Category: Poem Analysis

Introduction: “Hymn to God, My God, in My Sickness” by John Donne

“Hymn to God, My God, in My Sickness” by John Donne, first appeared in 1633 in the collection Poems, is popular for its introspective and metaphysical style, the poem explores themes of mortality, faith, and the soul’s journey. Donne uses vivid imagery and complex metaphors to convey his profound contemplation of death and his relationship with God. The central idea is that physical sickness can be a spiritual awakening, leading to a deeper understanding of one’s mortality and reliance on divine grace.

Text: “Hymn to God, My God, in My Sickness” by John Donne

Annotations: “Hymn to God, My God, in My Sickness” by John Donne

Literary And Poetic Devices: “Hymn to God, My God, in My Sickness” by John Donne

Themes: “Hymn to God, My God, in My Sickness” by John Donne

Literary Theories and “Hymn to God, My God, in My Sickness” by John Donne

1. Religious/Christian Symbolism: This poem can be analyzed through the lens of Christian symbolism, focusing on Donne’s exploration of death as a path to resurrection. Donne consistently uses Christian imagery to depict his final moments and his faith in salvation. For instance, he refers to “Christ’s cross, and Adam’s tree” (line 26), linking the Fall of man and Christ’s redemption. The final stanza encapsulates this belief in resurrection through suffering: “Therefore that he may raise, the Lord throws down” (line 35). Donne’s acceptance of his suffering as a necessary precursor to his eventual spiritual rebirth aligns with Christian theology, viewing death as a means to enter eternal life.
2. Metaphysical Poetry and Conceit: As a key figure in metaphysical poetry, Donne employs elaborate conceits that compare seemingly unrelated concepts. This poem’s conceit likens the speaker’s illness and death to a geographical journey or a map. In the second stanza, Donne’s physicians become “cosmographers” (line 6), while he is their map, lying flat on his bed. This extended metaphor reflects a common metaphysical technique, where Donne uses the physical (maps, geographical discoveries) to convey complex spiritual truths, such as his approaching death being his “south-west discovery” (line 9), and the inevitable passage to the afterlife.
3. Psychoanalytic Criticism: Through the lens of psychoanalytic criticism, Donne’s poem can be seen as a meditation on the anxiety and acceptance of death. The poem reflects a struggle between the speaker’s fear of mortality and his desire for spiritual peace. The image of being “wrapp’d” in Christ’s purple and crowned with thorns (line 31) suggests an internal reconciliation of suffering with salvation. Donne’s repeated references to maps and straits symbolize his psychological navigation of life and death. His final acceptance of death as a necessary passage—”As west and east / In all flat maps (and I am one) are one” (lines 13–14)—reveals a subconscious resolution that death and resurrection are intertwined, offering comfort amidst his fear.

Critical Questions about “Hymn to God, My God, in My Sickness” by John Donne

• How does Donne reconcile the physical pain of illness with spiritual joy in the poem?
• Donne presents a paradoxical relationship between physical suffering and spiritual fulfillment. Throughout the poem, he contemplates death with a sense of acceptance and even joy. In stanza three, he writes, “I joy, that in these straits I see my west” (line 10), suggesting that despite his physical agony, he finds peace in the knowledge that his death is a gateway to eternal life. This raises the question of how Donne reconciles his pain with his belief in resurrection, using metaphors like geographical straits to signify both struggle and the passage to a divine destination. His joy stems from the idea that death is not an end but a beginning, a spiritual transformation into eternity.
• What is the significance of Donne’s use of cartographic metaphors to describe death?
• Donne’s use of cartography and navigation metaphors in describing his approaching death highlights his intellectual engagement with the unknown aspects of mortality. In stanza two, he writes, “Cosmographers, and I their map, who lie / Flat on this bed” (lines 6-7), suggesting that his body, like a map, is being charted by his physicians as they observe his illness. His death becomes a “south-west discovery” (line 9), likening the experience of dying to a journey of exploration. This metaphor raises questions about how Donne views the human body and soul in the context of both earthly and divine geography, blurring the lines between the physical and spiritual realms.
• How does Donne use the concept of time and space to reflect on death and resurrection?
• Donne plays with the concepts of time and space to reflect on the interconnectedness of death and resurrection. In stanza three, he writes, “As west and east / In all flat maps (and I am one) are one” (lines 13-14), suggesting that in the metaphysical sense, opposites like life and death, or west and east, converge. This leads to the question of how Donne’s understanding of time and geography informs his view of the afterlife. His references to “west” as a symbol of death and “east” as resurrection challenge the linearity of time, proposing a cyclical understanding of life, death, and rebirth, where one leads inevitably to the other.
• What role does religious imagery play in Donne’s perception of his own death?
• Religious imagery is central to Donne’s perception of his impending death, particularly through references to Christ’s crucifixion and the salvation it brings. In stanza five, Donne compares the “first Adam” and “last Adam,” associating his physical body with the Fall of Man and his soul with Christ’s redemption (lines 27-30). The question arises of how these religious allusions shape Donne’s view of his illness and death. By invoking Christ’s suffering—”As the first Adam’s sweat surrounds my face” (line 29)—he frames his physical pain as part of a larger divine plan, where his suffering mirrors Christ’s and leads to the ultimate reward of salvation.

Literary Works Similar to “Hymn to God, My God, in My Sickness” by John Donne

Suggested Readings: “Hymn to God, My God, in My Sickness” by John Donne

• Primary Source:
• Donne, John. “Hymn to God, My God, in My Sickness.” Poems. 1633. https://www.wikihow.com/Tell-the-Edition-of-a-Book
• Secondary Sources:
• REID, DAVID S. “The Reflexive Turn in Early Seventeenth-Century Poetry.” English Literary Renaissance, vol. 32, no. 3, 2002, pp. 408–25. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/24463639. Accessed 14 Sept. 2024.
• Rauber, D. F. “Some ‘Metaphysical’ Aspects of the Homeric Simile.” The Classical Journal, vol. 65, no. 3, 1969, pp. 97–103. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/3296252 Accessed 14 Sept. 2024.
• Perrine, Laurence. “Explicating Donne: ‘The Apparition’ and ‘The Flea.’” College Literature, vol. 17, no. 1, 1990, pp. 1–20. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/25111839 Accessed 14 Sept. 2024.
• Online Resources:
  • SparkNotes. “Hymn to God, My God, in My Sickness.” https://www.sparknotes.com/

Representative Quotations of “Hymn to God, My God, in My Sickness” by John Donne

Introduction: “Holy Sonnet XIV” by John Donne

“Holy Sonnet XIV” by John Donne is a powerful exploration of death and mortality often referred to as “Batter my heart, three-personed God.” In it, Donne employs a passionate and forceful tone to express his spiritual turmoil and desire for spiritual renewal. He compares himself to a besieged fortress, pleading with God to break down his defenses and liberate him from sin. The poem’s central theme is the tension between the individual’s sinful nature and the divine desire for salvation.

Text: “Holy Sonnet XIV” by John Donne

Batter my heart, three-personed God; for You
As yet but knock, breathe, shine, and seek to mend;
That I may rise and stand, o’erthrow me,’and bend
Your force to break, blow, burn, and make me new.
I, like an usurped town, to’another due,
Labor to’admit You, but O, to no end;
Reason, Your viceroy’in me, me should defend,
But is captived, and proves weak or untrue.
Yet dearly’I love You,’and would be loved fain,
But am betrothed unto Your enemy.
Divorce me,’untie or break that knot again;
Take me to You, imprison me, for I
Except You’enthrall me, never shall be free,
Nor ever chaste, except You ravish me.

Annotations: “Holy Sonnet XIV” by John Donne

Literary And Poetic Devices: “Holy Sonnet XIV” by John Donne

Themes: “Holy Sonnet XIV” by John Donne

Literary Theories and “Holy Sonnet XIV” by John Donne

Critical Questions About “Holy Sonnet XIV” by John Donne

Critical Questions about “Holy Sonnet XIV” by John Donne

Literary Works Similar to “Holy Sonnet XIV” by John Donne

1. “The Dark Night of the Soul” by St. John of the Cross: Similar in its theme of spiritual struggle and the soul’s yearning for divine union through suffering and purification.
2. “The Collar” by George Herbert: Both poems reflect the speaker’s inner conflict with faith and the plea for submission to God’s will.
3. “Hymn to God, My God, in My Sickness” by John Donne: Like “Holy Sonnet XIV,” this poem expresses the speaker’s desire for salvation and a transformative relationship with God in the face of mortality.
4. “God’s Grandeur” by Gerard Manley Hopkins: Both poems emphasize the power and majesty of God, as well as the speaker’s dependence on divine intervention for renewal.
5. “Love (III)” by George Herbert: Similar in its exploration of the speaker’s feelings of unworthiness and the need for divine grace and love to restore the soul.

Suggested Readings: “Holy Sonnet XIV” by John Donne

1. Donne, John. “Holy Sonnet XIV.” Poetry Foundation, https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/44106/holy-sonnets-batter-my-heart-three-persond-god
2. Clements, Arthur L. “Donne’s Holy Sonnet XIV.” Modern Language Notes, vol. 76, no. 6, 1961, pp. 484–89. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/3040128. Accessed 14 Sept. 2024.
3. Lloyd, Charles E. “The Author of Peace and Donne’s Holy Sonnet XIV.” Journal of the History of Ideas, vol. 30, no. 2, 1969, pp. 251–52. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/2708436. Accessed 14 Sept. 2024.
4. Sicherman, Carol Marks. “Donne’s Discoveries.” Studies in English Literature, 1500-1900, vol. 11, no. 1, 1971, pp. 69–88. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/449819. Accessed 14 Sept. 2024.
5. Ruotolo, Lucio P. “The Trinitarian Framework of Donne’s Holy Sonnet XIV.” Journal of the History of Ideas, vol. 27, no. 3, 1966, pp. 445–46. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/2708597. Accessed 14 Sept. 2024.
6. KLAUSE, JOHN L. “Donne and the Wonderful.” English Literary Renaissance, vol. 17, no. 1, 1987, pp. 41–66. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/43447207. Accessed 14 Sept. 2024.

Representative Quotations of “Holy Sonnet XIV” by John Donne

Introduction: “Love (III)” by George Herbert

Love (III) by George Herbert, first appeared in 1633 in the collection “The Temple”is a beautiful exploration of the transformative power of love. Herbert uses vivid imagery and metaphors to convey the profound impact of love on the soul. The poem’s main idea is that true love has the ability to purify and elevate the heart, ultimately leading to a state of divine union.

Text: “Love (III)” by George Herbert

Annotations: “Love (III)” by George Herbert

Literary And Poetic Devices: “Love (III)” by George Herbert

Themes: “Love (III)” by George Herbert

Literary Theories and “Love (III)” by George Herbert

Critical Questions about “Love (III)” by George Herbert

• How does Herbert use imagery and symbolism to convey the transformative power of love?
• Herbert employs vivid imagery to illustrate the profound impact of love on the speaker’s soul. For instance, the speaker’s “dust and sin” symbolize their imperfections, while Love’s “quick-eyed” nature suggests its keen perception and understanding. The metaphor of a guest and a host underscores the speaker’s initial unworthiness and Love’s gracious acceptance.
• What is the significance of the speaker’s initial hesitation and guilt in the poem?
• The speaker’s hesitation and guilt serve as a foil to Love’s unconditional acceptance. By acknowledging their flaws, the speaker creates a sense of humility and vulnerability, making their eventual transformation even more profound. This initial state also highlights the transformative power of love, which can overcome even the deepest feelings of unworthiness.
• How does the poem explore the themes of redemption and forgiveness?
• “Love (III)” is a powerful exploration of redemption and forgiveness. The speaker’s initial guilt and shame are gradually replaced by a sense of gratitude and peace as Love offers unconditional forgiveness. The poem suggests that even the most flawed individuals can find redemption through the transformative power of love.
• What is the role of the divine in the poem, and how does it relate to the speaker’s relationship with Love?
• The divine plays a significant role in “Love (III).” Love is portrayed as a divine figure, capable of offering unconditional forgiveness and redemption. The speaker’s relationship with Love can be seen as a spiritual journey, leading to a deeper connection with the divine. This suggests that love is not only a human emotion but also a spiritual experience.

Literary Works Similar to “Love (III)” by George Herbert

1. “The Collar” by George Herbert: Similar to “Love (III)”, this poem explores the speaker’s struggle with faith and eventual submission to divine grace.
2. “Holy Sonnet XIV” by John Donne: Both poems address the speaker’s inner conflict with sin and the desire for divine intervention and redemption.
3. “Hymn to God, My God, in My Sickness” by John Donne: Like “Love (III)”, this poem reflects on human mortality and the acceptance of God’s grace in the face of death and sin.
4. “God’s Grandeur” by Gerard Manley Hopkins: This poem shares a theme of divine grace and the renewal of the human soul through God’s presence, much like “Love (III)”.
5. “The Pulley” by George Herbert: Similar to “Love (III)”, “The Pulley” focuses on the relationship between humanity and divine grace, emphasizing God’s role in human redemption.

Suggested Readings: “Love (III)” by George Herbert

Representative Quotations of “Love (III)” by George Herbert

Introduction: “Joy to the World” by Isaac Watts

“Joy to the World” by Isaac Watts, first appeared in 1719 in his collection Hymns and Psalms, is known for its joyful and triumphant tone, expressed through its use of repeated refrains and vivid imagery. The main idea of the poem is to celebrate the coming of Jesus Christ and the hope of a new era of peace and righteousness on Earth. Watts’s lyrics emphasize the universal joy and gratitude that should accompany this event, inspiring listeners to rejoice and praise God.

Text: “Joy to the World” by Isaac Watts

1. Joy to the world, the Lord is come!
   Let earth receive her King;
   Let every heart prepare Him room,
   And heav’n and nature sing,
   And heav’n and nature sing,
   And heav’n, and heav’n, and nature sing.
2. Joy to the earth, the Savior reigns!
   Let men their songs employ;
   While fields and floods, rocks, hills, and plains
   Repeat the sounding joy,
   Repeat the sounding joy,
   Repeat, repeat, the sounding joy.
3. No more let sins and sorrows grow,
   Nor thorns infest the ground;
   He comes to make His blessings flow
   Far as the curse is found,
   Far as the curse is found,
   Far as, far as, the curse is found.
4. He rules the world with truth and grace,
   And makes the nations prove
   The glories of His righteousness,
   And wonders of His love,
   And wonders of His love,
   And wonders, wonders, of His love.

Annotations: “Joy to the World” by Isaac Watts

Literary And Poetic Devices: “Joy to the World” by Isaac Watts

Themes: “Joy to the World” by Isaac Watts

• The Joy of Christ’s Arrival: The overarching theme of “Joy to the World” is the celebration of Christ’s arrival and its significance for humanity. Watts expresses this joy from the very first line, “Joy to the world, the Lord is come!” The repeated call for the earth and its inhabitants to “receive her King” and for “every heart [to] prepare Him room” emphasizes the global and personal significance of this joyous event. This joy is not only human but shared by all of creation, as “heav’n and nature sing,” symbolizing the unity of the divine and the earthly in response to the arrival of the Savior.
• Christ’s Sovereignty Over Creation: Another prominent theme is the sovereignty of Christ over all creation. Watts emphasizes Christ’s reign in the second stanza, proclaiming “the Savior reigns” and calling on men and nature alike to “repeat the sounding joy.” Nature itself—represented by “fields and floods, rocks, hills, and plains”—echoes this celebration, symbolizing the universal recognition of Christ’s kingship. His rule is depicted as bringing harmony and joy to all of creation, reflecting the Christian belief in Christ’s dominion over the world.
• Redemption and the End of Sin’s Curse: A central theme in the hymn is the redemption from sin and the lifting of the curse brought about by Christ’s coming. In the third stanza, Watts writes, “No more let sins and sorrows grow, nor thorns infest the ground,” directly referencing the fall of man in the Garden of Eden and the subsequent curse of sin. Christ’s arrival is seen as reversing this curse, with His blessings extending “far as the curse is found.” This theme of redemption underscores the transformative power of Christ, bringing not only joy but also freedom from the consequences of sin.
• The Wonders of Christ’s Love and Righteousness: The hymn celebrates Christ’s love and righteousness, highlighting their impact on the world. The final stanza declares that Christ “rules the world with truth and grace” and calls the nations to “prove the glories of His righteousness.” The repeated reference to the “wonders of His love” emphasizes the awe-inspiring nature of Christ’s sacrificial love for humanity. Watts presents this love as a source of endless wonder, a theme reinforced through the hymn’s repetitions, emphasizing its boundless and miraculous nature.

Literary Theories and “Joy to the World” by Isaac Watts

Critical Questions about “Joy to the World” by Isaac Watts

Literary Works Similar to “Joy to the World” by Isaac Watts

• “Hark! The Herald Angels Sing” by Charles Wesley
  Similar in its celebration of Christ’s birth and divine kingship, this hymn also unites humanity and angels in joyous praise.
• “Silent Night” by Joseph Mohr
  Like “Joy to the World,” this hymn focuses on the peaceful and redemptive nature of Christ’s arrival, offering universal hope and joy.
• “Angels We Have Heard on High” (Traditional French Carol)
  Both hymns emphasize the glory and joy brought to the world by the birth of Christ, with nature and heaven joining in the celebration.
• “O Come, All Ye Faithful” by John Francis Wade
  This hymn invites believers, much like “Joy to the World,” to rejoice in Christ’s kingship and the fulfillment of divine promises.
• “The First Noel” (Traditional English Carol)
  Similar in theme, it celebrates Christ’s birth with joy and describes nature’s response to this miraculous event, echoing the universal praise found in Watts’ hymn.

Suggested Readings: “Joy to the World” by Isaac Watts

1. Watts, Isaac. The Psalms and Hymns of Isaac Watts: With All the Additional Hymns and Notes. Harper & Brothers, 1843.
2. Woodbridge, John D. Isaac Watts: His Life and Legacy. Crossway, 2013.
3. Hawn, C. Michael. “History of Hymns: ‘Joy to the World’.” Discipleship Ministries, United Methodist Church, 2016.

Representative Quotations of “Joy to the World” by Isaac Watts

Introduction: “Angels We Have Heard on High”

“Angels We Have Heard on High” first appeared in the 1855 collection “Hymns Ancient and Modern” is known for its joyful, triumphant melody and its emphasis on the heavenly announcement of Christ’s birth. The hymn’s main idea is to celebrate the joy and wonder of the Savior’s arrival, as proclaimed by angelic beings. The qualities of the hymn include its catchy tune, its uplifting message, and its ability to evoke feelings of peace, hope, and reverence.

Text: “Angels We Have Heard on High”

1 Angels we have heard on high,
sweetly singing o’er the plains,
and the mountains in reply
echoing their joyous strains:

Refrain:
Gloria, in excelsis Deo!
Gloria, in excelsis Deo!

2 Shepherds, why this jubilee?
Why your joyous strains prolong?
What the gladsome tidings be
which inspire your heav’nly song? [Refrain]

3 Come to Bethlehem and see
Him whose birth the angels sing;
come, adore on bended knee
Christ the Lord, the new-born King. [Refrain]

4 See Him in a manger laid,
Jesus, Lord of heav’n and earth!
Mary, Joseph, lend your aid,
sing with us our Savior’s birth. [Refrain]

Annotations: “Angels We Have Heard on High”

Literary And Poetic Devices: “Angels We Have Heard on High”

Themes: “Angels We Have Heard on High”

1. Celebration of the Birth of Christ: The poem centers on the jubilant celebration of the birth of Jesus Christ, conveyed through the voices of angels and the echoing response from the mountains. The repeated refrain “Gloria, in excelsis Deo!” (Latin for “Glory to God in the highest”) serves as an exclamation of praise and glory to God for the gift of His Son. This theme underscores the overwhelming joy and exaltation felt by all creation, both heavenly and earthly, at the arrival of Christ, marking the fulfillment of divine prophecy. The joyous strains that resonate throughout the poem create an atmosphere of reverence, worship, and celebration of this pivotal moment in Christian belief.
2. Divine Revelation to the Humble Shepherds: A significant theme in the poem is the revelation of Christ’s birth to the shepherds, who were humble and ordinary figures. The lines “Shepherds, why this jubilee? / Why your joyous strains prolong?” highlight the unexpected nature of this divine announcement to simple shepherds, emphasizing the Christian concept that God reveals His grace to the humble and lowly. The angels’ appearance to the shepherds symbolizes God’s desire for all, including the marginalized and overlooked, to share in the joy of salvation. This theme reflects the universality of Christ’s message, transcending social classes and bringing divine tidings to all.
3. Adoration and Worship of Christ the King: Throughout the poem, there is a clear call to worship and adore the newborn King, Jesus Christ. The invitation to “come, adore on bended knee / Christ the Lord, the new-born King” reflects the central Christian practice of offering reverence and worship to Christ as both Lord and Savior. The image of the shepherds and the audience being beckoned to the manger to pay homage to Christ signifies the proper response to this divine gift: submission, worship, and adoration. This theme speaks to the heart of the Christmas tradition, which is the acknowledgment of Jesus’ divine kingship and the personal, spiritual act of honoring Him.
4. Unity of Heaven and Earth in Worship: A profound theme in the poem is the harmony between heaven and earth in celebrating Christ’s birth. The opening lines depict angels “sweetly singing o’er the plains” while the mountains “echo their joyous strains,” symbolizing the blending of celestial and terrestrial realms in unified worship. The poem presents a vision where angels and humans alike are engaged in glorifying God, reflecting the theological belief that the birth of Christ bridges the gap between the divine and the mortal. This unity in praise, seen through the recurring refrain and the depiction of both heavenly and earthly participants, underscores the universality of Christ’s message and the collective rejoicing in His arrival.

Literary Theories and “Angels We Have Heard on High”

Critical Questions about “Angels We Have Heard on High”

• How does the repetition of the refrain “Gloria, in excelsis Deo” enhance the poem’s message of divine glorification?
• The repetition of the refrain “Gloria, in excelsis Deo!” reinforces the central theme of divine glorification by emphasizing the unending praise offered to God. The consistent return to this phrase after each stanza underscores the overwhelming joy and reverence that the angels, and by extension all of creation, express in response to the birth of Christ. The refrain serves as a reminder that the event of Christ’s birth is not only historical but also a cosmic and eternal moment of glory. This repetition draws the reader into the act of worship, mirroring the ceaseless adoration found in heaven. By repeating “Gloria” multiple times, the poem highlights the grandeur and holiness of the event, elevating it to a divine spectacle worthy of unending praise.
• What role do the shepherds play in symbolizing the accessibility of divine revelation to all people?
• The shepherds in the poem symbolize the idea that divine revelation is accessible to all, regardless of social standing or background. The second stanza, with its direct address to the shepherds—”Why this jubilee? Why your joyous strains prolong?”—emphasizes their unexpected yet pivotal role in the story of Christ’s birth. As humble figures, the shepherds represent ordinary people who are granted the extraordinary privilege of witnessing the angelic announcement. This choice reflects the Christian teaching that God’s message of salvation is universal, meant for both the lowly and the powerful. The shepherds’ jubilation, despite their simplicity, highlights that divine joy and revelation are available to everyone, transcending societal barriers.
• How does the imagery of nature (plains, mountains) contribute to the poem’s theme of unity between heaven and earth?
• The imagery of nature in the poem, particularly in the first stanza—”sweetly singing o’er the plains, and the mountains in reply”—illustrates the theme of unity between heaven and earth. This interaction between the plains, mountains, and the angelic singing suggests that all of creation is participating in the celebration of Christ’s birth. Nature itself seems to respond to the divine event, symbolizing a cosmic harmony where both the natural world and the heavenly realm come together in worship. The use of natural elements in this way expands the scope of adoration, indicating that Christ’s birth is not just for humanity but for all of creation. This unity reflects the poem’s broader message of universal praise and connection between the divine and the earthly.
• In what ways does the poem emphasize the importance of worship as a communal and collective act?
• The poem emphasizes the communal nature of worship by repeatedly inviting participation from both heavenly beings and people. Lines like “come, adore on bended knee” and “sing with us our Savior’s birth” directly call upon the reader to join in the collective adoration of Christ. The inclusion of figures such as Mary, Joseph, the shepherds, and the angels underscores that worship is not a solitary act but a shared experience that unites individuals across time and space in celebration of Christ’s birth. This collective focus reflects the Christian belief that the birth of Christ is a moment for all to gather in praise, making worship a universal and communal response to the divine. The poem’s invitations create a sense of shared purpose, urging everyone to participate in the communal glorification of God.

Literary Works Similar to “Angels We Have Heard on High”

1. “Hark! The Herald Angels Sing” by Charles Wesley
   Both poems celebrate the joyous proclamation of Christ’s birth through angelic voices.
2. “It Came Upon the Midnight Clear” by Edmund Sears
   This poem similarly focuses on the angelic message of peace and joy to the world at Christ’s birth.
3. “While Shepherds Watched Their Flocks by Night” by Nahum Tate
   Like “Angels We Have Heard on High,” this poem centers on the shepherds receiving the divine announcement of Christ’s birth.
4. “O Holy Night” by Placide Cappeau
   Both poems convey a sense of reverence and awe at the birth of Christ, with calls for worship and adoration.
5. “The First Noel” (Traditional)
   This poem shares the theme of angelic revelation to shepherds, emphasizing the joyous news of Christ’s birth.

Suggested Readings: “Angels We Have Heard on High”

1. Drury, John. Music at Midnight: The Life and Poetry of George Herbert. Chicago University Press, 2013.
2. Peterson, William J. The Complete Book of Hymns. Tyndale House Publishers, 2006.
3. Nutter, Charles S. The Hymns and Hymn Writers of the Church. Methodist Book Concern, 1911.
4. Hatch, Jane M. The American Christmas Songbook. Houghton Mifflin, 1991.

Representative Quotations of “Angels We Have Heard on High”

Introduction: “Hark! The Herald Angels Sing” by Charles Wesley

“Hark! The Herald Angels Sing” by Charles Wesley, an iconic hymn, first appeared in 1739 in the collection “Hymns and Sacred Poems.” This beloved Christmas carol is celebrated for its joyful melody and its powerful message of peace and reconciliation. The hymn’s lyrics, inspired by Luke 2:14, proclaim the birth of Jesus Christ and the hope of salvation for all humanity. Its enduring popularity is a testament to its ability to capture the spirit of Christmas and inspire believers around the world.

Text: “Hark! The Herald Angels Sing” by Charles Wesley

1 Hark! the herald angels sing,
“Glory to the newborn King:
peace on earth, and mercy mild,
God and sinners reconciled!”
Joyful, all ye nations, rise,
join the triumph of the skies;
with th’angelic hosts proclaim,
“Christ is born in Bethlehem!”

Refrain:
Hark! the herald angels sing,
“Glory to the newborn King”

2 Christ, by highest heaven adored,
Christ, the everlasting Lord,
late in time behold him come,
offspring of the Virgin’s womb:
veiled in flesh the Godhead see;
hail th’incarnate Deity,
pleased with us in flesh to dwell,
Jesus, our Immanuel. [Refrain]

3 Hail the heaven-born Prince of Peace!
Hail the Sun of Righteousness!
Light and life to all he brings,
risen with healing in his wings.
Mild he lays his glory by,
born that we no more may die,
born to raise us from the earth,
born to give us second birth. [Refrain]

Annotations: “Hark! The Herald Angels Sing” by Charles Wesley

Literary And Poetic Devices: “Hark! The Herald Angels Sing” by Charles Wesley

Themes: “Hark! The Herald Angels Sing” by Charles Wesley

1. Joy and Celebration: The hymn is filled with expressions of joy and celebration, reflecting the joyous occasion of Christ’s birth. The repeated chorus, “Hark! the herald angels sing, ‘Glory to the newborn King,'” conveys this theme. Additionally, lines like “Joyful, all ye nations, rise” and “Hail the heaven-born Prince of Peace!” reinforce the celebratory mood.
2. Divine Incarnation: The hymn emphasizes the divine nature of Jesus Christ and his incarnation as a human. Lines like “Christ, by highest heaven adored” and “veiled in flesh the Godhead see” highlight his divine status. The phrase “Immanuel” (God with us) further emphasizes the union of the divine and human.
3. Salvation and Hope: The hymn presents Christ as the savior of humanity, offering hope and salvation. Lines like “peace on earth, and mercy mild” and “born that we no more may die” convey this theme. The hymn suggests that Christ’s birth brings new life and the possibility of eternal salvation.
4. Universal Message: The hymn’s message is addressed to all people, regardless of their nationality or social status. Lines like “Joyful, all ye nations, rise” and “Hail the heaven-born Prince of Peace!” emphasize the universality of the message. The hymn suggests that the birth of Christ is a cause for celebration and hope for people everywhere.

Literary Theories and “Hark! The Herald Angels Sing” by Charles Wesley

Critical Questions about “Hark! The Herald Angels Sing” by Charles Wesley

• How does the hymn’s emphasis on joy and celebration relate to the historical context in which it was written?
• The hymn was written during a time of religious revival and spiritual awakening. The emphasis on joy and celebration may reflect the enthusiasm and optimism that characterized this period. Additionally, the hymn might have been intended to inspire and uplift believers during a time of religious persecution.
• What is the significance of the imagery of light and darkness in the hymn?
• The imagery of light and darkness is a common theme in religious literature, often symbolizing good and evil. In this hymn, the imagery of light is associated with Christ and his message of hope and salvation. The darkness, on the other hand, may represent the sin and darkness that existed before Christ’s birth.
• How does the hymn’s message of universal salvation relate to the cultural and historical context of the 18th century?
• The hymn’s message of universal salvation was likely influenced by the Enlightenment, a period characterized by a growing emphasis on reason, individualism, and human rights. The idea that salvation was available to all people, regardless of their social or economic status, was a radical and revolutionary concept at the time.
• How has the hymn’s popularity and enduring appeal changed over time?
• “Hark! The Herald Angels Sing” has remained a popular and beloved Christmas carol for centuries. Its enduring appeal can be attributed to its catchy melody, powerful message, and ability to capture the spirit of the holiday season. However, the hymn’s interpretation and significance may have evolved over time, reflecting changes in cultural attitudes, religious beliefs, and the understanding of Christmas.

Literary Works Similar to “Hark! The Herald Angels Sing” by Charles Wesley

1. “Joy to the World” by Isaac Watts: Both celebrate the birth of Jesus Christ with jubilant tones of praise and worship.
2. “O Holy Night” by Placide Cappeau: Similar in its reverence and awe of the divine birth, expressing profound joy and devotion.
3. “Angels We Have Heard on High” (Traditional French carol): Like Wesley’s hymn, it emphasizes angelic proclamations of Christ’s birth in a celebratory manner.
4. “It Came Upon the Midnight Clear” by Edmund Sears: Both poems reflect on the angelic messages delivered on the night of Christ’s birth with a serene yet worshipful mood.
5. “The First Noel” (Traditional English carol): Shares the same narrative focus on the nativity story, with an emphasis on angels announcing the birth of Jesus.

Suggested Readings: “Hark! The Herald Angels Sing” by Charles Wesley

1. Wesley, Charles, and George Whitefield. Hymns and Sacred Poems. 4th ed., Bristol, 1754.
2. Watson, J. R. The English Hymn: A Critical and Historical Study. Oxford University Press, 1997. https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-english-hymn-9780198262944
3. Luff, Alan. Hymns and Carols of Christmas: A Study of Wesley’s Hymns. Epworth Press, 2007. https://www.amazon.com/Hymns-Carols-Christmas-Study-Wesleys/dp/0716206054
4. Webber, Christopher L. Hymnal Companion to the Lutheran Book of Worship. Augsburg Fortress Publishers, 1981.
5. “Hark! The Herald Angels Sing.” Hymnary.org, Hymnary.org, https://hymnary.org/text/hark_the_herald_angels_sing_glory_to
6. “The History of ‘Hark! The Herald Angels Sing’.” Learn Religions, Learn Religions,
   https://www.learnreligions.com/hark-the-herald-angels-sing-701067

Representative Quotations of “Hark! The Herald Angels Sing” by Charles Wesley

Introduction: “Christmas” by George Herbert

“Christmas” by George Herbert, first appeared in 1633 in his collection of poems, The Temple, is known for its lyrical beauty and contemplative tone, exploring the profound significance of the Nativity. Herbert uses vivid imagery and metaphors to convey the awe and wonder of Christ’s birth, emphasizing the divine mystery and humility of the Savior. The poem’s central theme is the incarnation of God, the divine becoming human, and its impact on humanity. Herbert invites readers to contemplate the profound mystery of Christmas and its transformative power.

Text: “Christmas” by George Herbert

Christmas-I

  After all pleasures as I rid one day,
My horse and I, both tired, body and mind,
With full cry of affections, quite astray;
I took up the next inn I could find.

There when I came, whom found I but my dear,
My dearest Lord, expecting till the grief
Of pleasures brought me to Him, ready there
To be all passengers’ most sweet relief?

Oh Thou, whose glorious, yet contracted light,
Wrapt in night’s mantle, stole into a manger;
Since my dark soul and brutish is Thy right,
To man of all beasts be not Thou a stranger:

Furnish and deck my soul, that Thou mayst have
A better lodging, than a rack, or grave.

Christmas-II

The shepherds sing; and shall I silent be?
      My God, no hymn for Thee?
My soul’s a shepherd too; a flock it feeds
      Of thoughts, and words, and deeds.
The pasture is Thy word: the streams, Thy grace
      Enriching all the place.
Shepherd and flock shall sing, and all my powers
      Outsing the daylight hours.
Then will we chide the sun for letting night
      Take up his place and right:
We sing one common Lord; wherefore he should
      Himself the candle hold.
I will go searching, till I find a sun
      Shall stay, till we have done;
A willing shiner, that shall shine as gladly,
      As frost-nipped suns look sadly.
Then will we sing, and shine all our own day,
      And one another pay:
His beams shall cheer my breast, and both so twine,
Till ev’n His beams sing, and my music shine.

Annotations: “Christmas” by George Herbert

Literary And Poetic Devices: “Christmas” by George Herbert

Themes: “Christmas” by George Herbert

• Divine Grace and Mercy: One of the central themes in “Christmas” is the idea of divine grace, as the speaker reflects on encountering Christ during a moment of exhaustion and spiritual crisis. In the first part of the poem, the speaker meets his “dearest Lord” at an inn, where Christ is waiting, ready to offer “sweet relief” (I.8) to those burdened by the griefs of life. This suggests the ever-present mercy of God, who is willing to forgive and comfort those who stray but return with contrition.
• Humility and the Incarnation: Another significant theme is the humility of Christ’s birth, which is emphasized in the speaker’s reflection on Christ’s entry into the world. Christ’s “glorious, yet contracted light” (I.9), wrapped in the “mantle” of night, symbolizes the humility of His birth in a manger. The speaker marvels at how divine light entered the world in such a humble manner, contrasting the greatness of Christ’s divinity with His lowly human circumstances. This emphasizes the theme of God’s willingness to lower Himself for the sake of humanity.
• Spiritual Renewal and Preparation: The speaker also explores the theme of spiritual renewal, as he prays for his soul to be cleansed and prepared as a proper dwelling for Christ. In the first part of the poem, he asks for his soul to be “furnish[ed] and deck[ed]” (I.13) so that it may be a fitting home for the divine, rather than a place of suffering like a “rack” or “grave.” This reflects the idea that individuals must actively prepare their souls to receive God’s grace, much like preparing a physical space for an honored guest.
• Praise and Worship: The theme of praise is central in the second part of the poem, as the speaker reflects on the shepherds who sang hymns at Christ’s birth. The speaker, recognizing his own soul as a shepherd of thoughts, words, and deeds, declares that he, too, must join in worship and sing praises to God (II.1-6). He imagines his soul and all his powers united in worship, “outsing[ing] the daylight hours” (II.7), demonstrating the boundless devotion and joy that worship can bring to the soul. This theme emphasizes the importance of continuous praise as a response to God’s grace.

Literary Theories and “Christmas” by George Herbert

Critical Questions about “Christmas” by George Herbert

Literary Works Similar to “Christmas” by George Herbert

1. “The Collar” by George Herbert – Like “Christmas,” this poem explores themes of spiritual struggle and eventual submission to God’s will, reflecting the tension between worldly distractions and divine grace.
2. “A Hymn to God the Father” by John Donne – This poem shares with “Christmas” the theme of seeking forgiveness and grace, as the speaker confesses his sins and looks to God for mercy and spiritual renewal.
3. “On the Morning of Christ’s Nativity” by John Milton – Both Milton’s poem and “Christmas” focus on the humble birth of Christ, celebrating the Incarnation and the divine grace that entered the world through it.
4. “Love (III)” by George Herbert – This poem, like “Christmas,” reflects on the speaker’s unworthiness and God’s merciful grace, where the speaker is invited by Love (God) to accept divine forgiveness and companionship.
5. “The Shepherds” by William Blake – In this poem, as in “Christmas,” the theme of the shepherds rejoicing at the birth of Christ is central, emphasizing the humble and joyous nature of Christ’s arrival and the worship that follows.

Suggested Readings: “Christmas” by George Herbert

1. Vendler, Helen. The Poetry of George Herbert. Harvard University Press, 1975.
2. Burden, Dennis H. “George Herbert’s ‘Redemption.’” The Review of English Studies, vol. 34, no. 136, 1983, pp. 446–51. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/515543. Accessed 8 Sept. 2024.
3. Whalen, Robert. “George Herbert’s Sacramental Puritanism.” Renaissance Quarterly, vol. 54, no. 4, 2001, pp. 1273–307. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/1261973. Accessed 8 Sept. 2024.
4. Gallagher, Michael P. “Rhetoric, Style, and George Herbert.” ELH, vol. 37, no. 4, 1970, pp. 495–516. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/2872379. Accessed 8 Sept. 2024.
5. Ray, Robert H., and George Herbert. “The Herbert Allusion Book: Allusions to George Herbert in the Seventeenth Century.” Studies in Philology, vol. 83, no. 4, 1986, pp. i–182. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/4174252. Accessed 8 Sept. 2024.
6. Boyd, Malcolm. George Herbert: A Literary Life. Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.

Representative Quotations of “Christmas” by George Herbert

Introduction: “Angels from the Realms of Glory” by James Montgomery

“Angels from the Realms of Glory” by James Montgomery first appeared in the Sheffield Iris on Christmas Eve 1816. It was later included in his 1825 collection, “The Christian Psalmist.” The poem, a beloved Christmas carol, is renowned for its simple yet powerful language that evokes the awe and wonder of the angels’ announcement of Christ’s birth. Its main idea is a call to worship and celebrate the coming of the newborn King, inviting all to join in the heavenly chorus and recognize the significance of this momentous event.

Text: “Angels from the Realms of Glory” by James Montgomery

1. Angels from the realms of glory,
   Wing your flight o’er all the earth;
   Ye who sang creation’s story
   Now proclaim Messiah’s birth.
   • Refrain:
     Come and worship, come and worship,
     Worship Christ, the newborn King.
2. Shepherds, in the field abiding,
   Watching o’er your flocks by night,
   God with us is now residing;
   Yonder shines the infant light:
3. Sages, leave your contemplations,
   Brighter visions beam afar;
   Seek the great Desire of nations;
   Ye have seen His natal star.
4. Saints, before the altar bending,
   Watching long in hope and fear;
   Suddenly the Lord, descending,
   In His temple shall appear.
5. Sinners, wrung with true repentance,
   Doomed for guilt to endless pains,
   Justice now revokes the sentence,
   Mercy calls you; break your chains.
6. Though an Infant now we view Him,
   He shall fill His Father’s throne,
   Gather all the nations to Him;
   Every knee shall then bow down:
7. All creation, join in praising
   God, the Father, Spirit, Son,
   Evermore your voices raising
   To th’eternal Three in One.

Annotations: “Angels from the Realms of Glory” by James Montgomery

Literary And Poetic Devices: “Angels from the Realms of Glory” by James Montgomery

Themes: “Angels from the Realms of Glory” by James Montgomery

1. Divine Celebration and Worship: The central theme of the hymn is the celebration of the divine and the call to worship. Repeatedly, Montgomery uses the refrain, “Come and worship, come and worship, / Worship Christ, the newborn King,” to emphasize the global call to honor the birth of Jesus Christ. This invitation is extended to various groups—angels, shepherds, sages, saints, and sinners—highlighting the universality of the event and the unity it fosters among all beings in the act of worship (Refrain, lines 1-2, stanza 1, and stanza 5).
2. Revelation and Divine Guidance: The theme of revelation and divine guidance is depicted through the journeys of different figures drawn to the nativity scene by celestial signs and prophecies. The sages, for example, “leave your contemplations, / Brighter visions beam afar; / Seek the great Desire of nations; / Ye have seen His natal star,” illustrating their guided journey to witness the birth of Christ, led by a star—a symbol of divine guidance (Stanza 3). This motif underlines the idea that divine intervention is accessible to those seeking truth and enlightenment.
3. Redemption and Mercy: Montgomery explores the theme of redemption and mercy, especially in addressing sinners. He writes, “Sinners, wrung with true repentance, / Doomed for guilt to endless pains, / Justice now revokes the sentence, / Mercy calls you; break your chains” (Stanza 5). This passage highlights the transformative power of the Messiah’s birth, which brings about a new era where mercy triumphs over retributive justice, offering redemption and a call to liberation from the metaphorical chains of sin.
4. Universal Salvation and Unity: The hymn also emphasizes the theme of universal salvation and the unifying power of Christ’s birth. The final stanzas portray a future where Christ’s dominion is fully realized: “Though an Infant now we view Him, / He shall fill His Father’s throne, / Gather all the nations to Him; / Every knee shall then bow down” (Stanza 6). This vision of universal homage and gathering of all nations under Christ’s benevolent rule underscores the inclusive nature of salvation and the eschatological hope that transcends earthly divisions, aiming for a harmonious unity among all of creation.

Literary Theories and “Angels from the Realms of Glory” by James Montgomery

Critical Questions about “Angels from the Realms of Glory” by James Montgomery

• How does the poem’s use of imagery contribute to its overall message?
• The poem employs vivid imagery to enhance its message. The angels, as celestial beings, symbolize purity and divine intervention. The pastoral setting, with shepherds tending their flocks, evokes a sense of tranquility and connection to nature. The star of Bethlehem represents guidance and hope. These images work together to create a sacred and awe-inspiring atmosphere, reinforcing the poem’s theme of the miraculous birth of Christ.
• What is the significance of the poem’s refrain, “Come and worship, come and worship, Worship Christ, the newborn King”?
• The refrain serves as a powerful call to action, urging readers to join in the worship of the newborn Jesus. By repeating this message throughout the poem, Montgomery emphasizes the importance of acknowledging and honoring Christ’s divinity. The refrain also creates a sense of urgency and excitement, encouraging readers to participate in the celebration of this momentous event.
• How does the poem balance the themes of joy and sorrow?
• While the poem predominantly focuses on the joy and wonder of Christ’s birth, it also acknowledges the suffering and sinfulness of humanity. The inclusion of sinners and the reference to “endless pains” introduce a somber tone. However, the poem ultimately offers hope and redemption, suggesting that even those who have sinned can find forgiveness and salvation through Christ. This balance between joy and sorrow reflects the complex nature of human experience and the enduring power of faith.
• How does the poem’s emphasis on the divine child connect to the broader Christian tradition?
• The poem’s focus on the divine child aligns with the Christian doctrine of the Incarnation, which teaches that God became human in the person of Jesus Christ. By emphasizing the infant Jesus, Montgomery highlights the paradox of God’s power and humility. The poem also suggests that the divine nature of Christ is accessible to all, regardless of their social status or religious beliefs. This emphasis on the divine child is a central theme in Christian theology and has inspired countless works of art, music, and literature.

Literary Works Similar to “Angels from the Realms of Glory” by James Montgomery

1. “Hark! The Herald Angels Sing” by Charles Wesley: Similar to Montgomery’s hymn, this classic Christmas carol also celebrates the birth of Christ through angelic announcements, emphasizing themes of joy and divine incarnation.
2. “O Come, All Ye Faithful” (Attributed to John Francis Wade): This hymn invites believers to worship at Bethlehem, paralleling Montgomery’s call to worship and celebrate the nativity of Jesus, focusing on adoration and joyful gathering.
3. “O Little Town of Bethlehem” by Phillips Brooks: Brooks’ carol shares the theme of a miraculous birth in Bethlehem, highlighting the peaceful and profound impact of Christ’s arrival, similar to the reverent tone and setting in Montgomery’s work.
4. “The First Noel” (Traditional English Carol): Like Montgomery’s hymn, “The First Noel” narrates the story of Jesus’ birth, emphasizing the role of the shepherds and the guiding star, which aligns with the thematic elements of divine guidance and revelation.
5. “Silent Night” by Joseph Mohr: This beloved carol complements Montgomery’s hymn through its peaceful depiction of the nativity scene, emphasizing the holy serenity and profound impact of Christ’s birth, resonating with the theme of divine presence and tranquility.

Representative Quotations of “Angels from the Realms of Glory” by James Montgomery

Suggested Readings: “Angels from the Realms of Glory” by James Montgomery

1. Hawn, C. Michael. “History of Hymns: Angels from the Realms of Glory.” UMC Discipleship Ministries, United Methodist Church, 2015, https://www.umcdiscipleship.org/resources/history-of-hymns-angels-from-the-realms-of-glory.
2. Osbeck, Kenneth W. 101 Hymn Stories. Kregel Publications, 1982, https://www.hymnary.org/text/angels_from_the_realms_of_glory.
3. Studwell, William E. The Christmas Carol Reader. Harrington Park Press, 1995, https://books.google.com/books?id=Oqc4AQAAIAAJ.
4. Watson, J. R. The English Hymn: A Critical and Historical Study. Oxford University Press, 1997, https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-english-hymn-9780198267622.
5. Young, Carlton R. Companion to the United Methodist Hymnal. Abingdon Press, 1993, https://www.cokesbury.com/Companion-to-The-United-Methodist-Hymnal.

Introduction: “A Christmas Carol” by Samuel Taylor Coleridge

“A Christmas Carol” by Samuel Taylor Coleridge was first published in 1829 in the collection “Sibylline Leaves.” The poem is notable for its lyrical quality, its focus on the human side of the Nativity story, and its critique of war. Coleridge emphasizes the contrast between the peaceful birth of Jesus and the destructive nature of war, highlighting the Virgin Mary’s joy at the birth of the Prince of Peace and her condemnation of war’s violence and suffering.

Text: “A Christmas Carol” by Samuel Taylor Coleridge

I.

   The Shepherds went their hasty way,
        And found the lowly stable-shed
   Where the Virgin-Mother lay:
        And now they checked their eager tread,
For to the Babe, that at her bosom clung,
A Mother’s song the Virgin-Mother sung.

II.

   They told her how a glorious light,
         Streaming from a heavenly throng,
   Around them shone, suspending night!
         While sweeter than a Mother’s song,
Blest Angels heralded the Saviour’s birth,
Glory to God on high! and Peace on Earth.

III.

   She listened to the tale divine,
         And closer still the Babe she pressed;
   And while she cried, the Babe is mine!
         The milk rushed faster to her breast:
Joy rose within her, like a summer’s morn;
Peace, Peace on Earth! the Prince of Peace is born.

IV.

   Thou Mother of the Prince of Peace,
         Poor, simple, and of low estate!
   That Strife should vanish, Battle cease,
         O why should this thy soul elate?
Sweet Music’s loudest note, the Poet’s story,—
Did’st thou ne’er love to hear of Fame and Glory?

V.

   And is not War a youthful King,
         A stately Hero clad in Mail?
   Beneath his footsteps laurels spring;
         Him Earth’s majestic monarchs hail
Their Friend, their Playmate! and his bold bright eye
Compels the maiden’s love-confessing sigh.

VI.

   “Tell this in some more courtly scene,
         “To maids and youths in robes of state!
   “I am a woman poor and mean,
         “And therefore is my Soul elate.
“War is a ruffian, all with guilt defiled,
“That from the aged Father tears his Child!

VII.

   “A murderous fiend, by fiends adored,
         “He kills the Sire and starves the Son;
   “The Husband kills, and from her board
         “Steals all his Widow’s toil had won;
“Plunders God’s world of beauty; rends away
“All safety from the Night, all comfort from the Day.

VIII.

   “Then wisely is my soul elate,
         “That Strife should vanish, Battle cease:
   “I’m poor and of a low estate,
         “The Mother of the Prince of Peace.
“Joy rises in me, like a summer’s morn:
“Peace, Peace on Earth, the Prince of Peace is born.”   

Annotations: “A Christmas Carol” by Samuel Taylor Coleridge

Literary And Poetic Devices: “A Christmas Carol” by Samuel Taylor Coleridge 

Themes: “A Christmas Carol” by Samuel Taylor Coleridge

1. The Power of Love and Compassion: Coleridge emphasizes the transformative power of love and compassion, particularly in the context of the Virgin Mary’s devotion to her child and her condemnation of war. Her unwavering love and compassion for Jesus, even in the face of adversity, serve as a powerful example of the positive impact that these qualities can have on the world.
2. The Contrast Between Innocence and War: The poem starkly contrasts the innocence and purity of the newborn Jesus with the brutality and destruction of war. Coleridge uses vivid imagery to depict the horrors of war, highlighting its impact on individuals and families. This contrast serves to underscore the moral imperative of peace and the importance of protecting the innocent.
3. The Role of Women in Society: The poem challenges traditional gender roles by portraying the Virgin Mary as a strong and independent woman. She is presented as a wise and compassionate figure who is able to challenge the destructive forces of war. Coleridge’s portrayal of Mary as a powerful and influential woman is a significant departure from the more submissive roles often assigned to women in religious texts.
4. The Importance of Peace: The poem is a powerful call to peace, emphasizing the destructive nature of war and the need for humanity to strive for a more peaceful and harmonious world. Coleridge’s vivid descriptions of war’s horrors serve as a stark reminder of the consequences of conflict and the importance of working towards a more just and equitable society.

Literary Theories and “A Christmas Carol” by Samuel Taylor Coleridge

Critical Questions about “A Christmas Carol” by Samuel Taylor Coleridge

• How does Coleridge’s portrayal of the Virgin Mary challenge traditional gender roles?
• Coleridge presents the Virgin Mary as a strong and independent woman, challenging traditional gender roles that often relegated women to submissive positions. Her ability to challenge the destructive forces of war and her unwavering devotion to her child demonstrate her strength and agency. How does this portrayal contribute to the poem’s overall message?
• What is the significance of the contrast between the innocence of the newborn Jesus and the brutality of war?
• The poem starkly contrasts the purity and innocence of Jesus with the violence and destruction of war. How does this contrast serve to underscore the moral imperative of peace and the importance of protecting the innocent? What does this contrast reveal about Coleridge’s views on humanity and the potential for good and evil?
• How does Coleridge’s use of imagery contribute to the poem’s emotional impact?
• Coleridge employs vivid imagery to create powerful mental pictures of both the beauty of the Nativity scene and the horrors of war. How does this imagery contribute to the poem’s emotional impact and enhance its message? What specific images are particularly effective in conveying Coleridge’s intended meaning?
• What is the significance of the poem’s focus on the human side of the Nativity story?
• Unlike many religious accounts of the Nativity, Coleridge focuses on the human experiences of the Virgin Mary and the shepherds. How does this focus contribute to the poem’s emotional resonance and its ability to connect with readers on a personal level? What does this focus reveal about Coleridge’s understanding of faith and spirituality?

Literary Works Similar to “A Christmas Carol” by Samuel Taylor Coleridge

• “The Night Before Christmas” by Clement C. Moore: Both poems evoke the spirit of Christmas and feature supernatural elements, such as angelic visitations and magical transformations.
• “The Christmas Truce” by John McCrae: Both poems explore themes of peace and reconciliation, especially during times of conflict.
• “O Holy Night” by Adolphe Adam (lyrics by Placide Cappeau): Both works celebrate the birth of Jesus Christ and the hope and joy it brings to the world.
• “Winter Wonderland” by Felix Bernard and Richard Smith: Both poems evoke the magical atmosphere of Christmastime and the beauty of winter landscapes.
• “Silent Night” by Franz Gruber (lyrics by Joseph Mohr): Both poems emphasize the peaceful and serene nature of Christmas Eve and the power of faith and hope.

Suggested Readings: “A Christmas Carol” by Samuel Taylor Coleridge

Books:

Representative Quotations of “A Christmas Carol” by Samuel Taylor Coleridge

Introduction: “On the Morning of Christ’s Nativity” by John Milton

On the Morning of Christ’s Nativity by John Milton first appeared in 1645 as part of his collection Poems of Mr. John Milton. This powerful nativity ode showcases Milton’s early poetic mastery with its rich imagery, intricate language, and profound exploration of religious themes. The poem delves into the significance of Christ’s birth, celebrating the divine intervention in human affairs and the triumph of good over evil. Milton’s intricate exploration of the Nativity, coupled with his masterful use of language and imagery, makes this poem a timeless masterpiece of English literature.

Text: “On the Morning of Christ’s Nativity” by John Milton

Annotations: “On the Morning of Christ’s Nativity” by John Milton

Literary And Poetic Devices: “On the Morning of Christ’s Nativity” by John Milton

Themes: “On the Morning of Christ’s Nativity” by John Milton

1. The Incarnation and Divine Humility: Milton explores the profound paradox of the Incarnation, where the divine Son of God becomes a human infant. This theme is emphasized through imagery of the “meanly wrapt” baby in the manger and the contrast between the “far-beaming blaze of Majesty” of Heaven and the “darksome house of mortal clay.” Milton highlights the divine humility and self-emptying of Christ, who willingly forsakes the glories of Heaven to dwell among humanity.
2. The Triumph of Peace and Harmony: The poem celebrates the birth of Christ as the harbinger of peace and harmony. Milton describes the cessation of war, the calming of the elements, and the harmonious alignment of the celestial bodies. This theme is evident in lines like “No war or battle’s sound / Was heard the world around” and “The winds with wonder whist, / Smoothly the waters kist.” The birth of Christ is presented as a transformative moment that brings peace and order to a chaotic world.
3. The Triumph of Good Over Evil: Milton depicts the birth of Christ as a victory over the forces of darkness and evil. The poem references the defeat of pagan gods and the downfall of demonic powers. Lines like “The old Dragon under ground, / In straiter limits bound” and “The Oracles are dumb” illustrate the triumph of Christ over evil influences. This theme underscores the idea of redemption and the ultimate victory of good over evil.
4. The Wonder and Awe of Creation: The poem evokes a sense of wonder and awe at the beauty and majesty of the created world. Milton describes the celestial bodies, the natural elements, and the harmonious order of creation. Lines like “The Stars with deep amaze / Stand fix’d in steadfast gaze” and “Nature in awe to him” convey the sense of wonder and reverence that the poet experiences. This theme highlights the glory of God as the creator and the beauty of the world He has made.

Literary Theories and “On the Morning of Christ’s Nativity” by John Milton

1. Neoclassical Criticism: Neoclassical criticism emphasizes reason, order, and harmony in literature. Milton’s poem aligns with Neoclassical ideals through its emphasis on classical forms, its use of reason and logic, and its exploration of universal themes. The poem’s structured verse, its references to classical mythology, and its exploration of philosophical concepts such as the divine and the human all reflect Neoclassical values.
2. Romantic Criticism: Romantic criticism emphasizes emotion, imagination, and the individual. While Milton’s poem may not be a purely Romantic work, it contains elements that resonate with Romantic ideals. The poem’s emphasis on the sublime, its exploration of the individual’s relationship with nature, and its use of vivid imagery and symbolism align with Romantic values. For example, the description of the celestial bodies and the natural world evokes a sense of wonder and awe, characteristic of Romantic poetry.
3. New Historicism: New Historicism emphasizes the historical and cultural context of a literary work. Milton’s poem can be analyzed through a New Historicist lens by considering its historical context, including the religious and political climate of the time. The poem’s exploration of themes such as divine intervention, the triumph of good over evil, and the role of religious authority can be understood in relation to the historical and cultural context in which it was written.

Critical Questions about “On the Morning of Christ’s Nativity” by John Milton

• How does Milton depict the relationship between Christ and the natural world in the poem?
• Milton establishes a profound connection between Christ and the natural world, portraying Nature as both subordinate to and in awe of Christ’s divinity. In the fifth stanza, Nature is personified and shown as modest in the presence of the newborn Christ, “Had doff’d her gaudy trim” (line 29), revealing her humility. Additionally, Nature’s transformation reflects the cosmic significance of the Incarnation, as “The winds with wonder whist” and “Smoothly the waters kist” (lines 97-98), illustrating how the natural elements themselves respond with reverence. This relationship underscores the notion of Christ as both Creator and Redeemer, to whom all of creation must submit.
• What role does divine music play in celebrating the Nativity in the poem?
• Divine music is central to the celebration of Christ’s Nativity, symbolizing heavenly harmony and the cosmic joy that accompanies the Incarnation. In stanza 14, Milton describes the angels playing “Harping in loud and solemn quire, / With unexpressive notes to Heav’n’s new-born Heir” (lines 150-151). This music reflects the celestial realm’s exultation and the unity of heaven and earth. Furthermore, the reference to the “angelic symphony” (line 177) implies that music transcends human expression, conveying the divine joy and peace that the birth of Christ brings. The music also serves as a metaphor for the ultimate harmony between God and humankind, brought forth through Christ’s presence.
• How does Milton juxtapose the divine and the mortal in the poem?
• Milton juxtaposes the divine nature of Christ with his mortal incarnation, emphasizing the humility and sacrifice involved in His descent to earth. In stanza 2, Christ “laid aside” His “glorious Form, that Light unsufferable” and “Forsook the courts of everlasting day” to dwell in “a darksome house of mortal clay” (lines 13-19). This contrast between divine radiance and earthly obscurity underscores the immense sacrifice inherent in the Incarnation, as Christ leaves behind His celestial glory to redeem humanity. The imagery of “mortal clay” further highlights the fragility of human flesh, reinforcing the stark difference between Christ’s eternal divinity and His temporary human form.
• What is the significance of the silence of the pagan oracles in the poem?
• The silence of the pagan oracles in the poem symbolizes the triumph of Christianity over ancient paganism, marking the end of an era of false prophecies and idol worship. In stanza 22, Milton writes, “The Oracles are dumb; / No voice or hideous hum / Runs through the arched roof in words deceiving” (lines 173-175). This passage signifies the fall of the old pagan religions, represented by figures such as Apollo and the Delphic oracle, who can “no more divine” (line 177). The silence of these oracles and the departure of gods like Moloch and Isis (lines 209-218) illustrate that Christ’s birth brings about a new truth, rendering the deceptive oracles of the past obsolete.

Literary Works Similar to “On the Morning of Christ’s Nativity” by John Milton

1. “Hymn on the Morning of Christ’s Nativity” by Henry Vaughan
   Similar in its celebration of Christ’s birth and its use of celestial imagery to depict the divine event.
2. “In the Holy Nativity of Our Lord” by Richard Crashaw
   This poem, like Milton’s, reflects on the awe and reverence surrounding the birth of Christ, with a focus on religious imagery and divine mystery.
3. “Christmas” by George Herbert
   Herbert’s poem shares Milton’s religious devotion, focusing on the theme of Christ’s Incarnation and its redemptive significance.
4. “A Christmas Carol” by Samuel Taylor Coleridge
   This poem also meditates on the spiritual and cosmic importance of Christ’s birth, using both nature and religious symbolism to convey its themes

Suggested Readings: “On the Morning of Christ’s Nativity” by John Milton

Representative Quotations of “On the Morning of Christ’s Nativity” by John Milton