Tag: essay writing

Definition of Persuasive Essay

A persuasive essay is a type of academic writing whose sole objective is to convince others or persuade others to take an action. It also convinces the reader to adopt a specific position. The essay presents a strong argument or claim and supports it with logical reasoning, evidence, and persuasive language.

Writers or students use convincing arguments, emotional appeals, and rhetorical devices in a persuasive essay. Like all other essays, it also starts with an introduction, having a hook, background information, and thesis statement followed by body paragraphs and a conclusion.

The conclusion summarizes the main points and restates the thesis, leaving a lasting impression on the readers and reinforcing the position the writer/student takes. In short, a persuasive essay seeks to influence the reader’s beliefs, attitudes, or actions by presenting a well-structured and compelling argument.

Parts/Elements of Persuasive Essay

Part/Element	Definition/Explanation	Example
Introduction	Begin with an attention-grabbing statement, anecdote, question, or quote to engage the reader.	“Did you know that over 80% of people believe in the importance of recycling? It’s a staggering statistic that highlights the growing environmental consciousness in our society.”
	Provide context and necessary background information on the topic.	“In recent years, the detrimental effects of plastic pollution on marine life and ecosystems have become increasingly evident.”
	Clearly state your main argument or claim, expressing your position and the reasons why the reader should agree with you.	“Therefore, it is imperative that we implement strict regulations on single-use plastics to protect our planet for future generations.”
Clear Position	Clearly state your position or viewpoint on the topic early in the essay.	“I firmly believe that mandatory recycling programs are crucial in reducing our carbon footprint and preserving the environment.”
	Present a strong and persuasive argument that supports your position.	“By implementing mandatory recycling programs, we can significantly reduce landfill waste and conserve valuable resources.”
	Anticipate counterarguments and address them throughout the essay.	“While some argue that mandatory recycling programs infringe upon personal freedom, it is important to recognize that individual actions have far-reaching consequences.”
Evidence and Support	Present strong evidence, examples, statistics, research findings, or expert opinions to support your argument.	“A study conducted by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) found that recycling a single plastic bottle can save enough energy to power a lightbulb for six hours.”
	Use credible and reliable sources to enhance the credibility of your argument.	“According to a report published in the Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, communities with mandatory recycling programs have experienced a significant reduction in waste generation.”
	Ensure that the evidence directly relates to and reinforces your main points.	“These findings demonstrate the positive impact that mandatory recycling can have on our environment and resource conservation efforts.”
Logical Reasoning	Use logical reasoning and critical thinking to present a well-structured and coherent argument.	“If we continue to produce and dispose of plastic at the current rate, our landfills will soon be overflowing, and our ecosystems will suffer irreversible damage.”
	Clearly explain the reasoning behind your claims and how the evidence supports your position.	“By implementing mandatory recycling programs, we can establish a systematic approach to waste management, reduce pollution, and promote a more sustainable future.”
	Avoid logical fallacies and ensure that your argument follows a logical flow.	“It is essential to base our decisions on sound reasoning and scientific evidence rather than succumbing to emotional or anecdotal reasoning.”
Emotional Appeals	Utilize emotional appeals to connect with the reader and evoke empathy or sympathy.	“Imagine a world where our oceans are no longer teeming with plastic debris, and marine creatures thrive in their natural habitats.”
	Use vivid language, personal stories, or appeals to shared values and beliefs to engage the reader on an emotional level.	“As a parent, I want to ensure a cleaner and healthier planet for my children, and recycling is a tangible way we can all contribute to that goal.”
	Balance emotional appeals with logical reasoning to create a well-rounded persuasive essay.	“While emotional appeals can be powerful motivators, it is crucial to support them with solid evidence and logical arguments to establish a strong persuasive case.”
Rhetorical Devices	Employ rhetorical devices, such as metaphors, similes, repetition, or rhetorical questions, to enhance the persuasive impact of your essay.	“Our planet is like a delicate ecosystem, with every action we take rippling through the interconnected web of life.”
	Use rhetorical devices strategically to emphasize key points and create a persuasive effect.	“Recycling is not just an option; it’s our responsibility, our duty, and our opportunity to make a positive impact on the world around us.”
Counterarguments and Rebuttal	Address potential counterarguments or opposing viewpoints and refute them with strong reasoning and evidence.	“Some argue that recycling is not cost-effective, but the long-term benefits to our environment and resource conservation far outweigh any short-term costs.”
	Acknowledge and address opposing views respectfully to demonstrate a comprehensive understanding of the topic.	“While it is true that recycling programs require initial investments, the long-term economic and environmental benefits make them a wise investment for our society.”
	Strengthen your argument by addressing and refuting counterarguments effectively.	“By implementing comprehensive recycling programs, we can reduce the strain on our natural resources, decrease pollution, and create a more sustainable future for generations to come.”
Conclusion	Summarize the main points of your argument and restate your thesis statement.	“In conclusion, mandatory recycling programs are vital in combating plastic pollution, reducing waste, and preserving the environment for future generations.”
	Provide a compelling closing statement that reinforces your position and leaves a lasting impression on the reader.	“Together, let’s take a stand for the planet and embrace the power of recycling to create a cleaner, greener, and more sustainable world.”
	Call to Action: Optionally, include a call to action, urging the reader to take a specific course of action or consider further implications.	“I urge you to support and advocate for mandatory recycling programs in your community, as small actions can lead to significant positive change on a global scale.”

Functions/Roles of Persuasive Essay

1. Persuasion
2. Influence
3. Critical Thinking
4. Communication
5. Advocacy
6. Education
7. Critical Analysis
8. Empowerment
9. Promote Dialogue
10. Writing and Communication Skills

Examples of Persuasive Essays in English Literature/Writings

1. “Letter from Birmingham Jail” by Martin Luther King Jr.:

Author: Martin Luther King Jr., a prominent civil rights activist, and leader during the mid-20th century

Essay Overview: Written in 1963 while imprisoned for participating in civil rights demonstrations, “Letter from Birmingham Jail” serves as King’s persuasive response to a letter from eight white clergymen who criticized his nonviolent protests. Employing emotional appeals, logical reasoning, and ethical arguments, King defends his approach and advocates for racial justice.

• “A Modest Proposal” by Jonathan Swift:

Author: Jonathan Swift, an Anglo-Irish satirist, and essayist in the 18th century

Essay Overview: Published in 1729 as a satirical essay, “A Modest Proposal” presents Swift’s suggestion to address poverty in Ireland by proposing that impoverished Irish families sell their children as food to the wealthy. Through biting satire and irony, Swift criticizes the indifference of the ruling class and aims to shock readers into recognizing the urgent need for economic and social reforms.

“Politics and the English Language” by George Orwell:

• Author: George Orwell, a renowned British author and social critic

Essay Overview: Written in 1946, “Politics and the English Language” is a persuasive essay that addresses the degradation of language in political discourse. Orwell argues that vague and misleading language hinders clear thinking and enables political manipulation. He advocates for precise and honest language as a means to preserve truth, democracy, and intellectual integrity.

• “A Room of One’s Own” by Virginia Woolf:

Author: Virginia Woolf, a pioneering modernist writer, and feminist in the early 20th century

Essay Overview: Published in 1929, “A Room of One’s Own” is a persuasive essay that explores the limitations imposed on women in society and the arts. Woolf argues for the necessity of women having financial independence and personal space to foster creativity. By weaving personal anecdotes, literary analysis, and feminist arguments, Woolf persuades readers to recognize and challenge gender-based inequalities.

In each of these essays, the authors utilize persuasive techniques to engage readers, present a strong argument, and advocate for social, political, or cultural change. However, it must be kept in mind that these authors have a specific purpose behind their writings and they have had a mission. With students, it is not the case. Therefore, they must follow a structure with writing a persuasive essay.

Suggested Readings

1. Graff, Gerald, and Cathy Birkenstein. They Say / I Say: The Moves That Matter in Academic Writing. W.W. Norton & Company, 2018.
2. Lunsford, Andrea A., and John J. Ruszkiewicz. Everything’s an Argument with Readings. Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2020.
3. Pinker, Steven. The Sense of Style: The Thinking Person’s Guide to Writing in the 21st Century. Penguin Books, 2015.
4. Ramage, John D., John C. Bean, and June Johnson. Writing Arguments: A Rhetoric with Readings. Pearson, 2018.
5. Schimel, Joshua. Writing Science: How to Write Papers That Get Cited and Proposals That Get Funded. Oxford University Press, 2012.
6. Toulmin, Stephen E. The Uses of Argument. Cambridge University Press, 2003.
7. Williams, Joseph M., and Joseph Bizup. Style: Lessons in Clarity and Grace. Pearson, 2016.
8. Zinsser, William. On Writing Well: The Classic Guide to Writing Nonfiction. Harper Perennial, 2016.

Introduction to Debatable Thesis Statement

A debatable thesis statement presents a claim or position that others can argue against or challenge its claim or assumptions. It expresses an opinion or perspective that is not universally acceptable or consensual. Unlike an informative thesis statement, a debatable thesis statement sparks discussion and invites different questions and perspectives about its argument.

A debatable thesis statement becomes a basis for an argumentative or persuasive essay in which the student or the author supports their claim, using evidence, reasoning, and counterarguments. Therefore, it takes a stance on a controversial issue, highlighting a topic on which people may hold differing opinions. The main objective of such a statement is to engage the readers and stimulate critical thinking and debate in them.

Types of Debatable Thesis Statement

Thesis Statement Type	Example	Explanation
Value-based Debatable	“Animal testing for cosmetic purposes should be completely abolished due to ethical concerns and the availability of alternative testing methods.”	This debatable thesis statement takes a value-based stance on the issue of animal testing for cosmetics. First, it presents the claim that such testing should be abolished, citing ethical concerns and the existence of alternative testing methods. This thesis statement invites debate regarding the ethical treatment of animals and the necessity of using them in cosmetic testing.
Policy-based Debatable	“The government should implement stricter regulations on fast food advertising targeting children to address the growing problem of childhood obesity.”	This debatable thesis statement presents a policy-based stance on the issue of fast food advertising and childhood obesity. It argues that stricter regulations should be implemented by the government to target advertisements aimed at children. This is how it invites debate on the role of advertising in shaping dietary choices and the responsibility of the government in addressing public health concerns.
Interpretation-based Debatable	“The portrayal of violence in video games has a detrimental impact on youth behavior, contributing to increased aggression and desensitization to real-world violence.”	This debatable thesis statement shows an interpretation-based stance on the relationship between violence in video games and youth behavior. It argues that the portrayal of violence in video games negatively affects the behavior of young individuals, leading to increased aggression and desensitization. This is how it invites discussion and debate about the influence of media on behavior and the potential consequences of violent video games.

These examples demonstrate different types of debatable thesis statements, each presenting a specific stance on a controversial issue. The subsequent essays would, then, provide evidence, reasoning, and counterarguments to support and defend the chosen position. It is important to note that the debatable nature of these thesis statements allows for diverse perspectives and encourages critical thinking on the part of the readers.

Elements of a Debatable Thesis Statement:

1. Clear Assertion

2. Controversy or Disagreement

3. Specificity and Focus

4. Arguable and Contestable

5. Invitation to Discussion and Debate

6. Evidence and Reasoning

7. Scope and Context

While these elements provide a helpful framework, the structure and content of a debatable thesis statement vary depending on the specific topic and purpose of the writing. The goal is to present a clear, arguable position that invites discussion and debate on a controversial issue.

Process of Writing a Debatable Thesis Statement:

1. Choose a Controversial Topic:

• Select a topic that sparks disagreement or controversy among individuals or groups.
• Ensure the topic has multiple perspectives or interpretations that can be debated.

2. Conduct Background Research:

• Gather information and familiarize yourself with different perspectives.
  • Understand the key arguments, evidence, and counterarguments.

3. Identify Your Position:

• Determine the stance or position.
  • Consider the perspective you think is compelling and have evidence to support it.

4. Craft a Clear Assertion:

• Develop a clear and concise statement that presents your position.
  • The thesis statement should state your claim or argument.

5. Ensure Controversy and Arguability:

• Make sure your thesis statement addresses an aspect of the topic.
  • Consider the potential counterarguments and opposing opinions.

6. Provide a Scope and Context:

• Establish the scope and context of the debate.
  • Clearly indicate the boundaries of your argument.

7. Incorporate Evidence and Reasoning:

• Include a brief mention of the evidence, reasoning, or examples.
  • This shows that you have considered the available information.

8. Revise and Refine:

• Review your thesis statement and ensure it meets the criteria of being debatable.
  • Revise as needed to strengthen clarity and persuasiveness.

Remember, the process of writing a debatable thesis statement requires careful consideration of the topic, understanding of different perspectives, and crafting a clear and assertive statement that invites discussion and that it is debatable.

Examples of Debatable Thesis Statement

Literary Topic	Debatable Thesis Statement	Main Points
Great Expectations by Dickens	Pip’s moral development is primarily influenced by his interactions with Estella.	Estella’s influence on Pip’s upbringing and values.Pip’s infatuation with Estella shapes his aspirations and character.Estella’s rejection and eventual change impact Pip’s growth and understanding of love and redemption.
Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen	Elizabeth Bennet’s initial prejudice against Mr. Darcy is crucial for their eventual love story.	Elizabeth’s initial negative judgment and prejudice towards Darcy. The gradual transformation of Elizabeth’s opinion and the influence of her family’s expectations. The pivotal moment when Elizabeth realizes her feelings for Darcy.
Tess of the d’Urbervilles by Thomas Hardy	Tess’s fate is ultimately shaped by societal expectations and the oppressive patriarchy of her time.	Tess’s family background and the pressures imposed on her by society. The influence of male figures and their manipulation of Tess’s life. The tragic consequences of Tess’s attempts to navigate societal norms and expectations.
1984 by Orwell	The Party’s control of language and the manipulation of truth are the most powerful tools for maintaining its totalitarian regime.	Newspeak and the elimination of individual expression and critical thinking. The role of the Ministry of Truth and its alteration of historical records. Winston’s struggle against the Party’s manipulation and his eventual realization of the power of language.

Suggested Readings

1. Booth, Wayne C., Gregory G. Colomb, and Joseph M. Williams. The Craft of Research. 4th ed., University of Chicago Press, 2016.
2. Graff, Gerald, and Cathy Birkenstein. They Say / I Say: The Moves That Matter in Academic Writing. 3rd ed., W. W. Norton & Company, 2014.
3. Hacker, Diana, and Nancy Sommers. A Writer’s Reference. 9th ed., Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2018.
4. Lunsford, Andrea A., and Robert Connors. The St. Martin’s Handbook. 9th ed., Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2019.
5. Rosenwasser, David, and Jill Stephen. Writing Analytically. 8th ed., Cengage Learning, 2018.
6. Williams, Joseph M. Style: The Basics of Clarity and Grace. 5th ed., Pearson, 2018.
7. Zinsser, William. On Writing Well: The Classic Guide to Writing Nonfiction. 30th Anniversary ed., HarperCollins, 2006.

Definition of Expository Essay

An expository essay is a type of writing included in composition courses or English courses. This essay intends to provide a clear and balanced analysis or explanation of a topic or idea. The students are asked to present factual information, explore a concept, or discuss a specific subject. The examiners see coherence, logic, and flow.

Typically, this essay, too, begins with an introduction (having a hook, background information, and a thesis) that introduces the topic. The body paragraphs, then, show evidence for claims, present examples, and explain them to support their claim. Tone is often objective and informative.

The conclusion summarizes the main points and an insight into the topic. It could include recommendations or suggestions for further exploration. The major purpose of an expository essay is to educate, inform, and clarify complex concepts.

Major Elements/Parts of Expository Essay

Element	Definition, Explanation, and Example
Clear thesis statement	It is a concise and focused statement that presents the main argument or purpose of the essay. It sets the direction and scope of the essay, guiding the reader on what to expect. Example: “The legalization of marijuana for medicinal purposes has proven to have numerous benefits in the treatment of various medical conditions.”
Introduction	Provides background information on the topic, engages the reader’s interest, and includes the thesis statement. It sets the stage for the essay and establishes its relevance. Example: “In recent years, the debate surrounding the use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in food production has sparked widespread controversy and concerns regarding their safety.”
Body paragraphs	The main part of the essay presents supporting evidence, examples, and explanations for the thesis statement. Each paragraph focuses on a single main idea or topic and includes topic sentences, evidence, and analysis. Example: Paragraph discussing the environmental impact of GMOs in agriculture.
Evidence and examples	Includes relevant evidence and examples to support the main points and arguments. This can involve statistics, facts, quotations, or specific examples from credible sources. Example: “According to a study conducted by the World Health Organization, GMO crops have been proven to increase crop yields by up to 20% compared to non-GMO varieties.”
Organization and coherence	The essay should be well-organized and coherent, with a logical flow of ideas. Each paragraph should connect to the previous and following paragraphs, and transitions should be used to guide the reader through the essay. Example: Using transitional phrases such as “Furthermore” or “In addition” to introduce new supporting points.
Objective tone	An expository essay maintains an objective and unbiased tone, focusing on presenting information and analysis rather than personal opinions. Example: “The data collected from multiple clinical trials consistently indicates that the benefits of vaccination outweigh the potential risks.”
Conclusion	Summarizes the main points of the essay, restates the thesis statement, and may provide a final thought or suggestions for further exploration of the topic. Example: “Putting it briefly, the evidence overwhelmingly supports the incorporation of GMO crops in agricultural practices to address global food security concerns.”
Credible sources	Using reputable and reliable sources of information, such as academic journals, books, reputable websites, or expert interviews, to strengthen the credibility and validity of the essay’s arguments. Example: Citing peer-reviewed studies from renowned scientific journals to support claims about the benefits of renewable energy sources.
Clarity and conciseness	Writing a clear and concise essay, using language relevant to the intended audience. Complex ideas should be explained in a way that is easy to understand. Example: Using plain language and avoiding excessive technical jargon when discussing complex scientific concepts.

Structure/Outline Example of Expository Essay

Outline Point	Example
Introduction	The introduction sets the stage for the essay by providing background information after hooking the readers into the essay through a good hook and engaging the interest of the readers. It will be followed by a good thesis statement.
Example:	In the short story “The Lottery” by Shirley Jackson, a seemingly idyllic small town gathers every year to hold a lottery. The introduction would provide a brief overview of the story, highlighting its significance and the central themes it explores. It would also introduce the thesis statement, such as: “Through the use of symbolism and foreshadowing, Jackson’s ‘The Lottery’ delves into the dark aspects of human nature and the dangers of blindly following tradition.”
Body Paragraph 1	Each body paragraph focuses on a specific aspect or element of the short story, providing evidence and analysis to support the thesis statement.
Example:	Body paragraph 1 could analyze the symbolism in the story, examining how certain objects or actions represent deeper meanings. For instance, the black box used in the lottery can symbolize tradition, control, and the inevitability of violence. The paragraph would provide examples from the text, explain their symbolic significance, and discuss how they contribute to the overall theme of the story.
Body Paragraph 2	Another body paragraph explores a different aspect or element of the short story, offering evidence and analysis to support the thesis statement.
Example:	Body paragraph 2 could focus on the use of foreshadowing in “The Lottery.” It would discuss how Jackson hints at the dark outcome throughout the story, creating a sense of tension and unease. The paragraph would provide specific examples of foreshadowing, explain their effects on the reader’s interpretation, and discuss how they contribute to the story’s overall message.
Body Paragraph 3	A third body paragraph delves into another significant element or aspect of the short story, presenting evidence and analysis to support the thesis statement.
Example:	Body paragraph 3 could explore the characterization in “The Lottery,” focusing on the portrayal of the townspeople and their attitudes towards the lottery. It would analyze how Jackson creates a sense of conformity, fear, and complicity among the characters. The paragraph would provide specific examples from the text, discuss their implications, and explain how they contribute to the central themes of the story.
Conclusion	The conclusion summarizes the main points discussed in the body paragraphs and restates the thesis statement in a concise manner. It may also offer final insights or reflections on the significance of the short story.
Example:	The conclusion would recap the main findings of the essay, emphasizing the symbolism, foreshadowing, and characterization discussed in the body paragraphs. It would restate the thesis statement, highlighting the overall message of the story and its relevance to human nature. Additionally, it may offer a thought-provoking closing statement, encouraging the reader to reflect on the dangers of blindly following tradition and the potential darkness that lies beneath seemingly ordinary settings.

Functions of Expository Essay

1. Informing or Explaining
2. Educating
3. Analyzing and Interpreting
4. Clarifying Complex Concepts
5. Presenting Arguments
6. Raising Awareness
7. Instructing or Guiding
8. Persuading
9. Summarizing and Synthesizing
10. Engaging the Readers

These functions collectively contribute to the purpose of an expository essay, which is to educate, inform, analyze, and provide clarity on a given topic.

Examples of Expository Literary Essays

Topic	Major Points of Discussion
Symbolism in “The Lottery” by Shirley Jackson	This descriptive essay analyzes the use of symbolism in Shirley Jackson’s short story “The Lottery.” It discusses the symbolic meanings of objects, events, and characters in the story such as the black box, the stones, and the lottery itself. It explores how these symbols contribute to the overall themes of tradition, conformity, and the dark side of human nature. It provides specific examples from the text to support the analysis.
Themes of Love and Loss in Emily Dickinson’s Poetry	This descriptive essay Explores the themes of love and loss in the poetry of Emily Dickinson. It also analyzes selected poems and discusses the different ways in which Dickinson portrays love and the experience of loss. It examines her use of imagery, language, and poetic devices to convey complex emotions associated with love and grief. It discusses the recurring motifs and symbols related to love and loss in Dickinson’s poetry and their significance in capturing the human experience.
Character Analysis: Montresor in “The Cask of Amontillado” by Edgar Allan Poe	This descriptive essay conducts a character analysis of Montresor in Edgar Allan Poe’s short story “The Cask of Amontillado.” It explores Montresor’s motives, personality traits, and the psychology behind his vengeful actions. It analyzes how Poe portrays Montresor’s manipulation and the themes of revenge, betrayal, and madness in the story. It discusses the unreliable narrator technique employed by Poe and its impact on the reader’s perception of Montresor’s character. It provides examples and quotes from the text to support the analysis.
Nature Imagery in the Poetry of William Wordsworth	This descriptive essay examines the use of nature imagery in the poetry of William Wordsworth. It discusses how Wordsworth portrays nature and its significance in his works, such as “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud” and “Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey.” It analyzes the themes of connection to nature, spirituality, and the sublime in Wordsworth’s poetry. It explores the impact of nature on the speaker’s emotions and its role in shaping their perspective on life. It discusses the poetic techniques and language employed by Wordsworth to create vivid and evocative descriptions of nature. It provides specific examples from the poems to support the analysis.

Suggested Readings

1. Dew, Stephen E. Practical Academic Essay Writing Skills. Lulu Press, Inc, 2015.
2. Laurena, Olivia PM. “Longman Academic Writing Series 5: Essays to Research Paper.” Journal of Multidisciplinary in Social Sciences 17.2 (2021): 82-83.
3. Wong, Linda. Essential Study Skills. Cengage Learning, 2014.
4. Warburton, Nigel. The Basics of Essay Writing. Routledge, 2020.

Definition of Descriptive Essay

A descriptive essay is a genre of academic writing. Its objective is to show something vividly depicting and evoking a sensory experience of/about a subject, person, place, event, or object. Students are required to create a clear and vivid image, allowing the readers to fully immerse themselves in the description.

Therefore, such a picture of something goes beyond factual information, incorporating the observations and perceptions of the writers/students to paint a rich and detailed picture of the chosen topic.

Main Parts/Features/Elements of a Descriptive Essay

1. Introduction
   • An descriptive essay grabs the reader’s attention with a hook
   • Sets the tone for the essay through background information
   • May include a thesis statement expressing the main purpose or impression
2. Sensory Details
   • Descriptive language that engages the readers’ senses
   • Describes sight, sound, smell, taste, and touch
   • Enhances the sensory experience through adjectives, adverbs, and figurative language
3. Organization and Structure
   • Follows a logical order that guides the reader through the description
   • Organized chronologically, spatially, or by focusing on specific aspects
   • Each paragraph has a clear focus and transitions smoothly to the next
4. Use of Figurative Language
   • Adds depth and richness to the essay
   • Includes similes, metaphors, personification, and descriptive imagery
   • Creates vivid comparisons, evokes emotions, and engages the readers’ imagination
5. Personal Perspective
   • Writers’ observations, emotions, and experiences related to the subject
   • Provides a unique perspective and authenticity
   • Maintains a balance between personal reflection and objectivity
6. Conclusion
   • Summarizes the main points of the essay
   • Leaves a lasting impression on the reader
   • Restate the thesis statement
   • Provides a sense of completeness and a final sensory image or thought

Structure of a Descriptive Essay

Part	Detail	Example (to be filled)
Introduction	Hook: Attention-grabbing sentence or captivating anecdote
	Background information: Necessary context or background information about the subject
	Thesis statement: Main impression or purpose of the description
Body paragraphs	Topic sentence: Clear introduction of the main idea or aspect
	Sensory details: Use of vivid and specific sensory descriptions
	Organization: Logical order for the body paragraphs
	Paragraph development: Elaboration on aspects using descriptive language, examples, and observations
	Use of figurative language: Incorporation of similes, metaphors, personification, or other figurative devices
Conclusion	Summarize key points
	Restate the thesis
	Final impression

Role of Literary Devices in Descriptive Essay Writing

Literary Device	Function in Descriptive Essay	Example
Similes and metaphors	Enhance descriptions by comparing the subject to something else, making it more relatable or evocative	“Her smile was like sunshine, spreading warmth and happiness to everyone around her.”
Personification	Assign human characteristics to non-human entities, bringing them to life and making them more engaging	“The wind whispered secrets through the trees, as if sharing its ancient wisdom.”
Symbolism	Use objects, images, or actions to represent abstract ideas or concepts, adding depth and layers of meaning	“The dove, a symbol of peace, soared through the clear blue sky.”
Allegory	Tell a story or describe a situation that represents a deeper moral, social, or political meaning	“In the Animal Farm, the animals’ struggle for equality serves as an allegory for societal revolutions.”
Imagery	Create vivid mental pictures by using descriptive language that appeals to the senses	“The aroma of freshly brewed coffee filled the air, its rich and comforting scent enveloping the room.”
Onomatopoeia	Use words that imitate sounds, adding aural elements to the description	“The crackling fire danced and popped, creating a cozy ambiance in the room.”
Alliteration	Repeat consonant sounds at the beginning of words, adding rhythm, musicality, and emphasis	“The shimmering sea sparkled and sang, its waves crashing against the shore.”
Repetition	Repeat certain words or phrases to create emphasis, rhythm, or a sense of unity	“The old house stood in silence, its walls whispering stories, its floors creaking with memories.”
Parallelism	Use similar grammatical structures or patterns of words to create balance, rhythm, and coherence	“She walked with grace, she spoke with eloquence, and she laughed with infectious joy.”
Hyperbole	Use deliberate exaggeration for emphasis or dramatic effect	“The mountain peak reached the heavens, touching the sky with its majestic presence.”
Irony	Employ irony to create a contrast between expectations and reality	“The sun shone brightly on the rainy day, mocking the gloomy clouds.”
Juxtaposition	Place contrasting elements side by side to highlight their differences or create tension	“Amid chaos, a single flower bloomed, a symbol of hope and resilience.”
Foreshadowing	Hint at future events or outcomes, creating anticipation and suspense	“As the storm clouds gathered, a sense of unease settled in the air, foretelling the tempest to come.”
Oxymoron	Combine contradictory terms for effect, creating tension or surprise	“The bittersweet memories of youth lingered in her mind, a paradox of joy and nostalgia.”
Metonymy	Use a word or phrase that represents something closely associated with the subject, adding depth and symbolic meaning	“The crown symbolizes the authority and power of the monarchy.”

These literary devices play a critical role in descriptive essay writing. They do so by enhancing descriptions, evoking emotions, and adding layers of meaning to the descriptive text. They also engage the readers’ senses and imaginations through structure and rhythm, enhancing the literary appeal of the essay.

Example of a Descriptive Essay Outline

Topic: The Enchanting Streets of Paris: A Journey Through Time and Culture.

I. Introduction

1. Hook: The allure of Parisian streets
2. Background information on Paris as a city
3. Thesis statement: Exploring the streets of Paris is like stepping into a timeless masterpiece that seamlessly blends history, culture, and charm.

II. Body Paragraph: 1: Historical Streets

1. Topic sentence: The streets of Paris are rich in historical significance.
2. Description of iconic streets like Champs-Élysées and Rue de Rivoli
3. Historical events that took place on these streets
4. Emphasis on the architectural beauty and preservation of the past

III. Body Paragraph: 2: Cultural Melting Pot

1. Topic sentence: Parisian streets offer a vibrant mix of cultures.
2. Description of neighborhoods like Le Marais and Montmartre
3. Influence of different cultures on the cuisine, language, and art
4. Highlights of diverse shops, cafés, and markets

IV. Body Paragraph: 3: Hidden Gems

1. Topic sentence: Parisian streets hide secret treasures waiting to be discovered.
2. Description of lesser-known streets and alleyways
3. Exploration of local boutiques, bookstores, and art galleries
4. Encounters with street performers and musicians

V. Body Paragraph: 4: The Intangible Atmosphere

1. Topic sentence: The atmosphere of Parisian streets is truly magical.
2. Sensory details: sights, sounds, and smells that define the experience
3. Observations of the locals and their way of life
4. Reflection on the unique energy that permeates the streets

VI. Conclusion

A. Restatement of the thesis statement

B. Recap of the captivating historical, cultural, and hidden aspects of Parisian streets

C. Final thoughts on the enchanting and transformative nature of exploring these streets

Remember, this is just an outline. You can expand on each section as needed to create a more detailed and comprehensive essay.

Suggested Readings

1. Carter, Katherine. “Teaching Descriptive Writing through Visualization and the Five Senses.” English Teaching Forum. Vol. 53. No. 2. US Department of State. Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs, Office of English Language Programs, SA-5, 2200 C Street NW 4th Floor, Washington, DC 20037, 2015.
2. McCarthy, Tara. Descriptive Writing. Scholastic Inc., 1998.
3. Nair, Gopala Krishnan Sekharan, et al. “Writing Descriptive Essays Using the Tree Diagrams a Tool.” Asian Social Science 8.7 (2012): 40.

Definition of Compare and Contrast Essay

A compare and contrast essay is a type of academic writing that explores the similarities and differences between two or more, objects, things, subjects, or ideas. This essay needs the writer to analyze and identify the characteristics, elements, and features of the subjects being compared. The purpose of a compare and contrast essay is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the similarities and differences, highlighting both the common points and distinctions between the chosen subjects.

Compare and contrast essay, like all other essays, comprises general points such as an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. However, the main thing is it explores specific points of comparison and contrast. The writer generally uses clear and concise language to articulate the similarities and differences effectively, while the conclusion summarizes the main findings and offers insights into the significance of the comparisons.

Briefly, a comparison or compare and contrast essay aims to enhance the understanding of its readers about the subjects under examination by pointing out shared features and divergent aspects.

Major Components/Elements/Parts of of Compare and Contrast Essay

Here are the elements of a compare and contrast essay presented in bullet points:

Stage	Instructions
Introduction	The introduction provides a brief overview of the subjects compared. It presents a clear thesis statement that indicates the purpose of the essay and the main points of comparison.
Point-by-Point or Block Structure	It is a structure for the essay. In the point-by-point structure, specific points or criteria between the subjects are compared and contrasted in each paragraph. In the block structure, all aspects of one subject are discussed in the first block, followed by a separate block for the second subject.
Body Paragraphs	Each body paragraph focuses on a specific point of comparison or contrast. Evidence, examples, or supporting details are provided to illustrate the similarities and differences. Clear and concise language is used to present the information.
Transitions	Transitional words and phrases are used to smoothly transition between points and paragraphs. Examples of transitional words and phrases include “similarly,” “on the other hand,” “in contrast,” “likewise,” “in comparison,” etc.
Analysis and Interpretation	The essay offers an analysis and interpretation of the comparisons made. The significance of the similarities and differences in relation to the thesis statement is explained.
Conclusion	The conclusion summarizes the main points of comparison and contrast. It restates the thesis statement and provides a concise conclusion. Insights or implications that arise from the comparisons made are also offered.
Organization and Clarity	The essay ensures a clear and logical organization. Appropriate headings, subheadings, or transition phrases are used to guide the reader through the comparison process. Proper grammar, punctuation, and sentence structure are employed for clarity.
Balanced Treatment	A balanced treatment of the subjects being compared is provided. Equal attention is given to both similarities and differences. Favoring one subject over the other is avoided.

Using these features, compare and contrast essay presents a well-structured analysis of the similarities and differences when comparing things, objects, or even abstract ideas. The essay highlights key points of comparison, provides evidence and analysis, and offers a thoughtful conclusion that emphasizes the significance of the comparisons made.

Structure of Compare and Contrast Essay

1. Introduction:
2. Briefly introduce the topic and provide background information of the compare and contrast essay.
3. Present a clear thesis statement that highlights the main points of comparison and contrast.
4. Body Paragraphs:

Aspect/Point of Comparison	Subject A	Subject B
Point 1
Point 2
Point 3

• Each body paragraph should focus on a specific aspect or point of comparison.
  • In the first column, clearly state the aspect or point of comparison.
  • In the “Subject A” and “Subject B” columns, provide detailed information about each subject’s characteristics, similarities, and differences for the corresponding aspect.
• Conclusion:
• Summarize the main points discussed in compare and contrast essay.
• Restate the thesis statement and emphasize the significance of the comparison and contrast.
• Provide a concluding statement that leaves a lasting impression on the reader.

Remember that this is just a simple representation of the structure. In your actual essay, you will write paragraphs instead of filling in the table. Each paragraph should explore a specific point of comparison or contrast in detail and provide evidence to support your analysis.

Compare and Contrast Essays Examples in English Literature/Writings

Here are some compare and contrast essay examples, topics and their main points.

Topic	Thesis Statement	Main Points
Topic: Representation of social class in the novels of Thomas Hardy and George Eliot	Thesis Statement: Both Thomas Hardy and George Eliot explore the impact of social class on individuals and society, but while Hardy emphasizes the constraints and injustices faced by the lower class, Eliot delves into the complexities and struggles of individuals navigating different social strata.	Main Points: The portrayal of social hierarchy and its effects on characters’ lives in Hardy’s Tess of the d’Urbervilles and Eliot’s Middlemarch. The depiction of social mobility and the challenges faced by characters from different classes in Hardy’s The Mayor of Casterbridge and Eliot’s Daniel Deronda. 3. The exploration of societal expectations and the limitations imposed by class in Hardy’s Far From the Madding Crowd and Eliot’s Silas Marner.
Topic: Themes of fate and determinism in the works of Thomas Hardy and George Orwell	Thesis Statement: Both Thomas Hardy and George Orwell delve into the themes of fate and determinism, but while Hardy presents a fatalistic worldview where individuals are powerless against their predetermined destinies, Orwell portrays a dystopian society where individuals struggle against oppressive systems and exert agency within limits.	Main Points: The concept of fate and its influence on characters’ lives in Hardy’s Jude the Obscure and Orwell’s 1984. The portrayal of individual agency and resistance against oppressive forces in Hardy’s The Return of the Native and Orwell’s Animal Farm. The exploration of the consequences of fatalistic beliefs and determinism in Hardy’s “The Woodlanders” and Orwell’s “Nineteen Eighty-Four”.
Topic: Depiction of gender roles and female characters in the novels of George Eliot and Thomas Hardy	Thesis Statement: Both George Eliot and Thomas Hardy challenge traditional gender roles and present complex female characters who defy societal expectations, but Eliot’s approach is more progressive and empowering, while Hardy’s female characters often face tragic outcomes due to societal constraints.	Main Points: The portrayal of strong, independent female characters and their struggles against patriarchal norms in Eliot’s The Mill on the Floss and Hardy’s Tess of the d’Urbervilles. The examination of the limitations imposed on women and the consequences of defying societal expectations in Eliot’s Middlemarch and Hardy’s Far From the Madding Crowd. The exploration of the impact of gender inequality and the pursuit of self-fulfillment in Eliot’s Daniel Deronda and Hardy’s The Return of the Native.

Suggested Readings

1. Dew, Stephen E. Practical Academic Essay Writing Skills. Lulu Press, Inc, 2015.
2. Large, Char, and Ari Samson. The Clustering Approach to Better Essay Writing. Trillium Press, 1987.
3. Laurena, Olivia PM. “Longman Academic Writing Series 5: Essays to Research Paper.” Journal of Multidisciplinary in Social Sciences 17.2 (2021): 82-83.
4. Wong, Linda. Essential Study Skills. Cengage Learning, 2014.
5. Warburton, Nigel. The Basics of Essay Writing. Routledge, 2020.

Definition of Cause and Effect Essay

A cause and effect essay is a type of academic writing. Its main objective is to explore and explain the relationship between events, actions, or phenomena, emphasizing the causal connection between them. It involves analyzing the causes or factors that lead to a particular outcome or effect, or conversely, examining the consequences or effects that result from specific causes or actions.

The cause and effect essay typically presents a clear thesis statement that outlines the main cause-and-effect relationship. The rest of the essay supports this thesis statement with evidence, logical reasoning, and examples to illustrate the connections between the identified causes and effects. The readers, thus, get a deeper understanding of the underlying factors and outcomes.

Main Features /Structure of Cause and Effect Essay

Here is a typical example of a cause and effect essay in a table with Macbeth by William Shakespeare selected as the topic.

Feature	Explanation/Detail	Example
Introduction	Provides background information and introduces the topic, including a clear thesis statement	“Macbeth explores the destructive consequences of unchecked ambition and the corrupting influence of power.”
Body paragraphs	Presents and analyzes the causes and effects in a logical order, using evidence and examples	“One cause of Macbeth’s downfall is his ambition. As the play progresses, his desire for power drives him to commit increasingly heinous acts, leading to his tragic demise.”
Causal chain	Establishes a logical progression of causes and effects, demonstrating how one event or action leads to another	“Macbeth’s encounter with the witches sparks his ambition. It prompts him to consider regicide, ultimately leading to a chain of murders and his final downfall.”
Transition words and phrases	Utilized to create smooth transitions between ideas and indicate cause-and-effect relationships	“Consequently, Macbeth becomes consumed by guilt and paranoia, causing him to spiral further into madness and commit more atrocities.”
Analysis and explanation	Offers insightful analysis and explanations regarding the significance and implications of causes and effects	“The play highlights the destructive nature of ambition and the psychological toll it takes on an individual, showcasing the consequences of unchecked desire for power.”
Conclusion	Summarizes the main points discussed and restates the thesis, emphasizing the overall significance	“In conclusion, Shakespeare’s Macbeth serves as a cautionary tale, warning against the dangers of unbridled ambition and showcasing the tragic consequences it can unleash.”
Logical structure	Maintains a coherent and organized structure, with clear topic sentences, supporting evidence, and reasoning	“Each paragraph explores a specific aspect of Macbeth’s downfall, providing a logical progression of events and reinforcing the central theme of the play.”
Objective tone	Presents information objectively and avoids personal opinions or biases	“The analysis of Macbeth’s character and the examination of the play’s themes are based on textual evidence and scholarly interpretations, ensuring an objective analysis.”
Research and citations	Utilizes credible sources to support claims and includes proper citations and references	“Academic articles, critical analyses, and renowned Shakespearean scholars’ works were consulted to provide a comprehensive understanding of Macbeth’s themes and motifs.”
Revision and proofreading	Ensures the essay is free of errors and enhances clarity and coherence through careful revision and proofreading	“The essay will undergo meticulous editing to eliminate grammatical errors, refine arguments, and improve the overall flow and coherence of the analysis.”

This table will help you write this essay about Macbeth. If you connect all the examples and streamline them into the structure of the essay as given below, it would show you its major outlines. You can easily expand it into a cause and effect essay on Macbeth.

Outlines of Cause and Effect Essay

Section	Content
Introduction	– Hook: Engaging opening sentence or question to grab the reader’s attention
	– Background information: Provide context about the play “Macbeth” and its themes related to ambition and power
	– Thesis statement: Clearly state the main argument that “Macbeth” illustrates the negative outcomes of unchecked ambition and power
Body Paragraph 1	– Topic sentence: Introduce the first cause or factor, the unchecked ambition in “Macbeth”
	– Explanation: Explain how Macbeth’s ambition drives him to commit ruthless acts and make immoral decisions
	– Examples: Cite specific instances from the play where Macbeth’s ambition leads to destructive consequences
	– Analysis: Analyze the implications and significance of Macbeth’s unchecked ambition on his character development and the plot
Body Paragraph 2	– Topic sentence: Introduce the second cause or factor, the corrupting influence of power in “Macbeth”
	– Explanation: Discuss how Macbeth’s acquisition of power corrupts his moral compass and leads to further destruction
	– Examples: Provide examples of how Macbeth’s power-hungry actions escalate and result in negative consequences
	– Analysis: Examine the implications of power on Macbeth’s psyche, relationships, and the overall tragic trajectory of the play
Body Paragraph 3	– Topic sentence: Highlight the interplay between ambition and power in “Macbeth”
	– Explanation: Explore how unchecked ambition fuels the desire for power, and how the acquired power amplifies ambition
	– Examples: Present examples of how Macbeth’s ambition and power reinforce each other, creating a vicious cycle of destruction
	– Analysis: Reflect on the broader message conveyed by the relationship between ambition and power in “Macbeth”
Conclusion	– Recap the main points discussed in the body paragraphs
	– Restate the thesis statement and its significance
	– Emphasize the enduring relevance of the play’s themes in portraying the destructive consequences of unchecked ambition and power
	– Final thoughts: Offer a thought-provoking statement or call to action to leave a lasting impression on the reader
Structure and Language	– Ensure a logical flow between sections and coherence within paragraphs
	– Use appropriate transition words and phrases to indicate cause-and-effect relationships
	– Maintain a formal and objective tone throughout the essay
	– Provide evidence from the play to support arguments
	– Revise and proofread for clarity, grammar, and organization

This outline can serve as a basis for developing a comprehensive cause and effect essay on the topic of ambition and power in Shakespeare’s “Macbeth.”

Functions of Cause and Effect Essay

1. Explaining causality
2. Analyzing consequences
3. Identifying patterns and trends
4. Enhancing critical thinking
5. Supporting arguments
6. Providing insight and understanding
7. Investigating root causes
8. Stimulating curiosity
9. Informing decision-making
10. Promoting awareness and understanding

Examples of Cause and Effect Essay Topics and Details

1. Topic: The Impact of Symbolism in J.D. Salinger’s “A Perfect Day for Bananafish”
   • Explore the symbolic elements present in the short story and how they contribute to the overall meaning and themes.
   • Discuss the effects of symbolism on enhancing readers’ understanding of the characters’ struggles and the story’s underlying messages.
   • Analyze specific examples of symbolism in “A Perfect Day for Bananafish” and their impact on character development, plot progression, and reader interpretation.
2. Topic: The Consequences of Alienation and Isolation in Virginia Woolf’s “The Mark on the Wall”
   • Examine the effects of alienation and isolation portrayed in the short story and their influence on the characters’ thoughts, perceptions, and actions.
   • Discuss how the theme of alienation in “The Mark on the Wall” reflects the broader consequences of societal disconnection and introspection.
     • Analyze specific examples from the story to demonstrate the cause-and-effect relationship between alienation, self-reflection, and the characters’ experiences.
3. Topic: The Role of Stream of Consciousness in James Joyce’s “Eveline”
   • Explore the effects of the stream of consciousness narrative technique employed in the short story and its impact on the reader’s understanding of the character’s thoughts and emotions.
   • Discuss how the use of stream of consciousness enhances the portrayal of the protagonist’s internal struggles, dilemmas, and decision-making process.
   • Analyze specific examples of stream of consciousness in “Eveline” and examine how it contributes to character development, thematic exploration, and the overall reading experience.
4. Topic: The Influence of Setting on Ambiguity in Shirley Jackson’s “The Lottery”
   • Investigate the effects of the setting in “The Lottery” and its contribution to the story’s ambiguity, tension, and suspense.
   • Discuss how the choice of a seemingly ordinary and idyllic small-town setting enhances the shock value and unexpected outcome of the narrative.
   • Analyze specific examples from the story to explore the cause-and-effect relationship between the setting, the community’s behavior, and the story’s underlying message about tradition and conformity.

Suggested Readings

1. Dew, Stephen E. Practical Academic Essay Writing Skills. Lulu Press, Inc, 2015.
2. Laurena, Olivia PM. “Longman Academic Writing Series 5: Essays to Research Paper.” Journal of Multidisciplinary in Social Sciences 17.2 (2021): 82-83.
3. Wong, Linda. Essential Study Skills. Cengage Learning, 2014.
4. Warburton, Nigel. The Basics of Essay Writing. Routledge, 2020.

More from Essay Writing:

• Argumentative Essay Writing Guide
• Analytical Essay Writing Guide

Definition of Analytical Essay

An analytical essay is a type of academic writing that intends to examine and interpret a specific topic or subject matter by breaking it down into its parts and analyzing each of them critically. Unlike other types of essays that may focus on personal opinions or persuasive arguments, an analytical essay goes for objective analysis and reasoning supported by evidence.

The analytical essay typically begins with an introduction, having a hook, and background information followed by a thesis statement that articulates the main argument.

The body paragraphs of an analytical essay comprise a detailed analysis and evaluation of specific aspects or elements of the subject, using supporting evidence, examples, and logical reasoning. The essay concludes with a restatement of the thesis and a summary of the key findings and insights derived from the analysis. It ends with a clincher or a call to action or something novel or unique.

Major Parts of Analytical Essay

Here are some important parts or elements of a good analytical essay. They must be present if an essay is to be titled as an analytical essay.

Element	Detail
Introduction	This is the first part. It provides an overview of the topic through a hook and background and establishes the context for analysis.
Thesis Statement	It presents the main argument, or perspective. This is the heart of an analytical essay.
Body Paragraphs	Each paragraph focuses on a specific aspect or element of the subject matter, with analysis and supporting evidence.
Analysis	It breaks down the topic into its constituent parts, examining them in detail. This part is the main part due to which it is called an analytical essay.
Evidence	It uses relevant and credible evidence, such as examples, statistics, or quotations, to support the analysis.
Logical Reasoning	It applies logical and critical thinking to interpret the evidence and draw conclusions.
Coherence and Organization	It ensures that ideas and arguments flow logically and are well-connected.
Conclusion	It summarizes the main findings of the analysis.
Language and Style	It employs concise and precise language, maintaining a formal and academic tone.
Citations and Referencing	It acknowledges and properly cites any external sources used in the essay, following the appropriate citation style (e.g., APA, MLA).
Revision and Proofreading	It reviews the essay for clarity, coherence, grammar, and spelling errors, making necessary revisions before final submission.

Functions of Analytical Essay

1. Examination and Analysis: Analyzing a specific topic or subject matter in-depth to gain a deeper understanding of its components, elements, or underlying principles.
2. Interpretation: Interpreting the evidence and information gathered during the analysis to derive meaningful insights.
3. Critical Thinking: Applying logical and critical thinking skills to evaluate the topic objectively, considering various perspectives, strengths, weaknesses, and implications.
4. Evidence-Based Reasoning: Supporting arguments and claims with relevant and credible evidence such as examples, data, research findings, or expert opinions.
5. Clear Presentation of Ideas: Presenting ideas, arguments, and analysis in a structured and organized manner.
6. Development of Argument: Presenting a well-defined and coherent argument or perspective.
7. Persuasion and Influence: Convincing and persuading the readers significance of the argument or perspective presented.
8. Insightful Conclusion: Summarizing the key findings and insights derived from the analysis.
9. Contribution to Knowledge: Contributing to the existing body of knowledge on the topic.
10. Academic Skills Development: Enhancing critical thinking, research, analysis, and writing skills.

Examples of Analytical Essay Topics and Details

Topic	Thesis Statement	Paragraph Points
The Representation of Gender Roles in Charlotte Brontë’s Jane Eyre	Charlotte Brontë’s Jane Eyre challenges traditional Victorian gender roles, depicting a resilient and independent female protagonist, exploring power dynamics, and subverting societal expectations.	1. The portrayal of Jane Eyre as a non-conforming and assertive female character.
		2. The examination of power dynamics between genders, particularly through the character of Mr. Rochester.
		3. The subversion of societal expectations, such as Jane’s refusal to accept a submissive role.
Social Critique in Charles Dickens’ Hard Times	Charles Dickens’ Hard Times serves as a social critique on Victorian society’s obsession with industrialization and utilitarian principles through the dehumanization of characters, exposure of class divisions, and criticism of ducation systems.	1. The dehumanization of characters in an industrialized society.
		2. The portrayal of class divisions and the consequences of rigid social structures.
		3. The critique of education systems that prioritize utilitarianism and individual development.
The Role of Science and Religion in Thomas Hardy’s Tess of the d’Urbervilles	In Thomas Hardy’s Tess of the d’Urbervilles, the conflict between science and religion is explored through the character’s struggles with fate and free will, the examination of moral responsibility, and the juxtaposition of natural and supernatural elements.	1. The protagonist’s internal conflict between accepting her predetermined fate and asserting her free will.
		2. The exploration of moral responsibility concerning relations to social expectations and religious beliefs.
		3. The use of natural and supernatural elements to emphasize the tension between science and religion.
The Theme of Imperialism in Rudyard Kipling’s The Man Who Would Be King	Rudyard Kipling’s The Man Who Would Be King reflects the theme of imperialism through the characters’ desire for power and control, the exploration of cultural clashes, and the critique of the notion of the “white man’s burden.”	1. The characters’ pursuit of power and control as a manifestation of imperialistic ideals.
		2. The examination of the cultural clash between the colonizers and the colonized.
		3. The critique of the “white man’s burden” ideology and its implications.
Symbolism in Christina Rossetti’s Poetry	Christina Rossetti’s poetry employs symbolism to convey themes of love, loss, and spirituality, as demonstrated through the symbolism of flowers, the exploration of religious motifs, and the use of color imagery.	1. Symbolism of flowers to represent various emotions and experiences. 2. Religious motifs 3. Colorful images

Suggested Readings

1. Bahaziq, Afnan. “Cohesive Devices in Written Discourse: A Discourse Analysis of a Student’s Essay Writing.” English Language Teaching 9.7 (2016): 112-119.
2. Cavell, Stanley. Must We Mean What We Say?: A Book of Essays. Cambridge University Press, 2015.
3. Lodge, David. The Language of Fiction: Essays in Criticism and Verbal Analysis of the English Novel. Routledge, 2015.
4. Savage, Alice, and Patricia Mayer. Effective Academic Writing: The Short Essay. Oxford University Press, 2006.

Background information provides context and foundational knowledge about the subject matter. Some other important features are as follows.

• It helps readers understand the topic and its significance.
• It includes historical facts, definitions of key terms, relevant statistics, or key events.
• It establishes the framework for the essay.
• It orients the reader and ensures they have a solid understanding of the topic.
• It provides a basis for the thesis statement and helps the reader grasp the relevance and importance of the topic.

Types of Background Information

• Historical Background: It provides information about the historical context relevant to the topic such as key events, periods, or developments that have shaped the subject matter.
• Conceptual Background: It explains important concepts, theories, or frameworks related to the topic, ensuring that readers have a clear understanding of the fundamental ideas.
• Definition of Key Terms: It clarifies the definitions of specific terms or terminology used in the essay to avoid confusion.
• Statistical Background: It presents relevant statistics, data, or facts that support or contextualize the argument or analysis.
• Literary or Textual Background: It offers background information about a literary work, author, or text that is being analyzed or discussed in the essay, providing the necessary context for understanding the text’s themes, historical context, or authorial intent.
• Social or Cultural Background: It explores the social or cultural aspects related to the essay’s topic, such as societal norms, cultural practices, or prevailing attitudes that influence or intersect with the subject matter.
• Policy or Legal Background: It provides an overview of relevant policies, laws, or regulations that are pertinent to the topic, establishing the legal framework or context within which the subject matter operates.
• Scientific or Technical Background: It presents scientific principles, technical information, or methodologies crucial for comprehending the scientific or technical subject matter.
• Biographical Background: It offers biographical details or information about individuals relevant to the topic, such as historical figures, authors, or key personalities.
• Geographical or Spatial Background: This type provides geographical or spatial information essential for understanding the subject matter.

Functions of Background Information in an Essay

• Foundational Context: Background information serves as the foundation for the essay, providing essential context and knowledge to understand the subject matter.
• Establishing Relevance: It establishes the relevance of the topic and its significance within a broader context, highlighting why it is worthy of discussion or analysis.
• Reader Orientation: It orients the reader by familiarizing them with key concepts, terms, or historical events related to the topic.
• Enhancing Understanding: Background information enhances the readers’ understanding of the subject matter by providing essential information, statistics, or explanations.
• Supporting Thesis Development: Background information supports the development of the thesis statement by providing the necessary groundwork for the main arguments.
• Promoting Credibility: By incorporating well-researched and accurate background information, the essay gains credibility and demonstrates the knowledge of the writer/student.
• Avoiding Assumptions: Background information helps avoid assumptions by ensuring that readers, regardless of their prior knowledge, have access to the necessary information.
• Fostering Engagement: By establishing a strong foundation of background information, the essay engages the reader and invites them to explore the topic further.
• Integration with Analysis: Background information seamlessly integrates with the essay’s analysis, providing a solid framework for the interpretation, evaluation, or critique of the subject matter.
• Continual Reference Point: Background information also serves as a continual reference point throughout the essay, grounding the discussion and reinforcing the relevance and context of the arguments.

Examples of Background Information and Explanation

Type	Example	Explanation
Historical Background	During the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century, there was a significant shift from agrarian societies to urbanized industrial centers. This transformation brought about profound changes in manufacturing processes, transportation systems, and the overall socioeconomic landscape.	This example provides historical background information to contextualize the essay’s discussion on the impact of the Industrial Revolution on society. It sets the stage by highlighting the period and the broad social changes that it witnessed.
Conceptual Background	In psychology, cognitive dissonance refers to the mental discomfort experienced when an individual holds contradictory beliefs or attitudes. This theory, developed by Leon Festinger in the 1950s, explores the mechanisms individuals employ to reduce cognitive dissonance and maintain consistency in their thoughts and behaviors.	Here, the background information introduces the concept of cognitive dissonance in psychology. It helps readers understand the theoretical framework underlying the  analysis of decision-making processes and human behavior.
Statistical Background	According to recent studies conducted by the World Health Organization, approximately 1 in 4 adults worldwide is affected by hypertension, a chronic medical condition characterized by high blood pressure. Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, stroke, and other health complications.	This example provides statistical background information to underscore the prevalence and significance of hypertension as a health issue. It supports the discussion on the importance of early detection, prevention, and management of hypertension.
Social or Cultural Background	In Japanese culture, the concept of “omotenashi” holds great importance. Omotenashi refers to traditional Japanese hospitality and the philosophy of selfless service, ensuring the utmost comfort and satisfaction of guests or customers.	Here it offers insights into the cultural values and practices of Japan. It sets the context for discussing the significance of omotenashi in the hospitality industry and its impact on customer experiences and satisfaction.

Suggested Readings

1. Connelly, Mark. Get Writing: Paragraphs and Essays. Cengage Learning, 2012.
2. Taylor, Gordon. A Student’s Writing Guide: How to Plan and Write Successful Essays. Cambridge University Press, 2009.
3. Wingersky, Joy, Janice K. Boerner, and Diana Holguin-Balogh. Writing Paragraphs And Essays: Integrating Reading, Writing, and Grammar Skills. Cengage Learning, 2008.

More from Essay Writing:

• Quantitative Thesis Statement
• Theory-Based Thesis Statement

Introduction

A quantitative thesis statement outlines the main objective and approach of a research study or essay conducted using quantitative research methods. It highlights the researcher’s purpose how he is going to collect and analyze data to measure abstract concepts such as relationships, patterns, or trends within a specific population or sample.

A quantitative thesis statement identifies the context, the variables of interest, and the type of statistical analysis. It also determines the objective and empirical nature of the research, focusing on measurable outcomes and the generalizability of findings.

This thesis statement, therefore, serves as a guide for designing the study, selecting appropriate data collection methods, and conducting statistical analyses to answer research questions or test hypotheses based on quantitative data.

Features of a Quantitative Thesis Statement

Feature	Explanation
1. Research Context	Identify and describe the specific research context. Provide a brief overview of the broader field or topic area.
2. Research Objective or Purpose	Clearly state the main objective. Specify the specific research questions.
3. Variables of Interest	Identify and define the key variables or concepts. Clearly state the relationship or comparison between these variables.
4. Research Design and Methodology	Describe the overall research design and methodology. Specify the data collection methods, such as questionnaires or experiments.
5. Sample and Population	Define the target population. Specify the sample size.
6. Statistical Analysis	Outline the specific statistical analyses. Highlight the statistical tests and measures of central tendency.
7. Expected Results or Findings	Provide a brief statement about the expected results. Highlight the potential implications or contributions.
8. Limitations and Scope	Acknowledge the limitations. Define the scope and boundaries.

Types of Quantitative Thesis Statements

1. Descriptive Quantitative Thesis Statement:
   • “This quantitative study provides a comprehensive description and analysis of the demographic characteristics, socioeconomic factors, and educational attainment of a specific population, offering insights into the factors influencing educational outcomes.”
2. Comparative Quantitative Thesis Statement:
   • “This comparative quantitative research examines and compares the effectiveness of two different teaching methods in improving elementary school students’ mathematical problem-solving skills, aiming to identify the most effective instructional approach.”
3. Correlational Quantitative Thesis Statement:
   • “This correlational quantitative study explores the relationship between social media usage and self-esteem levels among adolescents, aiming to determine whether higher levels of social media engagement are associated with lower self-esteem scores.”

Process of Writing Quantitative Thesis Statement

Step	Explanation	Practical Example
1. Identify the Research Objective	Clearly define the main objective of the study and the specific research questions or hypotheses to be addressed.	Objective: To examine the relationship between sleep duration and academic performance among college students. Research Questions: Does sleep duration impact students’ GPA? Is there a correlation between sleep duration and exam scores?
2. Define the Variables	Identify and define the key variables: independent variables (predictors) and dependent variables (outcomes).	Independent Variable: Sleep duration Dependent Variables: GPA, exam scores
3. Choose the Research Design	Select an appropriate research design (experimental, correlational, or survey) that aligns with the research objective and variables.	Research Design: Correlational design using surveys to assess sleep duration and academic performance.
4. Determine the Sampling Strategy	Determine the target population and specify the sampling strategy (random, stratified, convenience) based on feasibility and representativeness.	Target Population: College students Sampling Strategy: Stratified sampling based on academic majors to ensure representation from different disciplines.
5. Select Data Collection Methods	Choose appropriate data collection methods (surveys, questionnaires, experimental tasks, existing datasets) based on the research design.	Data Collection Method: Online surveys asking students about their sleep habits and academic performance.
6. Define Data Analysis Techniques	Specify the statistical analysis techniques to be used based on research questions and data characteristics.	Data Analysis Techniques: Pearson correlation coefficient to measure the relationship between sleep duration and academic performance.
7. Craft a Concise Thesis Statement	Summarize the main components of the research in a clear thesis statement reflecting objectives, variables, design, data collection, and analysis.	Thesis Statement: This study explores the correlation between sleep duration and academic performance among college students using a correlational design and survey data collection.
8. Refine and Review	Review the thesis statement for clarity and coherence, and revise as needed to accurately represent key research elements.	Refinement: The thesis statement is revised to ensure that it explicitly mentions the stratified sampling strategy and the use of the Pearson correlation coefficient for analysis.

By following these steps, a quantitive thesis statement could be developed to have a strong focus on the topic. It ensures that your research objective, variables of interest, research design, data collection methods, and data analysis techniques are effectively communicated and aligned with the principles of quantitative research.

Examples of Quantitative Thesis Statement

Topic: Effects of Exercise on Blood Pressure

Thesis

Explanation with Key Points

Quantitative Thesis Statement: “Investigating the impact of aerobic exercise on blood pressure levels among middle-aged adults: A randomized controlled trial.”

Explanation: In this example, the topic is the effects of exercise on blood pressure. The thesis statement indicates the intention to conduct a randomized controlled trial to investigate the impact of aerobic exercise on blood pressure levels among middle-aged adults. The research aims to collect quantitative data on blood pressure measurements before and after the exercise intervention to determine whether aerobic exercise has a significant effect on reducing blood pressure in this population.

Topic: Customer Satisfaction in E-commerce

Thesis

Explanation with Key Points

Quantitative Thesis Statement: “Examining the relationship between website usability and customer satisfaction in e-commerce: A survey-based study.”

Explanation: This example focuses on customer satisfaction in the context of e-commerce. The thesis statement states that the study will examine the relationship between website usability and customer satisfaction using a survey-based approach. The research aims to collect quantitative data through surveys to assess customers’ perceptions of website usability and their level of satisfaction. By analyzing the data, the study seeks to determine the extent to which website usability influences customer satisfaction in the e-commerce domain.

 Topic: Impact of Financial Education on Savings Behavior

Thesis

Explanation with Key Points

Quantitative Thesis Statement: “Assessing the impact of financial education programs on savings behavior among college students: A longitudinal study.”

Explanation: In this example, the topic is the impact of financial education on savings behavior. The thesis statement indicates the intention to conduct a longitudinal study to assess the impact of financial education programs on savings behavior among college students. The research aims to collect quantitative data over an extended period to measure changes in savings behavior as a result of participating in financial education programs. By analyzing the data, the study seeks to determine whether financial education has a significant effect on improving savings behavior among college students.

These examples illustrate how quantitative thesis statements outline the research topic and focus on the sty type. They set the direction for research aim to examine topics, using numerical data in various fields.

Suggested Readings

1. Butler, Linda. Longman Academic Writing Series 1: Sentences to Paragraphs. Pearson, 2013.
2. Hogue, Ann. Longman Academic Writing Series 2: Paragraphs. Pearson, 2013.
3. Meyers, Alan. Longman Academic Writing Series 5: Essays to Research Papers. Pearson, 2014.
4. Nadell, Judith, et al. The Longman Writer: Rhetoric, Reader, Research Guide, and Handbook. Pearson, 2013.
5. Oshima, Alice, and Ann Hogue. Longman Academic Writing Series 3: Paragraphs to Essays. Pearson, 2014.
6. Oshima, Alice, and Ann Hogue. Longman Academic Writing Series 4: Essays. Pearson, 2014.
7. Shields, MunLing. Essay Writing: A Student’s Guide. Pearson, 2016.
8. Acheson, Katherine O. Writing Essays About Literature: A Brief Guide for University and College Students. Cengage, 2010.
9. Griffith, Kelley. Writing Essays About Literature: A Guide and Style Sheet. Cengage, 2018.