Snowball Effect in Literature & Literary Theory

Snowball Effect: Etymology/Term, Meanings and Concept

Etymology/Term: The term “snowball effect” draws its inspiration from the way a small snowball rolled down a hill gradually gathers more snow. As it rolls, it increases in size and momentum. This metaphor illustrates how a seemingly minor action or event can trigger a chain reaction, leading to progressively larger and more significant consequences.

Meanings and Concepts:

• Cumulative Growth: A small event or change initially has a minor impact, but amplifies over time due to momentum and self-reinforcement.
• Chain Reaction: Actions trigger additional actions, leading to a sequence of increasing magnitude or intensity.
• Positive or Negative Outcomes: The snowball effect can produce beneficial results (a virtuous circle) or detrimental consequences (a vicious circle).
• Unpredictability: The snowball effect can lead to outcomes that were initially difficult to foresee.

Snowball Effect: Definition of a Theoretical Term

The snowball effect refers to a phenomenon where something small or insignificant grows in significance or magnitude over time, often exponentially. It describes a process where initial actions or events have a multiplying effect, causing a chain reaction that amplifies the original impact. This term is commonly used in various contexts, such as economics, sociology, and even psychology, to depict how small changes can lead to significant and sometimes unforeseen consequences.

Snowball Effect: Theorists, Works and Arguments

Key Areas

• Behavioral Science & Psychology:
  • The Bandwagon Effect: People adopt behaviors or beliefs based on their growing popularity, resulting in a snowballing of trends and opinions.
  • Self-Fulfilling Prophecy: An initial belief or expectation, whether true or false, can influence actions, ultimately making the expectation become a reality.
• Economics & Finance:
  • Debt Accumulation: Unchecked borrowing can create a self-perpetuating cycle, where more loans are needed to pay off existing interest, leading to a snowballing of debt.
  • Compound Interest: The reinvestment of interest results in the initial sum growing exponentially over time.
  • Market Dynamics: Herding behavior and panic selling can amplify market fluctuations.
• Systems Thinking:
  • Feedback loops: Systems where outputs can influence future inputs. Positive feedback loops create self-reinforcing growth, while negative feedback loops stabilize a system. These loops are inherent in understanding the snowball effect.
• Social & Political Movements:
  • Revolution and Change: Small acts of resistance or progress can coalesce, building momentum for sweeping social change.
  • Polarization: Increasing divisions and echo chambers can lead to escalating tensions and radicalization.

Important Works

• Thomas Schelling, “Micromotives and Macrobehavior“ (economics, game theory)
• Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman, “Prospect Theory“ (behavioral economics)
• George Soros, “The Alchemy of Finance“ (market reflexivity)
• Malcolm Gladwell, “The Tipping Point“ (popularization of social change concepts)

Arguments

• Power of Initial Conditions: The snowball effect highlights how seemingly insignificant starting points can have far-reaching outcomes.
• Unintended Consequences: Actions can create chain reactions with results that were not originally intended or foreseen.
• Leverage Points: Understanding the snowball effect may help in identifying places where small interventions can have a major impact on a system.

Please note: The snowball effect isn’t a theory with a dedicated founder but a powerful metaphor used widely across various disciplines.

Snowball Effect: Major Characteristics

1. Incremental Growth: The snowball effect is characterized by incremental growth, where a small initial action or event accumulates momentum over time. This concept is vividly illustrated in Leo Tolstoy’s “War and Peace,” where the repercussions of individual decisions by characters snowball into larger historical events.
2. Exponential Amplification: As the snowball rolls downhill, it gains mass and speed, exponentially amplifying its impact. This aspect is reminiscent of the plot in Franz Kafka’s “The Metamorphosis,” where Gregor Samsa’s transformation into a giant insect triggers a series of increasingly dramatic and unforeseen consequences.
3. Chain Reaction: The snowball effect often sets off a chain reaction, where each subsequent event is influenced by the momentum of the preceding ones. Charles Dickens’ “A Christmas Carol” exemplifies this as Ebenezer Scrooge’s change of heart leads to a cascade of positive transformations in the lives of those around him, triggered by his initial act of generosity.
4. Unforeseen Consequences: One of the key characteristics of the snowball effect is the emergence of unforeseen consequences from seemingly insignificant actions. In William Shakespeare’s “Macbeth,” Macbeth’s initial act of regicide sets off a chain of events that ultimately leads to his downfall, illustrating how a single decision can snowball into tragic outcomes.

Snowball Effect: Relevance in Literary Theories

Literary Theory	Relevance of the Snowball Effect
Reader-Response Theory	A reader’s initial interpretation or reaction can trigger a chain of associations and connections throughout the text, leading to an increasingly rich and complex understanding.
New Historicism	Seemingly insignificant historical details or events within a text may reflect or be connected to broader cultural shifts. These small elements can build a cumulative understanding of the societal forces at play.
Deconstruction	A minor textual inconsistency or contradiction can unravel the established meaning of the work, leading to a snowballing breakdown of previously held interpretations.
Feminist Theory	Small acts of resistance or subtle challenges to patriarchal norms within a text can accumulate to reveal a wider pattern of subversion and empowerment.
Postcolonial Theory	Instances of cultural hybridization or resistance to colonial power within a work can gain momentum and highlight the complex dynamics of oppression and resilience.

Snowball Effect: Relevant Terms

Term	Definition
Chain Reaction	A series of events where each event causes the next.
Cumulative Effect	The overall impact of multiple events building over time.
Feedback Loop	A system where outputs influence future inputs, either reinforcing change (positive feedback loop) or stabilizing the system (negative feedback loop).
Momentum	The force or energy driving a process forward.
Amplification	The process of increasing something in size or intensity.
Tipping Point	The critical moment when a small change triggers a significant shift.
Cascade	A series of events, each triggering the next, similar to a waterfall.
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy	A belief that leads to actions ultimately making the belief come true.
Bandwagon Effect	The tendency to adopt beliefs or behaviors simply because they are popular.
Unintended Consequences	Unexpected outcomes of an action, often unforeseen.

Snowball Effect: Suggested Readings

1. Gladwell, Malcolm. The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference. Boston: Little, Brown, 2000. Print.
2. Kahneman, Daniel. Thinking, Fast and Slow. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2011. Print.
3. Kleinberg, Jon. “The Convergence of Probability and Utility in the Theory of Diversification.” Journal of Economic Theory. Vol. 53, no. 1, 1991, pp. 123-131.
4. Merton, Robert K. “The Matthew Effect in Science.” Science. Vol. 159, no. 3810, 1968, pp. 56-63.
5. Schelling, Thomas C. Micromotives and Macrobehavior. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1978. Print.
6. Soros, George. The Alchemy of Finance. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2003. Print.
7. Sunstein, Cass R. “On the Expressive Function of Law.” University of Pennsylvania Law Review. Vol. 144, No. 5, 1996, pp. 2021-2053. JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/subjects/)
8. Taleb, Nassim Nicholas. The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable. New York: Random House, 2007. Print.
9. Watts, Duncan J. “A Simple Model of Global Cascades on Random Networks.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Vol. 99, no.9, 2002, pp.5766-5771, https://www.pnas.org/.
10. Wu, Frederick. “The (Real) First Law of Behavioral Finance.” Columbia Business Law Review. Vol. 2014, no. 2, 2014, pp. 499-575.