Day: August 20, 2023

Etymology of Parody

The word “parody” traces its roots back to the Greek word parōidia. It is a combination of para (meaning “beside” or “alongside”) and ōidē (meaning “song” or “ode”). The term originally referred to a type of poetic composition that imitated existing songs or verses, often with a satirical or humorous intention. The concept of parody evolved further in ancient Greek and Roman theatre, where it involved the imitation and exaggerated portrayal of well-known characters and their actions for comedic effect.

Meanings of Parody

1. Imitating Style, Tone, and Content: A parody directly imitates and replicates the specific style, tone, and content of a particular work, author, or genre.
2. Commentary and Critique: Parodies are created with the purpose of providing commentary or criticism on the original work or genre that is being parodied.
3. Humorous or Serious: Parodies can be created with a humorous intent, aiming to entertain and provoke laughter, or they can be more serious in nature, aiming to provoke thought and reflection.
4. Exaggeration and Irony: Parodies often use techniques such as exaggeration and irony to emphasize and mock the flaws or peculiarities of the original work or genre.
5. Cultural Commentary: Parodies serve as a means of cultural commentary, offering insights and criticisms of social and political norms that are present in society.
6. Historical Use: Parodies have been used throughout history as a means to challenge established societal and political norms, providing a platform for satire and criticism.

Parody in Grammar

• Noun: In grammar, “parody” primarily functions as a noun, referring to a humorous or satirical imitation of a particular work, author, or genre.
• Adjective: “Parody” can also be used as an adjective to describe something that resembles or is characteristic of a parody. For example, “a parody film” or “parody lyrics.”
• Verb: As a verb, “parody” describes the act of creating or imitating a work, author, or genre in a humorous or satirical manner. For example, “They parodied the popular TV show with their own comedic sketch.”
• Gerund: The gerund form of “parody” functions as a noun and is formed by adding “-ing” to the verb form. For example, “Creating parodies is his favorite hobby.”
• Participial Adjective: The present participle form of “parody” (-ing form) can be used as an adjective to describe something that is in the process of being parodied. For example, “The singer delivered a parody performance, imitating famous musicians.”
• Derived Forms: Additional derived forms of “parody” include “parodied” (past tense verb), “parodies” (plural noun), and “parodying” (present participle verb).

Remember, the different grammatical forms of it allow for versatility in expressing the concept of humorous or satirical imitation in various linguistic contexts.

Definition of Parody

As a literary device, it is an imitation of a particular work or style of writing in a way that exaggerates or emphasizes its key features for humorous or satirical effect. It is intended to mock or ridicule the original work, author, or genre by exposing its flaws, exaggerating its weaknesses, or turning its conventions on their head.

Types of Parody

There are several types of parody, each of which involves a different approach to imitating and mocking an original work or genre. Some common types of parody include:

Suggested Readings

1. Eco, Umberto. The Role of the Reader: Explorations in the Semiotics of Texts. Indiana University Press, 1984.
2. Hutcheon, Linda. A Theory of Parody: The Teachings of Twentieth-Century Art Forms. University of Illinois Press, 2000.
3. Rabkin, Eric S. The Fantastic in Literature. Princeton University Press, 1976.
4. Rose, Maragret. Parody: Ancient, Modern, and Post-Modern. Cambridge University Press, 1995.
5. Wickham, Glynne William Gladstone. A History of the Theatre. Routledge, 2014.

Introduction

Parallelism, as a literary device, entails the deliberate repetition of grammatical structures, patterns, or syntax to achieve a rhythmic and stylistic effect. This technique fosters symmetry and cohesion within sentences or passages, emphasizing key ideas, enhancing the flow of language, and contributing to the overall aesthetic quality of the text.

How to Create Parallelism in a Fictional Work

Here are some tips on how to create parallelism in a fictional work:

By following these steps and refining your approach through diligent editing, you can seamlessly integrate parallelism into your fictional work, augmenting its cohesion, aesthetic allure, and thematic depth.Top of Form

Benefits of Parallelism

There are several benefits of using parallelism in writing:

Benefits of Parallelism

1. Clarity: Parallelism helps convey ideas clearly by maintaining a consistent structure and rhythm in sentences. It prevents confusion and aids comprehension.
   1. Example: “She enjoys hiking, swimming, and cycling.” In this sentence, the parallel structure of the list (“hiking,” “swimming,” “cycling”) makes it easy to understand the activities she enjoys.
2. Emphasis: Parallelism draws attention to key points in your writing by presenting them in a similar format. It emphasizes the importance of the ideas being presented.
   1. Example: “We must face challenges with courage, tackle obstacles with determination, and overcome adversity with resilience.” Here, the repeated “with” construction emphasizes the qualities needed to overcome challenges.
3. Memorability: Parallelism creates a memorable impact on the reader, making the content more likely to be retained and recalled later.
   1. Example: “Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears.” The parallel repetition in this famous line from Shakespeare’s “Julius Caesar” makes it memorable and quotable.
4. Aesthetics: Parallelism enhances the aesthetic quality of writing, making it sound more balanced, rhythmic, and pleasing to the ear.
   1. Example: “Easy come, easy go.” The parallel structure of this phrase contributes to its catchy, rhythmic quality.
5. Persuasion: Parallelism can be persuasive by creating a persuasive cadence that resonates with readers, making arguments more compelling.
   1. Example: “We will fight for justice, for equality, and for a better future.” The repetition of “for” emphasizes the causes being fought for and adds persuasive impact.

Remember, the key to effectively using parallelism is maintaining consistent grammatical and structural patterns within sentences or lists.

Parallelism and Literary Theory

Suggested Readings

1. Abrams, M. H. A Glossary of Literary Terms. Wadsworth Publishing, 2008.
2. Baldick, Chris. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms. Oxford University Press, 2004.
3. Brooks, Cleanth, and Robert Penn Warren. Understanding Poetry. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 2000.
4. Cuddon, J. A. A Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory. Wiley-Blackwell, 2013.
5. DiYanni, Robert. Literature: Approaches to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. McGraw-Hill, 2019.
6. Kennedy, X. J., and Dana Gioia. Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and Writing. Pearson, 2017.
7. Lanham, Richard A. A Handlist of Rhetorical Terms. University of California Press, 1991.
8. Meyer, Michael. The Bedford Introduction to Literature: Reading, Thinking, Writing. Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2020.
9. Preminger, Alex, et al., editors. The Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics. Princeton University Press, 2012.
10. Roberts, Edgar V., and Henry E. Jacobs. Literature: An Introduction to Reading and Writing. Pearson, 2017.

Etymology of Parallelism

The literary device parallelism is a foreign term. It originated from the Greek word parallēlismos, which means “a placing alongside” or “a side-by-side comparison.” The concept of parallelism has been used in various fields, including mathematics, linguistics, and literature, and refers to the repetition or similarity of structures or patterns in adjacent or corresponding elements.

Meanings of Parallelism

1. Parallelism in Literature:
   • Symmetrical Parallelism: A literary technique that involves repeating similar grammatical structures, phrases, or clauses to create balance and rhythm in a sentence or paragraph.
   • Antithetical Parallelism: It presents contrasting ideas or opposites in parallel grammatical structures, often used to emphasize the differences between concepts.
2. Parallelism as a Rhetorical Device:
   • Anaphora: A rhetorical device where words or phrases are repeated at the beginning of successive clauses or sentences for emphasis or dramatic effect.
   • Chiasmus: A figure of speech that involves reversing the order or structure of two parallel phrases or clauses to create an inverted symmetry.
3. Parallelism as a General Term:
   • Similarity or Comparison: Describing two or more things that have corresponding characteristics or features.
   • Equality or Equivalence: The state of being equal or having the same value or importance.
4. Parallelism in Sentence Structure:
5. Parallel Clauses: The use of similar grammatical structures such as verb forms, in a series of clauses within a sentence. Example: She likes to swim, to run, and to hike.
6. Parallel Phrases: The use of similar grammatical structures such as noun phrases or prepositional phrases, in a series within a sentence. Example: The cat slept peacefully, curled up on the couch, or stretched lazily in the sun

Parallelism in Grammar

In grammar, it is the use of similar grammatical structures, forms, or patterns in adjacent or corresponding parts of a sentence, clause, or phrase. This involves repeating the same grammatical

Definition of Parallelism

As a literary device, it refers to the use of similar structures or patterns in sentences, phrases, or clauses. It involves repeating grammatical or syntactical elements to create balance, rhythm, and emphasis in a text. By employing parallelism, writers can enhance the impact and effectiveness of their writing by creating a sense of harmony and cohesion.

Types of Parallelism

There are several types of parallelism, including:

Literary Examples of Parallelism

Suggested Readings

1. Abrams, M. H. A Glossary of Literary Terms. Wadsworth Publishing, 2008.
2. Baldick, Chris. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms. Oxford University Press, 2004.
3. Brooks, Cleanth, and Robert Penn Warren. Understanding Poetry. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 2000.
4. Cuddon, J. A. A Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory. Wiley-Blackwell, 2013.
5. DiYanni, Robert. Literature: Approaches to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. McGraw-Hill, 2019.
6. Kennedy, X. J., and Dana Gioia. Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and Writing. Pearson, 2017.
7. Lanham, Richard A. A Handlist of Rhetorical Terms. University of California Press, 1991.
8. Meyer, Michael. The Bedford Introduction to Literature: Reading, Thinking, Writing. Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2020.
9. Preminger, Alex, et al., editors. The Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics. Princeton University Press, 2012.
10. Roberts, Edgar V., and Henry E. Jacobs. Literature: An Introduction to Reading and Writing. Pearson, 2017.

Introduction to Paradox

It is easy to define paradox. It, as a literary device, refers to the deliberate juxtaposition of contradictory ideas or statements within a narrative framework, aimed at generating intellectual or rhetorical impact. Therefore, paradox means contradiction of things. This technique serves to engage readers by provoking contemplation of apparent contradictions, fostering nuanced interpretation, and encouraging a deeper appreciation of the complexities inherent in the subject matter or theme being explored.

How to Create Paradox

Creating paradoxes in literature is a powerful way to challenge readers’ assumptions and create a sense of intellectual and emotional tension. Here are some tips for creating effective paradoxes in your writing:

Benefits of Using Paradox

1. Provoking Critical Thinking: Paradoxes stimulate readers to engage actively with the text, encouraging them to question assumptions and analyze the interplay of contradictory concepts.
2. Enhancing Literary Depth: By introducing paradoxes, writers can imbue their work with layers of complexity, inviting readers to explore deeper meanings and interpretations.
3. Arousing Emotional Resonance: Paradoxes evoke a sense of intrigue and emotional tension, fostering a connection between readers and the text’s themes on a visceral level.
4. Captivating Reader Attention: The inherent intrigue of paradoxes captures readers’ interest and compels them to delve further into the narrative, sustaining their engagement.
5. Highlighting Theme Significance: Paradoxes serve as vehicles for accentuating key themes or ideas within a story, guiding readers’ focus to the heart of the narrative’s message.
6. Encouraging Reflective Analysis: Readers are prompted to reflect on the broader implications of paradoxes, promoting contemplation of real-world complexities beyond the fictional realm.
7. Deepening Character Development: Paradoxes can be employed to create internal conflicts within characters, contributing to their multidimensional portrayal and personal growth.
8. Fostering Memorable Impressions: The memorable nature of paradoxical statements leaves a lasting impact, contributing to the text’s enduring resonance in readers’ minds.
9. Expanding Literary Exploration: Incorporating paradoxes expands the possibilities for exploring innovative narrative structures and unconventional storytelling approaches.
10. Cultivating Intellectual Engagement: Readers appreciate the intellectual challenge posed by paradoxes, making the reading experience intellectually rewarding and thought-provoking.

Incorporating paradoxes into literary works can thus yield multifaceted advantages, enriching the reading experience and fostering a deeper connection between authors and their audience.

Paradox in Literary Theory

Paradox is often analyzed in literary theory for its function and effect on the reader. Some common approaches to analyzing paradox in literature include:

Critique Example: In the context of New Criticism, a critique example would involve examining how paradoxes contribute to the overall aesthetic quality of a poem. For instance, in T.S. Eliot’s “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock,” the paradoxical statement “I have measured out my life with coffee spoons” creates a sense of mundanity and futility, emphasizing the speaker’s existential angst. A New Critic may argue that the intentional use of paradox adds depth and richness to the poem’s themes of disillusionment and the search for meaning in a modern world.

It is important to note that these examples are simplified and that literary theory is a complex and diverse field with various interpretations and perspectives. The table provides a general overview of how different literary theories approach the interpretation of paradoxes and offers a glimpse into the potential critique examples that can be explored within each framework.

Suggested Readings

1. Abrams, M.H., and Geoffrey Galt Harpham. A Glossary of Literary Terms. 12th ed., Cengage Learning, 2019.
2. Culler, Jonathan. Literary Theory: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2011.
3. Eco, Umberto. Six Walks in the Fictional Woods. Harvard University Press, 1994.
4. Frow, John. Genre. Routledge, 2015.
5. Frye, Northrop. Anatomy of Criticism: Four Essays. Princeton University Press, 2000.
6. Harmon, William, and Hugh Holman. A Handbook to Literature. 12th ed., Pearson, 2015.
7. Lodge, David. The Art of Fiction. Vintage, 1992.
8. McHale, Brian. Postmodernist Fiction. Routledge, 1987.
9. Preminger, Alex, et al., editors. The New Princeton Encyclopaedia of Poetry and Poetics. 3rd ed., Princeton University Press, 1993.
10. Tyson, Lois. Critical Theory Today: A User-Friendly Guide. 3rd ed., Routledge, 2014.