Month: August 2023

Introduction

Parallelism, as a literary device, entails the deliberate repetition of grammatical structures, patterns, or syntax to achieve a rhythmic and stylistic effect. This technique fosters symmetry and cohesion within sentences or passages, emphasizing key ideas, enhancing the flow of language, and contributing to the overall aesthetic quality of the text.

How to Create Parallelism in a Fictional Work

Here are some tips on how to create parallelism in a fictional work:

Step	Explanation	Example
Identify Key Ideas or Elements for Emphasis	Determine the concepts, themes, or elements that you want to highlight within your narrative.	Example: In a story about self-discovery, key ideas might include personal growth, inner conflict, and the pursuit of authenticity.
Utilize Grammatical Parallelism for Balance	Employ parallel grammatical structures, such as matching verb tenses, sentence patterns, or clauses, to achieve symmetry and clarity.	Example: “She danced with grace, sang with passion, and spoke with eloquence.”
Employ Antithetical Parallelism for Contrast	Create contrast by juxtaposing opposing ideas using parallel grammatical structures, generating dynamic tension in your prose.	Example: “In wealth, some find poverty; in poverty, some find richness.”
Harness Isocolon for Rhythmic Impact	Utilize isocolon, where clauses or phrases have similar lengths and structures, to establish a rhythmic cadence that resonates with readers.	Example: “His ambition was grand, his determination unyielding, his dreams boundless.”
Experiment with Various Forms of Parallelism	Explore techniques like chiasmus (reversal of grammatical structure), anaphora (repetition at the beginning), or epiphora (repetition at the end) to create diverse effects.	Example: Chiasmus – “To err is human, to forgive divine; divine to err, human to forgive.”
Edit and Revise for Consistency	Review your work to ensure that parallel structures are maintained consistently throughout the narrative, enhancing their impact on the reader.	By incorporating these strategies and refining them through careful editing, you can infuse your fictional work with parallelism that amplifies its coherence, aesthetic appeal, and thematic resonance.

By following these steps and refining your approach through diligent editing, you can seamlessly integrate parallelism into your fictional work, augmenting its cohesion, aesthetic allure, and thematic depth.Top of Form

Benefits of Parallelism

There are several benefits of using parallelism in writing:

Benefits of Parallelism

1. Clarity: Parallelism helps convey ideas clearly by maintaining a consistent structure and rhythm in sentences. It prevents confusion and aids comprehension.
   1. Example: “She enjoys hiking, swimming, and cycling.” In this sentence, the parallel structure of the list (“hiking,” “swimming,” “cycling”) makes it easy to understand the activities she enjoys.
2. Emphasis: Parallelism draws attention to key points in your writing by presenting them in a similar format. It emphasizes the importance of the ideas being presented.
   1. Example: “We must face challenges with courage, tackle obstacles with determination, and overcome adversity with resilience.” Here, the repeated “with” construction emphasizes the qualities needed to overcome challenges.
3. Memorability: Parallelism creates a memorable impact on the reader, making the content more likely to be retained and recalled later.
   1. Example: “Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears.” The parallel repetition in this famous line from Shakespeare’s “Julius Caesar” makes it memorable and quotable.
4. Aesthetics: Parallelism enhances the aesthetic quality of writing, making it sound more balanced, rhythmic, and pleasing to the ear.
   1. Example: “Easy come, easy go.” The parallel structure of this phrase contributes to its catchy, rhythmic quality.
5. Persuasion: Parallelism can be persuasive by creating a persuasive cadence that resonates with readers, making arguments more compelling.
   1. Example: “We will fight for justice, for equality, and for a better future.” The repetition of “for” emphasizes the causes being fought for and adds persuasive impact.

Remember, the key to effectively using parallelism is maintaining consistent grammatical and structural patterns within sentences or lists.

Parallelism and Literary Theory

Type of Literary Theory	Critique of Parallelism
Formalism	Critics argue that an overreliance on parallelism may result in a lack of originality and creativity in literary works, as it can lead to formulaic and predictable writing styles.
Structuralism	Some structuralist theorists argue that an excessive use of parallelism oversimplifies complex meanings and overlook the intricacies and ambiguities present in a text.
Deconstruction	Deconstructionists may challenge parallelism as a fixed and stable form, instead emphasizing the destabilizing effects of language and the presence of contradictory meanings.
Feminist Theory	Feminist critics may point out that parallelism has historically reinforced traditional gender roles and binaries, limiting the representation and agency of marginalized voices.
Postcolonial Theory	Postcolonial theorists may critique parallelism for perpetuating power imbalances by replicating colonial structures and hierarchies in literary works.
New Historicism	Scholars influenced by New Historicism may criticize parallelism for overlooking historical and cultural contexts, neglecting the complexities of social and political dynamics.
Reader-Response Theory	Some reader-response theorists argue that an excessive use of parallelism may limit readers’ interpretations and restrict their engagement with a text, reducing it to a single meaning.

Suggested Readings

1. Abrams, M. H. A Glossary of Literary Terms. Wadsworth Publishing, 2008.
2. Baldick, Chris. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms. Oxford University Press, 2004.
3. Brooks, Cleanth, and Robert Penn Warren. Understanding Poetry. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 2000.
4. Cuddon, J. A. A Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory. Wiley-Blackwell, 2013.
5. DiYanni, Robert. Literature: Approaches to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. McGraw-Hill, 2019.
6. Kennedy, X. J., and Dana Gioia. Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and Writing. Pearson, 2017.
7. Lanham, Richard A. A Handlist of Rhetorical Terms. University of California Press, 1991.
8. Meyer, Michael. The Bedford Introduction to Literature: Reading, Thinking, Writing. Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2020.
9. Preminger, Alex, et al., editors. The Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics. Princeton University Press, 2012.
10. Roberts, Edgar V., and Henry E. Jacobs. Literature: An Introduction to Reading and Writing. Pearson, 2017.

Etymology of Parallelism

The literary device parallelism is a foreign term. It originated from the Greek word parallēlismos, which means “a placing alongside” or “a side-by-side comparison.” The concept of parallelism has been used in various fields, including mathematics, linguistics, and literature, and refers to the repetition or similarity of structures or patterns in adjacent or corresponding elements.

Meanings of Parallelism

1. Parallelism in Literature:
   • Symmetrical Parallelism: A literary technique that involves repeating similar grammatical structures, phrases, or clauses to create balance and rhythm in a sentence or paragraph.
   • Antithetical Parallelism: It presents contrasting ideas or opposites in parallel grammatical structures, often used to emphasize the differences between concepts.
2. Parallelism as a Rhetorical Device:
   • Anaphora: A rhetorical device where words or phrases are repeated at the beginning of successive clauses or sentences for emphasis or dramatic effect.
   • Chiasmus: A figure of speech that involves reversing the order or structure of two parallel phrases or clauses to create an inverted symmetry.
3. Parallelism as a General Term:
   • Similarity or Comparison: Describing two or more things that have corresponding characteristics or features.
   • Equality or Equivalence: The state of being equal or having the same value or importance.
4. Parallelism in Sentence Structure:
5. Parallel Clauses: The use of similar grammatical structures such as verb forms, in a series of clauses within a sentence. Example: She likes to swim, to run, and to hike.
6. Parallel Phrases: The use of similar grammatical structures such as noun phrases or prepositional phrases, in a series within a sentence. Example: The cat slept peacefully, curled up on the couch, or stretched lazily in the sun

Parallelism in Grammar

In grammar, it is the use of similar grammatical structures, forms, or patterns in adjacent or corresponding parts of a sentence, clause, or phrase. This involves repeating the same grammatical

Definition of Parallelism

As a literary device, it refers to the use of similar structures or patterns in sentences, phrases, or clauses. It involves repeating grammatical or syntactical elements to create balance, rhythm, and emphasis in a text. By employing parallelism, writers can enhance the impact and effectiveness of their writing by creating a sense of harmony and cohesion.

Types of Parallelism

There are several types of parallelism, including:

Type	Definition	Example
Grammatical parallelism	Using the same grammatical structure or form for two or more words or phrases in a sentence	“She enjoys swimming, biking, and hiking.”
Antithetical parallelism	Contrasting two ideas or concepts using parallel structures	“It was the best of times, it was the worst of times.” – Charles Dickens
Climactic parallelism	Arranging a series of phrases or clauses in ascending order of importance	“I came, I saw, I conquered.” – Julius Caesar
Isocolon	Creating parallel clauses or phrases of the same length and structure	“Buy one, get one free.”
Chiasmus	Creating a crosswise pattern of parallel structures	“Fair is foul, and foul is fair.” – William Shakespeare
Anaphora	Repeating the same word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses or sentences	“I have a dream… I have a dream… I have a dream.” – Martin Luther King Jr.
Epiphora	Repeating the same word or phrase at the end of successive clauses or sentences	“We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall never surrender.” – Winston Churchill
Assonance	Creating a pattern of repeating vowel sounds within words	“fleet feet sweep by sleeping geeks.”
Consonance	Creating a pattern of repeating consonant sounds within words	“pitter patter of little feet.”
Alliteration	Creating a pattern of repeating initial consonant sounds in adjacent or closely connected words	“Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.”

Literary Examples of Parallelism

Example	Type	Explanation
“It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness…” A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens	Antithetical parallelism	Dickens employs antithetical parallelism to contrast the extremes of life in London and Paris during the French Revolution.
“Whether ‘tis nobler in the mind to suffer the slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, or to take arms against a sea of troubles…” Hamlet by William Shakespeare	Grammatical parallelism	Shakespeare uses grammatical parallelism to balance two alternatives – enduring suffering or taking action – in Hamlet’s soliloquy.
“It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife.” Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen	Grammatical parallelism	Austen uses grammatical parallelism to create a memorable and humorous opening line that highlights the social expectations and pressures of the time.
“I came, I saw, I conquered.” Julius Caesar by William Shakespeare	Isocolon	Shakespeare employs isocolon to create a concise and impactful statement, emphasizing Julius Caesar’s triumphant military conquests.
“To be, or not to be, that is the question.” – Hamlet by William Shakespeare	Antithetical parallelism	Shakespeare uses antithetical parallelism to present the fundamental existential dilemma faced by Hamlet – the choice between life and death.

Suggested Readings

1. Abrams, M. H. A Glossary of Literary Terms. Wadsworth Publishing, 2008.
2. Baldick, Chris. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms. Oxford University Press, 2004.
3. Brooks, Cleanth, and Robert Penn Warren. Understanding Poetry. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 2000.
4. Cuddon, J. A. A Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory. Wiley-Blackwell, 2013.
5. DiYanni, Robert. Literature: Approaches to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. McGraw-Hill, 2019.
6. Kennedy, X. J., and Dana Gioia. Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and Writing. Pearson, 2017.
7. Lanham, Richard A. A Handlist of Rhetorical Terms. University of California Press, 1991.
8. Meyer, Michael. The Bedford Introduction to Literature: Reading, Thinking, Writing. Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2020.
9. Preminger, Alex, et al., editors. The Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics. Princeton University Press, 2012.
10. Roberts, Edgar V., and Henry E. Jacobs. Literature: An Introduction to Reading and Writing. Pearson, 2017.

Introduction to Paradox

It is easy to define paradox. It, as a literary device, refers to the deliberate juxtaposition of contradictory ideas or statements within a narrative framework, aimed at generating intellectual or rhetorical impact. Therefore, paradox means contradiction of things. This technique serves to engage readers by provoking contemplation of apparent contradictions, fostering nuanced interpretation, and encouraging a deeper appreciation of the complexities inherent in the subject matter or theme being explored.

How to Create Paradox

Creating paradoxes in literature is a powerful way to challenge readers’ assumptions and create a sense of intellectual and emotional tension. Here are some tips for creating effective paradoxes in your writing:

Step	Explanation	Practical Example
Start with an Apparent Contradiction	Begin by introducing conflicting ideas or concepts that seem incompatible at first glance. This contrast forms the foundation of the paradox.	In Shakespeare’s play “Hamlet,” the line “I must be cruel to be kind” presents a paradox by suggesting that an act of cruelty can be motivated by kindness, challenging the conventional understanding of these two opposing traits.
Use Figurative Language	Employ metaphors, similes, or other forms of figurative language to juxtapose disparate elements, enhancing the vividness of the paradox and amplifying its impact.	In John Donne’s poem “The Flea,” the speaker uses the metaphor of a flea to connect the act of intimate physical contact with the concept of innocence, creating a paradoxical situation that links seemingly unrelated ideas.
Use Irony	Employ situational, verbal, or dramatic irony to underscore the disparity between what is expected and what actually transpires, accentuating the paradoxical nature of the situation.	In O. Henry’s short story “The Gift of the Magi,” the characters’ selfless actions to buy gifts for each other result in situations where the gifts become useless due to the sacrifices made, emphasizing the paradox of well-intentioned actions leading to unexpected outcomes.
Create a Sense of Surprise	Craft unexpected outcomes or conclusions that subvert conventional expectations, leading readers to reassess their initial assumptions and perceptions.	In George Orwell’s “Animal Farm,” the phrase “All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others” creates a paradox by juxtaposing equality and inequality, challenging readers to reconsider the true nature of the society being depicted.
Emphasize the Tension	Heighten the tension between opposing elements by elaborating on their implications, forcing readers to grapple with the complexity of the paradox and its underlying themes.	In Franz Kafka’s “The Metamorphosis,” the protagonist’s transformation into a giant insect presents a paradoxical situation that explores themes of identity, isolation, and societal norms, compelling readers to confront the tension between the familiar and the bizarre.

Benefits of Using Paradox

1. Provoking Critical Thinking: Paradoxes stimulate readers to engage actively with the text, encouraging them to question assumptions and analyze the interplay of contradictory concepts.
2. Enhancing Literary Depth: By introducing paradoxes, writers can imbue their work with layers of complexity, inviting readers to explore deeper meanings and interpretations.
3. Arousing Emotional Resonance: Paradoxes evoke a sense of intrigue and emotional tension, fostering a connection between readers and the text’s themes on a visceral level.
4. Captivating Reader Attention: The inherent intrigue of paradoxes captures readers’ interest and compels them to delve further into the narrative, sustaining their engagement.
5. Highlighting Theme Significance: Paradoxes serve as vehicles for accentuating key themes or ideas within a story, guiding readers’ focus to the heart of the narrative’s message.
6. Encouraging Reflective Analysis: Readers are prompted to reflect on the broader implications of paradoxes, promoting contemplation of real-world complexities beyond the fictional realm.
7. Deepening Character Development: Paradoxes can be employed to create internal conflicts within characters, contributing to their multidimensional portrayal and personal growth.
8. Fostering Memorable Impressions: The memorable nature of paradoxical statements leaves a lasting impact, contributing to the text’s enduring resonance in readers’ minds.
9. Expanding Literary Exploration: Incorporating paradoxes expands the possibilities for exploring innovative narrative structures and unconventional storytelling approaches.
10. Cultivating Intellectual Engagement: Readers appreciate the intellectual challenge posed by paradoxes, making the reading experience intellectually rewarding and thought-provoking.

Incorporating paradoxes into literary works can thus yield multifaceted advantages, enriching the reading experience and fostering a deeper connection between authors and their audience.

Paradox in Literary Theory

Paradox is often analyzed in literary theory for its function and effect on the reader. Some common approaches to analyzing paradox in literature include:

Literary Theory	Interpretation of Paradoxes	Critique Example
New Criticism Literary Theory	Focuses on close reading and formal analysis of the text to uncover multiple layers of meaning. Paradoxes are seen as intentional and contribute to the complexity of the work.	In analyzing a poem, New Critics may examine paradoxes as linguistic devices that enhance the aesthetic experience.
Structuralism Literary Theory	Emphasizes the underlying structures and systems of meaning in literature. Paradoxes are viewed as disruptions or contradictions within the larger system.	Structuralist critics might analyze how paradoxes challenge and subvert the established binary oppositions or linguistic structures in a literary work.
Reader-Response Literary Theory	Shifts the focus to the reader’s subjective response and interpretation of the text. Paradoxes may evoke different emotional or intellectual responses from readers.	A reader-response critic may explore how paradoxes in a novel elicit a range of interpretations and engage readers in actively deciphering the underlying meanings.
Postcolonial Literary Theory	Examines the relationship between literature and power dynamics in a postcolonial context. Paradoxes may highlight contradictions and tensions in cultural identities.	A postcolonial critic might analyze paradoxes in a novel to explore the complexities of identity negotiation and the power dynamics between colonizers and the colonized.

Critique Example: In the context of New Criticism, a critique example would involve examining how paradoxes contribute to the overall aesthetic quality of a poem. For instance, in T.S. Eliot’s “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock,” the paradoxical statement “I have measured out my life with coffee spoons” creates a sense of mundanity and futility, emphasizing the speaker’s existential angst. A New Critic may argue that the intentional use of paradox adds depth and richness to the poem’s themes of disillusionment and the search for meaning in a modern world.

It is important to note that these examples are simplified and that literary theory is a complex and diverse field with various interpretations and perspectives. The table provides a general overview of how different literary theories approach the interpretation of paradoxes and offers a glimpse into the potential critique examples that can be explored within each framework.

Suggested Readings

1. Abrams, M.H., and Geoffrey Galt Harpham. A Glossary of Literary Terms. 12th ed., Cengage Learning, 2019.
2. Culler, Jonathan. Literary Theory: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2011.
3. Eco, Umberto. Six Walks in the Fictional Woods. Harvard University Press, 1994.
4. Frow, John. Genre. Routledge, 2015.
5. Frye, Northrop. Anatomy of Criticism: Four Essays. Princeton University Press, 2000.
6. Harmon, William, and Hugh Holman. A Handbook to Literature. 12th ed., Pearson, 2015.
7. Lodge, David. The Art of Fiction. Vintage, 1992.
8. McHale, Brian. Postmodernist Fiction. Routledge, 1987.
9. Preminger, Alex, et al., editors. The New Princeton Encyclopaedia of Poetry and Poetics. 3rd ed., Princeton University Press, 1993.
10. Tyson, Lois. Critical Theory Today: A User-Friendly Guide. 3rd ed., Routledge, 2014.

Etymology of Paradox

Etymologically, the term paradox shows its origin in French and subsequently from Latin language. Its Latin version is paradoxum that means a statement that is absurd yet true. In Grecian language, it is paradoxon that means not a believable statement. However, it has entered in the English language from French where it is paradoxe which also is a contradictory statement.

Meanings of Paradox

Semantically, it means fantastic or absurd. However, a full statement that is called a paradox is actually illogical and contradictory. In rhetoric, it is used in arguments though with good premises and illogical conclusions. Despite this, it makes sense.

Definition of Paradox

In literature, it is a literary device that seems to oppose its own logic, yet it seems sensible or that seems a practical way out.

Difference between Paradox and Oxymoron

	Paradox	Oxymoron
Definition	A statement or situation that appears contradictory or absurd but may actually be true or logical.	A figure of speech that combines two contradictory terms to create a paradoxical effect or meaning.
Meaning	Paradoxes often reveal deeper truths and challenge conventional thinking.	Oxymorons create a dramatic or humorous effect and may involve wordplay or irony.
Structure	Paradoxes can be longer statements or situations that contain contradictory elements or ideas.	Oxymorons consist of two opposing words or concepts placed together for a specific effect or emphasis.
Examples	“I can resist anything except temptation.” – Oscar Wilde	“Living dead,” “jumbo shrimp,” “bittersweet”
Purpose	Paradoxes provoke thought, create tension, or highlight the complexity of a situation.	Oxymorons evoke a specific emotion, create humor, or emphasize a contrasting idea.

Types of Paradox

1. Veridical: A statement that appears to be false but is actually true.

Example: “This statement is false.”

2. Self-referential: Statements that refer to themselves in a way that creates a contradiction.

Example: “I always lie.”

3. Epistemic: Paradoxes arising from issues of knowledge and truth.

Example: The liar paradox – “This sentence is false.”

4. Zeno’s paradox: These involve a series of logical or mathematical steps leading to a seemingly contradictory conclusion.

Example: Achilles and the Tortoise paradox.

5. Sorites paradox: Paradoxes of gradual change in quantity or quality leading to a contradiction.

Example: The paradox of the heap – When does a collection of grains become a heap?

6. Fitch’s paradox: Paradoxes related to knowledge and belief, where a statement cannot be known unless it is true, but it cannot be true unless it is known.

Example: “I do not know that this statement is true.”

7. Russell’s paradox: A paradox in set theory that arises when considering sets that do not contain themselves as members.

Example: The set of all sets that do not contain themselves.

8. Berry paradox: A paradox that arises when defining a number that cannot be described by a finite number of words.

Example: “The smallest number that cannot be described in fewer than twenty words.”

9. Paradox of the preface: The belief that although individual statements in a book may be true, the book as a whole may contain falsehoods.

Example: A book claiming to contain all known facts but admitting there may be errors.

10. Ship of Theseus paradox: A paradox questioning the identity of an object when all its original parts have been replaced over time.

Example: If all the planks of a ship are replaced, is it still the same ship?

11. Grandfather paradox: A paradox arising from time travel, where a person traveling back in time could potentially prevent their own birth.

Example: A person goes back in time and prevents their grandparents from meeting, thereby erasing their own existence.

12. Unexpected hanging paradox: A paradox involving a death sentence and a surprise execution that cannot be logically predicted.

Example: A prisoner is told they will be hanged on a weekday but cannot deduce which day the hanging will occur.

13. Bootstrap paradox: In this type, an object or information exists without any origin or creator.

Example: A person receives a time machine blueprint from their future self and uses it to build the time machine, creating a loop.

14. Omnipotence paradox: It means questioning whether an omnipotent being can create a task it cannot complete.

Example: Can an all-powerful being create a stone so heavy that they cannot lift it?

15. Fermi paradox: It explores the contradiction between the probability of extraterrestrial civilizations and the lack of evidence to support this argument.

Example: If intelligent life exists elsewhere in the universe, why haven’t we detected any signals or signs of their presence?

Common Examples

1. To save money, you need to spend it.
2. Knowing nothing means knowing everything.
3. Under your brave face lies a coward.
4. You are residing in a vulnerably safe house.
5. When you live together, you live alone.
6. To know more, you need to forget more.
7. If you want to get more, you need to lose more.

Literary Examples of Paradox

Paradox	Reference	Interpretation
“I can resist anything except temptation.”	Oscar Wilde, Lady Windermere’s Fan	This statement shows that it contradicts itself. It highlights the character’s weakness and adds humor to the play.
“This statement is false.”	Lewis Carroll, “What the Tortoise Said to Achilles”	Here it questions the nature of truth and language, as the statement cannot be simultaneously true and false.
“Less is more.”	Robert Browning, “Andrea del Sarto”	Here it challenges conventional wisdom and suggests that simplicity or restraint can be more effective or powerful than excess or elaboration.
“All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others.”	George Orwell, Animal Farm	This paradox highlights the hypocrisy and corruption of power, where some individuals or groups may have more privilege despite the claim of equality.
“The child is the father of the man.”	William Wordsworth, “My Heart Leaps Up”	This paradox suggests that childhood experiences shape a person’s adult identity and challenges linear notions of time, emphasizing the influence of the past.
“O miserable of happy! Is this the end Of this new glorious world?”	John Milton, Paradise Lost	This paradox reflects Satan’s complex character, experiencing both misery and happiness simultaneously, despite their opposing nature.

These paradoxes, each with their unique references and interpretations, demonstrate the intriguing nature of paradoxical statements found in literature and provoke thought by challenging conventional thinking and highlighting the complexities of human experience.

Suggested Readings

1. Abrams, M.H., and Geoffrey Galt Harpham. A Glossary of Literary Terms. 12th ed., Cengage Learning, 2019.
2. Culler, Jonathan. Literary Theory: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2011.
3. Eco, Umberto. Six Walks in the Fictional Woods. Harvard University Press, 1994.
4. Frow, John. Genre. Routledge, 2015.
5. Frye, Northrop. Anatomy of Criticism: Four Essays. Princeton University Press, 2000.
6. Harmon, William, and Hugh Holman. A Handbook to Literature. 12th ed., Pearson, 2015.
7. Lodge, David. The Art of Fiction. Vintage, 1992.
8. McHale, Brian. Postmodernist Fiction. Routledge, 1987.
9. Preminger, Alex, et al., editors. The New Princeton Encyclopaedia of Poetry and Poetics. 3rd ed., Princeton University Press, 1993.
10. Tyson, Lois. Critical Theory Today: A User-Friendly Guide. 3rd ed., Routledge, 2014.

More from Literary Devices:

• Sarcasm: A Literary Device
• Sarcasm: Using and Critiquing
• Rhyme: Using and Writing

Introduction

A parable is a concise narrative or story, often fictional, that serves as a metaphorical or allegorical representation of a moral, spiritual, or philosophical lesson. It employs relatable characters and situations to convey deeper truths, allowing the audience to grasp complex concepts through simplified and relatable scenarios.

Literary Examples of Parable

Parable Title	Explanation
Animal Farm by George Orwell	Animal Farm is a political allegory by George Orwell that uses a group of farm animals to satirize the events leading up to the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the subsequent Soviet Union. The animals represent various social classes and political factions, and their actions and interactions illustrate the corrupting influence of power and the dangers of totalitarianism. It serves as a critique of the abuse of power and the betrayal of revolutionary ideals.
The Pearl by John Steinbeck	The Pearl is a novella by John Steinbeck that tells the story of a poor Mexican pearl diver who discovers a valuable pearl with the hope that it will bring him a better life. However, his newfound wealth brings only trouble and tragedy. The story uses allegorical elements to explore themes of greed, corruption, and the true nature of wealth. It highlights the consequences of pursuing material possessions at the expense of personal well-being and happiness.
The Chronicles of Narnia by C.S. Lewis	The Chronicles of Narnia by C.S. Lewis is a series of children’s books that includes numerous parables and allegories illustrating Christian themes and principles. For example, the character of Aslan the lion serves as a Christ figure who sacrifices himself to save others, while the White Witch represents the forces of evil and temptation. The series uses imaginative storytelling to convey moral and spiritual lessons, promoting virtues such as courage, forgiveness, and faith.
The Little Prince by Antoine de Saint-Exupéry	The Little Prince is a philosophical tale by Antoine de Saint-Exupéry that follows the encounters between a pilot and a mysterious little prince. The story explores themes of love, friendship, and the meaning of life. Through allegory and symbolism, it conveys the message of cherishing the intangible aspects of existence and questioning the values of the materialistic world. It can be interpreted as a parable about the search for spiritual enlightenment and the importance of nurturing genuine connections with others.

How to Create a Parable

Creating a parable in a fictional work involves crafting a story that uses symbolic elements to convey a deeper message or moral lesson. Here are some steps you can follow to create a parable in your fictional work:

Step	Explanation	Practical Example
Determine the Message	Identify the central moral, spiritual, or philosophical lesson you want to convey through the parable.	For a parable about compassion, the message might revolve around the importance of helping others in times of need.
Choose Symbolic Elements	Select characters, objects, and settings that symbolize the key concepts related to your message.	Choosing a traveler as the main character and a rugged path as the setting can symbolize life’s journey and challenges.
Craft the Narrative	Develop a concise and relatable storyline that follows a clear beginning, middle, and end, incorporating the chosen symbolic elements.	A traveler encounters obstacles along the path and receives assistance from unexpected sources, highlighting the theme of unexpected kindness.
Use Figurative Language	Employ metaphors, similes, and other figurative language techniques to enhance the allegorical nature of the parable and emphasize its underlying meaning.	Describing the path as “winding like the twists of fate” deepens the allegorical quality of the narrative.
Allow for Interpretation	Construct the parable in a way that encourages multiple layers of interpretation, enabling readers to draw insights and lessons relevant to their own experiences.	Readers might interpret the parable as a call to be open to help from unexpected quarters, applicable to various life situations.

By following these steps, you can create a powerful and meaningful parable in your fictional work that engages readers and conveys a message that resonates long after the story is over.

Benefits of Using Parables in Literature

• Universal Relevance: Parables encapsulate universal truths and lessons, making them accessible and relatable to a wide range of readers regardless of cultural or societal background.
• Simplicity and Depth: Parables present complex ideas in a simplified form, allowing for deeper philosophical, moral, or spiritual exploration within a concise narrative structure.
• Engagement and Reflection: The engaging storytelling nature of parables captivates readers’ attention and encourages them to reflect on the underlying messages, fostering thought and contemplation.
• Multiple Interpretations: Parables often accommodate various interpretations, inviting readers to engage actively with the text and extract meanings that resonate with their personal experiences and perspectives.
• Memorability: The memorable and concise nature of parables aids in retaining the conveyed lessons, ensuring that the insights are more likely to be recalled and applied in real-life situations.
• Cultural Transmission: Parables can transmit cultural values, ethics, and wisdom across generations, preserving and conveying important societal teachings in an enduring manner.
• Engaging Pedagogical Tool: Parables serve as effective educational tools, enabling teachers, preachers, and speakers to convey complex concepts in a memorable and impactful manner.
• Facilitating Discussion: The open-ended nature of parables sparks discussions and debates, allowing readers to exchange their interpretations and insights, contributing to a deeper exploration of the themes.
• Empathy and Identification: Characters and situations in parables mirror real-life experiences, fostering empathy and enabling readers to identify with the lessons on a personal level.
• Inspiration and Transformation: Parables have the potential to inspire positive change and transformation by encouraging readers to reconsider their attitudes, behaviors, and perspectives.

Parable and Literary Theory

Parables can be analyzed and understood through a variety of literary theories, each providing a unique perspective on the form and function of this literary device. Here are a few examples:

Literary Theory	Interpretation of Parable	Example of Critique
Reader-response Literary Theory	Reader-response theory emphasizes the role of the reader in interpreting and creating meaning from a text. With parables, the reader’s interpretation and understanding of the moral or message are crucial to the overall impact of the story. The focus is on how individual readers engage with the parable, bringing their own experiences, beliefs, and values to shape their understanding of its significance.	In the context of reader-response theory, a critique may examine how different readers interpret the same parable in divergent ways, highlighting the subjectivity of meaning-making and exploring the implications of these varied interpretations on the overall message and effectiveness of the parable.
Structuralism Literary Theory	Structuralism emphasizes the underlying structures and patterns in a text, including recurring themes and motifs. With parables, the use of symbolic elements and recurring patterns can be analyzed to uncover the deeper meaning and message being conveyed. Structural analysis focuses on the relationships between different elements and the overall coherence of the parable’s structure.	In a structuralist critique, the focus may be on identifying and analyzing the recurring motifs and symbols in the parable, examining how they contribute to the overall meaning and coherence of the narrative. The critique may explore the interplay between different elements and the significance of their arrangement in conveying the parable’s central message or moral.
Marxism Literary Theory	Marxism focuses on the social and economic forces that shape literature and culture. With parables, Marxist analysis may focus on the power dynamics and class relations that are often present in these stories. The emphasis is on understanding how the parable reflects and reinforces the prevailing social and economic order, or alternatively, how it critiques and challenges it.	In a Marxist critique, the analysis may examine how the parable represents and reinforces existing power structures or class divisions. It may explore how the parable portrays characters in relation to their socioeconomic status and the implications of these portrayals on the distribution of power and resources. The critique may also assess whether the parable promotes or challenges class consciousness and revolutionary ideas.
Feminist Literary Theory	Feminist theory emphasizes the role of gender and sexuality in literature and culture. With parables, feminist analysis may focus on the gender roles and representations of female characters in the story. The critique aims to examine how the parable reinforces or challenges traditional gender norms and the patriarchal power structures that perpetuate gender inequality.	In a feminist critique, the focus may be on analyzing the portrayal of female characters in the parable, exploring whether they are depicted as passive, stereotypical, or marginalized. The critique may assess how the parable addresses issues such as gender roles, power imbalances, and agency, and evaluate whether it subverts or perpetuates gender norms and stereotypes.
Postcolonial Literary Theory	Postcolonial theory explores the legacy of colonialism and imperialism in literature and culture. With parables, postcolonial analysis may focus on the cultural and political implications of the story, particularly in relation to issues of power, representation, and identity. The critique aims to uncover how the parable reflects or challenges colonial ideologies and the ways in which it represents marginalized or colonized communities.	In a postcolonial critique, the analysis may examine how the parable portrays cultural identities, explores the effects of colonization on indigenous cultures, or challenges Eurocentric perspectives. The critique may evaluate whether the parable reinforces or challenges power imbalances, and assess its potential to give voice to marginalized communities and challenge dominant narratives.

It must be kept in mind that different literary theories could help us to better understand the form, function, and significance of parables in literature and culture, and deepen our appreciation for their complexity and richness.

Suggested Readings

1. Abrams, M.H. “The Deconstructive Angel.” The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism, edited by Vincent B. Leitch, et al., 2nd ed., W.W. Norton, 2010, pp. 2090-2107.
2. Barthes, Roland. “The Structural Analysis of Narratives.” Image-Music-Text, translated by Stephen Heath, Hill and Wang, 1977, pp. 79-124.
3. Eagleton, Terry. Literary Theory: An Introduction. 2nd ed., University of Minnesota Press, 1996.
4. Frye, Northrop. The Anatomy of Criticism: Four Essays. Princeton University Press, 1957.
5. Frye, Northrop. The Great Code: The Bible and Literature. Mariner Books, 1983.
6. David H. The Critical Tradition: Classic Texts and Contemporary Trends. 3rd ed., Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2006.
7. Scholes, Robert. Structuralism in Literature: An Introduction. Yale University Press, 1974.
8. Tyson, Lois. Critical Theory Today: A User-Friendly Guide. 3rd ed., Routledge, 2014.
9. Wellek, René, and Austin Warren. Theory of Literature. 3rd ed., Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1977.

Etymology of Parable

The word “parable” has entered English from the Greek word parabole. It means “comparison” or “analogy.” In ancient Greek literature, parabole used to refer to a type of speech to explain complex concepts or ideas through metaphors. It entered the English language in the 14th century. It refers to a brief, fictional narrative, illustrating a moral lesson or religious principle.

Literal Meanings

Literal Meaning 1: A Story or Narrative Illustrating a Moral or Religious Lesson

• Definition: It is a type of story or narrative used to illustrate a moral or religious lesson.
• Fictional or semi-fictional: Parables are often fictional or semi-fictional tales.
• Characters: The stories typically involve human characters, animals, or inanimate objects.
• Representation of concepts: These characters symbolically represent larger concepts or ideas.
• Metaphorical language: Parables employ metaphorical language to convey deeper truths or meanings.
• Historical or contemporary setting: The story may be set in a historical or contemporary context.
• Purpose: The main purpose of a parable is to convey a deeper truth or meaning.

Literal Meaning 2: Figure of Speech Explaining a Complex Concept through Comparison

• Definition: It also refers to a type of figure of speech, specifically an analogy or comparison.
• Complex or abstract concept: Parables are used to explain complex or abstract concepts.
• Familiar or concrete comparison: They achieve this by comparing the concept to something more familiar or concrete.
• Rhetorical device: Parables function as rhetorical devices.
• Example: A teacher might employ a parable to explain forgiveness by comparing it to watering a plant and aiding its growth.

Parable in Grammar

Grammatically, “parable” is a noun, which means it is a word used to name a person, place, thing, idea, or concept. As a noun, it functions as the subject of a sentence, the object of a verb or preposition, or the object of a possessive construction. For example:

• The parable of the Prodigal Son teaches us about forgiveness. (subject of the sentence)
• Jesus often used them to explain spiritual truths to his followers. (object of the verb “used”)
• It could be difficult to understand without proper interpretation. (object of the preposition “of”)
• The message is of one of hope and redemption. (object of the possessive construction “of the parable”)

In addition to its use as a noun, it can also be used as an adjective to describe a type of story or narrative that is intended to teach a moral or religious lesson. For example, we might speak of a “parable-like” story or a “parable-esque” message.

Definition of Parable

It is a literary device that uses a short, fictional story to illustrate a moral or religious lesson. It often involves human characters or events that symbolize larger concepts or ideas, and the story is usually told in a simple, straightforward manner. They are often found in religious texts such as the Bible.

Types of Parable

Type of Parable	Definition	Example
Similitude Parables	It shows the use of simple comparisons or analogies to convey a message.	Parable of the Mustard Seed
		Parable of the Sower
Narrative	These parables tell a story with characters and events that illustrates a moral lesson or religious principle	Parable of the Prodigal Son
		Of the Good Samaritan
Exemplary	These present a specific example or case study that serves as a model for behavior.	Of the Wise and Foolish Virgins
		Parable of the Talents
Allegorical Parables	These use characters and events as symbols for larger concepts or ideas.	Parable of the Vine and the Branches
		Parable of the Wedding Banquet
Riddle Parables	These pose a question or challenge that requires interpretation or understanding.	Parable of the Rich Fool
		Parable of the Lost Coin

Suggested Readings

1. Abrams, M.H. “The Deconstructive Angel.” The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism, edited by Vincent B. Leitch, et al., 2nd ed., W.W. Norton, 2010, pp. 2090-2107.
2. Barthes, Roland. “The Structural Analysis of Narratives.” Image-Music-Text, translated by Stephen Heath, Hill and Wang, 1977, pp. 79-124.
3. Eagleton, Terry. Literary Theory: An Introduction. 2nd ed., University of Minnesota Press, 1996.
4. Frye, Northrop. The Anatomy of Criticism: Four Essays. Princeton University Press, 1957.
5. Frye, Northrop. The Great Code: The Bible and Literature. Mariner Books, 1983.
6. David H. The Critical Tradition: Classic Texts and Contemporary Trends. 3rd ed., Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2006.
7. Scholes, Robert. Structuralism in Literature: An Introduction. Yale University Press, 1974.
8. Tyson, Lois. Critical Theory Today: A User-Friendly Guide. 3rd ed., Routledge, 2014.
9. Wellek, René, and Austin Warren. Theory of Literature. 3rd ed., Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1977.

Introduction

An ode is a classical type of writing characterized by a lyrical and elaborate structure, engaged in celebrating its subject. It uses a structured form and elevated language to convey intense emotions and reflections, often directed toward themes of beauty, love, or deep experiences. They are recognized for their intricate rhyme schemes, stanzas, and rhythm, contributing to their distinctive and formal nature in poetry.

How to Create an Ode

To create an ode, you can follow these general steps:

Step	Explanation	Practical Example
1. Choose a Subject	Select a subject topic for your poem. This could be something you deeply admire, a person, an object, a place, an idea, or even an abstract concept. The subject should evoke strong emotions or thoughts, as the ode is a lyrical expression of your feelings and reflections.	Example: Choosing the sunset as the subject, capturing its beauty and the emotions it evokes.
2. Decide on a Form	Determine the form or structure of your poem. They typically follow specific structures, such as Pindaric, Horatian, or irregular ode. Each form has rules for stanza length, rhyme scheme, and rhythm. Choose a form that suits the mood and content of your ode.	Example: Opting for the Pindaric ode structure to convey a sense of grandeur and celebration in your ode about friendship.
3. Develop a Theme	Establish a central theme for your ode. This theme is the core idea or emotion you want to convey through your poem. It can be love, beauty, nature, nostalgia, or any resonating concept. The theme guides the tone and direction of your ode.	Example: Crafting an ode with a theme of nostalgia, reflecting on childhood memories and the passage of time.
4. Use Vivid Imagery and Sensory Details	Incorporate vivid imagery and sensory details. Use descriptive language that appeals to the senses to create a rich and immersive experience. Enhance the emotional impact of your ode through these details.	Example: Describing the scent of blooming flowers, the warmth of the sun’s rays, and the gentle rustling of leaves in a nature-themed ode.
5. Use a Consistent Tone and Voice	Maintain a consistent tone and voice throughout your poem. Align the tone with the theme and subject. Whether celebratory, melancholic, contemplative, or passionate, the tone should remain steady for emotional resonance.	Example: Adapting a contemplative and introspective tone for an ode about self-discovery and personal growth.
6. Consider the Structure	Think about the overall structure of your poem. Arrange stanzas, lines, and ideas deliberately. Begin with an engaging introduction, delve into subject aspects in body stanzas, and conclude with a memorable closing stanza.	Example: Structuring your ode about the ocean by starting with the vastness and mystery of the sea, exploring its depths and inhabitants, and ending with a reflection on its eternal beauty.
7. Revise and Refine	After drafting your ode, revise and refine it. Focus on flow, word choice, and imagery effectiveness. Ensure each stanza contributes to the ode’s message. Seek feedback to make improvements.	Example: Revising the ode about perseverance based on feedback, enhancing the rhythm, and clarifying metaphors for better reader understanding.

Following these steps will allow you to create a meaningful and impactful poem that beautifully expresses your emotions and thoughts about your chosen subject.

Benefits of Ode

There are several benefits of writing this type of poem, including:

1. Creativity: Writing such a poem encourages creative thinking and imaginative expression. As you search for unique ways to describe and convey your feelings about the subject, you’ll explore different literary techniques, metaphors, and word choices, enhancing your creative writing skills.
2. Appreciation: They often center around things we admire or find beautiful. By writing an ode, you deepen your appreciation for the subject as you delve into its intricacies and reflect on its significance in your life or the world around you.
3. Emotional Expression: Odes provide a platform to convey deep emotions and feelings. Through eloquent language and vivid imagery, you can express your love, joy, nostalgia, or even sorrow, allowing yourself and your readers to connect on an emotional level.
4. Skill-building: Creating such a poem hones various writing skills. From choosing impactful words to developing themes and structuring the poem effectively, you’ll refine your abilities in poetry and writing as a whole.
5. Connection: Odes have the power to connect you with your readers or listeners. When you write about shared experiences, feelings, or universal concepts, your ode can resonate with others, fostering a sense of connection and understanding.

Writing this could be a fulfilling endeavor that not only produces a beautiful piece of literature but also brings personal growth and the joy of artistic expression.

Ode and Literary Theory

Literary Theory	Interpretation of Ode	Example of Critique
New Criticism Literary Theory	This theory focuses on analyzing its formal elements , such as structure, imagery, and tone, to understand how they create meaning and impact.	How to Critique: The critic may examine how the complex rhyme scheme and vivid imagery contribute to its emotional resonance.
Feminist Literary Theory	This theory explores how the ode represents gender and power dynamics, and whether it reinforces or challenges gender stereotypes.	How to Critique: The critic may examine how the ode portrays women, whether it empowers or marginalizes them, and how it addresses feminist concerns.
Postcolonial Literary Theory	This theory analyzes how the ode represents cultural identity and power relationships between different groups, reflecting colonial or imperialist ideologies.	How to Critique: The critic may explore how the ode reflects the perspectives and experiences of colonized or marginalized communities.
Queer Literary Theory	This theory examines how the ode represents sexuality and gender identity, challenging or reinforcing dominant cultural norms.	How to Critique: The critic may analyze how the ode portrays non-heteronormative desires or subverts traditional notions of love and desire.
Psychoanalytic Literary Theory	This theory analyzes the ode to explore unconscious desires and conflicts represented within, reflecting the psyche of the speaker or cultural unconscious.	How to Critique: The critic may delve into how the ode symbolically represents repressed desires or explores the complexities of the human psyche.

Suggested Readings

1. Fry, Paul H. The Poet’s Calling in the English Ode. University Press of Virginia, 1980.
2. Griffith, Kelley. Writing Essays about Literature: A Guide and Style Sheet. Wadsworth Cengage Learning, 2010.
3. Kennedy, X.J., and Dana Gioia. An Introduction to Poetry. 14th ed., Pearson Longman, 2011.
4. Ricks, Christopher. The Force of Poetry. Oxford University Press, 1984.
5. Sacks, Peter M. The English Elegy: Studies in the Genre from Spenser to Yeats. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1985.
6. Vendler, Helen. The Odes of John Keats. Belknap Press, 1983.

Etymology of Ode

The word “ode” comes from the Greek word “ᾠδή” (ōdḗ), which means “song” or “singing.” In ancient Greece, odes were typically performed with music and dance, and were often dedicated to a particular god or goddess.

Meanings of Ode

1. Formal Lyrical Poem: It is a type of lyrical poem characterized by its formal structure, language, and tone.
2. Stanzaic Structure: It consists of a series of stanzas with a complex rhyme scheme and meter.
3. Addressing Specific Subjects: Odes are often addressed to a particular person, object, or idea.
4. Emotional Range and Themes: They can express a range of emotions and themes, including praise, admiration, lamentation, and reflection.
5. Historical Usage: Odes have been used by many poets throughout history, such as Pindar and Sappho in ancient Greece, Horace in ancient Rome, and John Keats and Percy Bysshe Shelley in English Romanticism.

Ode in Grammar

In grammar, it is indeed a singular noun. Therefore, when using it as the subject of a sentence, it would typically take a singular verb form. Additionally, when modifying it with an adjective, the adjective would also take a singular form to agree with the noun.

For example:

• Singular verb form: “The ode celebrates the beauty of nature.”
• Singular adjective form: “She wrote a heartfelt ode to her lost love.”

Definition of Ode

As a literary device, i is a type of lyrical poem that is characterized by its formal structure, language, and tone. It often addresses or is addressed to a particular person, object, or idea and shows the use of a highly elevated and stylized language. Odes express a range of emotions and themes, from praise and admiration to lamentation and reflection.

Types of Odes

There are several types of odes, including:

Type	Definition	Example
Pindaric	This is the oldest and most formal type, named after the ancient Greek poet Pindar. It consists of three parts, including a strophe, antistrophe, and epode, and is typically written in a complex meter and rhyme scheme.	Example: Pindar’s Olympian Odes
Horatian	This type is named after the Roman poet Horace and is more informal than the Pindaric ode. It typically uses a simpler meter and rhyme scheme, and is often more personal in tone.	Example: “Ode to Leuconoë” by Horace
Irregular	This type does not follow a specific structure or pattern and is characterized by its freedom in form and expression.	Example: “Ode to a Nightingale” by John Keats
English Ode	This type is also known as the “ode of Keats” or “Ode to a Nightingale.” It is written in ten-line stanzas with a specific rhyme scheme and meter, and often expresses the poet’s personal emotions and experiences.	Example: “Ode to a Grecian Urn” by John Keats
Sapphic	This type is named after the ancient Greek poet Sappho and is characterized by its four-line stanzas with a specific meter and rhyme scheme.	Example: “To the Moon” by Sappho

Literary Examples of Ode

1. “Ode to a Nightingale” by John Keats: In this famous poem, Keats longs to escape the world of pain and mortality and join the immortal nightingale in its world of pure beauty.
2. “Ode on a Grecian Urn” by John Keats: In this poem, Keats reflects on the timelessness and beauty of the images depicted on an ancient Greek urn.
3. “Ode to a Skylark” by Percy Bysshe Shelley: In this poem, Shelley praises the skylark as a symbol of pure beauty and joy, and celebrates the power of nature to uplift the human spirit.
4. “Ode to a West Wind” by Percy Bysshe Shelley: In this poem, Shelley invokes the power of the west wind to inspire him to create great works of art and literature.
5. “Ode on Solitude” by Alexander Pope: Pope, in this poem, celebrates the joys and virtues of solitude, and reflects on the importance of self-reflection and introspection in the pursuit of wisdom and truth.
6. “Ode on a Distant Prospect of Eton College” by Thomas Gray: Gray reflects on the passing of time and the transience of youth in his poem, mourning the loss of innocence and joy of childhood.
7. “Ode to Autumn” by John Keats: Keats celebrates the beauty and bounty of the fall season in this beautiful poem. He also reflects on the cycles of nature and the inevitability of change and decay.

Suggested Readings

1. Fry, Paul H. The Poet’s Calling in the English Ode. University Press of Virginia, 1980.
2. Griffith, Kelley. Writing Essays about Literature: A Guide and Style Sheet. Wadsworth Cengage Learning, 2010.
3. Kennedy, X.J., and Dana Gioia. An Introduction to Poetry. 14th ed., Pearson Longman, 2011.
4. Ricks, Christopher. The Force of Poetry. Oxford University Press, 1984.
5. Sacks, Peter M. The English Elegy: Studies in the Genre from Spenser to Yeats. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1985.
6. Vendler, Helen. The Odes of John Keats. Belknap Press, 1983.