Tag: short essays

Introduction: A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire

In the book “A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire,” M. Şükrü Hanioğlu attempts to highlight the major changes that occurred within the Ottoman Empire over approximately fifty years. The first chapter, titled “The Ottoman Empire at the Turn of the Nineteenth Century,” explores the critical situation of the empire during the turn of the nineteenth century. Mustafa III, with the support of his brother Abdülhamid I, made significant efforts to improve the status quo. However, it was the endeavors of Selim III that proved to be the most fruitful.

M. Şükrü Hanioğlu continues to shed light on the administrative discrepancies of the nineteenth-century Ottoman Empire in the first chapter. He further explains that the Ottoman Legal System relied on both Sharia law and Sultanic law for the creation of laws. The self-sufficient state policy regarding the economy reflected European influence. The expansion of the Ottoman Empire across three continents resulted in a society with disparate norms, creating a hybrid of diverse cultures in the nineteenth-century Ottoman Empire.

The cultural outlook of urban areas sharply contrasted with that of rural regions. Similarly, a multitude of languages were spoken within nineteenth-century Ottoman society, reflecting the richness of Ottoman culture. These languages included Bulgarian, Serbian, Arabic, Turkish, Greek, Latino, Armenian, French, and Syriac.

Responses to Challenges in A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire

In the second chapter, titled “Initial Ottoman Responses to the Challenge of Modernity,” M. Şükrü Hanioğlu catalogs the reforms implemented during the nineteenth century. These reforms instigated a profound reconstruction of the Ottoman military. Selim III prioritized the improvement of the army’s structure, establishing notable institutions for army training. Additionally, foreign officers were invited to provide advisory services to enhance the Ottoman military.

The era of Selim III also witnessed extensive reforms in the economy, responding to significant trade defalcation. The evolving sociopolitical circumstances worldwide during the nineteenth century necessitated concurrent adjustments in Ottoman foreign policy. This resulted in a peace treaty with France in 1802 and a defense alliance with Russia in 1805. In 1795, radical administrative reforms were introduced, creating twenty-eight provinces in the Empire. The objective was to enhance the administrative structure through the establishment of a centralized government. However, due to the absence of an effective enforcement mechanism, these enactments failed to produce the desired results.

As nationalism emerged among the Ottoman states in the course of the nineteenth century, it culminated in the Serbian revolt of 1804. The chapter concludes by enumerating the obstacles to reform. M. Şükrü Hanioğlu explains that conflicting ideologies prevailed, leading to the 1806 Edirne incident.

Reforms in A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire

In the third chapter, “The Dawn of the Age of Reform,” M. Şükrü Hanioğlu details the reforms implemented throughout the nineteenth century. Recognizing the necessity for a renewed settlement among the Ottoman Empire’s elite to safeguard its structure, Alemdar Mustafa orchestrated the signing of the Deed of Agreement in 1808, with notables including Mahmud II. This document accurately delineated the distribution of political power among the notables of the nineteenth century.

The subsequent section of the chapter addresses the Destruction of the Janissaries, explaining how their revolt led to their demise. The replacement of the Janissaries with a more compliant military order disrupted the political balance of power in the Ottoman Empire, as they had previously played a significant role in the selection or removal of the sultan.

The chapter further outlines reforms in centralization, westernization, and administration during the nineteenth century Ottoman Empire. Under Mahmud II’s reign, numerous provinces were centralized, and the grand vizier’s office was transformed into the prime minister’s office, reflecting the westernization of the Ottoman administrative structure.

The narrative continues with the description of the threat posed by Mehmed Ali, whose death in 1849 relieved the Ottoman administration and allowed them to maintain formal supremacy over Eritrea. M. Şükrü Hanioğlu then explores European threats to the Empire’s integrity, citing Bonaparte’s conquest of Egypt in 1798 as a demonstration of European military strength over the Ottoman administration. The chapter concludes by highlighting the profound economic reforms undertaken during this era.

Tanzimat in A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire

In the fourth chapter, “The Tanzimat Era,” M. Şükrü Hanioğlu details the reforms enacted during this period. These reforms aimed at enhancing the representation of various ethnic groups within government structures. By 1847, the introduction of mixed commercial courts marked a significant milestone, allowing non-Muslim representation for the first time.

The subsequent section of the chapter delves into the progress in diplomacy, war, and reform during the Tanzimat era. These reforms were a response to the persistent pressure from liberal Europe, and by 1856, many provinces had gained a degree of autonomy from the central control of the Ottoman Empire. The structure of provincial government underwent substantial changes during the Tanzimat period. Additionally, there were notable economic reforms, with legislation aiming to revamp interactions between landowners and peasants.

The Tanzimat era also witnessed profound cultural and intellectual changes. Provincial governors began publishing gazettes for the first time, and significant alterations were made in the field of education. The construction of the School of Administration in 1859 played a crucial role in improving the education sector. Despite these efforts, the reform policies of the Tanzimat era faced vehement opposition from the young Ottomans. M. Şükrü Hanioğlu further explores the ambiguous legacy of these reforms.

Regimes and A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire

In the fifth chapter, “The Twilight of the Tanzimat and the Hamidian Regime,” the effectiveness of the reforms initiated during the Tanzimat era is examined, along with an exploration of the subsequent reforms introduced during the Hamidian tenure.

The last chapter, “From Revolution to Imperial Collapse: The Longest Decade of the Late Ottoman Empire,” delves into the reasons and events leading to the ultimate downfall of the Ottoman Empire. M. Şükrü Hanioğlu likely provides insights into the historical context, political developments, and other factors that contributed to the decline of the empire during this period.

These summaries suggest that the book provides a comprehensive examination of the late Ottoman Empire, covering key reforms, political changes, and the eventual decline of the empire. If you have any specific questions or if there’s more information you’d like to explore, feel free to ask

Works Cited: A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire

Hanioğlu, M. Șükrü. A Brief History of The Late Ottoman Empire. Princeton University Press, 2008.

Introduction: Between the World and Me

Ta-Nehisi Coates presents chilling and detailed descriptions of numerous violent acts he witnessed in his lifetime in his book Between the World and Me. The narrative unveils how African American parents not only considered their children as possessions but also resorted to physical discipline as the primary method of upbringing. The book offers a glimpse into the lives of African American families where parents employed various forms of violence to assert control over their children. Coates articulates that he and his peers were not afraid of external threats but rather feared their own parents, who, out of love, had numerous justifications for resorting to corporal punishment.

Coates provides vivid accounts of parents being apprehensive about leaving their children alone in the streets due to various dangers faced by African American kids. The societal challenges extended beyond domestic concerns, with law enforcement and other members of society exhibiting unfriendliness towards African American people. An incident in the market, where Coates sneaked out to the playground without his parents’ knowledge, resulted in his father resorting to violence as a means of enforcing obedience.

The book underscores that the use of violence within the African American community is not a recent phenomenon. Coates draws from historical examples to illustrate that such practices have been prevalent for an extended period. The American society, particularly for African Americans, has been fraught with difficulties, prompting parents to be vigilant about their children’s safety. Coates captures this sentiment when he writes, “African American people love their children with a kind of obsession. You are all we have, and you come to us endangered. I think we would like to kill you ourselves before seeing you killed by the streets that America made.”

Slavery and Between the World and Me

The book Between the World and Me emphasizes how African American people endured slavery for an extended period in America, imprinting the belief that the use of violence is essential for discipline. Even after the abolition of slavery, the practice persisted within the African American community, as depicted in the book. While Coates’ parents and relatives may have justified the use of violence as a means of instilling discipline, I personally contend that resorting to violence serves no purpose in fostering discipline. There exist alternative techniques through which parents can guide their children to obedience.

Contrary to other animals, when a human child is born, they are already complete human beings with both biological and psychological needs. Modern psychology confirms that children share the same psychological needs as adults. Fulfilling a child’s psychological needs, such as providing respect and care, can influence their behavior positively. Violence, in the form of abusive language or physical punishment, undermines a child’s ego and self-respect, fostering self-hatred. A child raised in an environment of respect and care is less likely to engage in offensive behavior.

Personally, I experienced an upbringing marked by attention, care, and the fulfillment of both biological and psychological needs. This upbringing contributed to my strength, confidence, and sense of responsibility. The values instilled by my parents guide me to reciprocate respect and care towards others. I vehemently oppose the use of any form of punishment. Having received love and respect, I am committed to providing the same to my children. I reject the notion of becoming a monstrous figure to my own children through the use of violence. The utilization of violence changes a child’s perception of the person inflicting it, transforming even a mother or father into a perceived monster. It is crucial to halt any form of violence against children, recognizing them not just as children but as future fathers and mothers. By perpetuating violence, we distort not only the personality of the individual child but also impact the generations yet to come.

Coates and Between the World and Me

Understanding the context presented in Between the World and Me, I must acknowledge the challenging circumstances faced by Coates’ parents. The prevalent violence in American society during that time heightened the awareness of parents, who were acutely aware that their children were not safe in the streets, parks, or markets. For Coates’ parents, the paramount concern was ensuring the safety of their children in the face of potential dangers. Desperation to shield their children from harm led them to employ whatever means necessary to maintain control.

Coates’ parents and other relatives, in utilizing violence for discipline, were acting based on what they had learned from their own upbringing. Limited access to education and parenting resources left them with few alternatives, and resorting to violence was a method they knew to control their children. They were aware that failure to control their children could expose them to more severe dangers outside. In their perspective, the use of violence was a measure to keep their children safe.

Coates’ father, recognizing potential dangers, sought to impart a memorable lesson to his son about the importance of staying close. The only method he knew to convey this lesson was through physical punishment, using his belt to discipline his son. However, it remains imperative to emphasize that the use of violence, in any form, is a brutal and potentially criminal act, particularly when directed towards a child. While the circumstances may have shaped their choices, it is essential to advocate for alternative and non-violent methods of discipline.

Works Cited: Between the World and Me

1۔ Coates, Ta-Nehisi. Between the World and Me. One World, 14 July 2015. Hardcover.

1. How does the reviewer assess the overall impact and reception of Between the World and Me by Ta-Nehisi Coates?
2. What specific aspects of the book’s content or writing style does the review highlight as particularly noteworthy or impactful?
3. In what ways does the review address the themes and messages conveyed by Ta-Nehisi Coates in Between the World and Me, and how does the reviewer interpret their significance?

Introduction: The Yellow Wallpaper and What We Talk: Marriages

Both “The Yellow Wallpaper” and “What We Talk About When We Talk About Love” feature four married couples, each offering a unique perspective on the complexities of married life. Despite the common theme of marriage, the narratives sharply diverge in their portrayal of the institution. In the case of “The Yellow Wallpaper,” marriage takes on a somewhat oppressive and stifling nature as the anonymous female narrator finds herself confined to a health resort. This confinement is ostensibly for her mental well-being, as prescribed by her husband, John, whom she describes as “practical in the extreme” (Gilman 392). This introduction sets the stage for an exploration of the contrasting dynamics of marriages in these two literary works, delving into themes of confinement, emotional intricacies, and societal expectations.

Patriarchy in The Yellow Wallpaper and What We Talk

In “The Yellow Wallpaper,” the narrative sheds light on the pervasive dominance of patriarchy, creating an environment where feminism appears to have no place. The anonymous narrator grapples with a profound awareness of her mental ailment, yet finds herself devoid of agency over her own life. The patriarchal structure dictates that she remains confined in the health resort until she recovers, subjected to the decisions made by her husband, John, who, in her words, embodies an extreme practicality (Gilman 392). This portrayal underscores the oppressive nature of marriage within the story, symbolizing a broader commentary on the limitations imposed on women within a patriarchal society. The protagonist’s lack of control over her circumstances serves as a poignant illustration of the systemic constraints placed on women’s autonomy, offering a stark contrast to the dynamics explored in “What We Talk About When We Talk About Love.”

In contrast, the exploration of marriages in “What We Talk About When We Talk About Love” introduces a different dimension. The second marriage of Terri and Mel reveals a power dynamic where Terri, the wife, asserts her opinions even before her husband, Mel. Terri’s autonomy is evident as she openly shares insights about her first marriage to Ed, expressing that Ed used to love her despite his sadistic tendencies (Craver 133). This narrative dynamic challenges traditional gender roles and presents a marriage where the woman holds significant agency. The contrasting portrayals of marital dynamics in these stories serve as a lens through which the complexities of relationships, power dynamics, and societal expectations are explored, inviting readers to critically examine the varied facets of married life.

Love in The Yellow Wallpaper and What We Talk: Marriages

In “What We Talk About When We Talk About Love,” the exploration of marriages extends to the dynamics between Laura and Nick, a couple married for only a year and a half. Unlike the oppressive marriage portrayed in “The Yellow Wallpaper,” Laura and Nick’s relationship is characterized by a mutual and equal love for each other. Their partnership stands in stark contrast to the previously discussed narrative, offering a contemporary perspective on marriage that challenges traditional gender norms. This portrayal suggests that, over time, societal views on marriage have evolved, allowing for more egalitarian relationships where love is shared on equal footing.

Mel’s narration of the elderly couple further complicates the understanding of marriage in the context of the stories. He recounts their enduring love, emphasizing that even in old age, when they could no longer see each other, their affection persisted (Craver 137). This narrative thread introduces the idea that love can transcend physical limitations, challenging the conventional expectations associated with marital relationships. By juxtaposing different couples and their varied experiences, the narrative in “What We Talk About When We Talk About Love” invites readers to reflect on the evolving nature of marriages, highlighting the changing societal norms surrounding love and partnership over time.

Conclusion: The Yellow Wallpaper and What We Talk: Marriages

Indeed, the marriages of Mel and Terri, Laura and Nick, and the elderly couple in “What We Talk About When We Talk About Love” exemplify diverse concepts, each shedding light on distinct facets of human relationships. Mel and Terri’s marriage seems to reflect a notion of convenience, as they navigate through the complexities of their union. Terri’s assertiveness in expressing her views, even on her previous marriage, suggests a dynamic where both partners negotiate and assert their individual perspectives within the marriage, perhaps driven by a pragmatic approach to their relationship.

Conversely, the relationship between Laura and Nick is characterized by love, presenting a more traditional and emotionally connected concept of marriage. Their mutual affection and equal footing in their partnership paint a picture of a modern relationship built on shared emotions and companionship. This portrayal stands in contrast to the oppressive and stifling marriage depicted in “The Yellow Wallpaper,” emphasizing the evolving dynamics of marital relationships over time.

The story of the old couple adds another layer, showcasing a concept rooted in tradition. Despite physical limitations, their enduring love transcends the conventional expectations of marriage. This narrative thread suggests that, even in the face of societal changes and evolving norms, there are enduring aspects of tradition that continue to shape the understanding of marriage. In short, these diverse concepts of convenience, love, and tradition within the marriages presented in the story contribute to a rich tapestry of perspectives on relationships, inviting readers to ponder the complexities and nuances that define the institution of marriage.

Works Cited: The Yellow Wallpaper and What We Talk

1. Craver, Raymond. “What We Talk About When We Talk About Love” from The Story and it’s Writer edited by Ann Charters. Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2015, pp. 132-143۔
2. Gilman, Charlotte Perkins. “The Yellow Wallpaper” from The Story and it’s Writer edited by Ann Charters. Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2015, pp. 392-405.

Relevant Questions The Yellow Wallpaper and What We Talk

1. How does Charlotte Perkins Gilman in “The Yellow Wallpaper” and Raymond Carver in “What We Talk About When We Talk About Love” explore the theme of confinement, both physically and emotionally, within the context of their respective narratives?
2. In “What We Talk About When We Talk About Love,” how do the characters’ conversations and interactions reflect the complexities and ambiguities surrounding the concept of love? Compare and contrast this with the portrayal of marriage in “The Yellow Wallpaper.”
3. Analyze the role of symbolism in “The Yellow Wallpaper” and “What We Talk About When We Talk About Love.” How do Gilman and Carver use symbolism to convey deeper meanings and comment on societal norms and expectations, particularly within the dynamics of relationships and marriages?

Introduction: Reasons behind Goodman Brown’s Estranged Attitude

Reasons behind Goodman Brown’s estranged attitude can be traced to the unsettling revelations and encounters he experiences during his mysterious journey in the forest, where the lines between reality and the supernatural become blurred. Nathaniel Hawthorne created Goodman Brown and his wife, Faith, to illustrate the hypocrisy of religious individuals during the time when he composed the short story.

The narrative revolves around the newlywed couple, Goodman Brown and his spouse, Faith. As a devout Puritan, Goodman Brown endeavored to live in accordance with religious injunctions that focused on final redemption and moral high grounds. One night, he informed his wife about his plan to venture into the forest, believing that his haste was justified. He held the belief that people are born innocent, using his wife as an example.

On the fateful night, he left his house for the forest to attend to some errand, convinced that he was on a quest to discover the reality of evils. However, his journey not only shattered his impression of human goodness but also convinced him that humans are inherently flawed, harboring evil within them. This realization left him estranged from others for the rest of his life.

Faith and Reasons behind Goodman Brown’s Estranged Attitude

Before embarking on his venture, Goodman Brown held a positive view of the people in his community, including the ministers whom he considered good and even revered. His parents were beyond questioning in his eyes, and he perceived the residents of Salem, his village, as pious and inherently good-hearted. His wife, Faith, held a special place among the virtuous souls of the village. Goodman Brown believed he understood the innate goodness of his parents and the ministers of the country, stating that they “would make me tremble” (Hawthorne 551).

However, as the devil reveals some darker aspects associated with his spouse, Goodman Brown expresses concern, sighing, “Faith, I would break her dear little heart” (551). Despite this revelation, he remains convinced of his wife’s purity and his own fidelity as a husband, affirming, “but so purely and sweetly now, in the arms of Faith!” (553).

As he proceeds with the devil on the path toward evil, Goodman Brown briefly reflects on his ego and pride, stating, “My father never went into the woods on such an errand” (549). He further emphasizes that their family history had never involved such actions, saying, “and shall I be the first of the name of Brown that ever took this path and kept” (550). He is genuinely taken aback by the possibility that anything contrary to his views could occur.

Society and Reasons behind Goodman Brown’s Estranged Attitude

Goodman Brown struggled to come to terms with the revelation that his family members and friends could engage in such morally questionable behavior when their true nature was exposed to him. Even individuals he held in high regard, such as his father, the administrator, and Goody Cloyse, from whom he received catechism, were among those revealed to him.

His bewilderment deepened when he encountered Goody Cloyse on his way to the forest, a sight that confounded him. However, the most shocking revelation came when he learned about the immoral actions committed by his forefathers and immediate family members—individuals he had previously idealized. This unexpected discovery left him in a state of extreme surprise and disbelief.

The devil claimed to know Goodman Brown’s grandfather and recounted how he had “lashed the Quaker woman” and taken her “through the streets of Salem” (550). Goodman Brown, expressing wonder, remarked, “I marvel they never spoke of these matters” (550), indicating his astonishment at the hidden truths about his ancestors and family members that had never been openly discussed.

Devil and Reasons behind Goodman Brown’s Estranged Attitude

The devil continued to disclose information about other people to Goodman Brown, making it initially difficult for him to believe such claims. Filled with a sense of pride and assurance, Goodman Brown asserted, “We are a people of prayer” (551), attempting to convey the moral integrity of his community. However, the devil terrorized him by revealing, “The deacons of many a church have drunk the communion wine with me” (551), undermining Goodman Brown’s belief in the goodness of his fellow townspeople.

As Goodman Brown grappled with the possibility that the devil’s narrative might have some basis in truth, he became increasingly despondent. Determined to assert his own purity, he declared, “With Heaven above, and Faith below, I will yet stand firm against the devil!” (553), elevating the status of his wife to celestial significance. He vehemently opposed the devil’s attempts to tarnish his life by maligning his spouse and loved ones.

During his journey in the forest, Goodman Brown clung to his beliefs until he discovered “something fluttered lightly down through the air” (554) and recognized it as Faith’s pink ribbon (557). This discovery shattered his illusions, and he cried out, “My Faith is gone!” Realizing the true nature of his fellow villagers, he concluded, “There is no good on earth and sin is but a name” (557), abandoning his idealistic views about his countrymen, including his wife.

In a moment of self-reproach, he berated himself for embarking on such an errand, acknowledging his own wretchedness. He justified his haste with the belief that truth had lost its meaning, stating, “making more haste on his present evil purpose” (549). Despite his initial bravery on the dangerous track, he became bewildered, entertaining thoughts like, “What if the devil himself should be at my very elbow!” (549).

Goodman Brown’s blind faith persisted until the devil revealed the truth about the villagers. Even though he had some doubts about his wife, Faith, seeing her pink ribbon in the forest changed everything. The once-trusted image in his mind was shattered, and he lamented, “My Faith is gone” (554), with irony emphasizing the loss of both his spouse and his religious beliefs.

Conclusion: Reasons behind Goodman Brown’s Estranged Attitude

In his speech, the devil boldly declares, “Evil is the nature of mankind!” (556), a proclamation that forces Goodman Brown to confront the harsh reality. While the devil bears responsibility for tempting and leading Goodman Brown on this dubious journey, the protagonist is not without fault. His decision to undertake the preplanned voyage orchestrated by the devil ultimately leads to his ruin.

Despite the revelations and the devastating impact of the devil’s machinations on Goodman Brown and his fellow countrymen, little seems to have changed upon his return home. Goodman Brown continues to behave in a manner consistent with his past, adhering to the same patterns. However, there is a heightened determination in his actions, propelling him towards an inevitable and final end. The journey into the forest becomes a transformative experience that leaves Goodman Brown irreversibly changed, even if his outward behavior initially appears unchanged.

Work Cited: Reasons behind Goodman Brown’s Estranged Attitude

1. Hawthorn, Nathaniel. “Young Goodman Brown.” An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama and Writing. Ed. Kennedy X. J. & Dana Gioia. 3rd ed. Vol. 10. New York: Pearson Longman, 2007. 549-558. Print.

Relevant Questions about Reasons behind Goodman Brown’s Estranged Attitude

1. What psychological and emotional factors contribute to Goodman Brown’s decision to adopt an estranged attitude towards those around him, especially considering the influence of his experiences in the dark forest?
2. How does Hawthorne use symbolic elements, such as the journey through the forest and encounters with mysterious figures, to illustrate the reasons behind Goodman Brown’s estranged attitude and the impact of his internal struggles on his perception of others?
3. In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s “Young Goodman Brown,” how do societal and religious pressures play a role in shaping Goodman Brown’s estranged attitude, and what specific events or beliefs contribute to his skepticism and distrust towards the people in his community?

Introduction: Bad Apple in Passing

The opening chapter of Nella Larsen’s novel, “Passing,” introduces readers to Clare Kendry, a complex and enigmatic character navigating the treacherous societal landscape of racial identity in 1920s Harlem. Clare’s bold act of passing as a white woman immediately establishes her as a “bad apple” within the narrative. This daring decision not only involves deceiving her own husband but also entails a profound self-deception. As readers are drawn into the intricacies of Clare’s world, the narrative illuminates the intricate dance she performs when hosting Irene and Gertrude at her home, revealing the layers of deception woven into her existence.

The irony of the situation unfolds as Clare, Gertrude, and Irene share a knowledge that is concealed from John, Clare’s husband. Despite the potential repercussions of being discovered, Clare fearlessly plays with the precarious boundary between truth and deception. This introductory scenario sets the stage for an exploration of the complex interplay between racial identity, societal expectations, and personal agency. Clare Kendry’s audacious behavior challenges conventional norms and propels the narrative into a nuanced exploration of the consequences of passing and the emotional turmoil that accompanies the intricate dance of secrets and revelations within her relationships.

First Rumor: Bad Apple in Passing

The initial rumors surrounding Clare Kendry in Nella Larsen’s “Passing” paint a vivid picture of her audacious venture into passing as a white woman. Witnesses claim to have seen her frequenting upscale hotels during the dinner hour in the company of white men and, on another occasion, in Lincoln Park with a man unmistakably white and evidently affluent (Larsen 60). These anecdotes unveil Clare as a daring individual who fearlessly navigates the societal boundaries of race, blurring the lines between her true identity and the facade she presents to the world. The fact that these rumors persist highlights Clare’s ability to maintain a connection with her racial background while simultaneously embracing the advantages afforded by passing as white.

An intriguing aspect of Clare’s character unfolds when John, her husband, playfully makes a joke about the trio’s racial differences. Despite the potentially incendiary nature of the comment, Clare remains emotionally composed, displaying a remarkable poker face in stark contrast to the palpable discomfort experienced by Irene and Gertrude. This indifference to the racial implications of John’s jest introduces a layer of complexity to Clare’s character, hinting at a strategic and calculated approach to her passing that goes beyond mere deception. This early interaction sets the stage for the nuanced exploration of Clare’s motives, shedding light on the intricate dynamics of her relationships and the intricate dance between truth and facade in the realm of racial identity.

Clare’s Behavior: Bad Apple in Passing

Gertrude and Irene find themselves both astonished and perplexed by Clare Kendry’s audacious behavior, as Nella Larsen explicitly portrays her in “Passing” as someone who boldly poses as a white woman. Larsen leaves no room for ambiguity in describing Clare’s actions, emphasizing her fearless embrace of a dual identity. The confidence with which Clare engages in passing is highlighted through a striking dialogue she shares with her husband, John. In response to John’s hypothetical scenario questioning the revelation of her being “one or two per cent coloured,” Clare retorts, “My goodness, Jack! What difference would it make if, after all these years, you were to find out that I was one or two per cent coloured?” (80). This bold assertion not only showcases Clare’s unwavering commitment to maintaining her deceptive identity but also underscores her calculated approach to navigating the complexities of racial identity within her marriage.

Larsen’s depiction of Clare as a “bad apple” among Gertrude and Irene becomes evident through the stark contrast in their reactions to Clare’s actions. While Gertrude and Irene grapple with the implications of passing and the societal norms surrounding racial identity, Clare appears unapologetic and even provocative in her bold assertion of a dual heritage. The tension in the narrative arises from Clare’s willingness to challenge conventional norms, positioning her as a character whose actions elicit both fascination and moral ambiguity from those in her social circle. The description of Clare Kendry as a “bad apple” sets the stage for a deeper exploration of her motivations, choices, and the consequences of her audacious approach to navigating the delicate terrain of racial identity in 1920s Harlem.

“I nearly died of terror the whole nine months before Margery was born for fear she might be…Thank goodness she turned out all right…I’ll never risk it again.  Never!”

In the third chapter of Nella Larsen’s “Passing,” a pivotal conversation unfolds between Clare Kendry and her colored friends, Gertrude and Irene. Clare opens up about the anxieties and complexities woven into her marriage, shedding light on the intricacies of her passing as a white woman. As she discusses her experiences, particularly during her pregnancy with her daughter Margery, Clare reveals the profound fears that gripped her. She confides in Gertrude and Irene that she dreaded the possibility of her daughter being born black, a revelation that could shatter the carefully constructed facade of her passing and potentially lead to the dissolution of her marriage with John.

The narrative tension peaks as Clare shares the relief she experienced when Margery turned out to resemble her white father, ensuring that her passing remained undiscovered. This revelation exposes the delicate tightrope Clare walks between the two worlds and the high stakes involved in maintaining her dual identity. The fear of potential discovery becomes a driving force in Clare’s decisions, as she declares her determination not to risk pregnancy again. This decision unveils the inherent challenges and sacrifices she willingly embraces to safeguard her passing, adding a layer of emotional depth to Clare’s character and further complicating the intricate dance of secrets and identity within the novel.

Works Cited: Bad Apple in Passing

Larson, Nella. Passing. New York: The Modern Library. 2009.

Relevant Questions: Bad Apple in Passing

1. How does Clare Kendry’s audacious behavior, as depicted in Nella Larsen’s “Passing,” challenge and subvert societal norms of racial identity during the 1920s, and what does her role as a “bad apple” in Passing signify within the context of the novel?
2. In the third chapter, Clare discusses her anxieties regarding her daughter Margery potentially being born black and the consequences of such a revelation. How does this revelation shed light on the complexities and emotional toll of Clare’s passing, and what does it reveal about her motivations and fears?
3. The term “bad apple” is used to describe Clare Kendry in the narrative. In what ways does Clare’s behavior deviate from the societal expectations of a woman of her time, both in terms of racial identity and societal roles? How does this label influence the interactions and perceptions of other characters in the novel?

Introduction: Enjoyment as an Alternative to Materialism

The primary objective of Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi’s paper, “Enjoyment as an Alternative to Materialism,” is to convey to the public that the enjoyment they perceive as a substitute for their feelings of depression and emptiness in life is not true pleasure. This is because such perceived enjoyment is rooted in materialism, which serves as a source of pleasure and gratification. To bolster his essay’s strength, Csikszentmihalyi employs numerous quotes and examples, skillfully incorporating ethos, pathos, and logos. However, he leaves several questions unanswered by the end of his paper.

While the paper follows a well-organized structure with claims, warrants, evidence, reasons, refutation, qualifiers, and conclusion, it lacks practical solutions to the problem detailed. Csikszentmihalyi does not offer suggestions on how individuals can avoid succumbing to materialistic trends. His only proposed solution is drawing upon suggestions from past religions, but he acknowledges the impracticality of this due to two major reasons: genetics and the modern banking system.

Important Points in Enjoyment as an Alternative to Materialism

Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi explores the crucial distinction between enjoyment and pleasure, linking the two concepts as potential substitutes for each other. In his analysis, pleasure is defined as activities individuals undertake to improve their mood, such as indulging in a favorite dessert or watching a preferred television show. Pleasure arises when personal desires are transformed into perceived necessities or needs. In contrast, Csikszentmihalyi characterizes enjoyment differently, highlighting its independence from external circumstances. While pleasure is attained in a calm and relaxed state, enjoyment can be experienced even amid challenging conditions.

Csikszentmihalyi illustrates this point with examples, such as a mountain climber enduring freezing temperatures and exhaustion yet finding profound enjoyment in the experience. Similarly, intense physical workouts may leave an individual in a miserable state, but the enjoyment derived from the activity stems from genuine passion. Enjoyment can also be found in one’s unique approach to work, emphasizing that people find fulfillment in tasks they genuinely enjoy.

The essay emphasizes that individuals often mistake moments of pleasure for true enjoyment. Csikszentmihalyi contends that enjoyment is independent of materialistic influences, and this distinction is a central theme in his essay. He suggests that when individuals fail to find enjoyment in their work, they turn to materialistic substitutes, leading to a conflation of pleasure with genuine enjoyment. The target audience for Csikszentmihalyi’s message is the modern workforce, particularly those who find their jobs unfulfilling and seek alternative, often materialistic, sources of pleasure and relaxation.

Claim in Enjoyment as an Alternative to Materialism

In his essay, Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi contends that pleasure is a mood-enhancing experience achieved through materialistic means, whereas enjoyment is a profound feeling derived from engaging in activities one passionately loves. He illustrates this point by emphasizing that individuals may find enjoyment even in the harshest conditions, contrasting it with the more transient and external nature of pleasure.

Csikszentmihalyi dismisses the notion that conventional sources of pleasure, such as sipping a cocktail under a palm tree, necessarily equate to true enjoyment, particularly for those with a penchant for adventure. He supports his argument with evidence gathered from interviews with various individuals, demonstrating that the pursuit of enjoyment is independent of external circumstances. Csikszentmihalyi’s statement, “Sipping a cocktail under a palm tree at the edge of the turquoise ocean is nice,” implies that such experiences may offer pleasure but may not necessarily fulfill the deeper sense of enjoyment sought by individuals with different preferences.

The essay draws upon diverse examples, including a basketball player, a mother, and a surgeon, to showcase that people can derive pleasure not only from material acquisitions but also from the work they engage in. Csikszentmihalyi’s exploration of these varied scenarios underscores his argument that enjoyment is an intrinsic and deeply personal experience, often rooted in one’s passions and pursuits, rather than external stimuli or possessions.

Enjoyment in the Article Enjoyment as an Alternative to Materialism

Similarly, according to Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, enjoyment differs from activities that merely uplift individuals’ moods on a temporary basis. He asserts that “Enjoyment builds memories that enrich lives in retrospect, and gives confidence for facing the future” (Csikszentmihalyi). Despite the lasting impact of enjoyment, Csikszentmihalyi notes the challenge in achieving it due to the time and effort required by certain activities. Consequently, people often turn to activities that offer temporary pleasure, mistakenly confusing it with genuine enjoyment.

Csikszentmihalyi delves into various methods and activities that can lead to enjoyment. Some individuals find adventure in outdoor sports and challenging activities, while others derive enjoyment from the simple act of reading books and relaxing in bed. Despite the diversity in preferred activities, the level of satisfaction experienced by individuals pursuing their chosen sources of enjoyment remains comparable, contributing to a sense of fulfillment, happiness, and contentment in their lives.

The author highlights an interesting observation that, whether people seek pleasure in material goods or enjoyment in their work, there is a persistent void that needs filling. Individuals often turn to work or shopping without a clear purpose, attempting to address this void, but Csikszentmihalyi argues that such endeavors ultimately fall short in providing genuine fulfillment.

Rebuttal in Enjoyment as an Alternative to Materialism

Csikszentmihalyi counters the notion that monetary pleasure and enjoyment derived from materialistic pursuits can alleviate the persistent psychological void that individuals often feel. He introduces the concept of “flow” as a state where genuine happiness in life can be found. Csikszentmihalyi outlines some key elements of flow, such as a person’s ability to control themselves or their situation, a sense of the value of their contributions, or the perception of the preciousness of time (Csikszentmihalyi). These elements, though rare, can bring about a true sense of exhilaration and extreme pleasure.

However, it is noteworthy that Csikszentmihalyi himself is cited as an authority, referencing his previous works to support his arguments. Despite this potential limitation, the essay is strengthened by the inclusion of sound evidence derived from firsthand interviews. By drawing on these personal accounts, Csikszentmihalyi adds depth and authenticity to his claims, grounding his exploration of pleasure, enjoyment, and the pursuit of happiness in real-life experiences.

Conclusion: Enjoyment as an Alternative to Materialism

In his conclusion, Csikszentmihalyi asserts that the pursuit of both pleasure and enjoyment through consumption, overworking, and excessive reliance on technology is not in alignment with the inherent nature of human beings. He argues that these behaviors are genetically programmed for survival, using the example of post-9/11 over-shopping, where the act is not driven by pleasure or enjoyment but rather a momentary satisfaction.

However, Csikszentmihalyi qualifies this rebuttal by warning that such patterns of consumption, if left unchecked, may lead to annihilation, referencing the ideas of Arendt. He suggests an alternative approach to make life worth living, emphasizing the need for a steady transformation of lifestyles with a focus on the possibility of survival through technology without depleting all resources.

Furthermore, Csikszentmihalyi introduces the idea that the pursuit of happiness should be replaced with the pursuit of survival, advocating for a return to traditional Christian lifestyles and a reduction of dependence on modern financial institutions. This transformation, he suggests, is essential for creating a meaningful and sustainable life. In short, Csikszentmihalyi constructs a well-supported argument, starting with a strong claim, backing it up with evidence from authorities and interviews, presenting a rebuttal based on the natural void, and ultimately concluding with a call for a return to a more sustainable and fulfilling way of life.

Works Cited: Enjoyment as an Alternative to Materialism

Csikszentmihalyi. “Enjoyment as an Alternative to Materialism”. 2003. n. d. Web. 02 March 2022.

Relevant Questions about Enjoyment as an Alternative to Materialism

1. How does Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi define “Enjoyment as an Alternative to Materialism” in his work?
2. What role does the concept of “flow” play in promoting enjoyment and reducing materialistic tendencies, according to Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi’s article?
3. How does Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi suggest individuals can shift their focus from materialism to enjoyment in their daily lives, as discussed in “Enjoyment as an Alternative to Materialism”?

Introduction: “The Circular Ruins”

“The Circular Ruins” by Jorge Luis Borges is a surreal short story that invites readers into a dreamlike realm. In this enigmatic tale, Borges weaves a narrative of a man who tries to dream into an existence of a perfect being. The story explores metaphysical themes and the complex interplay between reality and illusion. Also, intricate prose and philosophical exploration have spurred scholarly interest into the story, resulting in a wide range of critical analyses and interpretations. Various scholars and literary critics have offered insights into the symbolic elements, allegorical layers, and philosophical underpinnings of the story as follows.

1. Wilson, Jason. “Chapter 5: The 1940S, War, Peronism And Writing.” Jorge Luis Borges (Reaktion Books). 106-129. n.p.: Reaktion Books Ltd., 2006. Literary Reference Center Plus. Web. 27 Mar. 2023.

            In this chapter, Wilson Jason traces back the interest of Borges in metaphysics and theology in relation to his short fiction. He is of the view that Borges has developed his interest in science, time, and space since childhood. According to him, his story “The Circular Ruins” was called Anchorena which means unreality of things. Commenting on the story and creation of Adam’s son by that ghost man, Jason Wilson says that it is actually like a “We engender and are engendered” type of story, while its title alludes to “Pythagorean and Eastern cyclical time” (108). This is a hint to his studying of metaphysics during his childhood and he knew that originality only exists in the real world but its copies are in minds or dreams. It means that everything that happens, happens actually in dreams first. The writer, as Jason Wilson quotes, himself experiences the same dreamy quality when writing the story. His outing escapade with his friends was just dreams for him except the story. Therefore, as Jason has stated that the anonymous character of “The Circular Ruins” never know that he, too, is a dream who is dreaming another dream about his dreamed son Adam. The circularity of the time comes to full circle by the end when Fire does not burn the ghost man, making him realized that he himself is a dream. Jason Wilson beautifully summarizes the entire story in the first section, related it to his father in the second section and then interpreted it in the third through the time and space theory of Pythagoras. However, he has already discussed his biographical details which further shed light on his interest in metaphysics.

• Lydenberg, Robin. “Borges as Writer of Parables: Reversal and Infinite Regression.” The International Fiction Review 6.1: 1997. Web. 27 Mar. 2023.

Commenting on the story “The Circular Ruins” concerning reversal and infinite time, Robin Lydenberg first narrates the entire summary of the story with occasional quotes from the story. He is of the view the reality of the regression or ascension and the reversal of the dream converges in this story. In other words, it dawns upon the priest that, in fact, he also is beyond time and space. The entire summary shows that Robin Lydenberg has a point to prove that he dilates upon by the end when he finishes it. He is of the view that this is akin to a Biblical parable.

            Comparing this parable with “The Circular Ruins” he is of the view that it suggests “a vast and disturbing commotion within static confines” of the universe. It is this “spiral” or circular motion that finally goes to the final master who is also beyond time and space. His contention is that if a fictional character can exist in time and space or reality, then a real character can be fictitious, too. This means that it unsettles the readers. He not only thinks about the fiction itself but also his existence like the anonymous hero of “The Circular Ruins” who becomes clear that he, too, is a dream, the reason that Fire cannot burn him. This, Robin Lydenberg calls, is the “regressive or ascending uncertainty” found in Borges’ fiction, specifically his story “The Circular Ruins.” However, he lays the responsibility of the interpretation upon the readers saying that it is “the interpreter and his situation … illuminated” rather than the other way round. He thinks that his fictions are an experience of the assimilation of the audience into the narratives. This draws into “the uncertain spiral of each narrative” bringing it away from time and space.

• Sieber, Sharon Lynn. “Time, Simultaneity, And The Fantastic In The Narrative Of Jorge Luis Borges.” Romance Quarterly 51.3 (2004): 200. MasterFILE Premier. Web. 27 Mar. 2023.

            This paper by Sharon Lynn Sieber discusses the concept of simultaneity and Time with reference to the fiction of Jorge Luis Borges. The writer says that the interaction of time and the fantastic in Borges is linked with simultaneity which means it is because of the contradictory nature of the language as a system of the representation of reality. He is of the view that the nature of the time and fantastic is hierarchical and opines that Borges presents contradictory images to make the reader suspend his belief. In fact, Borges wants his readers to free their minds from the limits of time and space. This actually means to free minds from the “constraints regarding the nature of a sequential” which does not exist in the language of mystics as in the case of the story “The Circular Ruins.”

            Commenting on this willing suspension and use of time- ree language, he says that the nameless character creates a person who dreams a dream about a person he is going to create in his dream. This dream is like, he argues, the “pictogram or petroglyph and its essence is similar to what Emerson says of the condition of man” that each man is hieroglyphics. This means that nobody can understand the person first or in other words, life is an enigma until a person experiences it himself. Then he comes to know that it is beyond time and space. In other words, like in his other stories, every character finds his life’s purpose or achieves his goal similar to surrender as in the story “The Library of Babel.” That is why the main character finds the end of his objective which is his son Adam. Then the “man persisted in a kind of ecstasy” because he has come to understand that this is the real life that he has been looking to find out in the ruins.

• Bronstein, Catalina. “Borges, Immortality and the Circular Ruins.” International Journal of Psychoanalysis 83: 2002. 648-662. Web. 27 Mar. 2023.

            In this article, Catalina Brownstein has beautifully compared two stories regarding the use of immortality as a symbol of time to show that Borges has highlighted the use of time in “The Circular Ruins.” He says that both stories “deal with the omnipotent phantasy of canceling chronological, linear time. He means to say that these stories have not been written in a linear fashion, but in the immortal world where time and space have no importance. Catalina Bronstein calls the anonymous priest as Mr. A to state that his achievement in dreaming about his son is not an achievement; rather his achievement is going beyond time and space into immortality. She quotes the story saying that it is because of this that the old man “understood that he also was an illusion” or in other words, he understands the reality of life. This is an understanding of immortality.

Comparing its epigraph to the end of, Through the Looking Glass, by Lewis Carroll, Catalina Bronstein says that it is a la Alice who is denied real existence. In fact, she was dreaming of somebody else’s dream like the priest in this story, “The Circular Ruins”, which means to disregard time and space and try to create a dream out of a dream. However, she beautifully aligns it with the Biblical quote that God created man in his own image. There, too, the question of chronological time loses its importance and immortality becomes a reality to stare in the face of the priest. One more point she argues is the importance of memory or remembrance. The priest or the old man forgets what he dreamed last night or the last day. This makes time even more insignificant as compared to what he is dreaming. That is why, “The Circular Ruins” seems a story written to point out time and space, says Catalina.

Relevant Questions

1. How do scholarly annotations and commentaries contribute to a deeper understanding of the metaphysical and allegorical elements present in Jorge Luis Borges’ “The Circular Ruins”?
2. In what ways do literary critics and scholars analyze Borges’ narrative techniques in “The Circular Ruins,” and how do these analyses enhance our appreciation of the philosophical themes explored in the short story?
3. How has the critical reception and scholarly discourse evolved over time regarding “The Circular Ruins,” and what significant perspectives or interpretations have emerged from annotated bibliographies on Borges’ work?

“The Crescent and the Rose” by Samuel C. Chew is referenced as the first book reviewing the influence of Islam and Muslims in early modern English.

Roslyn Knutson and The Crescent and the Rose     

The article by Roslyn Knutson explores Elizabethan documents and their portrayal of the capture and trade activities during the Elizabethan age with the Turks. Knutson primarily relies on Elizabethan documents, particularly plays. She cites Chew in her argument, asserting that an ordinary man’s life has minimal impact on the distant events of captivity narratives. Knutson contends that the evidence presented by Chew indicates the public maintained a fanciful view of the Turks, associating them with “violent cruelties and dark sensualities” (qtd. 549). This perception remains consistent throughout her research.

Barbara Fuchs and Roslyn Knutson and The Crescent and the Rose

While Barbara Fuchs references Chew’s book concerning the depiction of Muslims, particularly Turks and non-Turks Moors, she provides additional insight into the Muslim conquests and the perceived threat that England felt during that period. In her analysis of “The Tempest,” she asserts that the negative portrayal of Muslims, including the depiction of Muslim effeminate characters, was influenced by the perceived greatness of the Ottoman Empire (p. 56-59).      

Vitkus and The Cresent and the Rose 

Daniel Vitkus’s research underscores the prevalence of the Turkish empire’s influence in England during the early modern period. He references Samuel Chew regarding English anxiety about the Turks and their perceived ability to convert Christians to Islam (p. 150). Additionally, Vitkus draws on other sources to demonstrate how Muslims, particularly Turks, were portrayed as “violent, arbitrary, and merciless tyrants” (p. 171). These representations not only depicted them as “misguided” but also prone to “despotism” (p. 171).

Johnson and The Crescent and the Rose          

Galen Johnson’s research focuses on “Divine Comedy,” “Piers Plowman,” and “The Canterbury Tales,” relying on Chew’s “The Crescent and the Rose” as an authoritative source to trace the impacts of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) and Islam. Johnson, discussing Chew’s argument, expresses the viewpoint that Chew believes the church played a significant role in disseminating the initial image of Islam and the Prophet, later popularized by neo-ecclesiastical writers (p. 335). This dissemination involved distorting names and employing negative terms such as fake, ignoble, luscious characters, cunning, and violent features to describe Islam (p. 335).

Orkin and The Crescent and the Rose          

The introduction to the book “Post-Colonial Shakespeares,” co-authored by Ania Loomba and Martin Orkin, argues that the ideas propagated by Shakespeare about distant lands played a role in the colonial expansion during the Elizabethan period. They cite Chew, who examines the “views and representations of Islam in Elizabeth and Jacobean England,” suggesting a significant impact on the government of that time (p. 4). However, in their post-colonial argument, Loomba and Orkin focus specifically on the representation of Muslims in Shakespeare to illustrate the perceived inferiority of oriental civilization. This portrayal, according to them, contributed to England imposing its “value system” during the subsequent colonization (p. 7).

Wilson and The Crescent and the Rose 

Mary Floyd-Wilson, in her review of Renaissance English literature, explores the presentation and representation of Moors and the question of race. She references Samuel Chew, noting that current discussions about race and gender often draw inspiration from earlier investigations characterized as “uncertain narratives” of conversions and assimilations (p. 1048). Floyd-Wilson further highlights that the attribution of blackness to Moors in Elizabethan and Jacobean literature is a result of the saturation of “gender and racial politics” (p. 1047). Notably, her review focuses on academic literature and doesn’t specifically address the expletives used for Muslims in that literary context.

Marshal and The Crescent and the Rose          

Louise H. Marshal, in the fifth chapter of the book “National Myth and Imperial Fantasy” titled “Turks, Christians and Imperial Fantasy,” cites Chew to emphasize that foreign soils, characters, and religions were represented in Elizabethan plays to exploit the situation and establish “Britain’s self-image of Protestant Superiority” (p. 142). The plays from the Elizabethan era often depict Muslims as Moors, Turks, and Saracens, equating them with “distorted demons” (p. 143), cruel, lascivious, pagan tyrants, and other grotesque stock characters, serving various political, doctrinal, and pecuniary causes (p. 143). Marshal links these representations to Chew, who conducted an exhaustive study of topical resources such as tales, travelogues, and diaries of preachers.

Hossein Pirnajmuddin’s article explores how Milton prejudicially paints Satan’s reception in Turkish colors, indicating the influence of oriental, Turkish, or Persian elements in his writing (p. 68). While not directly referring to Chew, Pirnajmuddin includes a footnote about him, attributing allusions from Persian and Turkish lands. The article traces how Milton’s negative portrayal of Satanic forces is influenced by the local presentation of Islam in his county.

In Gerald MacLean’s article “Milton Among the Muslims,” published in the book edited by Matthew Dimmock and Andrew Hadfield, MacLean provides a contrapuntal or reverse view of the orient from the occident. MacLean explores various oriental texts to understand how the East perceives Milton. In this context, he cites Chew for presenting the occidental view of how Milton incorporated the East in his epic, using “exotic metaphors, images” with Christian associations (p. 180-182).

Justine Kolb, in her article, references Chew while reviewing “The Faerie Queene” by Spenser and “Tamburlaine” by Dr. Faustus. She acknowledges Chew’s insights into the representation of Islam and Muslims in early poems and plays. Although not delving into all the monstrosities often attributed to Muslims in drama, Kolb highlights the romantic and behavioral traits, portraying some positivity and courage among them (p. 192-193).

Fahd Mohammed Taleb Al-Olaqi’s research sheds light on the portrayal of Sultan Soliman, the Magnificent, in Thomas Kyd’s play, “The Tragedy of Soliman and Perseda.” Al-Olaqi argues that while Elizabethan stereotypes of Muslims, particularly Turks, persisted, Kyd presented Sultan Soliman as an immodest king, seducer, lusty, and tyrant. In his analysis, Al-Olaqi references Chew’s work as a significant source that brings some positivity to the understanding of the subject.

References: The Cresent and the Rose       

1. Al-Olaqi, F. M. T. (2013). The Oriental Other: Soliman the Magnificent in Kyd’s Soliman and Perseda. Trames, 17(1), 35-54.
2. Floyd‐Wilson, M. (2006). Moors, Race, and the Study of English Renaissance Literature: A Brief Retrospective. Literature Compass, 3(5), 1044-1052.
3. Fuchs, B. (1997). Conquering Islands: Contextualizing The Tempest. Shakespeare Quarterly, 48(1), 45–62. https://doi.org/10.2307/2871400.
4. Johnson, G. (2000). Muhammad And Ideology in Medieval Christian Literature. Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations, 11(3), 333-346.
5. Knutson, R. L. (1996). Elizabethan Documents, Captivity Narratives, and the Market for Foreign History Plays. English Literary Renaissance, 26(1), 75-110.
6. Loomba, A., & Orkin, M. (2003). Introduction: Shakespeare and the post-colonial question. In Post-Colonial Shakespeares (pp. 13-32). Routledge.
7. Kolb, J. (2009). “In th’ armor of a Pagan knight’: Romance and Anachronism East of England in Book V of ‘The Faerie Queene’ and ‘Tamburlaine.’ Early Theatre, 12(2), 194–207. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43500644
8. MacLean G. (2008) Milton among the Muslims. In: Dimmock M., Hadfield A. (eds) The Religions of the Book. Early Modern Literature in History. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230582576_9
9. Marshall, L. H. (2008). Turks, Christians, and Imperial Fantasy. In National Myth and Imperial Fantasy (pp. 142-179). Palgrave Macmillan, London.
10. Pirnajmuddin, H. (2008). Milton’s” Dark Divan” in Paradise Lost. The Explicator, 66(2), 68-71.
11. Vitkus, D. J. (1997). Turning Turk in Othello: The conversion and damnation of the Moor. Shakespeare Quarterly, 48(2), 145-176.

Relevant Questions about The Crescent and the Rose Samuel C. Chew   

1. What is the central theme or message conveyed in “The Crescent and the Rose” by Samuel C. Chew?
2. How does Samuel C. Chew develop and characterize the key elements, such as plot, setting, and characters, in “The Crescent and the Rose”?
3. What historical or cultural context is presented in the work, and how does it contribute to the overall narrative?

Introduction: Family in “A Good Man is Hard to Find”

Grandmother in “A Good Man is Hard to Find”

The anonymous character of the grandmother in “A Good Man is Hard to Find” possesses several qualities that endear her to me. Firstly, she is a highly humorous character, often becoming the target of jokes by the kids, John and June, yet she takes them in good spirits. Her responsibility extends to ensuring the children enjoy life, sharing stories with them, a common trait among grandmothers.

Additionally, she serves as a moral teacher for the kids, guiding them on what is good and what is not. For instance, she cautions John Wesley about talking about her native state in a certain way. Another notable quality is her deep care for animals, evident in her decision to carry the cat in a basket, preventing it from getting “asphyxiated” by rubbing against the gas burners.

However, there are some qualities that I find utterly dislikable. She comes across as a hypocrite, considering herself a virtuous lady while displaying questionable behavior. Furthermore, she appears overbearing, persistently pressuring Bailey to go on a drive, even when she suspects that The Misfit might cross their path. Her interactions extend to giving an amoral lecture to Red Sam and dictating what children should and should not do.

Despite the fact that it’s a mere chance that The Misfit is at the scene of the accident, it is the grandmother’s mistake to release the cat from the basket, leading to an accident that claims the lives of the entire family. This lapse in judgment contributes to the tragic outcome of the story.

As she faces the imminent threat of being killed, the grandmother exhibits extreme selfishness and displays little concern for her son and his family. Instead of expressing worry for their well-being, she focuses on attempting to convince The Misfit that he is a “good” man and should spare her life. While there may be a sense of pity for her old age, the fact that she prioritizes her own survival over appealing to the humanity of others is both disheartening and pitiable. It reflects a skewed moral code and an individualistic approach that evokes a mix of disgust and sympathy.

Family in “A Good Man is Hard to Find”

Another noteworthy character in the story is Bailey, the only son of the grandmother, who is married and has two lively children, John Wesley and June Star. Bailey appears to be an obedient son, readily agreeing to go on a long drive when the grandmother suggests it. The children’s mother is portrayed as a gentle lady who accepts the presence of the old lady solely because she is Bailey’s mother.

The imagery used to describe the mother is particularly vivid, depicting her as an innocent and somewhat awkward character. She is likened to being “innocent as a cabbage” with ponytails around her head, emphasizing her simplicity and lack of sophistication. The image is further reinforced by the observation that even when the old grandmother speaks, the mother “does not seem to hear” her. The mention of the valise carried by the grandmother adds another layer to the characterization. It serves as a symbol of the stereotypical belongings that every old lady tends to keep, enhancing our understanding of the character and adding depth to the narrative.

Family in “A Good Man is Hard to Find” and Misfit

Indeed, there is a palpable sense of foreshadowing in the story, suggesting that the old grandmother has an eerie premonition about encountering The Misfit. The narrative begins with her reading a paper and discussing The Misfit. This theme persists as she talks to the children, continually mentioning The Misfit. Even in her conversation with Red Sam, The Misfit is brought up. These recurrent mentions and discussions create a foreboding atmosphere, indicating that O’Connor has foreshadowed the tragic encounter that ultimately claims the lives of the entire family. The subtle references to The Misfit early in the story serve as narrative cues, heightening the tension and preparing the reader for the impending and fateful meeting with this character.

Works Cited: Family in “A Good Man is Hard to Find” and Misfit

1. O’Connor, Flannery. A Good man is Hard to Find. Doubleday, 1970.

Relevant Questions about Family in “A Good Man is Hard to Find”

1. How does the portrayal of family dynamics in “A Good Man is Hard to Find” contribute to the overall themes of the story, particularly in terms of the characters’ relationships and the impact on the unfolding events? What role does the phrase “Family in “A Good Man is Hard to Find”” play in shaping our understanding of familial connections?
2. In what ways does the grandmother’s perception of family values differ from those of her son, Bailey, and his family in “A Good Man is Hard to Find”? How do these differences, as highlighted by the phrase “Family in “A Good Man is Hard to Find”,” contribute to the tension within the family and influence the story’s outcome?
3. The encounter with The Misfit becomes a pivotal moment for the family in “A Good Man is Hard to Find.” How does the family dynamic change during this confrontation, and what does this reveal about the strength or fragility of familial bonds in the face of external threats? How does the phrase “Family in “A Good Man is Hard to Find”” serve as a lens through which we analyze the evolution of family relationships in the story?

Introduction: Is Walmart Good for America?

The question “Is Walmart Good for America?” is a complex one, given the apparent economic benefits it brings to the US. Walmart’s owners present their hyperstore as a positive addition to the US economy, citing job creation without discrimination. However, behind this façade, there are allegations of exploitation targeting vulnerable communities and other job seekers. Walmart achieves this through intricate machinations that involve cutting working hours compensation and engaging in discriminatory practices against women and African Americans.

While Walmart claims to provide jobs for over 600,000 men and women, paying them billions (Greenwald), numerous former employees have come forward with reports of widespread abuses. The company faces lawsuits in more than 31 US states, coupled with millions of dollars in compensation settlements in three major states (Greenwald). Some former employees have disclosed instances of being outright “fired” when confronting or resisting, contributing to what Greenwald terms a “culture of fear” within the workplace (Greenwald). In essence, Walmart is accused of workplace exploitation within vulnerable communities, and its practices end up costing taxpayers billions in subsidies it receives from the government (Greenwald).

This analysis strongly suggests that Walmart’s operations are not focused on improving the conditions of the poor and job seekers. Instead, it appears to be systematically enhancing its corporate wealth, raising doubts about its positive impact on Americans and, ultimately, America. The allegations of worker exploitation, cost-cutting in medical insurance, and reliance on subsidies contribute to the conclusion that Walmart may not be beneficial for the broader community it serves.

Is Walmart Good for America?: Real Situation

Walmart stands accused of mistreating and exploiting its workforce, particularly individuals from vulnerable groups, including women, African Americans, and others, as highlighted in the documentary by Greenwald. According to Greenwald, some workers have expressed their concerns about the company’s practices.

Greenwald contends that Walmart actively discourages workers from forming unions, promoting disorganization among its workforce. Bill Fletcher Jr., in his essay “How to Fight Walmart,” suggests that addressing these issues requires a concentrated effort from multiple unions, forming a united front like “OUR Walmart” (Organization United for Respect at Walmart) to seek justice for workers, similar to unions in other industries (Fletcher). However, Fletcher notes with disappointment that this effort has not received support from various quarters. He emphasizes that for these initiatives to succeed, workers need to feel part of a broader movement and consistently unite on a single front. Without such unity, he predicts that efforts to challenge the exploitation by the company will falter, allowing Walmart to persist in its practices (Fletcher).

In essence, the continued exploitation of workers based on gender, race, or color is anticipated as long as the corporation prioritizes profit over economic growth or providing better job conditions for its workforce. Fletcher also highlights another form of exploitation by Walmart—failing to provide proper medical insurance to its employees. This multifaceted approach to exploitation underscores the challenges faced by workers seeking fair treatment and justice within the company.

Is Walmart Good for America?: What Documentary Says

In his documentary, “Walmart: The High Cost of Low Price,” Greenwald accuses Walmart of deceiving workers regarding their medical or health coverage package. According to Greenwald, most workers end up relying on Medicaid or private health coverage, incurring millions in medical costs (Greenwald). In the report “Wal-Mart and Health Care Condition: Critical,” David L. West argues that the company’s claims of providing healthcare insurance to its workers are misleading. As of 2003 and 2004, only “40% of its total employees were covered,” a significantly low percentage compared to other companies (West 03). West further notes that Walmart has reduced healthcare coverage for its employees, leading many to “apply for Medicaid,” despite the company being “subsidized by taxpayers” (West 04). This suggests that Walmart’s actions are not contributing positively to the US economy; instead, they are placing a burden on it, with taxpayers subsidizing the company while it falls short in providing adequate healthcare coverage to its workers. Despite Walmart’s claims of job creation and offering medical coverage, the reality is that not all workers receive healthcare benefits, and the company is saving millions at the expense of US taxpayers through subsidies. These subsidies are not insignificant; they amount to a substantial sum.

Is Walmart Good for America?: Question of Subsidies

The US government extends various subsidies to the giant Walmart with the intention of creating jobs for Americans and increasing tax revenue to bolster the economy. However, according to Greenwald in his documentary, these subsidies, funded by the hard-earned money of taxpayers, are being utilized for the expansion of the hyperstore, rather than benefiting consumers or workers (Greenwald). An article from Multination Monitor titled “Wal-Mart’s Subsidy Shopping” outlines the ten largest subsidy deals involving Walmart, emphasizing that these billion-dollar deals span over more than 35 states in the United States (“Wal-Mart’s Subsidy Shopping”).

The article sheds light on the problems posed to Americans and American taxpayers. It cites a 1998 decision by the California Supreme Court, where the court struck down a $1.9 million subsidy, reasoning that such subsidies primarily contribute to store development rather than serving the public’s welfare. This underscores the notion that Walmart might be misleading the government and taking advantage of government subsidy programs.

Conclusion: Is Walmart Good for America?

In short, it can be asserted that the Walmart corporation does not prove beneficial for America and the American public due to its exploitative strategies targeting vulnerable sections of society. The company saves on working hours, medical coverage, and compels employees to work extended hours. It also cuts costs on healthcare, pressuring workers to opt for private healthcare or Medicaid. The significant loss to Americans lies in the utilization of subsidies for the corporation’s own development. Therefore, it becomes evident that while Walmart may benefit its owners in terms of profit, its impact on Americans and the American economy is not positive.

Works Cited: Is Walmart Good for America?

1. Fletcher Jr., Bill. “How to Fight Walmart.” Progressive, vol. 77, no. 8, Aug. 2013, pp. 14-16. EBSCOhost, libaccess.texsu.edu:443/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=89531272&site=ehost-live&scope=site. Access 29 Jan. 2023.
2. Walmart: The High Cost of Low Price. Dir. Robert Greenwald. Top Documentary Films. 2005. https://topdocumentaryfilms.com/wal-mart-the-high-cost-of-low-price/ Accessed 29 Jan. 2018.
3. “Wal-Mart’s Subsidy Shopping.” Multinational Monitor, vol. 25, no. 5/6, May/Jun2004, pp. 7-8. EBSCOhost, libaccess.tesu.edu:443/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=13901938&site=ehost-live&scope=site. Access 29 Jan. 2023.
4. West, David L. “Wal-Mart and Health Care Condition: Critical.” Center for Changing Workforce, Jan. 2006. http://www.cfcw.org/wal-martreport-january2006.pdf. Accessed 29 Jan. 2023.

Relevant Questions about Is Walmart Good for America?

1. How does Walmart’s employment practices, as highlighted in various reports and documentaries under the question “Is Walmart Good for America?,” impact the well-being and economic conditions of its workers, particularly in terms of issues such as working hours, discrimination, and access to healthcare?
2. What are the broader economic implications of Walmart’s reliance on subsidies for its expansion, as discussed in articles and documentaries exploring the question “Is Walmart Good for America?,” and how does this impact the public and the overall economy?
3. In what ways does Walmart’s influence on the retail industry, including its impact on local businesses and communities, contribute to or hinder the economic health and vitality of America, considering the overarching question “Is Walmart Good for America?”