Tag: short essays

Introduction: Assertion of Womanhood in Sojourner Truth

This famous speech is an assertion of womanhood in Sojourner Truth at the Women’s Convention in Akron, Ohio, where she elevated the status not only of the entire female race but also of her population through her powerful message and passionate reasoning in her brief address. Though she was not a professional speaker or rhetorician, with just five paragraphs and a final one-liner, she left a lasting impact on the audience, leaving scholars and speakers speechless about the potent and robust message she conveyed through her simple, grammatically mistaken, and conversational language.

In fact, the Southern Negroes were enduring a form of slavery almost equal to that experienced by women in the North, a point she hinted at in the second line and elaborated on in the second-to-last and last paragraphs. Her argument is not solely for the rights of Southern women but for all women, specifically black women. What’s most remarkable about this short speech is that at a time when few women dared to speak on such matters, and that too with such boldness, it was quite surprising for the audience. It was not expected that a black woman would articulate such harsh words with such beautiful reasoning. Even rhetoricians were sometimes surprised at the use of very simple rhetorical devices and their effectiveness in her short piece. This short speech is not only an open and vociferous cry for freedom but also utilizes rhetorical devices and arguments to be effective for the audience. The speech demonstrates the effective use of repetition, colloquialism, and argumentative strategies.

Speech Title and Assertion of Womanhood in Sojourner Truth

The title of the speech, “Ain’t I a Woman?” is drawn directly from the speech itself, repeated approximately four times in the second paragraph. The timing of this repetition aligns with the argument presented each time it is reiterated. For instance, after stating that she hasn’t been helped and questioning the notion that women should be assisted, she asserts her womanhood by asking, “Ain’t I a woman?” Similarly, she reiterates this question after proclaiming her ability to work like women, raise children, and endure suffering, emphasizing that despite all this, she hasn’t been acknowledged as a woman.

This repetition serves not only as a literary device but also as a rhetorical question that enhances the effectiveness of the speech. Sojourner Truth follows a pattern: she makes a claim, presents her case with supporting evidence from her own life, and then poses the rhetorical question, “Ain’t I a woman?” The deliberate repetition of this question, four times in total, reinforces her assertion of being a woman and prompts the audience to confront the inconsistency in societal perceptions. For example, she emphatically states, “I could work as much and eat as much as a woman – when I could get it – and bear as much the lash as well! And ain’t I a woman?” This repetition not only underscores her claim but also bolsters the evidence supporting it, making her speech compelling and impactful.

Colloquialism and Assertion of Womanhood in Sojourner Truth

The second rhetorical element employed by Sojourner Truth is the use of colloquialism. Her lack of formal education is evident in her language, suggesting that she spontaneously took the stage, expressed personal experiences in a speech-like manner, and departed. However, the informality of her delivery significantly enhanced the effectiveness of the message, resonating particularly well with the colloquial and spoken language of the Southern black community.

The speech is characterized by colloquial expressions, short forms, and specific words, reflecting the conversational style of the South where Truth lived. Examples such as “racket” and “kilter” in the first line, as well as abbreviated forms like “‘twixt,” “ain’t,” and “won’t,” contribute to the overall conversational tone. Short, direct conversational sentences like “Look at me! Look at my arm!” are followed by longer ones connected with conjunctions and rhetorical questions, the latter repeated four times for emphasis.

Throughout the speech, rhetorical questions, a common feature in conversations, are employed, such as “what’s this they call?” This technique invites audience participation and engagement. Sojourner Truth’s natural, conversational style, with its use of colloquial language and rhetorical questions, captivates and engrosses her audience, holding their attention with its down-to-earth authenticity.

Notably, she uses endearing terms such as “honey” in the second line, creating a warm connection with her audience. Additionally, she employs an informal approach by directly addressing an individual from the audience in the fourth paragraph with “Then that little man in black there…” This direct engagement enhances the effectiveness of her speech, allowing her to respond logically to the points raised.

Argumentative Strategies and Assertion of Womanhood in Sojourner Truth

In terms of argumentative strategies, Sojourner Truth adeptly employs logos, pathos, and ethos in her speech. She begins by using logos, appealing to the audience’s sense of logic. She questions the audience logically, pointing out the inconsistency in advocating for women’s rights while neglecting to assist her, a woman. By framing it as a logical dilemma, she forces the audience to confront the inconsistency: either she is not a woman, which is clearly not the case, or she is being denied her rights, making her claim valid. This logical approach forms a compelling foundation for her argument.

Additionally, Truth utilizes pathos, appealing to the audience’s emotions. Through her personal experiences and vivid descriptions, she evokes empathy and stirs emotions. For example, when she declares, “Look at me! Look at my arm!” she not only presents a logical argument but also elicits an emotional response by drawing attention to the physical evidence of her strength and endurance.

Furthermore, she incorporates ethos into her argumentation. Ethically, she challenges the audience to consider the legitimacy of denying her rights as a woman. By questioning, “Ain’t I a woman?” at the end of her logical argument, she appeals to the ethical principles of fairness and justice. This rhetorical question serves as a powerful ethical appeal, questioning the morality of the audience’s stance on her womanhood and rights.

Emotional Appeal Regarding Assertion of Womanhood in Sojourner Truth

Then she goes for an emotional appeal, stating that she has raised children and cried for help, but nobody has listened to her except “Jesus heard me” (Truth). Thirdly, she has used a very powerful biblical simile as a logos, stating that Christ came into this world “From God and a woman! Man had nothing to do with him” (Truth). This statement is also an example of pathos, as it touches the hearts of her audience, swaying them to support her. All these argumentative strategies used by her won her a great reputation because she presented her case powerfully.

Conclusion: Assertion of Womanhood in Sojourner Truth

In a nutshell, Sojourner Truth delivered a compelling short speech with effective repetition, powerful rhetorical questions, and convincing argumentative devices, all contributing to the strength of her case. This success is evident in her deduction at the end, asserting that it is now time for women to unite and restore the world to its intended state by God. She emphasizes that men should allow women to take on this responsibility by stating, “the men better let them,” suggesting that women are capable of rectifying the situation and deserve equal rights. Beyond her wit, Sojourner Truth’s mastery of language enhances the persuasiveness of her message. The concise and impactful nature of her speech further adds to its effectiveness. It is not just the rhetorical devices at play; her courage to step forward, the well-timed delivery, the appropriate situation, and the receptive audience collectively contribute to making her speech more powerful than ever. Therefore, her speech stands as an excellent piece for discourse analysis.

Works Cited: Assertion of Womanhood in Sojourner Truth

Sojourner Truth, “Ain’t I a Woman?” 29 May 1851. Web. 30 Nov. 2023.

Relevant Questions about Assertion of Womanhood in Sojourner Truth

1. How did the “Assertion of Womanhood in Sojourner Truth” challenge prevailing stereotypes about women during her time?
   • Sojourner Truth lived in a time when societal norms and expectations for women were deeply ingrained. How did she, through the “Assertion of Womanhood in Sojourner Truth,” challenge the prevailing stereotypes of femininity and womanhood? Consider aspects such as her demeanor, language, and the content of her speech.
2. In what ways did the “Assertion of Womanhood in Sojourner Truth” intersect the struggles for both racial and gender equality?
   • Sojourner Truth was not only an advocate for women’s rights but also a fervent abolitionist. How did she, through the “Assertion of Womanhood in Sojourner Truth,” navigate the intersections between race and gender in her activism? Explore how her experiences as an African American woman influenced her perspective on both racial and gender equality.
3. How did the “Assertion of Womanhood in Sojourner Truth’s ‘Ain’t I a Woman?'” speech contribute to the broader women’s rights movement?
   • Sojourner Truth delivered her famous speech at the Women’s Rights Convention in Akron, Ohio, in 1851. Analyze the impact of her speech on the women’s rights movement at that time. How did her, through the “Assertion of Womanhood in Sojourner Truth’s ‘Ain’t I a Woman?’,” words resonate with other activists, and what role did her message play in shaping the discourse around women’s rights?

Introduction: Social Media and Identities

Social Media and Identities intertwine in complex ways, shaping how individuals present themselves and connect with others in the digital landscape. Susan Cox rightly says that ‘the Internet really has been nothing short of culturally transformative’ (Cox). The case of social media, however, is even more distinctive in that these sites not only connect people but also provide them with opportunities to interact with each other. This mutual public interaction is now influencing how people perceive their identities. Whether on Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram, almost all networks offer individuals a chance to see themselves through others’ comments, likes, dislikes, and reactions. This collective social expression compels individuals to contemplate their image, whether positively or negatively, and construct their identity.

In this context, not only are these social networking sites potentially making teens egotistic and self-obsessed, but they may also contribute to heightened feelings of unhappiness and loneliness. This is despite evidence suggesting that identity construction depends on personal thinking and the utilization of social media.”

Use of Social Media and Identities

Indeed, social media usage has become a prevalent trend among teenagers. Regardless of the location, it is common to encounter a teenager engrossed with their smartphone, scrolling through images, briefly reading text, and expressing their feelings in kind. The constant preoccupation with their own profile and images of others prompts them to compare themselves, fostering an obsession with their personality and identity. Sarah Harris notes that this continual engagement with social media has led teens to develop “short attention spans” and a desire for “constant feedback on their lives” (Harris). Describing it as a form of “banality,” she refers to a study highlighting teens’ inclination toward “instant gratification” and the creation of a “mini-celebrity” status, akin to egotism or self-obsession (Harris). Rachel Simmons supports this perspective, stating that the feeling of being liked by others serves as confirmation of a “girl’s social status” (Simmons). This further emphasizes how teenagers construct their identities through social likes, dislikes, and comments, occasionally leading to negative self-perceptions.

Negativity, Social Media and Identities

The preoccupation with social media not only increases negativity about one’s body but also affects one’s emotional state. Maria Konnikova, writing for The New Yorker, supports this perspective by citing Ethan Kross of the University of Michigan, who argues that Facebook is intensifying feelings of loneliness and unhappiness among users. Another expert, Robert Kraut, similarly supports Kross’s view, noting a decline in happiness among people after joining social networking sites. Konnikova also refers to an analysis indicating that social media usage has detrimental effects on people’s emotional well-being, including the potential for negative feelings of jealousy and envy (Konnikova).

In Teen Vogue, Julie Pennell further supports this viewpoint, emphasizing that girls, in particular, may feel mentally and physically negative about themselves after comparing pictures uploaded by their friends (Pennell). This aligns with the perspective of Sarah Harris, who suggests that teenagers obsessed with social media define their identities based on how others perceive them (Harris). The impact, of course, depends on how others present their curated photos and comment positively. When such positive interactions do not occur, it can lead to feelings of loneliness, which can be destructive for a teenager’s identity.

Loneliness, Social Media and Identities

Loneliness has depressive effects, but according to Konnikova’s interpretation of the studies by Ethan Kross and Robert Kraut, it is the passive use of social media that specifically causes loneliness and depression, rather than the active use. In passive engagement with social media, people often experience “deleterious” impacts on their emotional health, exacerbating feelings of alienation. Konnikova suggests that the prevalence of passive experiences contributes to “feelings of disconnection and boredom” (Konnikova). This, in turn, can lead to negative identity formation or what Sarah Harris refers to as an “identity crisis” — a misconstruction of identity influenced by how others perceive and react to an individual (Harris). In essence, social media appears to have a negative impact on teens’ identity construction, but there are also arguments suggesting a reciprocal relationship.

Positivity, Social Media and Identities

Despite the detrimental impacts on identity construction, the use of social media is claimed to contribute to a positive self-image and an increased feeling of connectedness. Maria Konnikova cites Sebastian Valenzuela and others to argue that Facebook usage makes people happier than they were before. Quoting psychologist Matthew Lieberman, she asserts that this social participation is “reinforcing” for users and leads to a sense of connectedness with others, promoting positive identity construction (Konnikova). This suggests that social media is not solely responsible for negative identity construction.

Julie Pennell also supports this perspective, stating that social media usage itself does not cause negative body impressions. Instead, she suggests that it is the mental comparisons that girls make with the photos of their friends that contribute to these negative feelings (Pennell). In essence, social media networking sites are not entirely responsible for negative identity construction. However, they do play a partial role by influencing teenagers to focus on their smartphones, see themselves through the eyes of others, and construct their identities accordingly.

Conclusion: Social Media and Identities

In short, social media networking sites have both negative and positive impacts on identity construction. While teenagers may become impulsive and addictive users, leading to self-obsession and egotism about their identities, the situation exacerbates for some, particularly girls, who may develop a distorted self-perception based on the number of ‘likes’ received. This self-obsession can negatively affect their identity construction, especially if the perceived image does not align with reality. Additionally, social media usage has been associated with increased negative emotions, loneliness, boredom, and depressive moods.

Despite these drawbacks, there are also positive impacts on identity construction. When used judiciously and actively, social media can contribute to positive feelings and a sense of connectedness with others. Therefore, the relationship between social media and identity construction is nuanced, involving a mix of detrimental and beneficial effects that vary depending on how individuals engage with these platforms.

Works Cited: Social Media and Identities

1. Cox, Susan. “Facebook had totally reinvented human identity: Why it’s even worse than you think.” Salon. 26 Oct. 2014. http://www.salon.com/2014/10/26/facebook_has_totally_reinvented_human_identity_why_its_e
   ven_worse_than_you_think/. Accessed on 18 Jun. 2023.
2. Harris, Sarah. “Facebook and Twitter are Creating a vain generation of self-obsessed people with child-like need for feedback, warns top scientist.” Daily Mail. 30 Jul. 2011. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2020378/Facebook-Twitter-creating-vain-generation-self-obsessed-people.html. Accessed on 18 Jun. 2023.
3. Konnikova, Maria. “How Facebook Makes Us Unhappy.” The New Yorker. 10 Sep. 2013. http://www.newyorker.com/tech/elements/how-facebook-makes-us-unhappy. 18 Jun. 2023.
4. Pennell, Julie. “How Facebook Can Affect Your Body Image.” Teen Vogue. 22 Jul. 2015. http://www.teenvogue.com/story/facebook-effect-on-body-image. Accessed on 18 Jun. 2023.
5.  Simmons, Rachel. “The Secret Language of Girls on Instagram.” Time. 10 Nov. 2014. time.com/3559340/instagram-tween-girls/. Accessed on 18 Jun. 2023.

Relevant Questions about Social Media and Identities

1. How does the pervasive influence of “Social Media and Identities” impact the construction and expression of personal identities in today’s interconnected society?
2. In what ways do “Social Media and Identities” contribute to the formation of collective identities, and how does this phenomenon influence offline interactions and societal dynamics?
3. What are the potential psychological effects of maintaining and curating one’s identity on “Social Media and Identities,” considering factors such as self-esteem, self-perception, and the impact on mental well-being?

Introduction: Competition of Cigarette Companies and Health Risks

The competition of cigarette companies and associated health risks has ignited debates on the ethical responsibility of the tobacco industry in addressing profound public health concerns linked to smoking. However, the critical issue is that, while cigarettes prove fatal for public health, they also face competition both within and outside the industry, notably with the emergence of e-cigarettes—a new phenomenon in the tobacco sector. Cigarettes not only contribute to fatal cancers but also give rise to various dental and asthmatic problems. Beneath these health concerns lies the challenge of competition, making cigarettes appealing to teenagers. Despite warning signs on cigarette packets, such as “Smoking is Injurious to Health,” the number of smokers continues to rise steadily. This poses a significant challenge to the younger generation, exposed more to enticing advertisements than warning messages.

According to the CDC, the number of deaths specifically attributed to tobacco smoking is increasing daily. Therefore, an effective strategy is imperative to counter this upward trend in deaths resulting from competition among cigarette companies and the competition from e-cigarettes. Stringent laws, increased taxes, and awareness campaigns about the risks of e-cigarettes are necessary to mitigate these fatalities.

Laws, Competition of Cigarette Companies and Health Risks

The issue of implementing strict laws against smoking requires thorough debate, but progress in this direction is hindered without support from the medical community. Strict laws are essential because if teenagers face difficulty purchasing cigarettes, it becomes more challenging for them to engage in smoking. Immediate enactment and implementation of these laws are crucial to safeguard the well-being of future generations. According to Venciana-Suarez, “About 90 percent of all smokers begin smoking as teenagers, so it is very important that we keep young people from using or experimenting with any tobacco product” (Venciana-Suarez). Enforcing a stringent law that prohibits the sale of cigarettes to teens would effectively limit their availability.

Additionally, organizing special awareness campaigns within university and college classes could complement the impact of such laws. Educating teens about the risks associated with early smoking is crucial. Mayo Clinic has already taken steps in this direction on its website, advising, “Teen smoking is more common in teens whose parents smoke,” and urging parents who smoke to quit early, as it significantly reduces the likelihood of their teens becoming smokers. Even if these messages are not considered pearls of wisdom, they can, at the very least, protect the younger generation from falling victim to the competition among companies.

Real Competition of Cigarette Companies and Health Risks

Within the context of increasing competition, raising cigarette prices can automatically lead to a decrease in the number of smokers. This is attributed to the economic principle that as prices rise, demand decreases, consequently reducing sales. Affordability becomes a significant factor as individuals find it challenging to purchase higher-priced cigarettes. Despite claims from cigarette companies asserting that price increases do not impact their sales, internal documents revealed in tobacco lawsuits tell a different story. According to an article titled “Raising Cigarette Taxes Reduces Smoking, Especially Among Kids,” cigarette companies have opposed tobacco tax increases by arguing against their effectiveness. However, the internal documents disclosed in these lawsuits reveal that the companies are well aware that raising cigarette prices is one of the most effective ways to prevent and reduce smoking, particularly among young people.

This evidence suggests that while tobacco companies may experience a reduction in profits due to price increases, the ultimate result is a decrease in the number of smokers. Amidst the competitive landscape, this reduction is likely to be more pronounced.

Smoking Industry, Competition of Cigarette Companies and Health Risks

The introduction of e-cigarettes into the smoking industry has been somewhat delayed and gradual, gaining popularity for their perceived lower nicotine content. In a narrative shared by Palochko, a person who had smoked cigarettes for fifteen years managed to quit altogether within five years with the aid of e-cigarettes, illustrating the potential efficacy of this method (Palochko). This suggests that electronic cigarettes are increasingly being recognized as a substitute for traditional cigarettes in helping individuals quit smoking. However, there remains a lack of awareness among many regarding what electronic or e-cigarettes actually are.

Most people are unaware that e-cigarettes are a Chinese invention, akin to gunpowder. The first e-cigarettes were introduced by the Ruyan Company in 2004, and they come in various sizes and shapes, with many resembling traditional cigarettes. As explained in the article, “They all work the same basic way, with each cartridge being good for several uses” (Features). This highlights the evolving landscape of smoking alternatives and the potential impact of e-cigarettes in aiding individuals on their journey to quit smoking.

Conclusion: Competition of Cigarette Companies and Health Risks

In short, it is accurate to acknowledge that competition is contributing to the rise in teen smoking, and it is equally true that smoking leads to a significant number of deaths each year. Implementing strict laws, raising prices, and introducing e-cigarettes at earlier stages could potentially prevent these deaths. Additionally, raising awareness among students about the health risks and deceptive tactics employed by companies to attract youths may better equip them not only to quit but also to avoid initiating smoking in the first place. There is hope that the future holds positive developments in the realm of smoking cessation or prevention.

Works Cited: Competition of Cigarette Companies and Health Risks

1. CDC. “Adult Cigarette Smoking in USA: Current Estimates.” Center for Disease Control and Prevention. 02 Feb. 2014. Web. 19 June 2023.
2. Palochko, Jacqueline. “E-Cigarettes, a Solution to Addictive Smoking or Another Addiction to Worry About?” The Morning Call. 29 Nov. 2013. Web. 22 June 2023.
3. Veciana-Suarez, Ana. “Teens’ Use of E-Cigarettes is Growing.” Miami Herald, South Florida. 12 Aug. 2013. Newspaper Source. Web. 27 June 2023.
4. May Clinic Staff. “Tween and Teen Health.” Teen Smoking: 10 Ways to Keep Teens Smoke-Free. n.p. Web. 27 June 2023.
5. “Raising Cigarette Taxes Reduces Smoking, Especially Among Kids (And the Cigarette Companies Know It”. n.d. Web. 27 June 2023.
6. Feature, Daniel J. “E-Cigarettes Under Fire.” WebMD. n.d. Web. 27 June 2023

Relevant Questions about Competition of Cigarette Companies and Health Risks

1. How do ongoing competitive strategies among “Competition of Cigarette Companies and Health Risks” impact efforts to address and mitigate the health risks associated with smoking?
2. What measures are being taken within the “Competition of Cigarette Companies and Health Risks” to prioritize public health over competitive interests, considering the well-documented risks posed by smoking?
3. In the context of the “Competition of Cigarette Companies and Health Risks,” how are regulatory authorities working to enforce policies that effectively reduce health risks and protect consumers from the harmful effects of tobacco products?

Introduction: “Racial Identity Returns to American Politics”

This article, “Racial Identity Returns to American Politics,” is authored by Eduardo Porter and published in The New York Times, a widely respected newspaper with broad circulation in the United States. The rhetorical situation presented in this article revolves around the unexpected shift of the working class, traditionally aligned with the Democratic Party, towards supporting the G.O.P. This shift is particularly surprising considering the Republican Party’s consistent support for tax cuts benefiting the affluent, suggesting a shift from economic considerations to focus on race and ethnicity.

Eduardo Porter identifies a form of ethnic division within this phenomenon and poses a fundamental question to Americans: Why support those who may not be actively working in their favor? Beyond this immediate query, Porter has a broader objective — to illustrate that American politics, historically grounded in rational public decisions, is now evolving towards identity politics. His overarching message is a cautionary one, warning readers that the increasing polarization of the American public based on racial and ethnic identity has the potential to lead the nation into an “outright political war” along racial lines (Porter).

The writer contends that race and ethnicity, which may have been dormant issues, are resurfacing as significant political factors. Porter effectively conveys this argument through metaphorical language and employs various rhetorical strategies, including rhetorical questions, to engage the reader and convey the gravity of the emerging situation.

Metaphors in “Racial Identity Returns to American Politics”

The writer skillfully employs metaphors to enrich the language of the argument. Notably, the phrase “a main driver” is used to describe the role of identity in politics (Porter). Additional metaphors, such as a “fluid sense” and a “lived reality,” are used to convey the tangible experiences of people in the real world (Porter). The careful selection of words enhances the overall tone of the essay, transforming it into a compelling piece of rhetoric that resonates with readers.

The use of metaphors by the writer serves to strengthen both logos and pathos in the argument. The metaphor “a main driver” effectively captures the significance of identity in politics (Porter). Other metaphors, including a “fluid sense” and a “lived reality,” contribute to the emotional appeal of the argument. In terms of pathos, the writer establishes two crucial emotional connections. Firstly, he explores the nostalgia experienced by white Hispanics due to their declining numbers, emphasizing how figures like Trump, with xenophobic and anti-immigrant stances, become their primary defense against increasing ethnic diversity (Porter). Secondly, the writer instills fear by highlighting the decline in the non-Hispanic population from 83 percent to 62 percent, framing this statistical shift as a source of understandable fear (Porter). This strategic use of pathos lends credibility to the argument, reinforcing the idea of a rising ethnic politics driven by emotional undercurrents.

Logos in “Racial Identity Returns to American Politics”

In terms of logos, the writer judiciously incorporates statistical evidence and comparisons to support the argument. Initially, he cites a Pew Research Center Analysis report to highlight the educational background of Republican voters, emphasizing that 43% have a high school education or lower. Additionally, the writer draws attention to Trump supporters, noting that 54% have not completed college (Porter). The inclusion of statistics from a Quinnipiac University poll reinforces the idea that those with lower levels of education tend to favor Trump (Porter).

Furthermore, historical references, such as President Lyndon Johnson’s era, are invoked to trace the historical trajectory of racial politics, adding depth to the argument. The writer bolsters the logos by quoting research from Edward Glaeser and Alberto Alesina, as well as researchers from the University of California. These references suggest that an increase in immigrants correlates with more white children attending private schools, providing additional layers of support for the claim that racial politics is on the rise (Porter). The integration of these quotes and references fortifies the writer’s argument, presenting a compelling case for the emergence of racial politics in the American landscape.

Ethos of “Racial Identity Returns to American Politics”

The writer effectively establishes ethos by strategically utilizing his own authority and incorporating references to researchers and experts. The careful inclusion of statistical data, historical references, and expert opinions enhances the credibility of the argument. The writer’s authority is reinforced through a nuanced use of comparison, contrast, and inferences, particularly evident in the reference to Lyndon B. Johnson’s era, which contributes to the overall strength of the ethos (Porter).

Additionally, the writer reinforces his credibility by referencing white nationalism in Germany and Europe, providing a broader context for his argument. This global perspective contributes to the solidity of his claims and positions the argument on a well-founded basis. The title itself, with its serious and somewhat alarming tone about the “return” of identity politics, sets the stage for the reader to perceive the issue as significant and urgent. As the writer dispassionately explores various aspects, the tone becomes more serious and alarming towards the conclusion, explicitly stating that “racial identity and its attendant hostilities” have returned to politics (Porter). This tonal shift aligns with the rhetorical techniques employed and contributes to the overall impact of the writer’s argument.

Rhetorical Devices in “Racial Identity Returns to American Politics”

The writer employs rhetorical questions strategically, incorporating them for specific purposes. The initial rhetorical question, “Why do working-class Americans vote as they do?” serves as an attention-grabber, aiming to engage readers from the outset (Porter). This rhetorical device functions to pique curiosity and draw the audience into the discussion.

In the first paragraph’s closing rhetorical question, the writer uses it as a tool to involve readers directly. By posing a question and subsequently providing a response, the writer creates a sense of intrigue and encourages readers to consider the complexities of the topic at hand (Porter). This technique not only serves to make the audience ponder the subject matter but also enhances the overall persuasiveness of the argument.

The writer’s use of metaphors and tone complements the deployment of rhetorical devices. Metaphors enrich the language and contribute to the overall rhetorical appeal, while the serious and somewhat alarming tone aligns with the rhetorical techniques employed throughout the article. These elements work in tandem to strengthen the impact of the writer’s argument, creating a cohesive and persuasive narrative.

Conclusion: “Racial Identity Returns to American Politics”

In short, the speaker has strategically employed a plethora of rhetorical devices, envisioning each one to be effective within the context of the discourse. Not only is his argument timely and pertinent, but it is also succinct and direct, delivering its message with precision. The speaker adeptly integrates various rhetorical devices, skillfully balancing logos, pathos, and ethos to strengthen the overall impact of his message. Through meticulous word choices and the incorporation of literary devices, the speaker enhances the allure of his language, making it both engaging and compelling.

Moreover, the strategic use of rhetorical questions adds an extra layer of effectiveness to the speaker’s communication. By prompting readers to ponder specific inquiries, he actively involves them in the discourse, fostering a deeper connection with the material. It appears that the writer has conscientiously harnessed every available device that he deems beneficial to reinforce his argument and engage the audience effectively. This thoughtful utilization of a diverse array of rhetorical tools showcases the speaker’s mastery in crafting a persuasive and captivating narrative.

Works Cited: “Racial Identity Returns to American Politics”

1. Porter, Eduardo. “Racial Identity Returns to American Politics.” New York Times, 6 Jan. 2016, p.
   B1(L). Global Issues in Context, ccco.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A439093022/GIC?u=aur58810&x
   id=a09f2d67. Accessed 26 Oct. 2023.

Relevant Questions: “Racial Identity Returns to American Politics” 

1. How does the strategic use of rhetorical questions in “Racial Identity Returns to American Politics” contribute to shaping the overall tone and persuasive nature of discussions regarding racial identity in the realm of American politics, as explored in The New York Times on January 6, 2016?
2. Within the context of the article “Racial Identity Returns to American Politics,” can you pinpoint instances where rhetorical questions are employed to stimulate critical thinking or underscore specific viewpoints on the evolving role of racial identity within American political discourse?
3. Examining “Racial Identity Returns to American Politics” from The New York Times (January 6, 2016), what influence do rhetorical questions exert on the reader’s engagement with the subject of racial identity in politics, and how do they contribute to shaping public opinion or influencing discourse on this sensitive issue?

Introduction: “His Little Circle”

This short poem, “His Little Circle,” is composed by Larry D. Thomas. It is a free verse poem with three stanzas, each consisting of nine lines, and no specific rhyme scheme. The subject of the poem is a bull rider who, when asked by the anonymous and unidentified narrator why he engages in bull riding, simply shrugs his shoulders, stating that he does it for the thrill.

The poem is presented in a dialogic form, where the narrator recounts how the bull rider has cracked five ribs in a short circle, gored his eye and head, ultimately leaving himself half-witted with a low IQ. Despite warnings from a dentist about the potential cancer risk associated with his snuff consumption, the bull rider grins and continues with his snuff and bull-riding, showing little concern for his well-being.

The main theme of the poem revolves around the idea that a professional, accustomed to certain habits like snuff consumption, tends to disregard the risks to his life. The unidentified speaker maintains a neutral tone throughout the poem, highlighting the bull rider’s passion while also pointing out the blunder of ignoring his health and well-being.

First Stanza of “His Little Circle”

The first stanza comprises nine lines, with each line starting with a lowercase letter except for the first two. The stanza functions as a dialogue, where the initial line introduces the bull rider’s passion, and the second line inquires about why he chose this profession. The subsequent line details his response and provides a glimpse into the consequences of his bull riding experiences: “In the short time / he’s ridden the circuit” (Lines 6-7). Given the absence of a rhyme scheme, the stanza lacks a specific structural pattern. It is organized around a sentence introducing the person, followed by a question, the rider’s response, and a brief description of the ensuing events.

The poet skillfully employs consonance in the third line with the ‘/sh/’ sound in “shrugs his shoulders.” Additionally, there is an antecedent for the bulls introduced in the eighth line, creating a connection for readers to understand the potential consequences of the rider’s actions (Lines 3-8). This emphasizes that his nonchalant shoulder-shrugging finds repercussions in the eighth line when the bulls retaliate.

Second Stanza of “His Little Circle”

The second stanza maintains the same pattern as the first, serving as a seamless continuation rather than a distinct conclusion. Similar to its predecessor, it also lacks a rhyme scheme and consists of nine lines. The poet continues to depict the bull rider’s experiences, building on the previous descriptions. The bull rider is now portrayed as having been gored and butted, resulting in him being “half-blind” and having “shaved off much of his IQ” (Lines 1-2).

The stanza features effective consonance, specifically with the repetition of the /m/ sound in the last line. This repetition leaves a significant impact on the reader, emphasizing the dentist’s concern for the bull rider’s health and well-being, despite the rider’s apparent indifference (Line 9). The stanza contributes to the ongoing narrative, providing further insight into the physical and intellectual toll of the bull rider’s chosen profession.

Third Stanza of “His Little Circle”

The third stanza adheres to the same structure, featuring nine lines without a rhyme scheme, and serves as a seamless continuation of the second stanza. The theme of the bull rider’s carelessness towards his own well-being persists, with the use of the word “forgotten” pointing back to the first line of the first stanza, emphasizing his single-minded focus on bull riding as his sole occupation (Line 1). The subsequent line reveals that he wears a small circle tattooed by his snuffbox, highlighting his pride and swagger when engaged in his profession (Line 2).

This stanza, much like the others, reinforces the bull rider’s professional dedication by repeating the phrase “his little circle” for emphasis. The repetition serves to underscore the central theme of the poem—the bull rider’s unwavering passion for and dedication to his craft. The poet employs an assonance with the phrase “bright rodeo light” in the second-to-last line of the stanza, creating a pleasing auditory effect that adds to the overall appeal of the poem (Line 8).

Unity in “His Little Circle”

The poem is a cohesive narrative that commences with a brief portrayal of a professional bull rider, delves into the physical toll he has endured, and culminates with his apparent disregard for the risks he faces, as indicated by the word “forgotten” in relation to his self-awareness, attire, and enduring preoccupation with his life’s passion (Line 1). The poem effectively captures the essence of the bull rider’s life, showcasing his dedication to bull riding despite the evident threats to his well-being. His nonchalant response, characterized by a mere shrug and grin in the face of life-threatening dangers, underscores the central theme of the poem.

Overall, the poem is a remarkable achievement, skillfully narrating the entire life story of a professional bull rider within three stanzas, creating a unified and compelling whole. The poet successfully encapsulates the complexities of the bull rider’s existence, portraying both the physical consequences and the unwavering passion that define his life.

Works Cited: “His Little Circle”

Thomas, Larry D. “My Little Circle” . Concho River Review, Volume 31, No. 1 [as corrected by the poet Larry Thomas himself by email]

Relevant Questions about “His Little Circle”

1. How does Larry D. Thomas employ poetic devices, such as imagery or metaphor, in “His Little Circle” to convey the emotional or thematic depth of the poem?
2. In the context of Larry D. Thomas’s selected poems, how does “His Little Circle” contribute to the overarching themes or motifs that are prevalent in his body of work, and what unique insights does it offer into his poetic style?
3. Considering the publication date of “Larry D. Thomas: Selected Poems” in 2022, how does “His Little Circle” reflect or respond to the cultural or social context of the time, and are there any notable elements that distinguish it within the larger collection?

Introduction: “What Lips” and “Shall I Compare Thee”

Both the sonnets, “What Lips”and “Shall I Compare Thee” explore the theme of love in different eras. While Shakespeare praises his beloved in a typical fashion, comparing her to the summer and immortalizing her like “Time” (Shakespeare 13), Edna St. Vincent Millay expresses love openly, bordering on promiscuity. Her expression is metaphorical, drawing a comparison to ghosts’ “tap and sigh” (Millay 4), as she is no longer with her numerous lovers. This contrast between the spiritual love of Shakespeare and the physical love of Millay is evident in both sonnets. One reflects the love of the Elizabethan era, while the other embodies Victorian standards that were expanding beyond the boundaries set by familial traditions, religious conventions, and social norms.

Despite the divergence in the portrayal of love, both sonnets beautifully express the theme. Millay’s rendition is tinged with nostalgic feelings, whereas Shakespeare’s is characterized by a sense of permanent felicity. Although both sonnets use metaphorical language and employ distinct rhyme schemes, “What Lips My Lips Have Kissed” presents love as an amorous escapade, while “Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer’s Day” presents love as a spiritual experience of praising the beloved and elevating her to an everlasting entity.

Theme in “What Lips” and “Shall I Compare Thee”

The theme of love in both poems is metaphorically compared to seasons. In Edna St. Vincent Millay’s poem, she likens her love to “rain” that is “full of ghosts tonight, that tap and sigh” (Millay 3-4), portraying a sense of haunting nostalgia. She further extends this metaphor by describing herself as “the lonely tree” that waits in winter (9), emphasizing the desolation she feels. The departed lovers are symbolically linked to the changing weather, and she laments that no traveler comes in the winter, indicating the absence of her lovers. The situation has reached a point where she “cannot say what loves have come and gone” (12), and she nostalgically recalls the past, noting that she “only know[s] that summer sang” (13). However, this once joyful memory has become a painful echo of the past, as “sings no more” (14), and she can only remember those loves.

In contrast, Shakespeare’s sonnet “Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer’s Day?” presents a more intense and triumphant portrayal of love as a spiritual experience. In this sonnet, the extended metaphor is clear and direct. His beloved is compared to the summer season, but she surpasses it, and her “eternal summer shall not fade” (Shakespeare 9). The metaphor extends further to declare that death cannot claim her, with the line “Nor shall death brag thou” (11). The culmination of this extended metaphor is the immortalization of his beloved, making her eternal like “Time” (13). Unlike Millay’s melancholic and nostalgic portrayal, Shakespeare’s metaphor emphasizes the enduring and transcendent nature of his love, elevating it to a spiritual realm.

Love in “What Lips” and “Shall I Compare Thee”

The theme of love in “What Lips My Lips Have Kissed” by Edna St. Vincent Millay is characterized by its amorous and physical nature, standing in contrast to the spiritual dimension of Shakespearean love. This dichotomy reflects the difference between Elizabethan and Victorian eras, with Millay openly acknowledging her love for numerous individuals and embracing a somewhat promiscuous persona. The poem begins with a candid admission, “What lips my lips have kissed, and where, and why” (Millay 1), conveying her lack of awareness regarding the specifics of her encounters.

Millay’s love is not only physical but also openly shared with many, and she expresses her nostalgia for past loves with a sense of lament. As she compares her past love to summer, the present moment leaves her feeling like the desolate “lonely tree” in winter (9), devoid of song and filled only with “quiet pain” (6).

In contrast, Shakespeare’s portrayal of love in “Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer’s Day?” is more spiritual and idealized. He praises his beloved by likening her to the summer season, emphasizing her enduring beauty. While acknowledging the transient nature of physical beauty with “every fair from fair sometimes declines” (Shakespeare 7), Shakespeare asserts that his beloved’s beauty will not fade. She is immortalized in the sonnet, living “as long as men can breathe, or eyes can see” (13), transcending the boundaries of time and space.

The difference in the poets’ perspectives becomes evident in the conclusion. While Shakespeare’s beloved remains eternal and untouched by decay, Millay’s lamentation over the inability to sing suggests a sense of pessimism, implying that her capacity for love has waned, and the vibrant echoes of past romances have grown silent.

Common Theme in “What Lips” and “Shall I Compare The”

Despite both sonnets delving into common themes, each discusses love in a distinct manner. One presents love as a personal, promiscuous, and realistic experience, while the other portrays it as a spiritual, transcendental, and idealized passion for another human being. Edna St. Vincent Millay’s “What Lips My Lips Have Kissed” is characterized by a realist perspective, acknowledging the temporal nature of love. She laments that the summer “sings no more” (Millay 13), indicating the end of her past romantic experiences.

On the other hand, William Shakespeare expresses his love through admiration, elevating it to a level of transcendence. His beloved becomes immortalized in his poetry, as he declares, “eternal lines to Time thou grow’st” (Shakespeare 12). This implies that he has made her eternal and everlasting through his words, and as long as people inhabit the earth and read his poetry, she will live on in those lines. Shakespeare’s love is portrayed as a transcendental passion that extends beyond the limitations of time and space.

In contrast, Millay’s perspective is grounded in reality, acknowledging the ephemeral nature of her experiences. While Shakespeare’s sonnet suggests a timeless and eternal love, Millay accepts the finite nature of her existence, recognizing that she won’t persist beyond her time. The differing approaches of the poets highlight the diversity in their views on love, ranging from the tangible and fleeting to the spiritual and everlasting.

Conclusion: “What Lips” and “Shall I Compare The”

In short, although both poets depict love from their respective eras, Shakespeare and Millay approach the theme differently in their sonnets. The Elizabethan-era love portrayed in Shakespeare’s “Shall I Compare…” contrasts sharply with Millay’s modern love, which leans towards physical enjoyment. The evolution from the 16th century to the 19th century illustrates the transformation of love from infatuation to a more personal and experiential dimension.

Millay’s portrayal reflects a sexual experience to be remembered, emphasizing the transient nature of love. In contrast, Shakespeare immortalizes love, making the beloved eternal and everlasting. Both sonnets are written in iambic pentameter, but their rhyme schemes differ. Millay’s ABBAABBA CDE CDE has a faster pace, characteristic of the fast-paced Victorian era, while Shakespeare’s ABABCDCD ABABCC has a slower, more traditional Elizabethan rhythm, aligning with the tempo of that era’s love. The rhyme schemes not only contribute to the beauty of each sonnet but also reflect the pace and essence of the respective historical periods they represent.

Works Cited: “What Lips” and “Shall I Compare Thee”

1. Shakespeare, William. “Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer’s Day?” Poet’s Shop. n.d. Web. Accessed 21  Nov. 2023.
2. Millay, Edna St. Vincent. “What Lips my Lips Have Kissed.” Poet’s Shop. n.d. Web. Accessed 21 Nov. 2023.

Relevant Questions in “What Lips” and “Shall I Compare Thee”

1. How does the theme of love differ between “Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer’s Day?” by William Shakespeare and “What Lips my Lips Have Kissed” by Edna St. Vincent Millay, particularly in the way each poet portrays the essence of love?
2. In “Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer’s Day?” and “What Lips my Lips Have Kissed,” how do the poets employ language and imagery to convey the enduring or fleeting nature of romantic feelings, and what role do specific elements play in shaping the perception of love in each poem?
3. Exploring the intersection of love and beauty, how do William Shakespeare and Edna St. Vincent Millay connect these themes in “Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer’s Day?” and “What Lips my Lips Have Kissed,” respectively? What distinctive perspectives or nuances do each poet bring to this connection, and how does it contribute to the overall portrayal of love in the two poems?

Introduction: “Why I Want Women to be Lean In”

This article, “Why I Want Women to Lean In,” is an excerpt from Sheryl Sandberg’s acclaimed book, “Lean In: Women, Work, and the Will to Lead.” The article sheds light not only on women’s tendency to withdraw from work prematurely, societal bias against female success, but also on women’s own over-ambition to achieve perfection in every aspect of their lives. Sheryl Sandberg argues that despite women attaining top positions in academia, workplace equality remains elusive due to their internalized belief that they should prioritize family over work, existing prejudices in the workplace, and their perfectionist tendencies, leading them to allocate less time for family matters. According to Sandberg, despite women dominating the educational field, their representation in executive positions has not surpassed 14% in Fortune 500 and 17% in board seats over the last decade (472).

Drawing from her personal experience, Sandberg asserts that women are often compelled to choose between their careers and families. This dilemma is ingrained in them during their teenage years, where differential treatment between genders becomes second nature. Real obstacles emerge in the form of “sexism, discrimination, lack of flexibility, access to child care, and parental leave” (472), impeding women’s progression to executive roles. Sandberg proposes that if women resist leaving prematurely, if men cease biasing success and likability, and if women themselves let go of the pursuit of perfection but strive to their utmost, they can emerge as leaders in the business world. Employing classical rhetorical devices such as ethos, pathos, and logos, Sandberg persuades her readers that women can indeed succeed and become leaders in the business world.

Argument of “Why I Want Women to be Lean In”

In establishing the credibility of her argument regarding the various obstacles faced by women, Sheryl Sandberg effectively employs ethos, drawing on her personal experiences as a woman, a professional, and a mother. Her initial use of ethos is evident in the opening paragraph, where she emphasizes that women “continue to outpace men in the educational field.” By positioning herself as a woman who has excelled in education, she underscores the disparity between educational achievements and the underrepresentation of women in the business world, asserting that obstacles hinder their progress (473).

Sandberg further reinforces her ethos by delving into her own career experiences. She contends that differential treatment between boys and girls during their teenage years shapes their future paths. Moreover, she addresses the stereotyping women face when they succeed, often being labeled as “outspoken, aggressive, more powerful than men,” which leads to discrimination in the workplace (473). By sharing her personal encounters with gender bias, Sandberg establishes herself not just as an author but as a working woman who has navigated these challenges firsthand.

Additionally, Sandberg leverages her professional affiliation by mentioning her role at Facebook. This serves to highlight her practical experience and success in a prominent company, emphasizing that she has pursued a path that aligns with her beliefs, achieving success while maintaining a balance between family and work. Her mantra, “done is better than perfect,” further reinforces her commitment to taking action rather than striving for perfection or succumbing to the pressure to do more (474).

By weaving together examples from her own life, observations, and career, Sandberg bolsters the credibility of her argument. Her relatable experiences and practical insights contribute to persuading her readers that sustainable and fulfilling work should be the focus, rather than an unattainable pursuit of perfection.

Strategy in “Why I Want Women to be Lean In”

Sheryl Sandberg uses the rhetorical device of pathos to appeal to the emotions of her readers and persuade them of her argument that women are equal to men in both professional and domestic spheres. She touches upon the emotional experiences that resonate with women, highlighting the inequalities they face at the workplace, reminiscent of the challenges encountered during their teenage years. The emotional chord struck here revolves around the societal expectation that women must choose between a career and a family, with childcare and parental love often perceived as their primary responsibilities (473).

Sandberg addresses the emotional aspect of work-life balance by sharing her personal encounters. She notes that questions about family and work balance were directed at her when she joined Facebook, emphasizing the persistent societal expectation for women to navigate the delicate balance between career and family. Additionally, she points out that women tend to withdraw from responsibilities and job-related tasks when anticipating starting a family, leading to a significant lag behind their male counterparts. Returning to the workplace after childbirth, women may feel less fulfilled, underutilized, or unappreciated, which affects their enthusiasm for work and perpetuates the gap between men and women (473).

The emotional impact of Sandberg’s argument is heightened when she addresses the sacrifices women make for success. She contends that women pay a penalty for their achievements when they leave their families, portraying it as a significant sacrifice made to succeed in a male-dominated world. By appealing to the emotional experiences of women, Sandberg aims to rally support for her argument and foster a sense of solidarity among her readers.

Logos in “Why I Want Women to be Lean In”

Sheryl Sandberg strategically employs the logical appeal, or logos, to substantiate her argument and persuade her readers, particularly women, that gender disparities persist due to factors such as family commitments, biases among men, and the perceived conflict between family and career. She incorporates credible sources, including studies and anecdotes from her own life, to present a logical foundation for her claims.

Sandberg references a Princeton survey from the 2006 class, revealing that 62% of women anticipated work/family conflict compared to 33% of men. This data emphasizes the challenges women face in deciding between a career and family life (472). Additionally, she highlights statistics related to the expectations of men regarding their wives’ employment status and the return rate of married working women. These figures underscore the significant decisions women must make when pursuing a career (472).

The second logical reference is drawn from a Harvard Business School case study, where two successful entrepreneurs are presented for analysis. The study’s outcome reveals that women entrepreneurs are perceived as selfish compared to their male counterparts, illustrating a bias that impacts women’s likability in professional settings (474). Sandberg supplements these references with personal anecdotes, including her experience joining Facebook, where she was questioned about family/work balance. She also shares a manager’s feedback on a woman customer service attendant being labeled “too aggressive,” highlighting the gender bias evident in workplace evaluations (474). Furthermore, Sandberg integrates additional statistics and data to reinforce her argument. For instance, she emphasizes that despite their professional responsibilities, most mothers spend almost equal time with their children. This data supports the notion that women can successfully manage both family and career if they strategically navigate the demands of both aspects of their lives (474). By combining credible sources, studies, and personal anecdotes, Sandberg strengthens the logical underpinning of her argument, aiming to convince her readers that women can overcome societal barriers and achieve success by effectively balancing family and career.

Conclusion: “Why I Want Women to be Lean In”

In short, Sheryl Sandberg eloquently presents the challenges faced by working women in attaining executive positions compared to men in the business field and outlines how they can overcome these obstacles. Her communication is characterized by accessible and relevant language, making her message easily understandable. Beyond sharing her own experiences, Sandberg effectively employs classical rhetorical devices—ethos, pathos, and logos—to strengthen her argument. She draws on various sources to convince readers that women’s underrepresentation in top-level positions is a result of both natural and societal impediments, including the conflict between life and career, men’s biases, and women’s inherent dedication to their families.

While Sandberg acknowledges her own preference for family, she argues that women can strike a balance between work and family life with determination. Success, according to her, requires strong decision-making skills, resilience, and, most importantly, the will to succeed. By advocating for women to seize opportunities, overcome biases, and relinquish the pursuit of perfection, she asserts that they can emerge as leaders equal to their male counterparts.

Works Cited: “Why I Want Women to be Lean In”

1. Sandberg, Sheryl. “Why I Want Women To Lean In.” Lean In: Women, Work, and the Will to Lead, 7 Mar. 2013, ideas.time.com/2013/03/07/why-i-want-women-to-lean-in/.

Relevant Questions: “Why I Want Women to be Lean In”

1. How does Sheryl Sandberg argue for the importance of women leaning in, and what key insights does she provide regarding women, work, and leadership in “Why I Want Women To Lean In”?
2. In the context of “Why I Want Women To Lean In,” what are some of the challenges that women may face in the workplace, and how does Sheryl Sandberg suggest they can overcome these challenges through leaning in?
3. How does Sheryl Sandberg address the concept of leadership in the context of women leaning in, and what role does she believe women should play in driving their own professional success and advancement according to “Why I Want Women To Lean In”?

Introduction: Rhetorical Analysis of “The Importance of Work”

In her essay “The Importance of Work,” Betty Friedan defines work done for earnings and its importance in recognizing identity among men, as well as the identity crisis faced by women due to the lack of outside work. This article is part of her book “The Feminine Mystique,” in which she discusses the dissatisfaction experienced by American women of that time, trapped by domestic chores and losing their identity. The book was published in 1963, a period when American women were advocating for equal rights to establish their identity. Friedan made it clear that feminine ideals limited women’s freedom and growth, contrasting it with the potential that work could offer. In this essay, she not only defines work but also explores the identity that comes with it, using a combination of definition and inductive argument methods to persuade her women audience. Employing classical techniques such as kairos, ethos, and pathos, coupled with an inductive leap, she argues that work done for survival defines a person’s identity and emphasizes how women have confined themselves and their feminine ideals to domestic chores, akin to concentration camps without identity.

In 1963, the year of the book’s publication in the United States, women were participating in various activities, sports, and work. Despite this, societal expectations still encouraged them to stay at home and focus on domestic chores. Betty Friedan argues that, as times change, work becomes not only a means to earn but also a way to define one’s identity. Therefore, by limiting themselves to their homes, women lose their identity. The argument was relevant at that time, and the writer effectively uses the classical technique of kairos, addressing the dissatisfaction of women during that era.

Writer and Rhetorical Analysis of “The Importance of Work”

Friedan established herself as a feminist during that time, serving as a writer, female activist, and the president of the National Organization for Women. She actively worked to bring women into the national mainstream and advocated for their equality with men in all fields. With such a background, she has already gained credibility as someone who believes in women’s capabilities and advocates for their rights. Therefore, when she asserts that “the same range of potential ability exists for women as for men,” it stems from her realization that women can work on an equal footing with men (Friedan 794). Due to the denial of opportunities, women fail to find proper expression for their identities, leading to an identity crisis. Her strong background lends weight to her arguments. Additionally, she supports her claims by citing the research of renowned figures such as Erik Erikson, a great researcher, and William James, a psychologist, further reinforcing the validity of her arguments.

Rhetorical Analysis of “The Importance of Work”

Moreover, Friedan effectively employs pathos to resonate with her female audience. She argues that, just as work defines identity and therapists recommend engaging in meaningful work for spiritual healing, women are denied the opportunity to choose work they love and define their own personalities. She suggests that if women don’t pursue work they are passionate about, they will exist in a “parasitic state,” experiencing weakened muscles and minds (795). Friedan touches on the emotional aspect by highlighting that women cannot solely derive their identities from their children and that true awareness of their identities often occurs when facing death or being near death. Urging women to take life seriously, she appeals to their emotions and seeks to connect with them on a personal level.

Furthermore, Friedan employs inductive reasoning in her essay. She establishes the central claim that work is crucial for identity, and from this, she deduces that women, lacking the freedom to choose the work they love, suffer from an identity crisis. By presenting specific examples and anecdotes, she builds a case that resonates with her audience. Additionally, she makes allusions to influential philosophers such as Marx and Freud (794), drawing on historical references to support her points. Friedan also employs rhetorical questions, providing answers to strengthen her argument further.

Conclusion: Rhetorical Analysis of “The Importance of Work”

In short, Betty Friedan employs inductive reasoning effectively in this definition essay. She begins by defining the topic and then adds another layer, asserting that work not only defines identity but has evolved into a fundamental element of personality in the modern age. Friedan strategically incorporates classical rhetorical devices such as pathos, logos, and kairos to persuade her audience. She argues that despite the advanced thinking of American women, they are falling behind their Western counterparts. Through these rhetorical devices, Friedan encourages her audience to move “beyond the narrow walls of home, to help shape the future” (796). According to her, this is the only way for women to become distinct individuals and forge their own identities.

Works Cited: Rhetorical Analysis of “The Importance of Work”

1. Friedan, Betty. “The Importance of Work.” Ed. Kirszner, Laurie G. & Stephen R. Mandell. Practical Argument.  Bedford / St. Martin’s/ New York. 2010. Print. 794-796.

Relevant Questions about Rhetorical Analysis of “The Importance of Work”

1. How does Betty Friedan utilize rhetorical strategies, such as ethos, logos, and pathos, to convey her perspective on “The Importance of Work”?
2. In what ways does Friedan support her argument about the significance of work, and how does she appeal to the emotions and reasoning of her audience?
3. How does the historical context and Friedan’s personal experiences contribute to the overall effectiveness of her argument in “The Importance of Work”?

Introduction: Technology Is Transforming Human Lives

Technology is transforming human lives by revolutionizing how we communicate, work, and access information, reshaping the very fabric of our daily existence. The issue of the intervention of modern technology and betterment of human lives and habitat are now looming large over the horizon in this postmodern age. In their articles, Emily Badger and Molly Flatt have not only discussed the technological evolution from natural surroundings but has also shed some light on the use of technology to solve urban planning problems, leading the envisioning “smart cities” (Badger).

Technology Is Transforming Human Lives  in Badger

In her article, “Tech Envisions the Ultimate Start-Up: An Entire City,” Emily Badger has argued that despite the revolution of digitization and digital products, San Francisco and other cities like it are witnessing traffic, homelessness and inequality income issues. Several technological experts are trying to resolve these issues with new ideas by designing new urban centers but the problem is the American way of constructing cities. She quotes an expert Mr. Huh who envisions new smart cities which could be “reinvention” of the old cities sans old rules like that the arrival of Uber in taxi cab service (Badger). She quotes another expert to bring home her audience that new smart cities will based on internet usage benefitting non-residents. The thesis of her article is that new thinking approach based on internet of thinking about urban planning and smart cities is going to become a future. However, it is another thing that technology and nature seldom seems to coalesce.

Technology Is Transforming Human Lives in Flatt

On the other hand, Molly Flatt shown this side of the argument in her article “Nature and Technology: Friends or Enemies?” in which she has presented her point that by the way human beings are preoccupied in suing tech gadgets, it seems that “we are always part of technology” (Flatt). Her main argument is that human beings have always innovated to meet their needs in this hostile world. However, this innovation has come from mimicking the natural objects. Therefore, technology can help in sustainability and conservation projects. Therefore, it is but natural that technology impacts human beings and their lives and in turn forces human beings to innovate new gadgets to make life easy and comfortable. Both her articles not only support the idea of technical innovation for the betterment of humanity but also shows human ingenuity to learn from the nature. Therefore, she argues technology can improve human lives as well as habitat.

Badger’s Argument and How Technology Is Transforming Human Lives

In order to prove her claim of technical innovation for betterment, Emily Badger has argued her position about the visionary thinking of the technological experts using as logos. In her articles, she has supported her claim of smart and modern cities by presenting ideas of Ben Huh, a technical expert as a strong logo who has also launched a company Y Combinator. She then uses comparison and contrast strategy of American urban planning and its flaws vis-à-vis Croatian cities to bring home her audience about the importance of environment and home urban planning. This is a very good use of kairos, for now is the perfect time to “reinvent” urban planning (Badger). In order to make it more convincing, she also uses opinions of economists and home buyers to prove that technological is going to impact not only urban planning but also home construction with the use of matching diction and style.

Badger’s Language and How Technology Is Transforming Human Lives

Emily Badger has used diction that is appropriate to the modern style incorporating technical jargons mingled neatly with rhetorical devices. The use of optimization, fantasizing, hubris, conflict, chips, hyperloop and utopia shows a good integration of literary diction with that of the modern technical jargons. This intermarriage of literary language with technical jargons have given birth to neologisms such as “NIMBYism” to show improvement in language for construction (Badger). Her use of metaphors such as of “tabula rasa”, simile of iPhone and compound wording such as “city-building, odd-sounding” and rhetorical questions have further adding to the effectiveness of her argument (Badger). The same is the case with the other article.

In “Nature and Technology: Friends and Enemies?” Molly Flatt has beautifully used, logos and pathos along with kairos. The use of ethos is clear from the sources such as Oxford Junior Dictionary, Christopher Potter, a philosopher, MySpace, a social networking site, Dr. Joppa, a scientist and several other companies to show that nature indeed helps improve technology and vice versa. She has used pathos of technology helping human beings to save lives and kairos by stating that technology is integrating into life of human beings very fast. This argument is quite topical and modern according to the time. However, the most effective point is the use of suitable diction, figurative language and rhetorical questions.

Molly Flatt has used metaphors at different places to show this intermarriage of technology with human lives. For example, she states that language is also “bridging the difference” (Flatt). She has used several suitable words that have entered everyday language such as “e-waste, broadband, analogue and cut and paste” (“Nature and Technology”). Moreover, she has also used rhetorical questions at different places to maker her readers believe that technology is indeed being molded by nature and nature by technology. In both of her articles, she has argued that technology is making human lives better through evolution in collaboration with nature and evolving situation.

On the other hand, Emily Badger has rightly argued in “Tech Envisions” through different opinions that mart cities are the need of the hour and that the Internet revolution is going to transform the way human being live. Her theory of better habitats and better places through the use of internet is convincing despite having a strong argument against it within it that utopias seldom succeed. At the same time, I do agree with her that these are the need of the hour and the future cities could benefit non-residents too. However, what I do not see is that she has not talked about the solid waste management, water supply and internet disruption issues in those modern cities. These problems would accompany but then they could be solved with the passage of time, for every solution comes with the problem and not before it.

In the same way, her argument in “Nature and Technology” is very good and convincing that technology is helping but it is not that every technical piece has evolved from mimicking nature. The examples given by her are just few. There are thousands of things which have come from the need of the hour rather than the imitation of nature. Moreover, she has also put forward the idea that technology is helping in conservation and preservation of environment, but at the same time, she has forgot that technology is playing havoc with the endangered species by helping hunters track them and hunt them down or by degrading environment through the production of more tech waste. I do, however, agree with her that nature helps us in many ways to make see that it sometimes is like technology but it actually is not the case.

Conclusion: Technology Is Transforming Human Lives

To Cut it short, both Emily Badger and Molly Flatt have beautifully presented their arguments in both articles “Nature and Technology” and “Tech Envisions” that technology is here to help human beings to improve their lives as well as habitat. Technology though seems a re-invention of the natural objects sometimes is more ingenious use of available and not-available objects prepared for immediate requirements. The common argument that technology is helping and could help human being build better cities and improve environment holds weight but at the same time both have not given much attention to several other problems that originate from the use of technology such as health and environmental pollution. Moreover, they have also not discussed the issue of energy supplied to technical objects and resultant issues. Besides this, the articles have very powerful supporting details of tech experts, their quotes and other examples. The language is also very good and suitable with good use of rhetorical and literary devices. The argument, though have some room for improvement is powerful and convincing.

Works Cited: Technology Is Transforming Human Lives

1. Badger, Emily. ” Tech Vision the Ultimate Start-Up: An Entire City.” The New York Times. 24 Feb. 2018. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/…/tech-envisions-the-ultimate-start-up-an-entire-city.html. Accessed 18 March. 2023.
2. Flat, Molly. “Nature and Technology: Friends or Enemies.” BBC. 16 Jul. 2015. www.bbc.com/earth/story/20150703-can-nature-and-technology-be-friends. Accessed 18 Mar. 2023.

Relevant Questions about Technology Is Transforming Human Lives

1. How does the article “Tech Vision: The Ultimate Start-Up: An Entire City” by Emily Badger explore the concept of an entire city functioning as a tech start-up, and what potential impacts on human lives and urban living are discussed in the article?
2. In Molly Flat’s article “Nature and Technology: Friends or Enemies,” how is the relationship between nature and technology examined, and what perspectives are presented on how these two forces can coexist harmoniously or be at odds?
3. Considering both articles, how do they collectively contribute to the broader understanding of how technology is shaping the human experience, whether through city-scale innovations or in the dynamic interplay between nature and technological advancements?

Introduction: Climate Change and Adaptations in South Asia: Stakeholder Essay

Climate Change and Adaptations in South Asia have become critical issues as the region grapples with shifting weather patterns and the need to develop sustainable strategies for mitigating the impacts of environmental transformations. Despite being a vast region comprising almost seven countries, it faces diverse issues related to climate change, including humidity, temperature increases, and flooding in coastal areas, as stated by Mohammed Ahmed and S. Suphachalasani in their report, “Coastal areas and megacities are exposed to rising sea level and intensifying storm surges” (04). These issues incur significant costs for the affected population, running into millions. Governments and researchers are actively engaged in studying adaptation strategies and proposing measures to mitigate the impacts of climate change. Consequently, the major stakeholders in this issue extend beyond governments and global organizations to include researchers, meteorologists, and the common people directly affected by climate change.

Governments, Climate Change and Adaptations in South Asia

Governments are among the first entities to recognize the impacts of climate change. Different governments respond differently to climate change issues, with the Indian government, for instance, detailing its responses on its website, specifically addressing forests and coastal areas. The Indian government’s plan outlines various measures to protect forests and other areas from flooding and excessive inundation (“National Action Plan on Climate Change”). The Asian Development Bank (ADB) also plays a crucial role, being an equal stakeholder in the region along with governments. ADB has outlined a range of issues related to climate change and the necessary strategies for the Asian region to adopt (ADB 5-48). In essence, the respective governments of the countries involved and global organizations like ADB are primary stakeholders with vested interests in the impacts of climate change. However, it’s worth noting that much of the work has been carried out by researchers, who also have immediate stakes in working in the field.

Researchers, Climate Change and Adaptations in South Asia

Researchers have played a significant role in raising awareness through their research on various aspects of climate change. For instance, Indian researchers Kasturi Das and Kaushik Ranjan Bandyopadhyay have emphasized the impacts faced by South Asian countries, including the devastation of agricultural crops, reduced hydropower generation, and health issues (40). Their work demonstrates a commitment to finding solutions to the challenges faced by countries in the South Asian region.

Additionally, researchers like Kindie Tesfaye and colleagues have provided recommendations, such as advocating for the adaptation of maize crops in areas affected by climate change, highlighting the efforts of many researchers in developing and deploying climate-resilient germplasm (907). Similarly, Dutta-Koehler’s research underscores the toll climate change is taking on megacities through flooding and air pollution (Dutta-Koehler). Despite the extensive work by researchers, other stakeholders such as meteorologists are also echoing similar concerns.

Meteorologists, Climate Change and Adaptations in South Asia

Meteorologists are crucial stakeholders as they play a key role in making day-to-day weather predictions and analyzing seasonal changes. An interview with Ashok Dutta of the Calcutta Meteorological Department holds significant importance in this context. Dutta confirms the issues raised by Dutta-Koehler, a researcher, in her video, highlighting the challenges brought about by seasonal changes in megacities located on coastal areas like Calcutta. He expresses concern over excessive rainfall and the resulting flooding, although he does not delve into adaptive strategies (Dutta). In essence, Dutta’s statements serve as evidence that climate change is impacting daily weather patterns, as even routine predictions are affected. While his concerns align with those of the general public, it remains unclear how the immediate affected individuals respond, though journalists have recorded public reactions.

Public, Climate Change and Adaptations in South Asia

Indeed, the public emerges as the immediate stakeholder in the climate change issue, bearing the direct impacts of these environmental changes. In various affected regions, such as several locations in India, individuals have shared accounts of the devastation caused by flooding and drought, particularly affecting their food sources. Since the public might face challenges in directly expressing their concerns, journalists and writers often act as spokespersons on their behalf.

For instance, Awasthi Aayushi from BBC has highlighted the multifaceted impacts on the public, emphasizing the destruction of infrastructure and crops due to excessive rainfall and flooding. Aayushi estimates the cost of adaptation at around $900 billion, ultimately transferred to the public through taxes (Aayushi). This illustrates that the public not only bears the brunt of destruction but also incurs financial costs. Despite these reports, it remains unclear how widespread climate change is directly affecting the public, requiring ethnographic studies to delve deeper into the lived experiences of individuals.

Conclusion: Climate Change and Adaptations in South Asia

In short, almost all stakeholders, including governments, global organizations, researchers, meteorologists, and the public, have significant stakes in the climate change issue. The public emerges as the most affected stakeholders, lacking a direct platform to voice their concerns. However, the media serves as a voice for the public, and there is potential for governments and other stakeholders to take practical steps in addressing the issue. Governments and global organizations are actively pursuing adaptive strategies, researchers are assessing destruction and adaptation, and meteorologists and journalists are providing evaluations and warnings. Nonetheless, understanding the direct impacts on the public requires comprehensive ethnographic studies for firsthand information.

Works Cited: Climate Change and Adaptations in South Asia

1. Asian Development Bank. Climate Change in South Asia: Strong Responses for Building a Sustainable Future. Asian Development Bank, https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/27475/climate-change-sa.pdf. Accessed on 15 Nov. 2023.
2. Ahmed, Mohammed and S. Suphachalasai. Assessing the Costs of Climate Change and Adaptation in South Asia. Mandaluyong, Philippines: Asian Development Bank, 2014.
3. Awasthi, Aayushi. “Why India Needs to Worry About Climate Change.” BBC. 25 Oc. 2023. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-45949323. Accessed 06 Nov. 2023.
4. Das, Kasturi, and Kaushik Ranjan Bandyopadhyay. “Climate Change Adaptation in the Framework of Regional Cooperation in South Asia.” Carbon & Climate Law Review, vol. 9, no. 1, Jan. 2015, pp. 40–54. EBSCOhost, ccco.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=108516815&site=ehost-live&scope=site.
5. Dutta-Koehler, Madhu. “Climate Change and Contingent Adaptation: Strategies for South Asian Mega-Cities.” YouTube, Uploaded by Boston University, 04 Mar. 2023. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G8QmOdsonL0.
6. Government of India. “National Action Plan for Climate Change.” Ministry of Environment and Forests, http://www.moef.nic.in/ccd-napcc. Accessed on 15 Nov. 2023.
7. Tesfaye, Kindie, et al. “Climate Change Impacts and Potential Benefits of Heat-Tolerant Maize in South Asia.” Theoretical & Applied Climatology, vol. 130, no. 3/4, Nov. 2017, pp. 959–970. EBSCOhost, doi: 10.1007/s00704-016-1931-6.

Relevant Questions About Climate Change and Adaptations in South Asia

1. How does the title “Climate Change and Adaptations in South Asia” reflect the specific impacts of climate change on the region, and what unique challenges and vulnerabilities do communities in South Asia encounter in adapting to these changes?
2. Within the framework of “Climate Change and Adaptations in South Asia,” what are the primary adaptive strategies implemented or proposed to address the impacts of climate change on agriculture, water resources, and vulnerable communities in the region? How effective have these strategies proven, and what obstacles exist in their successful implementation?
3. Exploring “Climate Change and Adaptations in South Asia,” how does climate change intersect with and amplify existing social, economic, and environmental disparities in the region? What innovative policies or approaches are being considered to promote climate justice and ensure equitable adaptation across diverse populations in South Asia?