Day: January 12, 2024

Violence in Beowulf: Introduction

Violence in Beowulf, an ancient English epic, is the means by which human beings achieve objectives that might otherwise appear unattainable. Under various pretexts, individuals resort to violence, engaging in combat and warfare against their fellow human beings. Throughout human civilizations, violent acts have been prevalent on various scales, ranging from smaller battles to large wars and even world wars involving multiple countries and nations. However, there are instances where violence is employed to establish order amidst chaos, serving as a method to combat the evil responsible for disrupting harmony. In such cases, violence is deemed necessary to restore order that has been lost due to someone’s malevolent deeds or the presence of an evil character. In Beowulf, the epic’s protagonist, Beowulf, utilizes violence to establish order, achieve success and glory, and bring relief and comfort to the people. Nevertheless, the argument posits that although violence may seem controlled and confined within the boundaries a wise king should observe, it is accompanied by gory details and serves as a grim reminder of the killings prevalent in that era. Consequently, the role of violence in Beowulf’s life is crucial, not only as a demonstration of his bravery, power, and strength but also to showcase the benevolence of his nature. This benevolence is reflected in his efforts to provide comfort to the oppressed, display compassion for suffering human beings, and express his determination to earn God’s favor.

Violence in Beowulf: Human Emotions

One prominent role of violence in Beowulf is its association with the human desire for glory, success, and popularity—a desire deeply ingrained in the human character. This longing for recognition is evident in the character of Beowulf, the King of Geats, renowned for his courage and resolution, as acknowledged by Wulfgar (Beowulf 340-341). Beowulf is driven to prove his valor by engaging in “single combat” (426) with Grendel, the monstrous menace causing havoc among the Danes. Motivated by tales of the Danes’ plight in the legendary hall (411-412), Beowulf sees this as an opportunity to seek glory and has traveled to their land for this purpose.

Despite having nothing tangible to showcase his bravery and courage, Beowulf relies on recounting past tales of his “great triumphs” (419). His boasts are not mere words; they are backed by a display of strength (419), a crucial element in challenging someone to combat. Another noteworthy aspect is the acceptance of challenges and the determination to prove oneself. Beowulf indicates that he can challenge Unferth for his insolent remarks but also responds with sagacity, highlighting Unferth’s inability to defend against Grendel’s attacks on the king (593). Beowulf recognizes this as an opportunity to fight Grendel and confidently asserts, “I will show him [in the] battle” (602).

Even after achieving deeds of valor, Beowulf’s commitment to glory persists, as seen when he urges the king to “win glory before death” (1388). This emphasizes that Beowulf engages in battles, whether against Grendel or the dragon, not merely out of necessity but driven by the pursuit of glory, honor, and a formidable reputation. Importantly, this quest for glory is not confined to Beowulf’s youth; he maintains the same fervor in his old age, risking his life and saving the people to secure and uphold his reputation (512-2515). Beowulf’s consistent pursuit of glory underscores its central role as a motivating force behind his willingness to face formidable challenges and engage in acts of violence throughout his life.

Violence in Beowulf and the Goodness of the Human Heart

The second recurrent role of violence in Beowulf stems from the natural goodness of the human heart, compelling individuals to fight and protect others. Beowulf, the King of Geats, exemplifies this inherent goodness, reacting with deep concern upon hearing of Grendel’s killings in the Heorot Hall. Motivated by a sense of responsibility, Beowulf recalls having slain “nine sea-monsters” (575) and feels compelled to intervene and save the Danes. He reassures the king, advising against mourning and asserting that avenging the dear ones is a more worthy pursuit (1387-1389).

Beowulf’s use of violence is consistently driven by a noble purpose: to shield fellow human beings from suffering, death, and oppression. The battles against Grendel and his mother serve as clear examples, but Beowulf’s commitment to this cause extends over almost fifty years of ruling the Geats, during which he successfully combats Swedish invaders. His benevolence becomes apparent towards the narrative’s conclusion when he gifts “the collar of gold from his neck” to a young thane (2809-2811). The poem concludes with the narrator describing Beowulf as “the man most gracious and fair-minded, kindest to his people and keenest to win fame” (3181-3183). Both his attributes—the innate goodness of heart that compels him to resort to violence for the protection of his brethren and his desire to “win fame” (3184)—stand out as prime motives behind his engagement in acts of violence.

Violence in Beowulf  and Evil

Indeed, in Beowulf, violence serves as a means to eliminate evil forces that oppress and inflict suffering upon the innocent. Grendel, a demonic entity, represents a malevolent force that torments and kills the innocent for its own pleasure. Even Grendel’s mother, lacking a justifiable pretext, resorts to violence. Beowulf’s actions of killing Grendel and subsequently seeking out and defeating Grendel’s mother are portrayed as virtuous acts aimed at ridding the world of these malevolent forces that have made life unbearable for the common people.

Beowulf’s final battle against the dragon also follows this pattern, as it is motivated by the dragon being “the bane of the people, the fire-breathing dragon” (2687). The narrative suggests a divine purpose behind Beowulf’s actions, portraying him as an instrument sent by God to eradicate these evils. The text emphasizes that “the Lord of life, / The Glorious Almighty, made this man renowned” (16-17), underlining Beowulf’s pursuit of divine favor. By removing these evil entities, Beowulf seeks the grace of God, and it is through these acts of violence that he achieves renown.

The narrative implies a moral justification for the use of violence in these instances, as these evils have “given offense to God” (810). The removal of such malevolent forces is deemed suitable, as it not only protects the immediate victims but also prevents further harm to others. The portrayal of Beowulf as a champion against evil reinforces the idea that, in certain contexts, violence can be seen as a righteous and necessary means to safeguard the innocent and uphold moral order.

Violence in Beowulf and God

Violence in Beowulf is portrayed as a means to win the favor of God, with the hero Beowulf understanding from the outset that his actions are intended to please his Creator. Beowulf is seen as a divine gift, “sent / By God to that nation” (13-14), and his purpose is to demonstrate through his battles that he is fighting on behalf of God. The narrative uses references to fiends, demons, and evil-natured monsters to emphasize that Beowulf’s combat is undertaken in service of God.

The mention of Grendel as a “fiend out of hell” (100-102) underscores the narrative’s association of these monsters with the biblical story of Cain, who was made anathema by the Almighty (110). The ogres, elves, evil phantoms, and giants, all descended from the cursed lineage of Cain, face a similar fate, met with death at the hands of a hero. This biblical framework justifies the violence enacted by Beowulf, framing it as a divine duty to combat creatures condemned by God.

However, the vivid and gruesome details of violence in Beowulf serve dual purposes. On one hand, they reinforce the gravity of the hero’s task and the malevolence of the foes he faces, highlighting the necessity of his actions to fulfill a divine mission. On the other hand, the negative portrayal of violence adds a layer of moral complexity, prompting reflection on the brutality inherent in the pursuit of righteousness. The narrative suggests that while violence may be justified in the context of battling evil, it is not without its disturbing and morally challenging aspects. This nuanced presentation of violence contributes to the broader themes of the epic, emphasizing the complex interplay between divine duty, moral righteousness, and the harsh realities of conflict.

Violence in Beowulf  and Negativity

The depiction of violence in negative terms in Beowulf can be attributed to two possible reasons. First, it might have been a cultural requirement of that civilization to present violence and bloodshed in a repulsive light, serving as a deterrent to curb further aggression, especially in a time marked by frequent invasions. This negative portrayal could have been a cautionary measure to discourage the glorification of violence and emphasize its destructive consequences.

Secondly, many instances of violence in Beowulf are directed against evil entities, with the intention of winning the grace of God. The writers may have deemed it crucial to present these acts with horrifying and graphic details to emphasize the severity of the battles between good and evil. The intention might have been to convey a strong message that evil should not dare to challenge the forces of good, and that these violent encounters were undertaken to uphold righteousness and gain divine favor.

Even as the narrative provides grisly details, it often accompanies them with curses, such as labeling Grendel as “The God-cursed brute” (121) during his killing spree in the land of the Danes. Examples of graphic detail include Beowulf’s underwater battles against sea-beasts and his intense physical struggle with Grendel, resulting in a significant injury described as “The monster’s whole body / was in pain, a tremendous wound / appeared on his shoulder” (814-816). Similar vivid descriptions are presented when Beowulf confronts Grendel’s mother and battles the dragon, ultimately losing his own life in the process.

These detailed depictions serve two primary objectives. Firstly, they contribute to the cautionary tone, discouraging future acts of violence by highlighting its gruesome nature. Secondly, the vivid portrayal of these encounters underscores the hero’s sacrifices and the severity of the threats faced, reinforcing the narrative’s themes of the eternal struggle between good and evil.

Violence in Beowulf: Conclusion

In summing it up, violence in Beowulf is not presented as an inherent characteristic of the civilization depicted in the narrative, but rather as a controlled and purposeful force. It is tightly bound to human desires for glory, popularity, and the quest to win the grace of God. The narrative associates violence with the noble intention of eradicating evil forces that have long suppressed the innocent. Despite the graphic details that may convey a negative tone, it is suggested that these descriptions serve the historical context and cultural necessity of the time.

The four battles of Beowulf, each detailed with graphic elements, all have pious objectives. For example, the battle against Grendel aims to free the Danes from the monster’s deadly rule, and the confrontation with Grendel’s mother serves the purpose of ending her killing spree in vengeance for her son. Beowulf’s unelaborated fight against invaders and the final battle against the dragon also share the common objective of protecting and bringing relief to his people.

The use of violence in Beowulf is portrayed as a means for survival, intertwined with the preservation of human progeny. Without these acts of violence against the depicted evils, the Danes might have faced annihilation, and Beowulf may not have attained the popularity and glory he sought through the events narrated in the epic. Thus, the narrative suggests that violence, when employed with purpose and restraint, becomes a crucial tool for survival and the pursuit of noble causes in the face of existential threats.

Violence in Beowulf : Works Cited

Heaney, Seamus. Beowulf. Faber & Faber, 2009.

Relevant Questions about Violence in Beowulf 

1. How does the theme of violence in Beowulf contribute to the characterization of Beowulf as a heroic figure in the epic poem?
2. In what ways does the depiction of violence in Beowulf reflect the cultural values and warrior ethos of the time in which violence in Beowulf was written?
3. How do the various instances of violence in Beowulf serve as a means of exploring the complex relationships between loyalty, honor, and the pursuit of glory within the context of violence in Beowulf and the heroic code?

Introduction: Euphemism by Government

Before exploring euphemism by government, we are delving into the various ways and perspectives through which governments employ them. It, however, is essential to understand what euphemism is, how it has manifested in literature, its intended purposes, and the reasons prompting governments to incorporate it for either ulterior or sincere motives. These words and phrases are crafted with diverse intentions – some cater to a global audience, while others target a domestic or public audience. Objectives may range from deflecting undue criticism and maintaining diplomatic relations to swaying public opinion or even inciting rebellion or agitation. In essence, euphemisms serve various political purposes, often aiming to veil facts with language that conveys information in a more pleasant manner.

Euphemism by Government: Etymology and Derivation

Linguistically, euphemism is derived from the Greek word “euphemia” or “euphemis,” signifying words that convey goodwill, praise, or highlight glory. Interestingly, its pronunciation suggests an antonymic relationship with “blaspheme,” conveying an opposite meaning (Durkin 2009). Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (OAL) defines euphemism as the “indirect use of words or phrases that people often use to refer to something embarrassing or unpleasant, sometimes to make it seem more acceptable than it really is” (“Euphemism”).

However, this definition is not exhaustive, as several words touch upon the concept of euphemism without being classified as such. There exists a subtle difference between euphemisms and other related terms. For instance, jargon pertains to technical language specific to a particular field. Similarly, doublespeak is designed to deceive or mislead people or audiences, but the distinction from euphemism is often blurred, making the differences unclear (Childs and Fowler 2006).

Euphemism by Government: Common Usage

Certainly, a euphemism can be described as the mild use of words or expressions to refer to something strong, harsh, or blunt, with the intention of making it seem more agreeable or pleasant. Essentially, it involves the substitution of inoffensive and less troublesome language for words or phrases that may be considered offensive or harsh. While it is employed to conceal potentially offensive ideas or expressions, its primary goal is to convey information in a manner that pleases or reassures people, even if there is no material benefit derived from the language used. This linguistic device is commonly observed in government, the press, and official statements concerning various events and occurrences. In essence, a euphemism serves as a polite way of expressing something that might otherwise be considered impolite.

Euphemism by Government: Politics and Wars

In the realm of political language, doublespeak and euphemism serve distinct purposes, with doublespeak being more prevalent in war or military contexts, while euphemism is commonly employed in both internal and international politics to navigate delicate situations. Notably, a euphemism takes on the characteristics of doublespeak when its primary intent is to confuse the audience or obscure the truth.

For instance, in military terminology, the use of “casualties” instead of explicitly stating deaths is an example of euphemism. The term “casualties” is milder compared to words like “killed,” “murdered,” or “died.” Similarly, the compound term “collateral damage” is frequently used in military operations to refer to the unintended deaths of civilians. This euphemistic expression is employed to mitigate the unpleasant nature of the situation. In the realm of international politics, the killing of civilians not only triggers international outrage but is also deemed illegal and could lead to accusations of war crimes. Thus, euphemisms like “casualties” and “collateral damage” are utilized to soften the impact of these grim realities and, in some cases, to avoid international condemnation.

Euphemism by Government: Opinion of Economist

The article “Making Murder Respectable” in The Economist sheds light on the diverse uses of euphemism across different cultures, emphasizing how these linguistic devices serve political and diplomatic purposes. One notable example cited is the Japanese emperor Hirohito’s euphemistic statement following the nuclear attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki during World War II. Instead of acknowledging defeat, he stated that “The war situation has developed not necessarily to Japan’s advantage,” showcasing how euphemisms can be employed for political mileage even in dire circumstances.

The article contends that each nation has its own set of political euphemisms, with the Americans, Chinese, and British being among the most famous. Diplomatic euphemisms are noted to be slightly more refined than political ones. For instance, Americans use the term “senior citizens” as a euphemism for the elderly, avoiding potentially offensive language. The Chinese, known for their diplomatic finesse, use the expression “not convenient” to politely decline invitations, demonstrating a diplomatic and non-offensive approach.

The overarching argument is that the use of euphemisms at the governmental level reveals certain truths about governments and nations that they may be unwilling to directly disclose. Euphemisms become a tool for shaping public perception and navigating sensitive topics, allowing political leaders to present information in a more acceptable or palatable manner, even when the underlying realities may be challenging or uncomfortable.

Euphemism by Government: Internal Politics

Even in internal politics, governments employ euphemisms to pacify the public or shape public opinion. Here, euphemisms are used either to calm public sentiments or to gain an advantage over political rivals. In some instances, a government may face excessive criticism regarding a particular agenda or task and aims to create confusion, discouraging interference or agitation.

For instance, consider the United States’ war on terror initiated in 2001. When President Obama came into power, there was a shift in terminology. The term “rogue states” began to be used for countries that did not align with the United States or the Western states. Additionally, instead of explicitly stating the deployment of soldiers, the military refers to it as “boots on the ground.” When certain countries require additional troops, the term “surge” is employed, potentially pacifying anti-war lobbies. Even in emergencies, the deployment of troops may be framed as an “overseas contingency operation,” emphasizing the necessity of sending troops to secure victory in a conflict (Liebau).

In the context of external politics, the use of euphemism becomes particularly distinct and is often aimed at influencing the international audience. An example can be observed in the case of Israel during the recent conflict in Gaza. Reports indicate a significant number of civilian casualties due to Israeli bombardment. However, instead of directly acknowledging civilian deaths, the Israeli government refers to them as “human shields,” attributing responsibility to its rival, Hamas. Prime Minister Netanyahu employed the euphemism that “we use missiles to protect civilians while Hamas uses civilians to protect its missiles” (Fantz). This language aims to downplay the civilian casualties and shift blame, potentially avoiding scrutiny for war crimes.

On the other side, Gazans use strong euphemistic terms like “massacre,” “genocide,” or even “mini-holocaust” to convey the severity of the situation and strengthen their case on the international stage. The war of euphemisms in this external or international context reflects the efforts of both sides to shape public perception and garner support while framing their actions in a more favorable light.

Euphemism by Government: Conclusion

Indeed, the use of euphemism by governments serves various purposes, whether it’s glossing over offensive terms, pacifying the audience, or manipulating international opinion. George Orwell aptly captured the essence of this phenomenon in his essay on political language, stating that it is crafted “to make lies sound truthful and murder respectable, and to give an appearance of solidity to pure wind” (Orwell). Orwell’s insight highlights how political language, often laden with euphemisms and doublespeak, is designed to convey meanings in a way that avoids negative reactions and maintains a semblance of respectability. This deliberate manipulation of language allows governments to shape narratives and influence public perception in a manner that aligns with their objectives.

Euphemism by Government: Works Cited

1. “Euphemism.” Oxford Advanced Leaner’s. 8^th Edition. Oxford Univeristy Press. 2010. Print.
2. Durkin, Phillip. Oxford Guide to Etymology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.
3. Fantz, Ashley. “Why are so many civilians dying in Hamas-Israel war?” CNN. 06 Aug. 2014. Newssource. Web. Accessed 08 Aug. 2014.
4. Liebau, Carol Platt. “Obama Uses Euphemism to Obscure His Unpopular Agenda.”. Townhall.  05 Sep.  2011.  Newspaper Source. Accessed 08 Aug. 2014.
5. Making Murder Respectable. “Making Murder Respectable.” The Economist. 11 Dec. 2011. Newspaper Sourec. Web. Accessed 08 Aug. 2014.
6. Orwell, George. “Politics and the English Language.” 1946. Web. Accessed 08 Aug. 2014
7. Peter Childs, ‎Roger Fowler. Routledge Dictionary of Literary Terms. Oxon: Routledge Taylor and Francis Group, 2006. Print.

Euphemism by Government: Relevant Questions

1. Euphemism by Government: How does the government’s usage of euphemism in communication affect public perception and understanding of its actions or policies?
2. Euphemism by Government: In what ways is euphemistic language employed by the government, particularly in addressing sensitive issues, and how does this linguistic approach impact public opinion?
3. Euphemism by Government: Can you provide examples of the government’s use of euphemism in official statements, and how might these linguistic choices influence public discourse and interpretation of governmental actions?

Government’s Usage of Euphemism: Introduction

Government’s Usage of Euphemism refers to the use of polite and indirect expressions instead of disrespectful and harsh phrases and words. These considerate expressions may also replace words that refer to something unpleasant. However, over time, the literal meaning of euphemism has evolved. It now encompasses the idea of concealing the truth, a tactic employed not only by dishonest individuals but also by various political parties, government officials, and military personnel.

The use of euphemism is not restricted to specific contexts; it can be applied in various situations. For example, the euphemism “kick the bucket” is a way to refer to an individual’s death. The term “downsizing” is utilized by many organizations and companies as a substitute for “firing” their employees (Euphemism). Euphemism is quite common and popular in situations that necessitate the substitution of specific words to avoid sounding overly harsh, rude, or impolite. For instance, it is frequently employed in office settings to convey news to employees with utmost respect, minimizing the risk of causing offense.

Government’s Usage of Euphemism: Creating Them

Euphemism serves the purpose of delivering a concept respectfully, clearly, and completely through the use of polite and indirect expressions. Crafting euphemisms involves employing various techniques, and it is not a singular task. In addition to traditional phrases and terminologies, abbreviations can also function as a form of euphemism, offering a means to convey messages indirectly. Another strategy to avoid sounding rude or offensive is the use of foreign words and languages. However, it’s important to note that euphemisms are not foolproof and may not always work effectively. In certain circumstances, the substitutions employed to mask the actual expression can still sound harsh, rude, offensive, or impolite. Under such conditions, it is advisable to discard the euphemistic approach, opting for direct expressions to convey the message clearly and precisely (“Euphemism”).

Government’s Usage of Euphemism: Conveying Ideas

Euphemism serves as a valuable tool for writers, allowing them to convey ideas accurately and respectfully without coming across as too offensive to their readers. Especially when dealing with topics influenced by factors such as religion or politics, writers tactfully and indirectly discuss and refer to these subjects using carefully chosen phrases and words. Writers understand the significance of ensuring that readers are not offended by the language and expressions used in their books, particularly when addressing highly sensitive topics. The use of euphemism enables writers to metaphorically discuss and explain complex crises and issues faced by a country. By employing euphemism in a proper and polite manner, readers can not only enjoy the book but also gain awareness of the facts and truth without feeling offended (Sebkova).

In the past, the use of euphemism was primarily confined to the positive intention of replacing impolite and harsh statements with more respectful ones, all while maintaining clarity in conveying the message. However, over time, government and military officials started employing euphemism negatively to deliberately withhold facts and truth from the general public of their own country. An example of this negative use is reflected in Christopher Hitchens’ criticism of his acquaintance Martin Amis, where he referred to “the moral offense of euphemism” – a phrase that, while eloquent, carries a harsh undertone. The inability to directly name a particular thing for what it truly is can spark a contentious and enduring debate about the truth. Recognizing the moral wrongdoing associated with euphemism early on serves as the first indication that one may have succumbed to corruption. Only with the passage of time can it become clear whether this corruption is deeply entrenched or merely intellectual in nature (“Euphemism”).

Government’s Usage of Euphemism: Use in Wars

Since its inception, the war on Iraq has been portrayed and characterized through the lens of euphemism. The term “Operation Iraqi Freedom” symbolizes a military operation in Iraq conducted by foreign forces, primarily the American troops. American officials have consistently framed such operations in Iraq as a form of liberation. While liberation, in its literal sense, denotes freedom, the actions carried out by the American troops in Iraq have a starkly different interpretation of the term “freedom.” For over five years, American troops have been granted the legitimate authority to execute any Iraqi individual, regardless of gender, and to search any house in Iraq. Regrettably, this authority has been extensively abused, with reports of the troops executing Iraqis they deem fit for killing or searching Iraqi houses they consider suitable for detention. The stark contrast between the actions undertaken by the American troops and the concept of “freedom” raises profound questions about the justification of the war, the lives lost on both sides, and the legal rights granted to the American forces. The present condition in Iraq, marred by ongoing conflict and its aftermath, is far from achieving true independence or “freedom” (Ackerman).

Government’s Usage of Euphemism: Common Usage

Language indeed wields significant influence on reality, capable of either accurately representing it or distorting it entirely. An example from history is evident during the Second World War when the military and government officials of the United States employed euphemisms to describe their actions against individuals of Japanese ancestry living in America at that time. This demonstrates the crucial role that euphemism plays for government and military officials, as well as for the general public and various other sectors, in shaping and framing the narrative surrounding events and actions.

Personal justice, government reports, and the findings of the commission on the imprisonment of many civilians and wartime relocation indicate that several Americans with Japanese ancestry, along with various reliable sources, employ traditional and historical terminologies and languages. This choice is driven by the belief that the terminologies used in the past offer a more authentic reflection of the historic era. However, certain Japanese Americans, educators, historians, and others opt for languages and terminologies that they believe provide a more realistic and accurate meaning and reflection of that era (Kelly).

Government’s Usage of Euphemism: Shakespearean Examples

Even the renowned English poet, William Shakespeare, employed euphemism in many of his plays. During the fifteenth century, discussing or describing sex directly was considered impolite, rude, and offensive, leading to the widespread use of euphemism in such contexts. Shakespeare utilized euphemism to describe sexual intercourse in some of his most famous plays, such as “Othello” and “Antony and Cleopatra.”

In Act 1, Scene 1 of “Othello,” Iago says to Brabantio, “I am one, sir, that comes to tell you your daughter and the Moor are now making the beast with two backs.” Here, Iago uses the euphemism “making the beast with two backs” to refer to sexual intercourse, conveying the message and storyline clearly to the reader indirectly, without sounding harsh, rude, or impolite.

Similarly, in Shakespeare’s play “Antony and Cleopatra,” in Act 2, Scene 2, Agrippa talks about Cleopatra: “Royal wench! She made great Caesar lay his sword to bed. He plowed her, and she cropped.” Here, Shakespeare uses the terms “plowed” and “cropped” as euphemisms to describe sexual intercourse and pregnancy, respectively, allowing the narrative to unfold without causing offense to the readers (Euphemism).

Government’s Usage of Euphemism: Conclusion

The euphemism or phrase “economical with the truth” gained prominence during legal cases involving political charges. Notably, Robert Armstrong, the Cabinet Secretary of the United Kingdom, is remembered for using this particular phrase in a court in Sydney, Australia, in 1986. This occurred during the government’s efforts to prevent the publication of the journals of a former MI5 agent, compiled into the book “Spycatcher.”

During the Matrix Churchill trial in 1992, several years after the UK government’s actions, Alan Clark, a former Prime Minister, admitted that he had been “economical… with the actualite.” Subsequently, Robert Armstrong wrote to The Times, stating that the phrase he used was derived from Edmund Burke, an Eighteenth Century Statesman (Kelly).

Government’s Usage of Euphemism: Works Cited

1. Ackerman, Spencer. “A Glossary of Iraq Euphemisms.” The American Prospect. 06, Aug. 2008. Web. 01 Aug 2014<http://prospect.org/article/glossary-iraq-euphemisms>
2. “Euphemism.” Literary Devices. n. d. Web. 01 Aug. 2014 <www.literarydevices.net/euphemism>
3. “Euphemism.” Online Dictionary and Reference. n. d. Web. 01 Aug. 2014 <http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/euphemism>
4. Kelly, Jon. “The 10 most scandalous euphemisms.” BBC News Magazine. 15 May 2013. 01August 2014. <http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-22470691>
5. Šebková, Kristýna. “Euphemism.” Masaryk University. n. d. Web. 01 Aug. 2014.<https://is.muni.cz/th/403451/pedf_c/Euphemisms.txt>

Relevant Questions: Government’s Usage of Euphemism

1. How does the government’s use of euphemism in describing military operations impact public perception and understanding of the true nature of those activities?
2. In what ways does the government employ euphemistic language when discussing economic policies, and how does this linguistic choice influence public opinion on issues such as taxation and budgetary decisions?
3. Can you provide examples of how the government’s usage of euphemism in addressing social and political issues may shape public discourse and sentiment on sensitive topics?

Introduction: Popularity of “One Pound Fish”

The key feature of the song “One Pound Fish” is that it addresses the common man’s quest for purchasing affordable fish for just “one pound,” a concept spontaneously created by Shahid Nazir. In fact, Shahid Nazir himself was working as a part-time seller at a stall in 2011 when he improvised the tune and composed the lyrics on the spot to address the challenge of attracting customers. The song features simple lyrics urging the audience to buy inexpensive fish from the young man, with the uncomplicated lyrics serving as the backbone of the song. Living in the United Kingdom, Shahid Nazir adapted the song to British culture, where he was employed to sell fish (Fairbairn, 2012). To draw customers to his budget-friendly fish, he coined and sang this song at his fish stall.

Work and Popularity of “One Pound Fish”

“One Pound Fish” was initially performed by Shahid Nazir in the United Kingdom while he was working at a fish stall. It wasn’t released as part of an album or as a single; rather, it was a spontaneous creation aimed at attracting customers. Someone, possibly Colin Miller, recorded and uploaded a video of Shahid Nazir singing the song on YouTube. This video quickly gained immense popularity, accumulating 14,654,312 views and 71,000 likes. Despite his lack of experience, critics praised the singer. The song is intercultural as it addresses the common man’s challenge of buying affordable fish (Butter, 2012). Its popularity is particularly notable in South Asia and Europe, and the reasons for its widespread appeal extend beyond cultural and economic factors to include feminist perspectives.

Medium and Popularity of “One Pound Fish”

In the age of the Internet, cultural objects and artifacts often go viral within moments. When “One Pound Fish” was uploaded, its creator and uploader were initially unaware of its cultural associations. The song was sung in Pakistani or Indian accents, particularly in Punjabi, which are not very common in the United Kingdom. Upon its release on YouTube, it resonated instantly with the audience, particularly with women. The cultural background is specific in this case, as the singer belonged to the former colony of the United Kingdom. Given the significant number of Punjabis residing in the United Kingdom, locals were somewhat familiar with the cultural nuances and linguistic elements of the song.

Features of Popularity of “One Pound Fish”

Zeeshan Sheikh, a cultural commentator from Pakistan, emphasizes that the humorous spirit in which the song was sung played a significant role in its popularity. He points out that it’s amusing, starting from the authentic Pakistani accent to British women mimicking Pakistani actresses (Sheikh, 2013). In essence, it represented a blend of cultural traits that particularly appealed to the ladies, a common occurrence in popular culture. Sheikh further argues that people appreciate a departure from conventional and traditional music videos in favor of more authentic, live performances. This was precisely what the public was seeking, and this intercultural aspect contributed to its popularity not only in the United Kingdom and Pakistan but also in India and worldwide wherever people found it intriguing. The song became a sensation, primarily because it directly addressed middle-class ladies, resonating with Pakistan’s middle-class culture. However, underlying its appeal was another factor—financial considerations.

Economic Motive and Popularity of “One Pound Fish”

Indeed, economic motives often underlie the creation and popularity of cultural or non-cultural artifacts. Shahid Nazir, a marketing student, recognized this dynamic and understood that marketing success hinges on appealing to women. In an interview with Zeeshan Sheikh, he mentioned that he was aware that if women are attracted to a product, they would bring men along (Sheikh, 2013). This underscores the significant impact women can have on the success of a product, a principle also evident in advertising and marketing strategies. Another crucial factor in the equation was Shahid Nazir’s financial situation. Arriving in the United Kingdom on a student visa, he faced financial constraints. Recognizing that substantial earnings were necessary and that selling fish in large quantities was essential, he combined his personal financial motive with a marketing strategy targeting the feminine side of the middle class.

Woman and Popularity of “One Pound Fish”

Felix B. Fatunwase argues that Shahid Nazir initially attracted women as part of marketing the fish he was hired to sell. Despite the song mentioning only “lady,” Fatunwase contends that both men and women rushed to purchase the fish because Shahid Nazir was the only black person among them. This argument gains credibility as he was selling fish within a white community where race typically might not matter (Fatunwase, 2014, p. 14). The crucial point is that he successfully attracted women, a strong marketing strategy that contributed significantly to his popularity. The economic benefits became apparent to him later when he discovered that the uploader had earned thousands of dollars through YouTube (Fatunwase, 2014, p. 14). It’s worth noting that Shahid Nazir was initially employed as a seller on the fish stall, unaware of the song’s potential benefits. Ultimately, the song proved to be more beneficial for him than the fish stall, largely because he tapped into the feminine market.

While Shahid Nazir may not be aware of feminism in political or literary circles, he possesses a keen understanding of women’s shopping habits. Having a background linked to feminist areas in Punjab, where women manage their homes with the limited money they receive from their husbands, he is familiar with the nature of middle-class women. His awareness likely stems from experiencing domestic life in Pakistan and adapting to the English lifestyle while employed in the United Kingdom. Shahid Nazir recognized that rising expenses on food made thrifty housewives more sensitive to their expenditures. This insight prompted him to include “ladies” in the lyrics of his song. In a conversation with Zeeshan Sheikh, he expressed that attracting the feminine perspective was his expected return. He anticipated that when women turned to him to buy fish, men would follow in large numbers. While he may have understood crowd psychology, it is evident that he recognized the importance of appealing to the feminine perspective and shopping addiction as his primary target. He successfully achieved this through the creation of his “One Pound Fish” phrase, which drew in middle-class women with its simple lyrics and the catchy slogan of spending only one pound for the fish (Sheikh, 2013).

Conclusion and Popularity of “One Pound Fish”

In short, the popularity of “One Pound Fish” can be attributed to its multifaceted reasons, including cultural, financial, and feministic factors. Pop artifacts often have various motivations behind their creation before gaining popularity. The intercultural connection of the song contributes to its widespread appeal, resonating not only in the United Kingdom and South Asia but also reaching audiences in America and Canada, showcasing its global success. Additionally, the economic background should not be overlooked, as the fish-selling boy aimed to earn more for his family and education. Shahid Nazir’s understanding of the feministic perspective on shopping and crowd psychology played crucial roles in the song’s success. He recognized the need to be creative, colorful, and melodious to captivate women’s hearts and sell more fish. The unexpected attraction of English ladies to Punjabi male melody further exceeded the singer’s expectations. Subsequently, Shahid Nazir leveraged his newfound fame for marketing opportunities with other companies, adding another layer to the cultural and economic aspects of this pop phenomenon (“‘One Pound Fish’ family prays for Christmas hit”).

Popularity of “One Pound Fish”: References

1. Butter, Susannah. (November 20, 2012). “The One Pound Fish man: everyone’s hooked, including Warners.” Evening Standard. Evening Standard. Retrieved on November 4, 2016 from http://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/the-one-pound-fish-man-everyones-hooked-including-warners-8335130.html
2. Fatunwase, F. B. Pound Fish. BAFA. Xlibris LLC.
3. Fairbairn, E. (November 25, 2012). “Fish Seller’s Catchy Tuna May Hit No1.” The Sun. Retrieved on November 4, 2016 from https://www.thesun.co.uk/archives/news/285266/fish-sellers-catchy-tuna-may-hit-no1/
4. ‘One Pound Fish’ family prays for Christmas hit. (December 16, 2012). Dawn. Dawn. Retrieved on November 4, 2016 from http://www.dawn.com/news/771673/one-pound-fish-family-prays-for-christmas-hit
5. Sheikh, Z. (January 4, 2013). “One pound fish to million-pound hit!” Pakistan Tribune. Retrieved on November 14, 2016 from http://blogs.tribune.com.pk/story/15469/one-pound-fish-to-million-pound-hit/

Relevant Questions: Popularity of “One Pound Fish”

1. Cultural Impact: How has the song “One Pound Fish” achieved popularity and what cultural factors contribute to its widespread recognition?
2. Viral Success: What role did social media and online platforms play in the rapid and widespread popularity of “One Pound Fish”?
3. Legacy and Longevity: How has “One Pound Fish” maintained its popularity over time, and what elements of the song or its cultural context have contributed to its enduring legacy?

“Mending Wall”: Introduction

            The catchphrase “Good fences make good neighbors” in “Mending Wall” has become associated with Frost, who used it to describe a wall he erected between his orchard and his neighbor’s fields. In the poem “Mending Wall,” Robert Frost consistently emphasizes that there is something opposing the wall both have constructed, whether it be hunters or something else. He articulates this notion with the line, “Something there is that doesn’t love a wall” (Lines 1). While Frost doesn’t outright refute his neighbor’s suggestion, his reflections in “Mending Wall” suggest that walls, especially those between individuals and nations, are established to hinder affection or contact between people and serve no other purpose.

“Mending Wall” and Real Walls”

Walls between nations serve to interrupt contact and create an air of mystery about them among other nations. A prominent example is the Great Wall of China, which stands out. Unlike a singular wall, it is comprised of a collection of short walls scattered over an estimated length of approximately 8,850 kilometers or 5,500 miles. Construction was suggested around 200 BCE during the Qin Dynasty, with the primary goal of keeping Mongol nomads away from China. The wall underwent various additions and modifications during different periods, with the latest occurring during the Ming Dynasty in the 14th to 16th century. Constructed from soil, stones, bricks, and incorporating massive boulders at certain locations, the wall also features fortifications and guard posts at intervals of every four miles. This structure is relevant to Frost, as like the Chinese, his friend also visits him, and they both take walks, as he mentioned.

I let my neighbor know beyond the hill;

 And on a day we meet to walk the line

And set the wall between us once again. (Lines 12-14)

The reason is that Frost is outgoing, but his neighbor believes in the adage “good fences make good friends” (Line 45), a sentiment shared by the Chinese, who historically did not engage in open contacts with other nations (Rosenberg). The Great Wall of China stands as a tangible example, preventing China from fostering intimate relationships with any other country until relatively recently.

“Mending Wall” and “The Berlin Wall”

The Berlin Wall also served a similar purpose, keeping Eastern Berliners and Western Berliners separated for over 28 years. It was a physical division of West Berlin from East Germany, constructed on August 31, 1961. Unlike the gradual construction of the Great Wall of China, the Berlin Wall’s creation was rapid and unexpected, mirroring the surprising nature of its eventual destruction. After World War II, the Aallied powers divided Germany into four zones, and Berlin faced a similar fate. However, as relations between the USSR and other powers deteriorated, Berlin also became a focal point for division. On August 31, 1961, amidst rumors of the USSR potentially annexing East Berlin, soldiers and construction workers entered East Berlin in trucks and jeeps just after midnight. While Berliners slept, they swiftly erected a wall with concrete and bricks, creating a barrier that separated people who had lived together for centuries. Stretching around a hundred miles, the Berlin Wall underwent four phases of repair, evolving from a simple fence to a complete wall (Rosenberg). Many families and relationships were severed, prompting several attempts to breach the wall, echoing Frost’s sentiment when he says, “There where it is, we do not need the wall” (Line 24).

“Mending Wall” and Contemporary Era

In the contemporary era, nations no longer rely on physical walls but rather strict regulations, such as the U.S. immigration system, to control the influx of people and individuals. While the means have shifted from visible walls to invisible barriers of laws, rules, and regulations, the underlying purpose remains the same – preventing people from meeting and getting to know each other. In the United States, immigration issues evoke cultural and economic anxieties among locals, fueled by media portrayals that sometimes depict immigrants as an economic burden (Fix and Jeffery). Although the U.S. immigration policy articulates clear goals of promoting family reunification, cultural diversity, and economic homogeneity, it is divided into legal and illegal sections, creating complexities for individuals. Despite immigrants often contributing significantly to the U.S. economy, Frost sees the issue differently. His questioning, “If I could put a notion in his head: / Why do they make good neighbors?” (Lines 29-30), resonates as true in this context. For Frost, the immigration department becomes the barrier to good neighborly relations, preventing families, even those without proper documentation, from uniting and establishing lasting connections.

“Mending Wall”: Conclusion

Frost’s neighbor’s assertion that “good fences make good friends” (Line 45) holds truth, but it is also evident that excessive walling and fencing can foster a biased approach, diminishing affection, reducing contact, and undermining confidence and trust among the public. This sentiment is portrayed by Frost in “Mending Wall.” The Great Wall of China effectively isolated China from the world for an extended period, and the Berlin Wall kept Berliners separated for over 28 years. Similarly, the U.S. immigration policy forces many neighbors to part ways permanently, severing their connections. However, Frost may overlook the political and contextual nuances that surround each instance of walling and fencing. Each structure serves specific requirements and is influenced by the demands of the time. Even in Frost’s poem, the distinction between walling and fencing implies that the U.S. immigration policy, while creating barriers, may not be as severe as the extensive walls erected by Ancient China and the USSR. Frost acknowledges that there are different motivations and timings behind these structures, recognizing that they don’t all carry the same implications.

“Mending Wall”: Works Cited

1. Fix, Michael E.&  Jeffrey S. Passel. “Immigration and Immigrants: Setting the Record Straight.” 2013. Urban Institute. 16 July 2013  <http://www.urban.org/publications/305184.html>. Accessed 16 July 2023.
2. Frost, Robert. “Mending Wall.” 18 July 2007. n. d.Writing. <http://writing.upenn.edu/~afilreis/88/frost-mending.html>. Accessed 16 July 2023.
3. Lentricchia, Frank. “Robert Frost: A Critical Analysis of “Mending Wall”. 28 September 2009. 16 July 2013 <http://studentacademichelp.blogspot.com/2009/09/robert-frost-critical-analysis-of.html>. Accessed 16 July 2023.
4. Rosenberg, Matt. “The Great Wall of China.” n.d. Geography. <http://geography.about.com/od/specificplacesofinterest/a/greatwall.htm>. Accessed 16 July 2023.
5. Rosenberg, Jennifer. “The Rise and Fall of The Berlin Wall (2).” n.d. History 1900. <http://history1900s.about.com/od/coldwa1/a/berlinwall_2.htm>. Accessed 16 July 2023.

“Mending Wall”: Relevant Questions

1. Comparative Analysis: How do the themes and symbolism in Robert Frost’s “Mending Wall” resonate with the construction and implications of the real walls such as the Berlin Wall and the Great Wall of China?
2. Social and Political Impact: In what ways did the physical walls like the Berlin Wall and the Great Wall of China influence social dynamics and relationships, and how does this align with Frost’s exploration of interpersonal boundaries in “Mending Wall”?
3. Evolution of Walls: Considering the Berlin Wall’s relatively recent history in comparison to the ancient Great Wall of China, how has the concept and construction of walls evolved over time, and does Frost’s perspective in “Mending Wall” provide insights into the enduring aspects or changing nature of these structures?

Introduction to “Me and My Song”

“Me and My Song” by Langston Hughes presents a specific beauty. In fact, when it comes to beauty, it seems that it is not limited to symmetry in physical features, color, or makeup. It lies in the order of words, aesthetics, and musicality. And this proves true in the case of African Americans in the United States, for not only do they have their own sense of beauty and aesthetics, but they also have their music. The sense that they belong to Africa, a continent usually associated with black color, makes African Americans sensitive about their cultural heritage and its beauty, as its richness lies deep “As the black earth” (Line 17) and is gentle and kind (Lines 2, 4). The humanity associated with the black color represents the beauty of African American culture as well as their origin. The poem by Langston Hughes, “Me and My Song,” thus, through metaphorical language, aims to prove that the African American community and its homeland, the African continent, have their own life, music, and beauty.

Literary Devices in “Me and My Song”

In “Me and My Song,” Hughes makes it clear that the metaphor of the body leaving Africa refers to the lives of people being smuggled or sold to other continents while remaining African. The distinction arises in the discrimination they face after leaving their homeland, described as a place filled with black people. Hughes’s argument centers on the significance of the color black, specifically that of African Americans. He draws parallels between this color and the gentleness and kindness of night, employing various similes. The term “Body” (Line 7) indicates a life that is “Strong and black” like iron, even in the face of discrimination in the United States. This aspect of his argument, however, is implicit rather than explicit. The similes draw parallels between their bodies and the continent, both representing humanity in general. The beauty of life lies in this color, symbolizing both African Americans and their homeland, Africa. Yet, the color’s connection to African Americans and their lives suggests a unique music and specificity of beauty. This music is embodied in his song, which also pays homage to Africa.

Perspective on Music in “Me and My Song”

Regarding Hughes’s perspective on the music in the song “Me and My Song,” it holds specific significance for both African Americans and their homeland, Africa. Hughes introduces the term “song” in the thirteenth line, emphasizing how it originated in Africa and what it represents. He employs a powerful metaphor, describing it as a “Deep and mellow song” (Line 15). With “deep and mellow,” Hughes suggests that this song is profound and incomprehensible to those not from Africa, emphasizing its origin (Line 14). Additionally, the term “mellow” (Line 14) alludes to the contrast with the harshness and adversity faced by the African American community in the United States and elsewhere. Notably, Hughes subtly addresses the dichotomy of mellowness and harshness, yet his emphasis remains on highlighting the beauty of the song, its African origin, and its inherent lack of discrimination, prejudice, or hatred towards others. While he personifies Africa as the source of the song, associating it with “dark lips” (Line 23), Hughes underscores the beauty and richness emanating from Africa, likening it to his compatriots (Line 26-27). This personal connection is further emphasized when Hughes refers to “My and My / Song” (Line 33-34), reinforcing his association with African Americans. The distinction lies in the unique beauty of Africans and Africa, which differs from the perspectives of those who discriminate based on color, race, or physical features. Hughes subtly communicates his message, celebrating the beauty and richness of the song and its roots while implicitly challenging discriminatory attitudes.

Beauty in “Me and My Song”

The beauty of African Americans extends beyond their color to encompass their song and land. Hughes, in “Me and My Song,” employs similes and personification to emphasize the beauty of African Americans. The initial simile equates the color black with the gentleness and kindness of the night (Lines 2-5). Despite this equation, the portrayal is not soft or weak; instead, it is depicted as strong, likened to iron (Lines 9-10). This introduces the idea that the beauty of the African land and its people goes beyond mere aesthetics, emphasizing their strength. Moving on to the beauty of their “song” (Line 15), Hughes describes it as both deep and soft (Line 15). He highlights its richness (Line 16) and strength (Line 19), linking this strength directly to the song. Hughes suggests that African Americans are not only characterized by gentleness and kindness but also by strength and melodic qualities. The beauty lies in this multifaceted portrayal of both the people and their homeland. As the poem concludes, Hughes completes his argument by linking people and land to various features and elements of nature, ultimately emphasizing the beauty encapsulated in “Me and my / Song” (Line 33-34). The poem begins with a focus on color and concludes with the word “Song” (Line 34), highlighting an underlying theme of beauty derived from the association of people and their attributes with nature. This cyclical structure reinforces the interconnectedness of various elements and the enduring beauty that stems from this connection.

Conclusion of Critique of “Me and My Song”

In concluding the argument of linking African Americans and their black color with night and the earth, Langston Hughes, in “Me and My Song,” aims to convey that African Americans possess the same human features as others. His adept use of metaphors, similes, and personifications, often repeated throughout the poem, showcases his skill in crafting concise and cryptic sentences. Through this literary technique, Hughes emphasizes that beauty lies in the association of human characteristics with nature and the land from which they originate. Hughes’s sense of beauty goes beyond mere gentleness and kindness; he underscores the strength and melodious, musical qualities inherent in both the people and the land. The repetition of similar metaphors and similes serves to accentuate this multifaceted beauty. By concluding the poem with a focus on himself and the song—his own, that of his people, and his homeland—Hughes underscores the absence of discrimination directed towards them. In essence, Hughes uses his poetic prowess to draw attention to the shared humanity of African Americans, highlighting their unique qualities without succumbing to discriminatory stereotypes. The poem’s repetition and concluding emphasis on the individual and the song underscore the enduring beauty that transcends prejudice and discrimination.

“Me and My Song”: Works Cited

Hughes, Langston, et al. The Collected Works of Langston Hughes: The Poems, 1921-1940. Vol. 1. University of Missouri Press, 2001. Print.

1. How does Langston Hughes employ metaphors, similes, and personifications in “Me and My Song” to convey a sense of special beauty in the association of human features with nature and land?
2. In “Me and My Song,” how does Hughes use the repetition of metaphors and similes to emphasize the multifaceted beauty of African Americans, moving beyond stereotypes and discrimination?
3. What role does the concept of color, particularly the black color, play in Hughes’s depiction of beauty in “Me and My Song,” and how does it contribute to the overall sense of a unique and special beauty associated with African Americans and their homeland?