Press, 1971.
2. Barthes, Roland. The Semiotic Challenge. Translated by Richard Howard, University of California Press, 1994.
3. Brooks, Cleanth. The Well Wrought Urn: Studies in the Structure of Poetry. Harcourt, Brace & World, 1947.
4. Frye, Northrop. Anatomy of Criticism: Four Essays. Princeton University Press, 1957.
5. Freud, Sigmund. The Interpretation of Dreams. Translated by James Strachey, Basic Books, 2010.
6. Iser, Wolfgang. The Act of Reading: A Theory of Aesthetic Response. The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978.
7. Lodge, David. The Modes of Modern Writing: Metaphor, Metonymy, and the Typology of Modern Literature. University of Chicago Press, 1977.
8. Wimsatt, W. K., and Monroe C. Beardsley. “The Intentional Fallacy.” The Sewanee Review, vol. 54, no. 3, 1946, pp. 468-488.

Etymology of Meter

The word “meter” originates from the Greek word metron. Itmeans “measure.” In ancient Greece, a metron was a measuring device used to create rhythm and time during musical performances. With time, the term, meter, came to refer to any system of measurement, including the measurement of poetry and other forms of literature.

Meanings of Meter as a Literary Device

Meter, as a literary device, refers to the rhythmic pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in a line of poetry. It creates a musical quality and establishes a consistent beat or cadence. By using the meter, poets enhance the flow, structure, and musicality of their verses.

Meter in Grammar

In grammar, the term “meter” is typically used as a singular noun and does not have a distinct plural form. When discussing meter in the context of grammar, it generally refers to the pattern and arrangement of stressed and unstressed syllables in poetry.

Definition of Meter as Literary Device

It is a literary device that refers to the rhythmical pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in poetry or verse. It involves the arrangement of syllables into a recurring pattern, creating a beat or musicality in the language. By controlling the meter of their writing, poets can create different effects and convey different emotions to their readers.

Types of Meter

Type	Definition	Explanation	Example
Iambic	Stressed syllable followed by unstressed	Creates a natural, conversational rhythm	“Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?” (Sonnet 18)
Trochaic	Stressed syllable followed by unstressed	Creates a staccato, choppy rhythm	“Tyger! Tyger! burning bright” (The Tyger by William Blake)
Anapestic	Two unstressed syllables followed by stressed	Creates a flowing, upbeat rhythm often used in lighthearted or humorous poetry	“And the sound of a voice that is still” (The Raven by Poe)
Dactylic	Stressed syllable followed by two unstressed	Creates a complex, tripping rhythm often used in serious or dramatic poetry	“This is the forest primeval” (Evangeline by Longfellow)
Spondaic	Two stressed syllables occur together	Creates a slow, heavy rhythm for emphasis or to convey weight or importance	“Break, break, break” (Break, Break, Break by Tennyson)
Pyrrhic	Two unstressed syllables occur together	Relatively rare, creates a sense of lightness or speed	“To a green thought in a green shade” (The Garden by Marvell)

How to Create Meter

Creating meter in poetry involves a deliberate arrangement of stressed and unstressed syllables to create a specific rhythm. Here are some steps you can follow to create meter:

1. Choose some :
2. Count syllables
3. Determine stressed and unstressed syllables
4. Use substitutions
5. Pay attention to phrasing
6. Revise and refine

Remember that creating it is not just about following a set of rules, but about using rhythm and sound to convey meaning and emotion in your poetry. Experiment with its different types and techniques to find the one that best suits your voice and style.

Benefits of Meter

The meter provides several benefits to poetry and literature. Here are some of the benefits of meters:

Benefit	Example
Rhythm	The regular beat of the meter creates a musical flow in poems, enhancing the reading experience.
Memorability	The meter helps in creating memorable lines and phrases that are easier to recall and recite.
Emphasis	It emphasizes certain words or ideas by placing them in stressed positions within the line.
Tone	The choice of meter can contribute to the overall tone of a poem, whether it’s light, solemn, or intense.
Structure	It provides a framework for organizing and structuring poetic lines, contributing to the overall form of a poem.

Meter and Literary Theory

Its analysis through different literary theories mainly depends on the approach and focus of the critic. Here are a few examples:

Literary Theory	Interpretation of Meter
Formalist Literary theory	Formalist critics focus on the formal aspects of literature, such as form, structure, and language. They analyze how the use of stressed and unstressed syllables creates rhythm and contributes to the overall meaning and effect of the poem.
New Criticism Literary Theory	New Critics approach literature as a self-contained object that should be analyzed on its own merits. They focus on how the regularity or irregularity of the meter contributes to the  meaning, theme, and musicality of the poem.
Reader-response Literary Theory	Reader-response critics emphasize the reader’s experience of a text and how meaning is constructed through the interaction between the reader and the text. They explore how the rhythm and sound of the poem affect the reader’s emotional response and interpretation of the poem.
Poststructuralist Literary Theory	Poststructuralist critics examine how meaning is constructed through language and discourse. They analyze how the use of meter reinforces or challenges dominant power structures and ideologies, and how it relates to broader cultural and historical contexts.

Suggested Readings

1. Baker, David. Meter in Poetry: A New Theory. University of Arkansas Press, 2018.
2. Fussell, Paul. Poetic Meter and Poetic Form. McGraw-Hill, 1979.
3. Grossman, Allen. The Sighted Singer: Two Works on Poetry for Readers and Writers. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992.
4. Hobsbaum, Philip. Metre, Rhythm, and Verse Form. Routledge, 1996.
5. Pound, Ezra. ABC of Reading. New Directions, 2010.
6. Preminger, Alex, et al., editors. The Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics. 4th ed., Princeton University Press, 2012.
7. Turco, Lewis. The Book of Forms: A Handbook of Poetics. 3rd ed., University Press of New England, 2000.
8. Vendler, Helen. Poems, Poets, Poetry: An Introduction and Anthology. Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2010.
9. Williams, Miller. Patterns of Poetry: An Encyclopedia of Forms. Louisiana State University Press, 1986.