Month: November 2023

Excoriation: Etymology

The term “excoriation” originates from the Latin word “excoriatio,” derived from “excoriare,” meaning to strip off the skin. In its medical context, excoriation refers to the act of abrasion or the removal of the superficial layers of the skin, often caused by friction or scratching.

Excoriation: Literal and Conceptual Meanings

Excoriation: Definition as a Literary Device

In literature, excoriation serves as a literary device through its metaphorical extension beyond its literal meaning of skin abrasion. It entails the harsh criticism or censure of characters or their actions, akin to the metaphorical stripping away of layers. This device adds depth to character dynamics, allowing authors to explore themes of self-reflection, moral scrutiny, and interpersonal conflict within the narrative.

Excoriation: Types

These examples illustrate different types of excoriation in literature, encompassing physical, metaphorical, and self-inflicted dimensions, each contributing to the thematic richness and character development within their respective works.

Excoriation: Examples in Everyday Life

1. Social Media Criticism:
   • Individuals may experience excoriations in the form of harsh criticism or negative comments on social media platforms, impacting their self-esteem and public image.
2. Workplace Evaluation:
   • Performance evaluations at work can be a source of excoriations when employees face severe criticism or unfavorable feedback, influencing their professional standing.
3. Academic Assessment:
   • Students may encounter excoriations through critical feedback on assignments or exams, affecting their academic confidence and self-perception.
4. Public Scrutiny:
   • Public figures, such as celebrities or politicians, often face excoriations from the media or the public, enduring intense criticism that can shape public opinion.
5. Peer Review in Research:
   • Scholars and researchers may experience excoriations during the peer review process, where their work is subjected to rigorous critique by colleagues.
6. Parental Criticism:
   • Children and adolescents may undergo excoriations in the form of parental criticism, impacting their emotional well-being and self-worth.
7. Online Reviews:
   • Businesses and products can face excoriations through negative online reviews, potentially influencing consumer perceptions and trust.
8. Political Discourse:
   • Politicians and public figures may undergo excoriations in the political arena, facing criticism and scrutiny for their decisions or actions.
9. Personal Relationships:
   • Individuals in personal relationships may experience excoriations through intense arguments or confrontations, affecting the dynamics and emotional well-being of those involved.
10. Artistic Critique:
    • Artists, writers, or performers may face excoriations through critical reviews or assessments of their creative work, influencing their artistic reputation.

These examples demonstrate how excoriation is a pervasive aspect of everyday life, manifesting in various contexts such as social interactions, professional settings, and personal relationships.

Excoriation in Literature: Suggested Readings

1. Barthes, Roland. Mythologies. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2012.
2. Foucault, Michel. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. Vintage Books, 1995.
3. Kristeva, Julia. Powers of Horror: An Essay on Abjection. Columbia University Press, 1982.
4. Said, Edward W. Orientalism. Vintage Books, 1979.
5. Derrida, Jacques. Of Grammatology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998.
6. Butler, Judith. Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. Routledge, 1990.
7. Eco, Umberto. The Name of the Rose. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1983.
8. Morrison, Toni. Beloved. Knopf, 1987.
9. Fanon, Frantz. The Wretched of the Earth. Grove Press, 2004.
10. Marx, Karl, and Friedrich Engels. The Communist Manifesto. Penguin Classics, 2002.

Doppelgänger in Literature: Introduction

The exploration of the Doppelgänger in literature, a term derived from the German meaning “double-goer” or “double-walker,” serves as a recurring and captivating theme.

This literary device manifests as either an exact physical replica or a symbolic representation of internal conflicts, delving into the realms of identity, duality, and the enigmatic aspects of human nature.

From Edgar Allan Poe’s haunting exploration in “William Wilson” to Robert Louis Stevenson’s iconic depiction in Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, the Doppelgänger theme continues to enthrall readers, providing them with complexities of selfhood and the uncanny reflections that linger within the human psyche.

Doppelgänger in Literature: Shakespearean Examples

Shakespeare, a master of exploring complex human emotions and psychological nuances, incorporated the theme of the Doppelgänger in several of his plays. Notable examples include:

1. “Hamlet”:
   • In Shakespeare’s tragedy Hamlet, the titular character encounters the ghost of his father, who bears an uncanny resemblance to the deceased king. This spectral figure functions as a Doppelgänger, prompting Hamlet’s internal turmoil and catalyzing the play’s exploration of revenge, madness, and existential questions.
2. “Macbeth”:
   • The tragedy Macbeth features a hallucination experienced by the protagonist, Macbeth, in which he sees a vision of himself. This apparition serves as a Doppelgänger, foreshadowing Macbeth’s descent into moral ambiguity, paranoia, and self-destruction.
3. “Twelfth Night”:
   • In the comedy Twelfth Night, Shakespeare employs the theme of mistaken identity and disguise, leading to a series of characters adopting alternate personas. Viola, in particular, poses as her brother Cesario, creating a Doppelgänger effect that contributes to the play’s comedic misunderstandings and romantic entanglements.
4. “Othello”:
   • The tragedy Othello includes a character named Iago, who deceives and manipulates others, presenting a facade that sharply contrasts with his true nature. Iago’s ability to present a false exterior creates a Doppelgänger effect, contributing to the play’s exploration of jealousy, deception, and betrayal.
5. “Richard III”:
   • Shakespeare’s historical play Richard III features a protagonist, Richard, who is both physically and morally deformed. Richard’s outward appearance serves as a Doppelgänger, reflecting his inner malevolence and contributing to the play’s portrayal of political intrigue and manipulation.

In these Shakespearean examples, the use of Doppelgängers adds layers of complexity to the characters and themes, showcasing Shakespeare’s understanding of the human psyche and his ability to weave intricate narratives that resonate across centuries.

Doppelgänger in Literature: Examples

These examples showcase the diverse use of the Doppelgänger motif in literature, exploring themes of duality, morality, and the complexities of human nature beyond the works of Shakespeare.

Doppelgänger in Literature: Relevance in Literary Theories

• Psychoanalytic Theory:
  • Examines the Doppelgänger as a manifestation of the protagonist’s repressed desires or internal conflicts.
  • Freudian analysis may interpret the Doppelgänger as the “shadow self,” representing the darker aspects of the character’s psyche.
• Jungian Archetypes:
  • Views the Doppelgänger as an archetype embodying the protagonist’s unconscious fears or suppressed traits.
  • Represents the struggle for individuation and the integration of opposing forces within the psyche.
• Feminist Literary Theory:
  • Explores the Doppelgänger in relation to female characters, addressing themes of identity, agency, and societal expectations.
  • Examines how female Doppelgängers may challenge or reinforce traditional gender roles in literature.
• Postcolonial Theory:
  • Considers the Doppelgänger in the context of colonial and postcolonial narratives.
  • Explores how the Doppelgänger may symbolize cultural clashes, identity crises, or the impact of colonization on individual and collective identities.
• Structuralism:
  • Analyzes the Doppelgänger as a structural element contributing to the narrative’s overall meaning.
  • Focuses on the binary oppositions and dualities presented by the Doppelgänger, exploring their role in narrative structure.
• Reader-Response Theory:
  • Investigates how readers interpret and engage with Doppelgänger motifs.
  • Examines the impact of the Doppelgänger on reader identification, empathy, and the construction of meaning within the literary text.
• Marxist Literary Criticism:
  • Interprets the Doppelgänger in relation to class struggles or societal divisions.
  • Explores how the Doppelgänger may represent economic disparities, power imbalances, or the alienation of certain social groups.
• Deconstructionist Theory:
  • Questions the stability of identity and meaning associated with the Doppelgänger.
  • Emphasizes the ambiguity and multiplicity of interpretations, deconstructing traditional binary oppositions.

The relevance of the Doppelgänger in these literary theories highlights its versatility as a symbol that can be analyzed through various critical lenses, enriching the depth and complexity of literary interpretation.

Doppelgänger in Literature: Relevant Terms

1. Duality:
   • State of contrasting aspects, explored through characters or themes.
2. Alter Ego:
   • Secondary self embodying distinct traits.
3. Psychological Conflict:
   • Inner struggles within a character, often symbolized by a Doppelgänger.
4. Shadow Self:
   • Unconscious and darker aspects of an individual’s personality.
5. Juxtaposition:
   • Placing two elements side by side for comparison.
6. Symbolism:
   • Use of symbols, with the Doppelgänger symbolizing internal conflicts.
7. Identity Crisis:
   • Period of uncertainty about one’s sense of self.
8. Moral Ambiguity:
   • Lack of clear moral principles, depicted through Doppelgänger-like characters.
9. Symbolic Resonance:
   • Use of symbols with layered meanings, seen in the Doppelgänger’s symbolic depth.
10. Archetype:
    • Universally recognized symbol or character type, with the Doppelgänger as a psychological archetype.

Doppelgänger in Literature: Suggested Readings

1. Poe, Edgar Allan. “William Wilson.” The Complete Tales and Poems of Edgar Allan Poe, edited by Arthur Hobson Quinn, Doubleday, 1966, pp. 793-808.
2. Stevenson, Robert Louis. Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. Dover Publications, 1991.
3. Dostoevsky, Fyodor. Crime and Punishment. Translated by Richard Pevear and Larissa Volokhonsky, Vintage, 1993.
4. Wilde, Oscar. The Picture of Dorian Gray. Penguin Classics, 2003.
5. Shelley, Mary. Frankenstein. Oxford University Press, 2008.
6. Carroll, Lewis. Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There. Penguin Classics, 2003.
7. Doctorow, E.L. Billy Bathgate. Random House, 1990.
8. Lahiri, Jhumpa. The Namesake. Mariner Books, 2004.
9. Hawthorne, Nathaniel. The Scarlet Letter. Dover Publications, 1994.
10. Carroll, Lewis. Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass, Penguin Classics, 1998.

Doppelgänger: Etymology

The term “Doppelgänger” originates from the German language, where “Doppel” means double, and “Gänger” means goer or walker. The etymology of “Doppelgänger” is deeply rooted in German folklore and literature. The concept of the Doppelgänger has historical antecedents, with early German legends featuring supernatural doubles or apparitions. The term gained prominence in the 19th century with the rise of German Romantic literature, where it became a central motif symbolizing the uncanny and the darker aspects of human nature. The Doppelgänger, as a literary and cultural archetype, continues to evoke themes of identity, duality, and the mysterious reflection of the self in various forms of artistic expression.

Doppelgänger: Literal and Conceptual Meanings

Doppelgänger: Definition as a Literary Device

The Doppelgänger, as a literary device, encompasses the portrayal of a character’s double or look-alike, serving as a symbolic representation of internal psychological conflicts or existential duality within the narrative.

This motif often conveys themes of identity crisis, moral ambiguity, and the shadow self, adding layers of complexity to character development. In literature, the presence of a Doppelgängers frequently triggers introspection, inviting readers to explore the multifaceted nature of the human psyche and grapple with the consequences of encountering one’s own mirror image.

Doppelgänger: Types

These examples illustrate the diverse applications of the Doppelgänger motif in literature, showcasing how different types of doppelgängers contribute to narrative depth and thematic exploration.

Doppelgänger: Examples in Everyday Life

While the concept of a Doppelgänger is most commonly associated with literature and folklore, instances of real-life look-alikes or uncanny resemblances can be found in everyday life. Here are a few examples:

1. Celebrity Look-alikes:
   • People who bear striking resemblances to well-known celebrities often become subjects of fascination. Social media platforms frequently showcase individuals who are mistaken for or purposely emulate famous personalities.
2. Family Resemblance:
   • Within families, members may share strong physical similarities that go beyond mere genetics. Siblings, cousins, or even distant relatives may be mistaken for one another due to common facial features or expressions.
3. Doppelgängers’ Encounters:
   • Individuals may unexpectedly encounter someone who looks remarkably similar to them in public spaces. These chance meetings can be surprising and may lead to a moment of confusion or amusement.
4. Historical Doppelgängers:
   • People occasionally discover historical photographs or paintings featuring individuals who bear a remarkable resemblance to themselves or someone they know. This can create a sense of connection across time.
5. Artistic Portrayals:
   • Artists may unintentionally create characters or figures that resemble real individuals. This can lead to instances where people identify with or recognize themselves in various artistic works.
6. Virtual Doppelgängers:
   • With the rise of deepfake technology, individuals may encounter digital representations of themselves in videos or images that appear convincingly real. This can lead to ethical concerns and challenges related to identity and misinformation.
7. Twin Strangers:
   • Some individuals actively search for their “twin strangers” – people who are not biologically related but share an uncanny physical resemblance. Online platforms and social media have facilitated connections between individuals who discover their doppelgängers.
8. Professionally Impersonating Celebrities:
   • Impersonators who specialize in mimicking the appearance and mannerisms of celebrities contribute to the idea of real-life doppelgängers. These individuals may be hired for events, performances, or entertainment purposes.

While these examples lack the supernatural or symbolic connotations often associated with literary doppelgängers, they highlight instances where people encounter or share striking physical similarities in the course of their everyday lives.

Doppelgänger in Literature: Suggested Readings

1. Poe, Edgar Allan. “William Wilson.” The Complete Tales and Poems of Edgar Allan Poe, edited by Arthur Hobson Quinn, Doubleday, 1966, pp. 793-808.
2. Stevenson, Robert Louis. Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. Dover Publications, 1991.
3. Dostoevsky, Fyodor. Crime and Punishment. Translated by Richard Pevear and Larissa Volokhonsky, Vintage, 1993.
4. Wilde, Oscar. The Picture of Dorian Gray. Penguin Classics, 2003.
5. Shelley, Mary. Frankenstein. Oxford University Press, 2008.
6. Carroll, Lewis. Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There. Penguin Classics, 2003.
7. Doctorow, E.L. Billy Bathgate. Random House, 1990.
8. Lahiri, Jhumpa. The Namesake. Mariner Books, 2004.
9. Hawthorne, Nathaniel. The Scarlet Letter. Dover Publications, 1994.
10. Carroll, Lewis. Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass, Penguin Classics, 1998.

Disparagement in Literature: Introduction

Disparagement in literature, as a recurring theme, serves as a device using which authors highlight conflicts, critique social norms, and explore the intricacies of human relationships.

Whether woven into characters and their interactions, thematic choices, or narrative perspectives, disparagement introduces tension and critique to literary works. Using it deliberately, writers often leverage disparagement to highlight flaws, challenge established ideas, and prompt thinking among readers.

This literary device not only shapes character dynamics but also acts as a prism through which broader societal, cultural, or existential issues are examined, providing authors with a means to engage readers in profound reflections on the multifaceted nature of the human.

Disparagement in Literature: Shakespearean Examples

1. Shakespearean Disparagement in “Othello”: Iago’s calculated disparagement of Othello’s character and insinuations about Desdemona contribute to the tragic unraveling of the play’s events.
2. Shakespearean Disparagement in “King Lear”: The character of Kent engages in disparagement when critiquing Lear’s impulsive decisions, adding a layer of conflict and commentary on leadership.
3. Witty Exchanges in “Much Ado About Nothing”: Shakespeare employs subtle forms of disparagement in the banter between Beatrice and Benedick, creating witty and mocking exchanges that enrich the comedic elements of the play.

These instances of disparagement in Shakespeare’s works underscore the complexity of character relationships, contribute to thematic depth, and showcase the playwright’s mastery in depicting the nuances of human interaction.

Disparagement in Literature: Examples

This table provides a concise overview of disparagement examples in literature, showcasing how authors employ this literary device for various purposes.

Disparagement in Literature: Relevance in Literary Theories

Each literary theory provides a unique lens through which disparagement in literature can be analyzed, offering insights into societal, psychological, or structural dimensions within a literary work.

Disparagement in Literature: Relevant Terms

1. Characterization: Development of characters, including use of disparagement to reveal traits.
2. Satire: Humorous criticism using irony or ridicule.
3. Irony: Expressing meaning through opposite language.
4. Sarcasm: Using ironic language to mock or convey contempt.
5. Parody: Imitating styles for humorous criticism.
6. Caricature: Exaggerated portrayal for humorous effect.
7. Hyperbole: Deliberate exaggeration for emphasis.
8. Cynicism: Doubt or disparagement of human motives.
9. Mockery: Ridiculing through imitation or exaggeration.
10. Ridicule: Provoking contemptuous laughter to criticize.

Disparagement in Literature: Suggested Readings

1. Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. Penguin Classics, 2003.
2. Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. Scribner, 2004.
3. Lee, Harper. To Kill a Mockingbird. Harper Perennial Modern Classics, 2006.
4. Miller, Arthur. The Crucible. Penguin Classics, 2003.
5. Orwell, George. 1984. Signet Classic, 1950.
6. Wilde, Oscar. The Picture of Dorian Gray. Dover Publications, 1993.
7. Orwell, George. Animal Farm. Signet Classic, 1996.
8. Swift, Jonathan. A Modest Proposal. Penguin Little Black Classics, 2015.
9. Hawthorne, Nathaniel. The Scarlet Letter. Dover Publications, 1994.
10. Huxley, Aldous. Brave New World. Harper Perennial Modern Classics, 2006.

Disparagement: Etymology

The term “disparagement” originates from the Middle French word “disparagement,” which evolved from the Old French verb “desparagier,” meaning to marry someone of unequal rank. This etymological progression reflects its historical association with the notion of speaking or acting in a manner that diminishes or devalues someone, aligning with the contemporary understanding of disparagement as the act of expressing negative opinions or critiques.

Disparagement: Literal and Conceptual Meanings

Disparagement: Definition as a Literary Device

Disparagement, as a literary device, refers to the intentional act of belittling, devaluing, or demeaning a character, concept, or theme within a literary work.

Writers employ disparagement to convey criticism, disdain, or contempt, using language to diminish the perceived worth or significance of the subject. This literary technique adds nuance to character interactions, social critiques, and thematic explorations by introducing conflict and emphasizing tensions within the narrative.

Disparagement: Types

Disparagement: Examples in Everyday Life

1. Social Media Criticism: Individuals often engage in disparagement on social media platforms, expressing negative opinions about public figures, products, or current events, sometimes leading to heated online debates.
2. Workplace Critique: Employees may engage in disparagement when critiquing workplace policies, decisions, or colleagues, expressing discontent or frustration with certain aspects of their professional environment.
3. Product Reviews: Consumers frequently use disparagement when writing reviews for products or services, detailing their dissatisfaction and highlighting perceived flaws, contributing to the wider discourse on consumer experiences.
4. Political Commentary: Political discussions often involve disparagement, where individuals criticize or denounce political figures, policies, or ideologies, expressing their discontent or disagreement with the current state of affairs.
5. Entertainment Reviews: Critics employ disparagement in reviews of movies, books, or other forms of entertainment, offering critiques that may highlight perceived shortcomings or aspects deemed unfavorable.
6. Restaurant Reviews: Patrons may use disparagement in reviews of restaurants, critiquing aspects such as service, food quality, or ambiance, providing feedback that can influence others’ dining choices.
7. Peer Interactions: Everyday conversations among peers may involve disparagement, where individuals express negative opinions about one another’s choices, behaviors, or beliefs, reflecting personal judgments or critiques.
8. Family Discussions: Disparagement can arise in family discussions, with members expressing dissatisfaction or criticism regarding family decisions, dynamics, or individual actions.
9. Customer Service Interactions: Disparagement may occur during customer service interactions when individuals express dissatisfaction with a company’s products or services, seeking resolution for perceived issues.
10. Media Commentary: Pundits and commentators frequently use disparagement in analyzing news events, expressing critical opinions about political decisions, social issues, or cultural phenomena in the public sphere.

Disparagement in Literature: Suggested Readings

1. Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. Penguin Classics, 2003.
2. Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. Scribner, 2004.
3. Lee, Harper. To Kill a Mockingbird. Harper Perennial Modern Classics, 2006.
4. Miller, Arthur. The Crucible. Penguin Classics, 2003.
5. Orwell, George. 1984. Signet Classic, 1950.
6. Wilde, Oscar. The Picture of Dorian Gray. Dover Publications, 1993.
7. Orwell, George. Animal Farm. Signet Classic, 1996.
8. Swift, Jonathan. A Modest Proposal. Penguin Little Black Classics, 2015.
9. Hawthorne, Nathaniel. The Scarlet Letter. Dover Publications, 1994.
10. Huxley, Aldous. Brave New World. Harper Perennial Modern Classics, 2006.

Fantasy in Literature: Introduction

Fantasy in literature is like a magical playground where writers can let their imaginations run wild. It’s where you find stories with wizards, dragons, and places that don’t exist in the real world. Think about fairy tales or the adventures of Harry Potter. These stories take us on exciting journeys, exploring big ideas about good and bad, bravery, and how the world works. Fantasy is like a doorway to another universe, created by the author’s imagination, where anything can happen. So, when you dive into a fantasy book, you’re not just reading – you’re stepping into a world of endless possibilities and wonders.

Fantasy in Literature: Examples

1. The Hobbit by J.R.R. Tolkien: Join Bilbo Baggins on an unexpected adventure filled with dwarves, dragons, and a magical ring that holds the key to a vast, fantastical world.
2. Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone by J.K. Rowling: Step into Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry with Harry, Ron, and Hermione as they uncover secrets, face magical creatures, and battle the dark forces.
3. The Chronicles of Narnia by C.S. Lewis: Open the wardrobe and enter Narnia, a land of talking animals, mythical beings, and epic battles between good and evil.
4. Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll: Follow Alice down the rabbit hole to a whimsical world where logic is upside down, and she encounters curious characters like the Cheshire Cat and the Mad Hatter.
5. The Wizard of Oz by L. Frank Baum: Join Dorothy on her journey through the magical land of Oz, where she encounters witches, flying monkeys, and a powerful wizard.
6. A Wrinkle in Time by Madeleine L’Engle: Travel through space and time with Meg Murry, her brother Charles Wallace, and their friend Calvin as they embark on a cosmic adventure to save Meg’s father.
7. Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief by Rick Riordan: Discover a world where Greek mythology comes to life as Percy Jackson, a demigod, navigates a world of gods, monsters, and prophecies.
8. His Dark Materials: The Golden Compass by Philip Pullman: Venture into a parallel universe with Lyra Belacqua and her daemon Pantalaimon as they unravel mysteries and confront powerful adversaries.
9. The Princess Bride by William Goldman: Enter a fairy tale world of romance, adventure, and humor as Westley and Princess Buttercup embark on a quest filled with pirates, giants, and true love.
10. The Earthsea Cycle: A Wizard of Earthsea by Ursula K. Le Guin: Explore the archipelago of Earthsea with Ged, a young wizard, as he grapples with the balance of power and the consequences of his magical abilities.

These examples showcase the diverse and enchanting worlds created by authors in the realm of fantasy literature.

Fantasy in Literature: Best British Fantasy Writers

1. J.R.R. Tolkien:
   • Works: The Hobbit, The Lord of the Rings
   • Style: Tolkien is renowned for his intricate world-building, rich mythology, and epic narratives. His writing features detailed landscapes, diverse languages, and a deep exploration of moral and ethical themes.
2. J.K. Rowling:
   • Works: Harry Potter series
   • Style: Rowling’s style combines a magical universe with relatable characters. Her storytelling is marked by humor, suspense, and a gradual maturation of characters and themes throughout the series.
3. C.S. Lewis:
   • Works: The Chronicles of Narnia
   • Style: Lewis’ fantasy style is characterized by allegorical storytelling and vivid imagination. His works often blend mythical creatures, moral allegories, and strong Christian symbolism.
4. Neil Gaiman:
   • Works: American Gods, Neverwhere
   • Style: Gaiman’s writing is known for its dark whimsy, blending fantasy with elements of mythology, folklore, and the contemporary world. He crafts imaginative tales that delve into the mysteries of human nature.
5. Terry Pratchett:
   • Works: Discworld series
   • Style: Pratchett’s fantasy is infused with satire and humor, often satirizing real-world issues through a fantastical lens. His Discworld series features a flat, disc-shaped world carried on the back of four giant elephants, standing on the shell of an enormous turtle.

These British fantasy writers have left an indelible mark on the genre, each contributing a unique style and thematic depth to the enchanting worlds they create.

Fantasy in Literature: Relevance in Literary Theories

Each literary theory provides a unique perspective on the relevance of fantasy in literature, offering insights into societal, psychological, or structural dimensions within a given work.

Fantasy in Literature: Relevant Terms

1. World-building: Creation of a detailed fictional universe.
2. Magic Realism: Seamless integration of magical elements in a realistic setting.
3. Quest Narrative: Adventure undertaken by characters to achieve a goal.
4. Hero’s Journey: Archetypal narrative of a hero’s adventure and transformation.
5. Epic: Genre featuring grand heroic narratives and battles.
6. Mythopoeia: Creation of myths within a fictional work.
7. Allegory: Symbolic representation of deeper meanings.
8. Enchantment: Magical or supernatural quality that captivates.
9. Subcreation: Tolkien’s term for creating secondary worlds in literature.
10. Tropes and Archetypes: Recurring themes and character types in fantasy literature.

Fantasy in Literature: Suggested Readings

1. Tolkien, J.R.R. The Hobbit. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1937.
2. Lewis, C.S. The Chronicles of Narnia. HarperCollins, 1950-1956.
3. Rowling, J.K. Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone. Bloomsbury, 1997.
4. Pratchett, Terry. Guards! Guards!. Gollancz, 1989.
5. Le Guin, Ursula K. A Wizard of Earthsea. Parnassus Press, 1968.
6. Clarke, Susanna. Jonathan Strange & Mr Norrell. Bloomsbury, 2004.
7. Gaiman, Neil. American Gods. William Morrow, 2001.
8. Barker, Clive. Imajica. HarperCollins, 1991.
9. Attebery, Brian. Strategies of Fantasy. Indiana University Press, 1992.
10. Mendlesohn, Farah. Rhetorics of Fantasy. Wesleyan University Press, 2008.

Fantasy: Etymology

The term “fantasy” has its roots in the Middle English word “fantasye,” borrowed from Old French “fantaisie,” which in turn originated from the Latin word “phantasia,” denoting imagination or a mental image. The etymology reflects a historical evolution of the concept, emphasizing the imaginative and mental aspects integral to the term’s meaning.

Fantasy: Literal and Conceptual Meanings

Fantasy: Definition as a Literary Device

Fantasy, as a literary device, involves the creation of imaginative and fantastical elements within a narrative, often departing from reality to explore unreal realms, magical occurrences, and mythical entities.

This literary tool allows authors to transport readers into alternate worlds, offering a form of escapism and challenging conventional boundaries by introducing elements that defy the constraints of the ordinary.

Through the incorporation of fantasies, writers engage in creative expression, enabling the exploration of allegorical meanings, symbolic representations, and the conveyance of profound human experiences.

Fantasy: Types

Fantasies: Examples in Everyday Life

1. Daydreaming: In everyday life, individuals often engage in daydreaming, allowing their imagination to create fantastical scenarios and narratives as a form of personal escape and creative expression.
2. Imaginary Friends: Children frequently develop imaginary friends, embodying fantastical characters that provide companionship and serve as an outlet for imaginative play.
3. Virtual Reality Gaming: The use of virtual reality technology in gaming allows individuals to immerse themselves in fantastical worlds, experiencing adventures and scenarios beyond the constraints of reality.
4. Fairy Tale-Themed Events: Events such as fairy tale-themed parties or weddings incorporate fantasy elements, bringing to life magical settings and characters for celebratory occasions.
5. Cosplay: Enthusiasts participate in cosplay, dressing up as characters from fantasy literature, movies, or games, merging elements of fantasy into real-world social events.
6. Theme Parks: Amusement parks with fantasies-themed attractions, such as castles, mythical creatures, and magical rides, offer visitors a tangible experience of fantasies in a recreational setting.
7. Storytelling and Mythology: Cultural storytelling and mythology, passed down through generations, often involve fantastical elements that shape cultural identity and provide moral lessons.
8. Role-Playing Games (RPGs): Tabletop or digital RPGs allow participants to assume roles in fictional worlds, embarking on quests and adventures through collaborative storytelling.
9. Art and Fantasy Illustrations: Fantasy is often expressed through art, with fantastical illustrations, paintings, and sculptures serving as a means of conveying imaginative worlds and creatures.
10. Science Fiction and Fantasy Conventions: Events like comic conventions bring together fans of fantasies and science fiction, providing a space for enthusiasts to celebrate their favorite genres through cosplay, discussions, and shared experiences.

Fantasy in Literature: Suggested Readings

1. Tolkien, J.R.R. The Hobbit. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1937.
2. Lewis, C.S. The Chronicles of Narnia. HarperCollins, 1950-1956.
3. Rowling, J.K. Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone. Bloomsbury, 1997.
4. Pratchett, Terry. Guards! Guards!. Gollancz, 1989.
5. Le Guin, Ursula K. A Wizard of Earthsea. Parnassus Press, 1968.
6. Clarke, Susanna. Jonathan Strange & Mr Norrell. Bloomsbury, 2004.
7. Gaiman, Neil. American Gods. William Morrow, 2001.
8. Barker, Clive. Imajica. HarperCollins, 1991.
9. Attebery, Brian. Strategies of Fantasy. Indiana University Press, 1992.
10. Mendlesohn, Farah. Rhetorics of Fantasy. Wesleyan University Press, 2008.

Diatribe in Literature: Introduction

Diatribe in literature, as a literary device, emerges as a compelling tool through which characters or narrators vehemently express criticism or denunciation in literature, infusing narratives with emotional fervor and ideological resonance. This rhetorical technique, often conveyed through extended monologues or dialogues, serves to underscore internal conflicts, societal critiques, or the broader thematic concerns articulated by the author. The strategic use of diatribe facilitates a nuanced exploration of intricate emotions and the articulation of characters’ profound convictions, thereby enhancing both character development and thematic depth within a literary composition.

Diatribe in Literature: Examples

1. Othello by William Shakespeare: Iago’s cunning soliloquies throughout the play serve as diatribes, revealing his intense animosity and detailed schemes to manipulate Othello, reflecting themes of jealousy and betrayal.
2. The Fountainhead by Ayn Rand: The character Howard Roark delivers a diatribe during his courtroom defense, passionately advocating for individualism and artistic integrity while vehemently denouncing societal conformity and mediocrity.
3. The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger: Holden Caulfield’s narrative is punctuated by diatribes against societal norms, adult hypocrisy, and the perceived loss of innocence, showcasing his rebellious and critical perspective.
4. 1984 by George Orwell: Winston’s internal diatribes against the oppressive regime of Oceania illustrate his resistance to thought control and the erosion of personal freedom, offering a stark critique of totalitarianism.
5. Gulliver’s Travels by Jonathan Swift: Swift’s satirical diatribes, often expressed through Gulliver’s encounters with the Lilliputians, sharply criticize the pettiness of human politics and the absurdity of power struggles on a miniature scale.
6. Invisible Man by Ralph Ellison: The protagonist’s impassioned diatribe during the “Battle Royale” scene reflects his internal struggle against racial injustice and serves as a powerful critique of societal racism and exploitation.

Diatribe in Literature: Shakespearean

1. Othello by William Shakespeare: Iago’s diatribe against Othello’s supposed infidelity is encapsulated in the quote: “I hate the Moor, and it is thought abroad that ‘twixt my sheets he has done my office.”
2. Hamlet by William Shakespeare: Hamlet’s introspective diatribe on the nature of existence is a notable example: “To be, or not to be: that is the question.”
3. King Lear by William Shakespeare: In King Lear, Lear delivers a poignant diatribe against ingratitude: “How sharper than a serpent’s tooth it is to have a thankless child!”
4. Macbeth by William Shakespeare: Lady Macbeth’s sleepwalking scene features a haunting diatribe: “Out, damned spot! Out, I say!”
5. Richard III by William Shakespeare: Richard III’s opening soliloquy is a diatribe filled with self-loathing and ambition: “Now is the winter of our discontent made glorious summer by this sun of York.”
6. Julius Caesar by William Shakespeare: Mark Antony’s funeral oration transforms into a powerful diatribe against Brutus and the conspirators: “Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears; I come to bury Caesar, not to praise him.”

Shakespeare’s works abound with great diatribes, showcasing his skill in using language to convey intense emotion, criticism, and reflection.

Diatribe in Literature: Relevance in Literary Theories

Each literary theory brings a unique perspective to the analysis of diatribe, enriching the understanding of how this rhetorical device functions within the broader context of literature and its engagement with various critical lenses.

Diatribe in Literature: Relevant Terms

1. Soliloquy: Character’s private speech revealing thoughts and criticisms.
2. Monologue: Extended speech conveying forceful opinions.
3. Rhetoric: Persuasive language used in vehement expressions.
4. Satire: Humorous criticism of societal flaws.
5. Innuendo: Veiled or suggestive remarks to convey criticism.
6. Polemic: Strongly-worded argument attacking opposing views.
7. Pathos: Appeals to emotions for impactful criticisms.
8. Hyperbole: Exaggeration intensifying rhetorical effect.
9. Catharsis: Emotional release through intense expressions.
10. Diagnosis Criticism: Analyzing literature to diagnose and critique societal issues.

Diatribe in Literature: Suggested Readings

1. Joyce, James. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. Oxford UP, 2008.
2. Atwood, Margaret. The Handmaid’s Tale. Anchor Books, 1998.
3. Salinger, J.D. The Catcher in the Rye. Little, Brown and Company, 1991.
4. Orwell, George. 1984. Signet Classic, 1950.
5. Huxley, Aldous. Brave New World. Harper Perennial Modern Classics, 2006.
6. Ellison, Ralph. Invisible Man. Vintage International, 1995.
7. Swift, Jonathan. Gulliver’s Travels. Dover Publications, 1996.
8. Vonnegut, Kurt. Slaughterhouse-Five. Dell Publishing, 1991.
9. Dostoevsky, Fyodor. Notes from Underground. Penguin Classics, 2009.
10. Rand, Ayn. Atlas Shrugged. Signet, 1999.