Dialect

The word “dialect” originates from the Greek word dialectos means “way of speaking.” It entered English to refer to local language or speech.

Etymology of Dialect

The word “dialect” originates from the Greek word dialectos means “way of speaking.” It entered English through Latin in which dialectus referred to a local language or speech. It first came into use in English in the 1560s to refer to regional variations in language or dialects.

Meanings of Dialect

A dialect is a form of spoken language in a particular region or by a specific group of people. It shows the use of that specific vocabulary, grammar, pronunciation, and wordplay. It distinguishes itself through regional, social, and geographical differences.

Dialect in Grammar

Grammatically, “dialect” is a noun, and its plural form is “dialects.” When used as the subject of a sentence, “dialect” requires a singular verb, while “dialects” requires a plural verb. For example, “The dialect of this region is fascinating,” versus “The dialects of this region are fascinating.”

Definition of Dialect

Dialect, is a literary device, which refers to a variety or form of a language that is spoken by a specific group of people or in a particular region. It is characterized by distinct differences in vocabulary, grammar, pronunciation, and syntax that set it apart from the standard language. Various factors such as geography, history, social class, and cultural traditions impact dialect.

Types of Dialect

There are several types of dialects, including:

Dialect CategoryExplanationExamples
Regional DialectsDialects associated with specific geographic regionsBritish English, American English, Australian English, Scottish English
Social DialectsDialects associated with specific social groups or classesAcademic English, Blue-collar English, Teenage Slang
Ethnic DialectsDialects associated with specific ethnic or cultural groupsAfrican American Vernacular English (AAVE), Chicano English
Standard DialectWidely recognized form used in formal settings, education, and mediaReceived Pronunciation (RP) in British English, Standard American English
Rural/Urban DialectsDialects that differ between rural and urban areasAppalachian English, Urban African American Vernacular English (AAVE)
Historical DialectsDialectal variations prevalent in the pastMiddle English, Old Norse-influenced English
Common Examples of Dialect

Some common examples include:

Dialect NameExplanationExamples
CockneyIt is a type of English spoken in the East End of London, characterized by rhyming slang and a distinctive pronunciation.“Apples and pears” (stairs), “dog and bone” (phone)
Southern American EnglishA dialect of English spoken in the Southern United States, characterized by features such as the “y’all” pronoun and a distinctive drawl.“Y’all” (you all), “fixin’ to” (getting ready to)
ScouseA dialect of English spoken in Liverpool, characterized by a unique pronunciation and vocabulary.“Sound” (good), “la” (term of address)
GeordieIt is a type of English spoken in the Northeast of England, characterized by a distinctive accent and vocabulary.“Canny” (good), “bairn” (child)
AAVEAfrican American Vernacular English is a social dialect of English that is spoken by many African Americans, characterized by unique grammar, pronunciation, and vocabulary.“Fixin’ to” (getting ready to), “yo” (you)
GlaswegianIt is a type of English spoken in Glasgow, Scotland, characterized by a unique pronunciation and vocabulary.“Wee” (small), “bairn” (child)
Quebec FrenchA dialect of French spoken in Quebec, Canada, characterized by unique vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation.“Tabarnak” (expletive), “tuque” (winter hat)
BavarianIt is a type of German spoken in Bavaria, characterized by a distinctive accent and vocabulary.“Servus” (hello/goodbye), “Brezn” (pretzel)

Please note that the examples provided are just a glimpse of the vocabulary and features associated with each dialect. There is much more to explore within each dialect which include several elements.

Literary Examples of Dialect
  1. Their Eyes Were Watching God by Zora Neale Hurston:

This novel is written in African American Vernacular English (AAVE). The dialect is used to convey the experiences and perspectives of the African American characters in the story, and to provide a sense of authenticity and cultural richness. For example, in this passage, the character Janie speaks in AAVE: “Ah done lived Grandma’s way, now Ah means tuh live mine.” (Chapter 1)

This novel uses Southern American English to convey the setting and characters of the story, which takes place in a small town in Alabama during the 1930s. For example, the character Miss Maudie speaks in a Southern dialect when she says, “We’re so rarely called on to be Christians, but when we are, we’ve got men like Atticus to go for us.” (Chapter 5)

This novel is famous for its use of regional dialects, including Southern American English, African American Vernacular English, and various dialects of the Mississippi River region. The dialects are used to convey the characters’ backgrounds and social status, and to provide a sense of realism and humor. For example, Huck speaks in Southern dialect when he says, “I laid there, and had a good rest and a smoke out of my pipe, looking away into the sky; not a cloud in it.” (Chapter 16)

This novella uses a variety of dialects to convey the different backgrounds and personalities of the characters. For example, the character Crooks, who is African American, speaks in a dialect that is characterized by unique grammar and vocabulary. When he talks to Lennie in Chapter 4, he says, “I ain’t a southern Negro, and I never seen no piece of jailbait worse than her.”

Suggested Readings
  1. Eckert, Penelope, and Sally McConnell-Ginet. Language and Gender. Cambridge University Press, 2013.
  2. Labov, Williams. Dialect Diversity in America: The Politics of Language Change. University of Virginia Press, 2012.
  3. Labov, William. Principles of Linguistic Change: Volume 1: Internal Factors. John Wiley & Sons, 2010.
  4. Mufwene, Salikoko S. The Ecology of Language Evolution. Cambridge University Press, 2001.
  5. Rickford, John R. African American Vernacular English: Features, Evolution, Educational Implications. Blackwell Publishing, 2000.
  6. Trudgill, Peter. Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society. Penguin, 2000.
  7. Wolfram, Walt, and Natalie Schilling-Estes. American English: Dialects and Variation. Wiley-Blackwell, 2015.

Denotation: How to Write and Use One

Using denotation is a fun, art as well as a skill. It is because the question of meaning does not solely depend on denotation. Readers, too, count very much.

Introduction

Using denotation is a fun, art as well as a skill. It is because the question of meaning does not solely depend on denotation. Readers, too, count very much.

To create denotation, you need to choose words that have a clear and precise meaning, without any added connotations or figurative language. Here are some steps you can follow to create denotation:

Steps to Use Denotation
StepDetailPractical Example
1. Understand DenotationsFamiliarize yourself with the concept of denotation in language.Recognize denotation as the literal or dictionary definition of a word.If you consider the word “dog,” its denotation is a domesticated four-legged mammal often kept as a pet.
2. Choose Precise VocabularyOpt for words with clear denotations to enhance clarity.Avoid using words with multiple interpretations or vague meanings.Instead of saying “He looked sad,” you could say “He had a downcast expression,” which provides a more precise denotation of his emotional state.
3. Avoid AmbiguityUse denotations to eliminate ambiguity in your writing.Ensure that your readers can easily grasp your intended message.The denotative meaning of “blue” is a color situated between green and violet in the visible spectrum, leaving no room for confusion about the shade described.
4. Enhance DescriptionsUtilize denotations to provide accurate and vivid descriptions.Paint a clear mental image for your readers through precise language.Instead of “beautiful flower,” describe it as a “vibrant blossom with delicate petals and a sweet fragrance.”
5. Write Technical ContentIn technical or academic writing, denotations are crucial for precision.Convey complex ideas clearly by using words with specific denotations.In a scientific paper, describing a chemical reaction requires precise denotation of reactants, products, and conditions.
6. Communicate ObjectivelyWhen conveying facts, employ denotations to maintain objectivity.Minimize subjective interpretations by sticking to literal meanings.Reporting temperature as “25 degrees Celsius” is more objective than describing it as “pleasantly warm.”
7. Reference DefinitionsWhen introducing new terms, provide their denotations for context.Help readers understand specialized vocabulary through clear explanations.Explaining “photosynthesis” as “the process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy to fuel growth” uses denotation to clarify the term’s meaning.
8. Build CredibilityIncorporate denotations to establish authority in your writing.Display a strong command of language by using words accurately.In a legal document, precise denotation of terms ensures legal clauses are unambiguous and enforceable.
9. Create ContrastEmploy denotations to contrast different ideas, concepts, or objects.Highlight disparities by focusing on the literal meanings of words.Comparing “courageous” with “reckless” uses denotative differences to emphasize distinct qualities of behavior.
10. Revise and EditDuring the editing process, review your use of denotations.Ensure that your choice of words aligns with your intended message.When proofreading, verify that the denotation of each word supports the overall tone and meaning of your writing.
11. Cater to the AudienceAdapt your use of denotations based on your target readers.Balance between denotations and reader comprehension, especially in varied audiences.In a children’s book, using denotations that match the vocabulary level of the intended age group enhances understanding.
12. Practice PrecisionPractice using denotations to improve your writing over time.Hone your skills in selecting words that convey exact meanings.By consistently practicing denotative precision, you’ll enhance your ability to communicate with clarity and accuracy.
Benefits of Denotation

There are several benefits to using denotation in writing, including:

  1. Clarity and Precision: Denotations provide clear and precise meanings, reducing confusion and ensuring readers understand exactly what you intend to convey.
  2. Effective Communication: Using denotations enhances communication by eliminating ambiguity and minimizing the risk of misinterpretation.
  3. Accurate Descriptions: Denotations enable accurate descriptions, helping readers form accurate mental images and engage more deeply with your writing.
  4. Objective Expression: When striving for objectivity, denotations help you present information without adding personal bias or subjective interpretations.
  5. Technical Writing: In technical fields, denotations are crucial for conveying complex concepts with accuracy, fostering better comprehension.
  6. Establishing Authority: Incorporating denotations demonstrates your command of language and subject matter, boosting your credibility as a writer.
  7. Specialized Vocabulary: Denotations aid in explaining specialized terms, ensuring readers grasp intricate concepts or jargon.
  8. Contrast and Comparison: Denotations allow for clear contrasts and comparisons, highlighting differences between concepts or objects.
  9. Enhanced Editing: Reviewing and editing with denotations in mind enables precise refinement of your writing, enhancing its overall quality.
  10. Diverse Audience Appeal: By balancing denotations with reader comprehension, your writing becomes accessible to diverse audiences.
  11. Literary Analysis: In literary analysis, focusing on denotations can uncover layers of meaning and symbolism within a text.
  12. Language Mastery: Practicing denotative precision improves your mastery of language, enabling you to express ideas more effectively.
  13. Legal and Technical Documents: Denotations are essential for drafting legal contracts, technical manuals, and documents that require unambiguous language.
  14. Avoiding Miscommunication: Denotations help avoid misunderstandings, ensuring that your message is conveyed accurately and without unintended connotations.
  15. Enriching Descriptive Writing: Incorporating denotations enhances descriptive writing, making your narratives more vivid and engaging for readers.
  16. Effective Teaching: When explaining concepts, denotations aid in providing clear explanations to students, facilitating better learning outcomes.
  17. Cultural Neutrality: Denotations can help maintain cultural neutrality, as they rely on literal meanings rather than cultural connotations.
  18. Consistent Terminology: Using denotations fosters consistency in terminology, which is vital in academic, technical, and professional writing.
  19. Improving Critical Reading: Analyzing denotations encourages deeper critical reading and interpretation of texts, enhancing literary analysis skills.
  20. Cross-Linguistic Understanding: Denotations aid cross-linguistic understanding by focusing on the universal, literal meanings of words.
  21. Enhancing Argumentation: In persuasive writing, denotations add clarity and weight to your arguments, making them more convincing to readers.

Denotation, in fact, is a powerful tool for writers looking to communicate their ideas clearly, accurately, and objectively. By focusing on literal meaning and avoiding connotative or emotional language, writers can create writing that is both precise and accessible to a wide range of readers.

Denotation and Literary Theory
Literary TheoryStatus of DenotationApplication to Denotations
FormalismKey elementEstablishes the literal meaning of the text.Focuses on the form and structure of the literary work.Helps identify the literal meaning of words, images, and symbols used in the work.
StructuralismBasic unit of meaningConsiders denotation as one of the fundamental units of meaning in a literary work.Analyzes denotation in relation to other elements to uncover underlying patterns and structures within the text.
New CriticismUncover authors’ intentionsEmphasizes the inherent meaning contained within the text.Uses denotation to uncover the author’s intended message.Focuses on the literal meaning of the words used in the text to interpret its significance.
Reader-ResponseShaped by readers’ interpretationRecognizes that the meaning of a literary work is constructed through the reader’s interpretation.Denotation serves as a starting point for readers to derive their own meanings from the text.Readers engage with denotation to create personal and subjective interpretations.
PoststructuralismDeconstructs fixed meaningsChallenges the stability and fixedness of denotation.Sees denotation as arbitrary and contingent on cultural and linguistic systems.Deconstructs denotation to reveal multiple and conflicting interpretations.
PostcolonialismContextualizes denotationConsiders the influence of colonial history and power dynamics on denotation.Examines how denotations can perpetuate or challenge dominant ideologies and cultural norms.Seeks to decenter Eurocentric perspectives embedded in denotations.
Suggested Readings
  1. Barthes, Roland. Mythologies. Vintage, 2012.
  2. Eco, Umberto. Semiotics and the Philosophy of Language. Indiana University Press, 1986.
  3. Eco, Umberto. The Limits of Interpretation. Indiana University Press, 1994.
  4. Fish, Stanley. Is There a Text in This Class? The Authority of Interpretive Communities. Harvard University Press, 1994.
  5. Leech, Geoffrey. Semantics: The Study of Meaning. Penguin Books, 1974.
  6. Richards, Ivor A. The Philosophy of Rhetoric. Oxford University Press, 1965.
  7. Wimsatt, William K., and Monroe C. Beardsley. The Verbal Icon: Studies in the Meaning of Poetry. University Press of Kentucky, 2012.

Denotation

Today, denotation (…“Connotation”) is…property of function of (i) single terms, (ii) declarative sentences (iii), noun phrases. Umberto Eco

Etymology of Denotation

Denotation originated from the Latin word denotare. It means “to mark or designate. It is the most straightforward meaning of a word. And this is what one would expect to find in a dictionary definition.

Meanings of Denotation
  1. Linguistics: In linguistics, denotation refers to the literal or dictionary definition of a word or phrase. It is the basic, objective, and universally recognized meaning of a word, and is independent of any personal or cultural associations. For example, the denotation of the word “cat” is a small domesticated carnivorous mammal.
  2. Semiotics: In semiotics, denotation refers to the relationship between a sign (such as a word, symbol, or image) and its referent or the object it represents. Denotation is the direct, explicit, and literal meaning a sign conveys. For example, a red traffic light denotes the instruction to stop.
  3. Logic: In logic, denotation refers to the reference of a term or expression to the objects or entities in the world it represents. It is the relationship between a name or a symbol and the actual thing or concept it stands for. Denotation is often contrasted with connotation, which refers to the associated or secondary meanings of a term.
Denotation in Grammar

Grammatically, it is a noun used with both singular and plural verbs. When it refers to a single object or concept, it takes a singular verb, as in “The denotation of the word ‘cat’ is a small carnivorous mammal.” When it refers to multiple objects or concepts, it takes a plural verb, as in “The denotations of the words ‘apple’ and ‘pear’ are different fruits.”

Definition of Denotation

In literature, this literary device refers to the direct or literal meaning of a word or phrase. It is the basic meaning of a word without any added implications or emotional associations. Authors may use denotation to create clarity in their writing or to emphasize a particular point by using simple, straightforward language.

Types of Denotation

There are different types of denotation, including:

TypeDefinitionExample
Lexical DenotationIt refers to the literal definition of a word as it appears in the dictionary.The lexical denotation of “cat” is a small, carnivorous mammal of the Felidae family.
Contextual DenotationIt refers to the literal meaning of a word or phrase as it is used in a particular context.In the sentence “I’m feeling blue,” the contextual denotation of “blue” is feeling sad.
Literal DenotationIt refers to the exact and precise meaning of a word or phrase, without any added connotations.The literal denotation of “run” is to move swiftly on foot.
Primary DenotationIt refers to the most basic or essential meaning of a word or phrase, without added connotations.The primary denotation of “book” is a written or printed work consisting of pages.
Logical DenotationIt refers to the objective, rational meaning of a word or phrase, without added emotions.The logical denotation of “hot” is having a high temperature above normal or comfortable.

Understanding the different types help readers and writers to use language more effectively and communicate ideas more clearly

Common Examples of Denotation

Some common examples of denotation in everyday language include:

  1. The word “rose” denotes a type of flower with fragrant petals and prickly stems.
  2. The word “apple” denotes a round fruit with red, green, or yellow skin and a sweet or tart flavor.
  3. The word “book” denotes a collection of written or printed pages bound together, used for reading or studying.
  4. The word “dog” denotes a domesticated mammal of the canine family, commonly kept as a pet or used for hunting.
  5. The word “chair” denotes a piece of furniture with a seat and backrest, used for sitting on.

In each of these examples, the word refers to its literal or dictionary definition, without any added emotional or figurative associations. These words are commonly used in everyday language and are easily recognizable by most people.

Literary Examples of Denotation
  1. Example from To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee:

“The Radleys, welcome anywhere in town, kept to themselves, a predilection unforgivable in Maycomb.”

Explanation: In this example, the denotation of the word “predilection” refers to a preference or liking. The word is used to describe the behavior of the Radley family, who prefer to keep to themselves and avoid socializing with the rest of the town. The use of this word emphasizes the negative perception of the Radleys’ behavior by the rest of the town.

“His parents were shiftless and unsuccessful farm people – his imagination had never really accepted them as his parents at all.”

Explanation: In this example, the word “shiftless” refers to a person who is lazy and lacks ambition. The use of this word emphasizes the negative perception of the protagonist’s parents by the narrator, who sees them as inadequate and unworthy of being his parents.

“He [Stanley] sizes women up at a glance, with sexual classifications, crude images flashing into his mind and determining the way he smiles at them.”

Explanation: In this example, the denotation of the word “classifications” refers to the act of categorizing or grouping things based on certain characteristics. The use of this word emphasizes the objectification and dehumanization of women by the character Stanley, who views them solely in terms of their sexual appeal.

“She was about as kind-hearted as a goddamn wolf.”

Explanation: In this example, the word “kind-hearted” refers to a person who is compassionate and generous. However, the narrator uses this word sarcastically to emphasize the opposite quality of the person he is describing, who he perceives as cruel and unfeeling.

Suggested Readings
  1. Eagleton, Terry. Literary Theory: An Introduction. Wiley-Blackwell, 2008.
  2. Eco, Umberto. The Role of the Reader: Explorations in the Semiotics of Texts. Indiana University Press, 1979.
  3. Genette, Gérard. Narrative Discourse: An Essay in Method. Cornell University Press, 1980.
  4. Lodge, David. The Art of Fiction. Vintage, 1992.
  5. Perrine, Laurence. Sound and Sense: An Introduction to Poetry. Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1998.
  6. Riffaterre, Michael. Semiotics of Poetry. Indiana University Press, 1978.
  7. Wimsatt, W. K., and Monroe C. Beardsley. The Verbal Icon: Studies in the Meaning of Poetry. University Press of Kentucky, 2012.
More from Literary Devices:

Connotation: Using in Writing

Connotation, a literary device, involves the subtle, implied meanings and emotions that specific words or phrases evoke beyond their literal definitions.

Connotation, a literary device, involves the subtle, implied meanings and emotions that specific words or phrases evoke beyond their literal definitions. Employed adeptly, connotation bedecks writing with layers of depth and mood, shaping readers’ interpretations and feelings. Writers exploit connotations to infuse their work with nuanced emotions, perspectives, and atmospheres.

How to Create Connotations

To create connotations in your writing, you must use words or phrases that have an associated emotional or cultural meaning beyond their literal definition. Here are some tips for using connotation effectively:

StepExplanation of StepExample of Step
1. Choose a WordSelect a word that you want to convey a connotation for.Choose the word “home,” which typically has positive connotations of comfort and security.
2. Identify ContextConsider the context in which the word will be used.In a poem about war, the word “home” might take on connotations of longing and safety amid chaos.
3. Determine ToneDecide on the emotional tone you want the word to evoke.Using the word “snake” with a sinister tone can evoke connotations of danger and deceit.
4. Find SynonymsExplore synonyms that carry the desired connotations.Instead of “snake,” you might use “serpent” to evoke ancient and mythical connotations.
5. Analyze Word PartsBreak down the word into its components to assess their influence.Breaking down “butterfly” into “butter” and “fly” might evoke connotations of delicacy and fleeting beauty.
6. Consider Cultural ContextBe aware of cultural associations that impact connotations.The color white might symbolize purity in Western cultures, but it can symbolize mourning in some Eastern cultures.
7. Use Figurative LanguageUtilize metaphors, similes, or other figurative language to enhance connotations.Describing a character’s smile as “radiant as the morning sun” adds positive connotations of warmth and brightness.
8. Examine Surrounding WordsConsider how nearby words influence the perceived connotations.Placing “whisper” next to “shadow” might evoke mysterious and secretive connotations.
9. Evaluate Reader’s PerspectiveAnticipate how readers might interpret the connotations.The connotation of “freedom” might be different for someone who has experienced oppression compared to someone who hasn’t.
10. Revise and RefineReview and adjust your language to ensure the desired connotation is conveyed.Revising “he walked confidently” to “he strutted arrogantly” shifts the connotation from self-assuredness to arrogance.

Remember that connotation are subtle and nuanced. Therefore, it is important to choose your words carefully and pay attention to the effects they have on your readers,

Benefits of Connotation

1. Enhanced Emotional Resonance:

  • Amplified Emotional Impact: Connotations infuse words with emotions beyond their literal meanings, evoking stronger feelings in the audience.
  • Subtle Emotional Nuances: Connotations allow for the conveyance of subtle emotional shades, adding depth and complexity to communication.

2. Effective Communication:

  • Precise Communication: Connotations enable speakers and writers to express specific shades of meaning, leading to clearer and more nuanced communication.
  • Engaging Audience: Words with evocative connotations capture audience attention, making the content more captivating and memorable.

3. Creation of Atmosphere and Mood:

  • Atmospheric Setting: Words with particular connotations help set the desired mood and atmosphere in various forms of writing, from poetry to storytelling.
  • Tone Establishment: Connotations shape the tone of communication, influencing whether it appears formal, casual, ominous, or cheerful.

4. Symbolism and Allusion:

  • Symbolic Depth: Words with rich connotations can function as symbols or allusions, carrying additional layers of meaning and cultural associations.
  • Enriched Literary Experience: Connotations provide a deeper literary experience, allowing readers to engage with subtle symbolic connections.

5. Persuasion and Rhetorical Effectiveness:

  • Persuasive Power: Connotations can sway opinions by appealing to emotions, making them invaluable tools in persuasive writing and rhetoric.
  • Subliminal Influence: Connotations work on a subconscious level, influencing readers or listeners without overt persuasion.

6. Unique Expression and Creativity:

  • Individual Voice: Skillful use of connotations establishes a unique writer’s voice, setting authors apart and creating memorable writing styles.
  • Creative Play: Connotations offer a playground for creativity, encouraging writers to experiment with words and evoke unconventional associations.

7. Cultural and Contextual Depth:

  • Cultural Relevance: Connotations can carry cultural or historical references, adding depth and relatability to the communication.
  • Cultural Nuances: Sensitivity to connotations aids effective cross-cultural communication by avoiding unintended misunderstandings.

8. Subtext and Implication:

  • Subtle Meanings: Connotations introduce subtext, allowing for the expression of underlying meanings or suggestions without direct statement.
  • Layered Interpretation: The use of connotations invites readers to engage in critical analysis, exploring implied meanings beyond the surface.

9. Elevated Literary Analysis:

  • Enhanced Literary Critique: Analyzing connotations unveils an additional layer of literary interpretation, revealing themes, motifs, and authorial intentions.
  • Deeper Engagement: Connotation analysis deepens readers’ engagement with texts, enabling a more profound exploration of the writer’s craft.

10. Adaptation to Audience and Context:

  • Tailored Communication: Skillful use of connotations allows writers to tailor their message to different audiences and contexts effectively.
  • Emotional Connection: Appropriate connotations foster emotional connections with readers or listeners, ensuring resonance with their experiences and perspectives.

In short, using connotation in your writing helps you create a more dynamic and engaging piece that captures your readers’mind and make them take more interest in understanding the piece.

Connotation and Literary Theory
Literary TheoryUse of ConnotationApplication of Connotation through that Literary Theory
New CriticismNew Criticism emphasizes the close reading of literary texts, paying attention to the words and phrases used by the author. New Critics often focus on the connotations of words and how they contribute to the meaning of the text.In critique, New Critics analyze the connotations of words to uncover the deeper layers of meaning within a literary work. For instance, in analyzing Edgar Allan Poe’s “The Raven,” New Critics might explore how the connotations of words like “nevermore” contribute to the sense of melancholy and despair, enhancing the overall mood and theme of the poem.
Reader-Response TheoryReader-Response Theory emphasizes the role of the reader in interpreting literary texts. Readers bring their own experiences and associations to a text, and these can influence how they perceive the connotations of words.When applying connotation in critique through Reader-Response Theory, critics examine how readers’ personal experiences and cultural backgrounds shape their understanding of the connotations associated with certain words. For example, analyzing the connotations of the word “freedom” in Toni Morrison’s Beloved reveals how readers from different backgrounds interpret the concept based on their own histories and identities, influencing their engagement with the story’s themes.
Feminist TheoryFeminist Theory often examines the connotations of words in relation to gender and power dynamics. Feminist critics may look at how certain words or phrases are used to reinforce or challenge traditional gender roles and stereotypes.In critique through Feminist Theory, the analysis of connotation focuses on identifying how language choices perpetuate or subvert gendered connotations and power structures. For instance, in analyzing Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s “The Yellow Wallpaper,” feminist critics might examine how the connotations of words like “hysteria” and “nervousness” contribute to the portrayal of women’s struggles within a patriarchal society, highlighting the effects of medical and societal control on women’s agency.
Postcolonial TheoryPostcolonial Theory looks at how literature reflects and reinforces colonial power structures. Postcolonial critics may examine how words with specific connotations are used to reinforce cultural stereotypes or to assert dominance over colonized peoples.In critique, Postcolonial Theory emphasizes the examination of connotations within literature to uncover instances of linguistic imperialism, cultural appropriation, and the reinforcement of colonial hierarchies. For example, analyzing Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness, postcolonial critics might explore how the connotations associated with words like “savage” and “primitive” contribute to the portrayal of African characters, reflecting the colonial discourse and Eurocentric perspective that perpetuate stereotypes and unequal power dynamics.

Suggested Readings

  1. Abrams, M.H. A Glossary of Literary Terms. Cengage Learning, 2014.
  2. Eco, Umberto. Semiotics and the Philosophy of Language. Indiana University Press, 1984.
  3. Fowler, H.W. A Dictionary of Modern English Usage. Oxford University Press, 1965.
  4. Leech, Geoffrey N. Semantics: The Study of Meaning. Penguin UK, 1981.
  5. Martin, James H. A Systemic Functional Grammar of English. Routledge, 1992.
  6. Saeed, John I. Semantics. Wiley-Blackwell, 2009.
  7. Thibault, Paul J. Re-reading Saussure: The Dynamics of Signs in Social Life. Routledge, 2007.
More from Literary Devices:

Connotation

Without the connotation good or bad, bin Laden’s a great man in the sense that he’s influenced the course of history. Michael Scheuer

Etymology of Connotation

The term “connotation” originated from the Latin word connotare, meaning “to mark in addition.” The word entered the English language in the 17th century. Its original meaning refers to the act of indicating something indirectly.

Meanings of Connotation
  • Emotional Associations: Connotation refers to the emotional or subjective associations that a word carries beyond its literal meaning. Words evokes positive, negative, or neutral emotions based on cultural, personal, or historical contexts. For example, the word “home” may have connotations of warmth, comfort, and security.
  • Implied or Subtle Meanings: It also encompasses the implied or subtle meanings that a word carries often through associations or cultural references. These implied meanings add depth or layers of interpretation to a word or phrase. For instance, the word “dove” may connote peace, innocence, or purity.
  • Social and Cultural Significance: It extends beyond individual interpretations and reflects broader social and cultural significance. Words may carry connotations shaped by societal norms, historical events, or group identities. For example, the term “patriot” could have positive connotations for those who value national loyalty, while it also carries negative connotations for those who perceive it as an expression of jingoism.
Connotation in Grammar

Grammatically, it is a noun that takes a plural form (connotations) but it does not have a distinct verb form. Its verb “connote” is a derivative of the noun “connotation.”

Definition of Connotation

Connotation, as a literary device, refers to the cultural and emotional associations evoked by a word beyond its literal meaning. It is the subjective meaning people assign to a word based on their personal experience, cultural background, and social context.

Types of Connotation

There are three main types of connotation:

Type of ConnotationDetailExample
Positive connotationWords that evoke positive feelings or associationsThe word “love” conveys warmth, affection, and happiness.
Negative connotationWords that evoke negative feelings or associationsThe word “death” is associated with fear, sadness, and loss.
Neutral connotationWords that do not evoke strong feelings or associationsThe word “chair” is a neutral term for a piece of furniture used for sitting.
Common Examples of Connotation
  1. Dove: The word “dove” has a connotation of peace and purity. That is why they are often used as symbols of peace.
  2. Snake: The word “snake” connotes deception and danger. This is because snakes are often portrayed as cunning and dangerous animals.
  3. Rose: The word “rose” has a connotation of love and romance. This is because roses are commonly associated with romantic gestures and are often given as gifts on special occasions.
  4. Home: The word “home” connotes comfort and safety. It is associated with a place where one feels secure and at ease.
  5. Childish: The word “childish” has a connotation of immaturity and silliness. This shows behavior that is typical of children such as being playful or impulsive.
  6. Wealthy: The word “wealthy” has a connotation of success and abundance. It often shows people having a lot of money or possessions as successful.
Literary Examples of Connotation
ExampleReference to Context and AuthorExplanation
Example 1From Macbeth by William ShakespeareThe play Macbeth shows the word “blood” carries a connotation of guilt, violence, and betrayal. The repeated mention of blood throughout the play symbolizes the characters’ moral corruption and the irreversible consequences of their actions.
Example 2From “The Raven” by Edgar Allan Poe“The Raven” shows the word “nevermore” carries a connotation of despair, finality, and eternal darkness. Through its repetition, “nevermore” reinforces the protagonist’s sense of loss and his inability to find solace or escape from his grief.
Example 3From “The Lottery” by Shirley Jackson“The Lottery” shows the word “lottery” carries a connotation of excitement, anticipation, and good fortune. However, as the story unfolds, the true nature of the lottery is revealed, and the word takes on a sinister and horrifying connotation, representing the violent tradition upheld by the villagers.
Example 4From Romeo and Juliet by William ShakespeareIn “Romeo and Juliet,” the word “light” carries a connotation of love, purity, and hope. It is frequently used to describe the relationship between Romeo and Juliet, representing their passionate affection and the possibility of a bright future together, despite the dark circumstances surrounding them.
Example 5From “The Road Not Taken” by Robert FrostIn the poem “The Road Not Taken,” the word “sigh” connotes regret, contemplation, and longing. It suggests the speaker’s reflective and wistful state of mind as they consider the choices they have made in life and the path not taken.
Suggested Readings
  1. Abrams, Meyers. H. The Deconstructive Angel. The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism, edited by Vincent B. Leitch, et al., W. W. Norton & Company, 2018, pp. 245-262.
  2. Barthes, Roland. Image-Music-Text. Translated by Stephen Heath, Hill, and Wang. Fontana Press, 1977.
  3. Brooks, Cleanth. The Well Wrought Urn: Studies in the Structure of Poetry. Harcourt, Brace & World, 1947.
  4. Culler, Jonathan. Literary Theory: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 1997.
  5. Derrida, Jacques. Of Grammatology. Translated by Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997.
  6. Eagleton, Terry. Literary Theory: An Introduction. Blackwell, 2008.
  7. Frye, Northrop. Anatomy of Criticism: Four Essays. Princeton University Press, 1957.
  8. Jakobson, Roman. “Linguistics and Poetics.” In Style in Language, edited by Thomas A. Sebeok, MIT Press, 1960, pp. 350-377.
  9. Leitch, Vincent B., editor. The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism. 3rd ed., W. W. Norton & Company, 2018.

Comparison: Using in Writing

“Reality seems valueless by comparison with the dreams of fevered imaginations; reality is therefore abandoned.” Emile Durkheim.

Introduction

Comparison is a literary device writers use to show the nuances of complex ideas, characters, or situations. Through juxtaposing two distinct objects, authors try to reveal their similarities and differences, providing readers with clear understanding of the object compared.

This device not only aids in clarifying complex concepts but also fills the narrative with vivid imagery and emotional resonance. By drawing parallels between disparate elements, authors evoke powerful reactions from their audience.

This is how comparison serves as an indispensable tool for writers to shed light their subject matter and engage readers on emotional level and academic level.

Creating comparisons in a fictional work helps to add depth and complexity to characters, themes, and settings. Here are some tips for creating effective comparisons in your writing:

StepExplanationExample
1. Select Relevant SubjectsChoose two subjects or ideas that share some common attributes but might not be directly related. This contrast can lead to intriguing insights and captivating descriptions.For a poem, select the themes of nature and human emotions.
2. Identify Shared TraitsDetermine the specific qualities, characteristics, or traits that the two subjects share. These commonalities form the basis of your comparison and will help you create meaningful connections.Both nature and human emotions are constantly changing and have various facets.
3. Use Descriptive LanguageEmploy vivid and sensory language to paint a clear picture of each subject. This allows readers to visualize and engage with your comparison more effectively.The rustling leaves in the forest whispered secrets like a hidden choir, while her tears flowed like a gentle river down her cheeks.
4. Employ Similes and MetaphorsSimiles and metaphors are key tools in creating comparisons. Similes use “like” or “as” to directly compare two things, while metaphors equate one thing to another.“His determination was like a wildfire, consuming every obstacle in its path.”
5. Enhance Emotion and AtmosphereUtilize comparison to evoke emotions and set the tone of your writing. By associating your subjects with specific feelings or atmospheres, you can establish a deeper connection with your readers.The stormy sky mirrored the turmoil in her heart, casting a shadow over her thoughts.
6. Avoid ClichésWhile familiar comparisons can be effective, try to steer clear of overused clichés. Create unique and fresh comparisons to make your writing stand out.Instead of saying “quiet as a mouse,” try “silent as the pause between heartbeats.”
7. Consider Cultural ReferencesIncorporate comparisons that your target audience can relate to. Cultural references can add another layer of meaning to your writing, making it more relatable and engaging.“Her laughter resonated through the room, like the opening chords of a familiar song.”
8. Maintain ConsistencyOnce you introduce a comparison, ensure consistency throughout your writing. Don’t mix metaphors or abruptly switch between different types of comparisons.If you begin by describing a garden as a tapestry of colors, avoid suddenly comparing it to a symphony of scents.
9. Highlight Contrasts and SimilaritiesDepending on your purpose, emphasize either the contrasts or the similarities between the two subjects. This choice can shape the tone and message of your writing.To emphasize unity, explore how the contrast between city life and rural landscapes reveals shared moments of tranquility.
10. Revise and RefineAfter drafting, review your comparisons for clarity, impact, and relevance. Revise and refine your language to ensure that your comparisons enhance the overall quality of your writing.Replace vague comparisons with more specific and evocative imagery during the editing process.
11. Read WidelyExpose yourself to a variety of literature to observe how accomplished authors employ comparison effectively. Analyze their techniques and adapt them to your own writing style.Study authors like Shakespeare, who masterfully used comparisons in his plays and sonnets to convey complex emotions.
12. Practice PatienceMastering the art of comparison takes practice. Be patient with yourself and keep experimenting to find your unique voice and style when using this literary device.Understand that becoming proficient at creating compelling comparisons is a gradual process that requires dedication and perseverance.

Benefits of Comparison

1. Clarity and Understanding:

  • Clear Visual Representation: Comparisons provide a tangible and relatable image that helps readers grasp abstract concepts more easily.
  • Enhanced Comprehension: Complex ideas become simpler to understand when compared to familiar or concrete objects.

2. Engaging and Captivating:

  • Reader Engagement: Comparisons pique readers’ curiosity by drawing parallels between seemingly unrelated subjects, keeping them interested.
  • Emotional Connection: Well-crafted comparisons evoke emotions, making the content more emotionally resonant and memorable.

3. Effective Communication:

  • Simplification of Complex Ideas: Comparisons break down intricate concepts into digestible parts, making them accessible to a wider audience.
  • Universal Language: Comparisons bridge language barriers and cultural differences, conveying messages that transcend boundaries.

4. Vivid Imagery:

  • Immersive Description: Comparisons use sensory details to create vivid mental images, allowing readers to immerse themselves in the text.
  • Memorable Descriptions: Striking comparisons leave a lasting impression in the reader’s mind due to their imaginative and unique nature.

5. Emotion Elicitation:

  • Emotional Impact: Well-chosen comparisons trigger emotional responses, eliciting empathy and resonance in readers.
  • Atmosphere Establishment: Comparisons set the tone and mood of the content by associating subjects with particular feelings or atmospheres.

6. Enhanced Persuasion:

  • Analogies for Persuasion: Comparisons can be used as persuasive tools by aligning the reader’s existing beliefs with the writer’s viewpoint.
  • Visualizing Benefits: Through comparisons, readers can better understand the benefits of a certain idea, product, or concept.

7. Increased Memorability:

  • Memorable Mental Hooks: Unique and creative comparisons serve as mental hooks that help readers retain information for longer periods.
  • Aiding Recall: Readers are more likely to remember content that features engaging comparisons due to the visual and emotional impact.

8. Cognitive Engagement:

  • Intellectual Stimulation: Comparisons encourage critical thinking by prompting readers to explore connections and analyze differences.
  • Active Participation: Readers actively engage with the content as they process and evaluate the validity of the comparison.

9. Expressive Writing:

  • Creative Expression: Comparisons offer writers a versatile tool for conveying thoughts and emotions in a more imaginative and expressive manner.
  • Style and Voice: Authors can establish a unique writing style by employing comparisons that reflect their individual voices.

10. Highlighting Contrasts and Similarities:

  • Contrast Illumination: Comparisons emphasize differences between subjects, helping readers identify distinctions that might have been overlooked.
  • Common Ground Identification: By highlighting shared traits, comparisons enable readers to recognize connections and similarities.

11. Attention Retention:

  • Reader Focus: Effective comparisons maintain the readers’ attention by providing intriguing points of reference throughout the content.
  • Avoiding Monotony: Varied comparisons prevent content from becoming monotonous, adding dynamic and engaging elements.

12. Cultural and Contextual Relevance:

  • Cultural Understanding: Appropriate comparisons grounded in cultural references enhance relatability and understanding for diverse audiences.
  • Contextual Application: Comparisons tailored to specific contexts ensure that the intended message is well-received and relevant.

Using comparisons in your writing offers a multitude of advantages that contribute to better communication, reader engagement, and impactful expression.Top of Form

Bottom of Form

Comparison and Literary Theory

Literary TheoryInterpretationApplication of Literary Theory on Comparison
Formalism Literary TheoryComparison could be used to analyze the structure, form, and language of literary works. It helps identify patterns, themes, and motifs within a specific work or across works in the same tradition.In a formalist critique, comparisons are employed to examine how different works within the same literary tradition utilize similar or contrasting structures, forms, or language techniques. For example, in comparing William Wordsworth’s poem “Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey” with Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner,” one can analyze how both poems use natural imagery to evoke emotional responses and convey meaning.
Reader-Response Literary TheoryComparison could be used to explore the diverse interpretations and responses of readers to different works, authors, or genres.In a reader-response critique, comparison can be utilized to examine how readers’ responses and interpretations vary when encountering similar themes, characters, or narrative techniques in different literary works. For instance, comparing the reader responses to Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice and Emily Brontë’s Wuthering Heights could reveal how different readers’ backgrounds and perspectives lead to contrasting interpretations of love and relationships in the two novels.
Postcolonial Literary TheoryComparison could be employed to examine the impact of colonialism and imperialism on literature and culture.In a postcolonial critique, comparison analyzes how different literary works portray the experiences of colonized peoples and colonizers, and how they depict power dynamics, cultural clashes, or resistance. For example, comparing Chinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart with Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness highlights the contrasting perspectives on colonialism and its effects, shedding light on the complex relationship between colonized and colonizer.
Feminist Literary TheoryComparison could be utilized to analyze the representation and experiences of women in literature.In a feminist critique, comparisons are employed to examine how different literary works present women characters, their agency, and the challenges they face. For instance, comparing Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s short story “The Yellow Wallpaper” with Kate Chopin’s “The Story of an Hour” allows for an exploration of how each work portrays women’s struggles for autonomy and liberation within patriarchal societies. Comparison also enables the analysis of how the authors engage with feminist themes and ideas differently.
Psychoanalytic Literary TheoryComparison can be used to explore the unconscious motivations and desires of characters and analyze the representation of archetypes or symbols.In a psychoanalytic critique, comparison can be employed to analyze how different characters in literary works manifest similar or contrasting psychological experiences, desires, or defense mechanisms. For example, comparing the characters of Hamlet from Shakespeare’s play Hamlet and Holden Caulfield from J.D. Salinger’s novel The Catcher in the Rye can reveal the manifestation of unresolved psychological conflicts and the exploration of the archetype of the tormented youth in different contexts. Comparison also allows for the examination of how authors employ psychoanalytic concepts to explore human behavior and motivations.

Suggested Readings

  1. Brooks, Cleanth. The Well Wrought Urn: Studies in the Structure of Poetry. Harcourt, Brace & World, 1947.
  2. Eliot, T.S. The Sacred Wood: Essays on Poetry and Criticism. Methuen, 1920.
  3. Hirsch, E.D. Jr. Valid Interpretation: Perspectives on Meaning in the Arts. Yale University Press, 1967.
  4. Miller, J. Hillis. On Literature. Routledge, 2002.
  5. Poe, Edgar Allan. “The Philosophy of Composition.” Graham’s Magazine, vol. 28, no. 4, 1846, pp. 163-167.
  6. Shklovsky, Viktor. “Art as Technique.” Russian Formalist Criticism: Four Essays, translated by Lee T. Lemon and Marion J. Reis, University of Nebraska Press, 1965, pp. 3-24.
  7. Wimsatt, W.K., and Monroe C. Beardsley. The Verbal Icon: Studies in the Meaning of Poetry. University Press of Kentucky, 2011.
  8. Wood, James. How Fiction Works. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2008.

Comparison

The term “comparison” originated from the Latin word comparatio, which means a comparison. It is a derivativeof the verb comparare, which means to compare.

Etymology of Comparison

The term “comparison” originated from the Latin word comparatio, which means a comparison. It is a derivativeof the verb comparare, which means to compare. The prefix “com-” means “together,” and “parare” means “to make ready.” Thus, the word “comparison” literally means “together making ready,” which suggests the act of bringing two things together to examine them side by side.

Meanings of Comparison

Comparison literally means finding similarities and differences between two or more things, ideas, or concepts. It is often used to create vivid images in the readers’minds to help them understand complex ideas

Comparison in Grammar

Comparison is a singular noun with its plural form comparisons. When using the word ‘comparison’ as a subject of a sentence, the verb following it should be singular. For example;

  1. “The comparison between the two books is interesting. (Singular)
  2. “The comparisons between the two books are interesting.” (Plural)
Definition of Comparison

Comparison as a literary device shows similarities and differences between two or more things, ideas, or concepts. The writers use it to make their descriptions more clear and relatable to the readers by creating a connection between familiar objects and abstract ideas.

Types of Comparison

There are several types of comparisons writers use to explore similarities and differences between two or more things, ideas, or concepts. Some of the literary devices that fall under this category are as follows.

Types of ComparisonDefinitionsExamples
SimileIt is a comparison between two things using “like” or “as.”“He ran like a cheetah.”
MetaphorIt is a direct comparison between two things, stating that one thing is something else.“Life is a journey.”
AnalogyA comparison between two things is similar in some ways but different in others and is used to explain complex ideas.“The human brain is like a computer, processing and storing information.”
PersonificationIt means assigning human qualities to non-human objects to create a more relatable and vivid image.“The wind whispered secrets to the trees.”
AllegoryIt means to explain an abstract idea or concept through a story, with characters and events representing real-life situations.Animal Farm by George Orwell is an allegory for the Russian Revolution and Stalinism.
Common Examples of Comparison

Comparison is not only a literary device, but it is also commonly used in everyday language and communication to express similarities and differences between two or more things. Here are some examples of common non-literary comparisons:

  1. Comparing prices of different products.
  2. Comparing the nutritional values of different types of food.
  3. Comparing the pros and cons of different options.
  4. Comparing the attributes of different jobs.
  5. Comparing the performance of different sports teams.
  6. Comparing the similarities and differences between two historical events or figures.

Putting it briefly, comparison is a ubiquitous aspect of communication and decision-making in everyday life. It helps us to make informed choices and understand the world around us better. However, in literature, it is a specific literary device as shown through examples below taken from different literary works below.

Literary Examples of Comparison

Here are a few examples of comparison as a literary device in various works of literature, along with an explanation and reference to the context:

  1. “She walks in beauty like the night”

Lord Byron’s “She Walks in Beauty”

Explanation: This line from Lord Byron’s poem compares the woman’s beauty to the night. The poet uses a simile to describe how the woman’s grace and elegance resemble the serene and captivating qualities of the night. By contrasting the light and darkness, Byron emphasizes the woman’s attractiveness and creates a vivid image in the reader’s mind.

  • “All the world’s a stage, and all the men and women merely players”

William Shakespeare’s “As You Like It”

Explanation: In this famous metaphor from Shakespeare’s play, the world is compared to a stage and people to actors. The metaphor suggests that life is like a theatrical performance, with individuals assuming different roles and playing their parts. It implies that people are merely transient beings, performing their roles before eventually exiting the stage of life.

  • “Hope is the thing with feathers that perches in the soul”

Emily Dickinson’s “Hope is the Thing with Feathers”

Explanation: In this metaphorical comparison, Emily Dickinson likens hope to a bird with feathers that resides within the soul. By using this imagery, Dickinson conveys the delicate and ethereal nature of hope. The bird metaphor emphasizes the notion that hope brings comfort, uplifts the spirit, and is capable of soaring even in the face of adversity.

  • “My love is like a red, red rose”

Robert Burns’ “A Red, Red Rose”

Explanation: This simile from Robert Burns’ poem compares the poet’s love to a red rose. By using this comparison, Burns conveys the beauty, freshness, and intensity of his affection. The vivid imagery of a blooming rose evokes a sense of passion, fragility, and emotional depth, capturing the essence of the poet’s love for his beloved.

These examples illustrate how comparison proves effective in literature to create vivid imagery and convey complex emotions and ideas.

Suggested Readings
  1. Brooks, Cleanth. The Well Wrought Urn: Studies in the Structure of Poetry. Harcourt, Brace & World, 1947.
  2. Eliot, T.S. The Sacred Wood: Essays on Poetry and Criticism. Methuen, 1920.
  3. Hirsch, E.D. Jr. Valid Interpretation: Perspectives on Meaning in the Arts. Yale University Press, 1967.
  4. Miller, J. Hillis. On Literature. Routledge, 2002.
  5. Poe, Edgar Allan. “The Philosophy of Composition.” Graham’s Magazine, vol. 28, no. 4, 1846, pp. 163-167.
  6. Shklovsky, Viktor. “Art as Technique.” Russian Formalist Criticism: Four Essays, translated by Lee T. Lemon and Marion J. Reis, University of Nebraska Press, 1965, pp. 3-24.
  7. Wimsatt, W.K., and Monroe C. Beardsley. The Verbal Icon: Studies in the Meaning of Poetry. University Press of Kentucky, 2011.
  8. Wood, James. How Fiction Works. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2008.

More from Literary Devices:

Colloquialism

A colloquialism, when employed as a literary device, refers to the incorporation of informal, everyday language within a predominantly formal written or spoken discourse.

Introduction

A colloquialism, when employed as a literary device, refers to the incorporation of informal, everyday language within a predominantly formal written or spoken discourse. This intentional use of colloquial expressions serves to mirror natural conversation and enhance the authenticity of characters’ dialogues or the overall narrative voice. By juxtaposing casual language within a structured context, authors aim to evoke a sense of realism, cultural identity, and relatability, thereby enriching the depth and resonance of their literary work.

Writing or Incorporating Colloquialism in Writing
StepExplanationExample
Using Expressive LanguageUtilizing vivid and impactful terminology to effectively convey ideas.In The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald uses the phrase “old sport” to depict the casual camaraderie among the characters.
Exploring Casual ConversationsInvestigating informal dialogues and discussions within literary contexts.Shakespeare’s use of bawdy humor and witty banter in “Much Ado About Nothing” adds depth to character interactions.
Deconstructing SimplicityAnalyzing instances where literary works employ straightforward language and concepts.Hemingway’s minimalist writing style in The Old Man and the Sea reflects the protagonist’s straightforward worldview. This style is best for colloquialism.
Attentive ReceptionDelving into the portrayal of active listening and engagement among characters.Jane Austen’s novels often highlight characters’ keen observation and insightful responses during social interactions.
Rest and Repose in LiteratureExamining representations of sleep or rest in literary works.In Macbeth, sleep symbolizes guilt and innocence as characters struggle with the consequences of their actions.
Indirect Communication in ProseInvestigating instances where characters use vague or evasive language.J.D. Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye showcases the protagonist’s use of slang and colloquialisms to express his disconnection.
Disclosing Secrets in NarrativesAnalyzing the thematic significance of revealing confidential information in stories.In To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee uses colloquial dialogue to unveil the town’s hidden prejudices and secrets.
Courage Amid AdversityExploring characters’ reactions when confronted with challenging circumstances.In The Lord of the Rings, Frodo and Sam’s colloquial exchanges highlight their enduring friendship during their arduous journey.
Superstitions and PerformanceInvestigating the portrayal of luck-related beliefs before pivotal moments in narratives.In Othello, Shakespeare uses the colloquial phrase “green-eyed monster” to convey Othello’s jealousy and insecurity.
Meteorological MetaphorsAnalyzing the use of weather-related expressions to enhance literary imagery.The storm in King Lear serves as a metaphor for the internal turmoil and chaos within the characters’ lives when they use colloquialism.

This table helps organize the information more clearly and makes it easier for readers to understand how, why, and where to use colloquialism in their writings.

Benefits of Using Colloquialism
  1. Enhanced Engagement: Colloquial language captures readers’ attention and encourages active participation in the text.
  2. Relatable Tone: Using colloquialism establishes a relatable and conversational tone, fostering a connection with the audience.
  3. Readers’ Involvement: Colloquialism invites readers to connect emotionally, making them feel like participants rather than passive observers.
  4. Cultural Authenticity: Colloquialisms reflect the cultural nuances of everyday language, enhancing authenticity within the text.
  5. Expressive Nuances: Colloquial phrases enable writers to convey subtle emotions, attitudes, and viewpoints effectively.
  6. Informal Accessibility: Colloquial language breaks down barriers, making complex concepts more accessible to a broader audience.
  7. Character Portrayal: Colloquialism differentiates characters, adding depth and realism to their personalities in literature.
  8. Vivid Imagery: Colloquial expressions paint vivid mental pictures, intensifying the impact of descriptions.
  9. Modern Relevance: Utilizing colloquialism keeps written content current and aligned with evolving language trends.
  10. Narrative Dynamics: Incorporating colloquial English can alter the pacing and rhythm of the narrative, enriching its overall texture.

It must be kept in mind that the use of colloquial English should be appropriate for the context and target audience of your writing.

Colloquialism in Literary Theory
Literary TheoryApplication to ColloquialismExample and Critique
British HumanismReflects character individuality and realism.Novel: Down and Out in Paris and London by George Orwell Colloquial expressions capture character voices authentically, but excessive slang and dialects may alienate readers unfamiliar with nuances, hindering engagement.
FormalismAnalyzes impact on structure and style.Poem: “The Waste Land” by T.S. Eliot Colloquial language contrasts the speaker’s informality with the poem’s formal structure, adding depth. However, misplaced expressions disrupt immersion and aesthetic impact.
MarxismReflects social class distinctions.Short Story: The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck Colloquialism distinguishes classes, but reinforcing stereotypes undermines challenging power structures and nuanced exploration of class dynamics.
PostcolonialismExplores language, identity, and hegemony.Novel: Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe Colloquial expressions from colonizer’s and colonized’s languages highlight power dynamics. Careful evaluation needed to avoid perpetuating linguistic hierarchies and colonial dominance.
FeminismChallenges gender dynamics and language.Play: “A Doll’s House” by Henrik Ibsen Colloquialism empowers female characters and challenges patriarchal language. Critical analysis necessary to avoid limiting roles or reinforcing gendered stereotypes.
Suggested Readings
  1. Epoge, Napoleon Kang. “Slang and Colloquialism in Cameroon English Verbal Discourse.” International Journal of Linguistics 4.1 (2012): 130. Print.
  2. King, Gareth. Colloquial English: The Complete Course for Beginners. Routledge, 2015. Print.
  3. Lodge, Ken R. Studies in the Phonology of Colloquial English. Routledge, 2015. Print.
  4. Radford, Andrew. Colloquial English: Structure and Variation. Vol. 158. Cambridge Studies in Linguistics, 2018. Print.
  5. Tracy, Karen, and Jessica S. Robles. Everyday Talk: Building and Reflecting Identities. Guilford Press, 2013. Print.

Colloquialism

The term colloquialism originates from the Latin word colloquium. It means conversation or dialogue or chit-chat between two people.

Etymology of Colloquialism

The term colloquialism originates from the Latin word colloquium. It means conversation or dialogue or chit-chat between two people or even one person. It refers to words, phrases, or expressions used in informal, everyday conversation or writing, often specific to a specific region, culture, or social group.

Meanings of Colloquialism
  • Informal Expressions: Words or phrases used in casual communication, typically avoided in formal or academic writing.
  • Spoken or Written Communication: Colloquialisms can be found in both conversations and informal writing.
  • Inappropriateness for Formal Writing: Not suitable for official or academic contexts due to their informal nature.
  • Familiarity, Humor, and Regional Identity: Colloquialisms often create a sense of closeness, amusement, or connection to a specific region.
  • Conveyance of Tone: Colloquialisms contribute to a relaxed and easygoing tone in dialogue.
  • Relaxed and Casual Tone: Their effectiveness lies in establishing an informal atmosphere during conversations.
Colloquialism in Grammar
  • “Colloquialism” is a singular noun.
  • Its plural is “colloquialisms.”
  • “Colloquial” is its adjective. It describes something related to colloquialism.
  • “Colloquially” is an adverb derived from “colloquial” and is used to modify verbs or other adjectives.
Definition of Colloquialism

As a literary device, colloquialism refers to the use of informal, everyday language in literature to create a sense of realism, authenticity, and immediacy in dialogue or narration. It includes regional dialects, slang, or idiomatic expressions. They are often used to convey the unique character and voice of a particular speaker or narrator.

Common Examples of Colloquialism

Here are some common examples of colloquialisms:

  1. gonna – contraction of “going to”
  2. wanna – contraction of “want to”
  3. gonna be – “going to be”
  4. gonna have – “going to have”
  5. y’all – contraction of “you all”
  6. kinda – contraction of “kind of”
  7. gonna get – “going to get”
  8. gonna do – “going to do”
  9. gonna need – “going to need”
  10. gonna make – “going to make”
  11. gonna give – “going to give”
  12. ain’t – contraction of “am not”, “is not”, “are not”, “has not”, or “have not”
  13. gonna see – “going to see”
  14. gotta – contraction of “got to”
  15. gonna say – “going to say”

These colloquial expressions are commonly used in everyday speech, but they may not be considered appropriate for formal writing or academic settings. Additionally, colloquialisms may vary depending on the region, culture, or social group of the speaker or writer.

Literary Examples of Colloquialism

Here are some literary examples of colloquialism with quotations, their explanation, and the works/authors they come from:

  1. “It ain’t no matter.”

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain

Explanation: This sentence uses the contraction “ain’t” and the double negative “no matter,” which is a common colloquialism in Southern American English. The use of informal language here serves to create a sense of realism and authenticity in the setting.

  • “I reckon I got to light out for the Territory ahead of the rest, because Aunt Sally she’s going to adopt me and sivilize me and I can’t stand it.”

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain

Explanation: The use of the contraction “reckon” and the colloquialism “light out for the Territory” demonstrate the informal use of language, indicating background of Huck. This colloquialism is used to convey Huck’s resistance to being civilized and his desire for freedom.

  • “I was sweating like a sinner in church.”

The Help by Kathryn Stockett

Explanation: This simile is a colloquialism used by one of the characters in the novel to describe her physical discomfort in a hot and humid environment. The use of colloquial language helps to create a sense of the character’s regional dialect and personality.

  • ““Ah got money on me, Janie. Dey can’t bother me. Anyhow Ah wants tuh go see how things is sho nuff. Ah wants tuh see if Ah kin hear anything ‘bout de boys from de ‘Glades. Maybe dey all come through all right. Maybe not.”  

Their Eyes Were Watching God by Zora Neale Hurston

Explanation: The use of colloquialism is evident in several aspects of the quote. The contraction “Ah” instead of “I” or “I’ve” is used, which reflects the informal speech patterns of the characters. Additionally, words like “got,” “tuh” (to), “dey” (they), “kin” (can), and “‘bout” (about) are written phonetically, representing the way the characters would pronounce them in their dialect.

These literary examples of the literary device colloquialism demonstrate how the use of informal language can add authenticity, humor, and regional flavor to a work of literature.

Suggested Readings
  1. Epoge, Napoleon Kang. “Slang and Colloquialism in Cameroon English Verbal Discourse.” International Journal of Linguistics 4.1 (2012): 130. Print.
  2. King, Gareth. Colloquial English: The Complete Course for Beginners. Routledge, 2015. Print.
  3. Lodge, Ken R. Studies in the Phonology of Colloquial English. Routledge, 2015. Print.
  4. Radford, Andrew. Colloquial English: Structure and Variation. Vol. 158. Cambridge Studies in Linguistics, 2018. Print.
  5. Tracy, Karen, and Jessica S. Robles. Everyday Talk: Building and Reflecting Identities. Guilford Press, 2013. Print.

Catharsis: How to Create It

Catharsis refers to a psychological and emotional release of pent-up emotions individuals experience when engaging with art or literature.

Introduction

Catharsis refers to a psychological and emotional release of pent-up emotions individuals experience when engaging with art, literature, or other forms of media. It involves the purification or cleansing of pent-up emotions. Afterward, it leads to a sense of emotional and psychological relief. This concept, first introduced by Aristotle in his book of criticism, Poetics, suggests that the depiction of intense emotions in art allows audiences to empathize and subsequently purge their emotional tensions. Through catharsis, individuals achieve a form of emotional balance and achieve an an insight into their feelings.

How to Create Catharsis in Your Writings
StepExplanationExample of How to Do It
1. Establish Emotional ConnectionBegin by creating relatable characters and situations readers emotionally connect with. This lays the foundation for a meaningful emotional journey to catharsis.Introduce a character dealing with loss such as a widow struggling to cope after her husband’s death.
2. Create Tension and ConflictIntroduce conflicts that stir up emotions. These challenges should resonate with readers’ experiences, leading to a sense of emotional investment causing catharsis later.Pit the main character against a powerful antagonist such as a person holding secrets about the character’s dirty/foul past.
3. Develop Complex CharactersCreate characters with depth, flaws, and aspirations. This complexity allows readers to empathize with their struggles and creates a deeper emotional bond which later echo forcefully during catharsis.Develop a protagonist who battles with self-doubt and fear of failure, making them relatable to readers’ personal insecurities.
4. Build Climax and IntensityGradually escalate the emotional tension as the story unfolds. The climax should be a pivotal moment where emotions reach their peak.During a confrontation, reveal a shocking truth that shakes the main character’s beliefs and challenges his/her values.
5. Evoke Empathy and IdentificationCreate situations that encourage readers to see themselves in the characters’ shoes, causing rise of empathy and emotional resonance in their hearts.Show the protagonist struggling with internal conflicts that mirror common human dilemmas such as a choice between duty and personal desires. The reason is internal conflict leads to strong catharsis.
6. Provide Cathartic ReleaseLead the narrative to a resolution that offers emotional release. This can be a moment of confrontation, realization, or acceptance that lets readers experience emotional purging.Allow the main character to confront his/her fears head-on, leading to a powerful outpouring of suppressed emotions.
7. Offer Resolution and TransformationConclude the story by resolving conflicts and showing character growth. This transformation provides a sense of closure and emotional satisfaction. This is real catharsis or relief.Have the protagonist overcome his/her challenges, learn from his/her experiences, and emerge stronger, even if scars remain.
8. Use Vivid Descriptions and ImageryUse descriptive language and sensual imagery to increase emotional impact and place readers in the story’s emotional landscape.Describe the protagonist’s emotional turmoil in detail, using metaphors that paint a clear picture of his/her internal struggle.
9. Foreshadow and CallbacksUse foreshadowing to create anticipation and callbacks to tie emotions and events together. These techniques enhance the emotional association of the narrative.Introduce a recurring symbol or phrase that gains emotional significance as the story progresses, culminating in a powerful moment of realization. This is a moment before catharsis.
10. Allow for InterpretationLeave room for readers to interpret and internalize the emotions. This enables them to apply the story’s catharsis to their own lives, fostering a deeper connection.Conclude the narrative with an open-ended reflection that prompts readers to associate their own experiences and emotions with the story and the character.

This table provides a comprehensive breakdown of the steps, explanations, and examples of how to create catharsis in your writings. It guides you through the process of creating emotionally attractive stories and plays.

Benefits of Using Catharsis

Using catharsis in literature has several benefits, including:

  • Emotional Engagement: Catharsis deeply engages readers’ emotions, making the literary experience more personal and memorable.
  • Connection and Empathy: It leads to a strong connection between readers and characters, forcing readers to empathize with the struggles and triumphs of the characters.
  • Cathartic Release for Readers: Just as characters experience emotional release, readers also find catharsis by relating to and processing their own emotions after which such an incident or event in stories and plays.
  • Enhanced Realism: Catharsis adds layers of complexity to characters and situations, contributing to a more authentic and relatable portrayal that resonate with the emotions of the readers/audiences.
  • Memorable Impact: The emotional intensity of cathartic moments lingers in readers’ minds, leaving a lasting impact long after they finish reading. Through this impact, they learn lessons to apply in the real events they face in life.
  • Exploration of Human Experience: Catharsis allows for an exploration of the depths of human emotions and experiences, offering insights into the human condition and mentality.
  • Therapeutic Effect: Reading cathartic literature serves as a form of emotional catharsis for readers, helping them process their own feelings.
  • Deeper Themes and Symbolism: Catharsis often involves profound themes and symbols, enriching the narrative with layers of meaning.
  • Artistic Satisfaction: Crafting cathartic moments showcases a writer’s skill in evoking powerful emotions and can be artistically fulfilling.
  • Conversation Starter: Cathartic themes can spark discussions on topics like emotions, psychology, and societal issues, enhancing the cultural impact of the literature.

Utilizing catharsis in literature offers a range of advantages, enriching the reader’s experience and creating a deeper connection to the narrative and its characters.

Catharsis in Literary Theories
Literary TheoryInterpretation of CatharsisExample from Literary Work
Classical TragedyCatharsis is viewed as the purging of emotions and achieving a state of emotional equilibrium.In Sophocles’ play Oedipus Rex, the audience experiences catharsis as they witness Oedipus’ tragic downfall and reflect on the consequences of his actions, leading to a sense of emotional release and reflection.
Reader Response TheoryCatharsis is seen as a personal and subjective emotional response, influenced by the reader’s own experiences and beliefs.In J.D. Salinger’s novel, The Catcher in the Rye, readers may experience catharsis as they connect with the protagonist’s struggles and emotions, relating them to their own experiences of adolescent angst and identity.
Feminist Literary TheoryCatharsis seems an empowerment and liberation from oppressive societal norms and gender roles.In Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s short story “The Yellow Wallpaper,” the female protagonist’s eventual breakdown and rebellion against the restrictive expectations of society could be seen as a cathartic moment of liberation.
Postcolonial TheoryCatharsis is viewed as a collective release from the effects of colonialism and the reclamation of cultural identity.In Chinua Achebe’s novel Things Fall Apart, the cathartic moments occur when the protagonist, Okonkwo, resists the influence of European colonialism and defends his Igbo culture, allowing for a collective sense of catharsis and cultural resilience.
Marxist Literary TheoryCatharsis is viewed as a recognition of societal injustices and the potential for revolution and social change.In George Orwell’s novel Animal Farm, the animals’ realization of the oppressive regime established by the pigs leads to a cathartic moment of rebellion and the pursuit of equality, representing the potential for transformative social change.
Suggested Readings
  1. Aristotle. Poetics. Translated by Malcolm Heath, Penguin Classics, 1996.
  2. Booth, Wayne C. The Rhetoric of Fiction. University of Chicago Press, 1983.
  3. Eagleton, Terry. Literary Theory: An Introduction. 3rd ed., University of Minnesota Press, 2008.
  4. Freud, Sigmund. The Interpretation of Dreams. Translated by James Strachey, Oxford University Press, 1999.
  5. Gilbert, Sandra M., and Susan Gubar. The Madwoman in the Attic: The Woman Writer and the Nineteenth-Century Literary Imagination. Yale University Press, 2000.
  6. Iser, Wolfgang. The Act of Reading: A Theory of Aesthetic Response. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978.