Day: January 20, 2024

Heterosexuality in Literature & Literary Theory

Heterosexuality, as a theoretical term, refers to a sexual orientation characterized by an individual’s romantic and sexual attraction to individuals of the opposite gender.

Heterosexuality: Etymology/Term, Meanings and Concept
Heterosexuality: Etymology/Term

The term “heterosexuality” has its roots in Greek etymology, where “hetero” means “different” and “sexuality” pertains to sexual orientation. Coined in the late 19th century, it emerged as a counterpart to “homosexuality,” signifying sexual attraction and relationships between individuals of different genders.

Meanings and Concept:
  • Attraction to the Opposite Gender: Heterosexuality denotes a sexual orientation characterized by romantic and sexual attraction to individuals of the opposite gender. This attraction forms the basis for heterosexual relationships.
  • Social and Cultural Dimensions: Beyond personal attractions, heterosexuality often carries social and cultural dimensions. Normative expectations, traditional gender roles, and societal structures have historically influenced how heterosexuality is perceived and practiced.
  • Binary Framework: Heterosexuality, within a binary framework, assumes a clear distinction between male and female genders. This binary perspective has been critiqued for oversimplifying the diversity of human sexuality.
  • Intersectionality: The concept of heterosexuality intersects with other aspects of identity, such as race, ethnicity, and socio-economic factors, shaping individuals’ experiences and societal expectations within diverse cultural contexts.
  • Historical Evolution: The understanding and acceptance of heterosexuality have evolved over time, influenced by changing cultural norms and attitudes towards diverse sexual orientations. As society progresses, there is ongoing discourse on expanding the inclusivity of sexual identities beyond the heteronormative framework.
Heterosexuality: Definition of a Theoretical Term

Heterosexuality, as a theoretical term, refers to a sexual orientation characterized by an individual’s romantic and sexual attraction to individuals of the opposite gender. Rooted in the etymology where “hetero” signifies “different,” heterosexuality encompasses the cultural, social, and personal dimensions of relationships between individuals of different genders. Within a theoretical framework, it assumes a binary understanding of gender and serves as a counterpart to other sexual orientations within the spectrum of human sexuality.

Heterosexuality: Theorists, Works and Arguments
  1. Sigmund Freud:
    • Work: “Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality” (1905)
    • Argument: Freud explored the development of sexual orientation, introducing concepts like the Oedipus complex and emphasizing the importance of heterosexuality in normative psychosexual development.
  2. Alfred Kinsey:
    • Work: “Sexual Behavior in the Human Male” (1948) and “Sexual Behavior in the Human Female” (1953)
    • Argument: Kinsey’s groundbreaking research on human sexuality contributed empirical data, challenging societal norms and providing a foundation for understanding sexual diversity, including heterosexuality.
  3. Adrienne Rich:
    • Work: “Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence” (1980)
    • Argument: Rich critiqued the societal imposition of heterosexuality as the norm, coining the term “compulsory heterosexuality” to highlight the pressure on individuals to conform to heterosexual relationships, thereby questioning its ubiquity.
  4. Judith Butler:
    • Work: “Gender Trouble” (1990)
    • Argument: Butler’s work on gender performativity challenged traditional notions of heterosexuality by deconstructing the binary understanding of gender, emphasizing the socially constructed nature of sexual identities.
  5. Michael Foucault:
    • Work: “The History of Sexuality” (1976)
    • Argument: Foucault examined the historical development of sexuality and argued that heterosexuality, as a construct, was shaped by social institutions, reinforcing power dynamics and normative expectations.

These theorists and their works collectively contribute to this discourse, offering perspectives ranging from psychoanalysis and empirical research to critiques of societal norms and the deconstruction of gender binaries.

Heterosexuality: Major Characteristics
  1. Attraction to Opposite Gender:
    • Heterosexuality is characterized by a predominant romantic and sexual attraction to individuals of the opposite gender. This attraction forms the foundation for intimate relationships.
  2. Normative Cultural Expectations:
    • It often aligns with normative cultural expectations, reflecting historical societal norms that have traditionally perceived heterosexual relationships as the conventional or expected mode of romantic involvement.
  3. Binary Gender Framework:
    • Heterosexuality is commonly understood within a binary gender framework, assuming a clear distinction between male and female. This binary perspective has historical roots but is critiqued for oversimplifying the diverse spectrum of human gender identities.
  4. Reproductive Potential:
    • Heterosexuality is often associated with reproductive potential, given its alignment with traditional family structures. This association has historical and cultural significance, linking heterosexual relationships to procreation.
  5. Historical and Cultural Variability:
    • The characteristics of heterosexuality exhibit historical and cultural variability, evolving over time as societal attitudes toward sexuality, gender roles, and relationship dynamics undergo shifts and transformations.
  6. Intersectionality:
    • Heterosexuality intersects with other aspects of identity, such as race, ethnicity, and socio-economic factors, influencing individuals’ experiences within the broader context of diverse cultural and social environments.
  7. Discourse on Heteronormativity:
    • The concept of heterosexuality is closely tied to discussions on heteronormativity, where societal structures reinforce the presumption that heterosexuality is the default or preferred sexual orientation.
  8. Legal and Social Recognition:
    • In many societies, heterosexual relationships often receive legal and social recognition, with marriage and family laws historically designed to accommodate and regulate heterosexual unions.

Understanding the major characteristics of heterosexuality involves recognizing its historical, cultural, and social dimensions, as well as its intersection with broader discussions on gender, sexuality, and societal norms.

Heterosexuality: Relevance in Literary Theories
Literary TheoryRelevance of Heterosexuality
Feminist CriticismExamines how traditional gender roles, often associated with heterosexual norms, shape literature and reinforce or challenge societal expectations.
Queer TheoryCritiques and deconstructs normative ideas about sexuality, including heterosexuality, questioning its dominance and exploring alternative perspectives within literature.
Psychoanalytic TheoryExplores the influence of heterosexual norms on characters’ psychological development, drawing from Freudian concepts such as the Oedipus complex and sexual identity formation.
Marxist CriticismAnalyzes how economic structures and power dynamics intersect with heteronormativity in literature, exploring how societal norms, including heterosexual ones, may serve specific class interests.
Postcolonial TheoryInvestigates how colonial histories and heteronormative values intersect, impacting representations of heterosexuality and sexuality within postcolonial literature.
Reader-Response TheoryExamines how readers’ interpretations of texts, influenced by cultural and personal contexts, contribute to the construction and reinforcement of heteronormative ideals present in literature.
Heterosexuality: Application in Critiques
  1. Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen:
    • Application: It is a central theme in Austen’s novel, where societal expectations and norms surrounding heterosexual relationships are scrutinized. The characters navigate the pressures of courtship, marriage, and social standing, offering a critique of the rigid heteronormative structures prevalent in the 19th-century English society depicted in the novel.
  2. Brokeback Mountain by Annie Proulx:
    • Application: Proulx’s novella challenges traditional notions by portraying a complex, forbidden love affair between two men. The narrative explores societal prejudices, internal struggles, and the impact of heteronormative expectations, providing a critique of the limitations imposed by such norms on individuals’ authentic expressions of love.
  3. The Color Purple by Alice Walker:
    • Application: In Walker’s novel, the exploration of it is interwoven with themes of gender, race, and power dynamics. The protagonist, Celie, undergoes a transformative journey, challenging societal expectations regarding heterosexual relationships and finding her own agency in defining her identity and desires.
  4. Mrs. Dalloway by Virginia Woolf:
    • Application: Woolf’s modernist exploration delves into the complexities of within the context of post-World War I England. The novel critiques societal norms surrounding marriage and relationships, offering a nuanced portrayal of characters navigating the constraints and expectations associated with heteronormative ideals during that era.

In these literary works, the application in critiques extends beyond mere representation, engaging with societal expectations, power dynamics, and individual agency, thereby offering insightful commentary on the complexities of heterosexual relationships within diverse contexts.

Heterosexuality: Relevant Terms
TermDefinition
HeteronormativityAssumption that heterosexuality is societal norm, shaping expectations.
Compulsory HeterosexualitySocietal pressure enforcing engagement in heterosexual relationships.
Gender RolesSocietal norms dictating behaviors and expectations based on gender.
Sexual IdentityIndividual’s self-conception and expression of heterosexual orientation.
Power DynamicsExamination of imbalances influenced by heteronormative structures in literature.
AuthenticityExploration of characters’ genuine expressions challenging normative expectations.
Alternative NarrativesIntroduction of diverse, non-traditional narratives challenging heteronormativity.
IntersectionalityRecognition of how multiple identities intersect, influencing experiences.
Heterosexuality: Suggested Readings
  1. Butler, Judith. Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. Routledge, 1990.
  2. Coontz, Stephanie. Marriage, A History: How Love Conquered Marriage. Viking, 2005.
  3. Foucault, Michel. The History of Sexuality, Volume 1: An Introduction. Vintage Books, 1990.
  4. Halberstam, Jack. Female Masculinity. Duke University Press, 1998.
  5. Rubin, Gayle. Thinking Sex: Notes for a Radical Theory of the Politics of Sexuality. University of Chicago Press, 1984.
  6. Weeks, Jeffrey. The World We Have Won: The Remaking of Erotic and Intimate Life. Routledge, 2007.

Ephemeralization in Literature & Literary Theory

Ephemeralization, a theoretical term coined by R. Buckminster Fuller, refers to the concept of achieving increased efficiency and productivity while using fewer resources through continuous technological advancements.

Ephemeralization: Etymology, Meanings, and Concept
Etymology/Term:

Coined by inventor and futurist R. Buckminster Fuller, “ephemeralization” combines “ephemeral” and “ization.” The term emerged in the mid-20th century to describe the process of doing more with less and achieving increased efficiency and productivity through technological advancements.

Meanings and Concept:
  • Efficiency Through Innovation: Ephemeralization refers to the ability to achieve greater output or efficiency with fewer resources, thanks to technological progress and innovation.
  • Optimizing Resource Utilization: The concept emphasizes the idea that advancements in technology allow for the optimization and reduction of material, energy, and space requirements in various processes.
  • Doing More with Less: Ephemeralization suggests that as technology evolves, systems become more streamlined, requiring fewer inputs to accomplish the same or even enhanced outputs.
  • Technological Progress as a Driver: The term underscores the role of continuous technological progress as a key driver in achieving ephemeralization, enabling advancements in diverse fields from manufacturing to information technology.
  • Environmental Implications: Ephemeralization has environmental implications, as it aligns with sustainable practices by reducing waste, energy consumption, and overall environmental impact.

Ephemeralization captures the essence of achieving more with less, leveraging technological innovations to enhance efficiency, minimize resource consumption, and promote sustainability in various domains.

Ephemeralization: Definition of a Theoretical Term

Ephemeralization, a theoretical term coined by R. Buckminster Fuller, refers to the concept of achieving increased efficiency and productivity while using fewer resources through continuous technological advancements. It signifies the ability to do more with less, emphasizing optimization and streamlining in various processes. The term encapsulates the idea that as technology progresses, systems become more efficient, requiring reduced inputs to accomplish comparable or improved outputs.

Ephemeralization: Theorists, Works and Argument
Theorists:
  • R. Buckminster Fuller: Coined the term ephemeralization and extensively discussed its implications in the context of technological progress and efficiency.
Works:
  • Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth by R. Buckminster Fuller: In this work, Fuller explores the concept of ephemeralization, discussing how humanity can do more with less through technological advancements.
Argument:
  • Efficiency Through Innovation: Ephemeralization argues that technological innovation enables achieving greater efficiency and productivity with fewer resources, leading to advancements in various fields.
Ephemeralization: Major Characteristics

1. Technological Advancements:

  • Characteristics: Ephemeralization is characterized by continuous technological progress, allowing for the achievement of greater efficiency and productivity.
  • Literary Reference: In Arthur C. Clarke’s “2001: A Space Odyssey,” the HAL 9000 computer exemplifies technological advancement, showcasing how machines can become more efficient over time.

2. Optimization of Resources:

  • Characteristics: The concept emphasizes the optimization and reduction of material, energy, and space requirements in various processes.
  • Literary Reference: In Isaac Asimov’s “Foundation” series, the fictional science of psychohistory epitomizes the optimization of resources through mathematical models, predicting the future of large populations.

3. Sustainable Practices:

  • Characteristics: Ephemeralization aligns with sustainable practices by reducing waste, energy consumption, and overall environmental impact.
  • Literary Reference: Kim Stanley Robinson’s “Green Mars” explores sustainable technologies and practices, reflecting the ephemeralization concept in the context of terraforming Mars.

4. Doing More with Less:

  • Characteristics: The core idea of ephemeralization is achieving more with fewer resources, leveraging technological innovation.
  • Literary Reference: In Ray Bradbury’s “Fahrenheit 451,” the compact yet powerful nature of electronic books symbolizes doing more with less in the context of information storage and dissemination.

5. Continuous Improvement:

  • Characteristics: Ephemeralization signifies a continuous process of improvement, where systems become more efficient over time.
  • Literary Reference: In Aldous Huxley’s “Brave New World,” the society’s continuous pursuit of technological and biological advancements exemplifies the theme of continuous improvement, albeit with dystopian consequences.

As depicted in literature, it showcases major characteristics through narratives that explore the dynamic relationship between technological progress and efficiency.

Ephemeralization: Relevance in Literary Theories
Literary TheoryRelevance to Ephemeralization
Postmodernism:Explores the deconstruction and reconstruction of traditional narratives, mirroring ephemeralization’s emphasis on continuous change and redefinition in literary structures.
Eco-CriticismExamines the ecological impact of human activities, aligning with ephemeralization’s focus on sustainable practices and the optimization of resources in literature that addresses environmental concerns.
FuturismEncompasses speculative fiction that envisions future technological advancements, resonating with ephemeralization’s core theme of continuous technological progress shaping societies in literature.
New CriticismAnalyzes the internal coherence and formal aspects of literary works, providing a lens to explore how ephemeralization is portrayed in the structure and style of narratives across different genres.
Cultural StudiesInvestigates the intersection of culture and technology, offering insights into how ephemeralization is portrayed in literature as a reflection of societal values, norms, and the impact of technological advancements.

These literary theories provide diverse perspectives on the relevance of ephemeralization in literature, highlighting its connections to themes of change, sustainability, technological progress, narrative structures, and cultural influences within different theoretical frameworks.

Ephemeralization: Application in Critiques
  1. Neuromancer by William Gibson:
    • Application: Gibson’s cyberpunk novel explores the ephemeralization of information in a technologically advanced society. The constant upgrading and evolution of cyberspace represent the core theme of doing more with less, as characters navigate a digital realm that becomes increasingly efficient and dynamic.
  2. Snow Crash by Neal Stephenson:
    • Application: In Stephenson’s novel, the concept of ephemeralization is evident in the virtual reality and the Metaverse. The ability to engage in complex interactions within a virtual space reflects the idea of achieving more with less physical infrastructure, aligning with the essence of ephemeralization.
  3. The Diamond Age by Neal Stephenson:
    • Application: Stephenson explores ephemeralization through nanotechnology and the creation of the Young Lady’s Illustrated Primer. The nanobots’ transformative abilities exemplify the novel’s focus on doing more with less, as they enable personalized education and growth in a compact and efficient manner.
  4. Rainbows End by Vernor Vinge:
    • Application: Vinge’s novel delves into ephemeralization through augmented reality and pervasive computing. The characters navigate a world where information is seamlessly integrated into their surroundings, showcasing the concept of achieving efficiency and enhanced experiences through technological advancement.

In these literary works, ephemeralization is applied to various futuristic and speculative settings, illustrating how technological progress, optimization of resources, and doing more with less are central themes that shape the narratives and impact character experiences.

Ephemeralization: Relevant Terms
Theoretical TermLiterary Critique Relevance
1. Efficiency Paradigm:Narratives emphasizing efficiency as a central theme.
2. Technological Determinism:Exploration of how technology shapes characters and societies.
3. Posthumanism:Blurring boundaries between humans and technology in literature.
4. Cybernetics:Narratives featuring interconnected systems and feedback loops.
5. Transhumanism:Visioning enhanced human capabilities through technology.
6. Media Ecology:Examining literature reflecting societal changes through media.
7. Optimization Theory:Narratives where characters strive to optimize resources.
8. Digital Humanities:Technology’s impact on storytelling within the humanities.
9. Biopunk:Exploration of biology and technology intersections in literature.
10. Cognitive Augmentation:Narratives involving cognitive enhancements.
Ephemeralization: Suggested Readings
  1. Fuller, R. Buckminster. Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth. Southern Illinois UP, 1971.
  2. Gibson, William. Neuromancer. Ace Books, 1984.
  3. Stephenson, Neal. Snow Crash. Bantam Books, 1992.
  4. Stephenson, Neal. The Diamond Age. Bantam Books, 1995.
  5. Toffler, Alvin. Future Shock. Random House, 1970.
  6. Vinge, Vernor. Rainbows End. Tor Books, 2006.
  7. West, Stewart. Biodesign: The Process of Innovating Medical Technologies. Harvard UP, 2010.

Impact of Sex Trafficking on Young Girls and Women

Impact of Sex trafficking is a worldwide menace which is causing serious effects on the psychological, mental and physical health of the victims.

I. Introduction: Impact of Sex Trafficking

Hook: Impact of Sex trafficking is a worldwide menace which is causing serious effects on the psychological, mental and physical health of the victims.

Background Information: Sex trafficking and exploitation is a form of slavery which has been prevalent across the globe for thousands of years. From the Greek and Romans to the Middle Ages, and up until today, humans have been subject to various forms of physical and sexual slavery (“Timeline of Human Trafficking”)

Thesis Statement: Sex trafficking being an immense world problem is the result of unequal distribution of resources, male domination, marginalization and militarization which lead to psychological trauma, personality disorders and fatal sexually transmitted diseases among the illegally transported women and girls.

II. First Body Paragraph: Impact of Sex Trafficking

    Topic Sentence: Unequal distribution of resources and male domination in society is the major cause of sex trafficking

    1. Women and girls are more vulnerable in this male dominated society as they are less exposed to the opportunities.
    2. Jobs are more open for males and females have to face the male chauvinism not only in the market but also in their family life
    3. Their isolation and sometimes their helplessness cause their trafficking into sex business and they are trapped by sex traffickers (Nikolic-Ristanovic).
    III. Second Body Paragraph: Impact of Sex Trafficking

                Topic Sentence: Militarization and marginalization of women cause frustration, domestic violence and ultimately their chances of being trafficked rise high.

    1. Sex trafficking rise high during wars and unrest—sometimes it is deliberately arranged for army personnel.
    2. When they are treated as low creatures in the society, their frustration increases and hence, their chances of being trafficked also increase.
    3. Domestic violence is also the offshoot of this marginalization causing family unrest which may lead to any untoward activity.   
    IV. Third Body Paragraph: Impact of Sex Trafficking

                Topic Sentence: Sex trafficking badly impacts the psychological health of women and girls being illegally transported which may take many years for rehabilitation in the rehabilitation centers.

    1. when the girls and women are taken to any other place for sex business, they become machines and hence lose the psychological stability.
    2. They fall a victim to psychosis, neurosis and sometimes schizophrenia.
    3. The young girls having this bad experience cannot forget this incident for all their life and it haunts them (Chung).
    V. Fourth Body Paragraph: Impact of Sex Trafficking

                Topic Sentence: Sex trafficking not only is a cause of HIV/Aids and other STDs but also causes bad effect on their health and they start taking drugs to avert their body pains and stress.

    1. Women and girls being illegally taken for sex business are often get drug addicted to forget their loss and they also incur other problems.
    2. They need medicines and drugs to relieve their pains
    3. They get many incurable diseases like HIV/ Aids and other STDs (“Human Trafficking and HIV/AIDS”).
    V. Conclusion: Impact of Sex Trafficking
    1. Rephrasing Thesis Statement: In brief, sex trafficking is a worldwide problem which has affected the large population of women and girls both psychologically and physically.
    2. Concluding Remarks: The world should immediately pay attention to this menace to safeguard the millions of girls and women illegally transported for sex business. In this way, they can be given their equal right to live in this world as respectable citizens.
    Works Cited: Impact of Sex Trafficking
    1. Chung, Rita Chi-Ying. “Human Trafficking for Sexual Exploitation: Psychological & Cultural Impacts.” Globality. Globality. 2006.Web. 23 Feb. 2022.
    2. “Human Trafficking and HIV/AIDS.” n.d. Web. 23 Feb 2022.
    3. Nikolic-Ristanovic, Vesna. “Sex Trafficking: The Impact of War, Militarism and Globalization in Eastern Europe.” Journal of Political Theory and Research on Globalization, Development and Gender Issues (n.d.).
    4. “Timeline of Human Trafficking.” n.d. Web. 23 Feb 2022.

    Ignorance is Killing Humanity

    Ignorance is killing humanity, a silent adversary that thrives on the absence of knowledge and understanding, eroding the fabric of progress and compassion. In response to ignorance, Mark Twain once gave an interesting reply, stating, “All you need in life is ignorance and confidence, and then success is sure.

    Introduction: Ignorance is Killing Humanity

    Ignorance is killing humanity, a silent adversary that thrives on the absence of knowledge and understanding, eroding the fabric of progress and compassion. In response to ignorance, Mark Twain once gave an interesting reply, stating, “All you need in life is ignorance and confidence, and then success is sure.” The ample evidence of this quote from the celebrated literary icon is just emerging in the form of elections in the United States and various Western nations, where ignorant demagogues enter offices without the knowledge and skills required for navigating the world of politics and diplomacy. The same holds true for the threat of beauty stereotypes, as black, Arab, and Mexican teenage girls look up to Kardashians and other models as their ultimate role models, aspiring to attain the same bodies depicted in posters, advertisements, and hoardings. While it seems that the media plays a role in fostering this ignorance, it is not the whole story. Ignorance, in essence, signifies a lack of knowledge about the real facts behind things, encompassing the absence of information and even a willingness not to learn essential aspects to understand the world. The current issue with ignorance, despite the digitization of media and the influence of millennials, is that it leads to various problems of discrimination and segregation, causing people to view the world through a stereotyping lens.

    Media’s Role: Ignorance is Killing Humanity

    While it may be inappropriate to solely attribute the rise of ignorance to the digitization of media and the world, it has undoubtedly played a role. The technological advances and prevalence of social media are key components of this digital era, giving rise to the millennial generation, commonly defined as those born between 1980 and 2000. In today’s digital age, millennials use social media platforms to communicate, share videos on YouTube, post pictures on Facebook, and express opinions on Twitter, often without a full understanding of the implications of their actions. Jerry Adler contends that the digital era not only empowers but also exerts control over its users, leading them to engage in activities without a comprehensive understanding of their consequences. He notes, “On one hand, millennials consume so much media they can’t concentrate, torn as they are between texting, posting on Facebook, and watching YouTube,” a significant factor contributing to their ignorance (495).

    Adler further identifies individuals raised in a digital media world as digital Nisei, distinct from the older generation that had to adapt to technology. This generation is characterized by a constant need for connectivity, relying on devices such as phones, laptops, and smartwatches. Teenagers, in particular, feel lost without these devices, contributing to a creeping sense of ignorance as they become increasingly dependent on technology, resulting in decreased knowledge and understanding. Paradoxically, technology has aided in making them less informed and more ignorant, even as they assert influence in this digital arena.

    Millennials: Ignorance is Killing Humanity

    Millennials, despite being the most media-savvy generation, have consciously chosen ignorance, particularly when it comes to their perceptions of body image and self-worth. Media, as Jamie Santa Cruz of the Atlantic points out, plays a significant role in shaping their ideals, promoting unrealistic standards epitomized by images of Barbie dolls for women and action figures with chiseled physiques for men (Cruz). Despite the difficulty in achieving these standards, millennials strive to conform.

    To boost fashion product sales, magazines, and modeling agencies contribute to altering the mindset of this generation regarding their bodies, fostering a culture of discontent. Santa Cruz contends that women are pressured to attain a double-zero pant size, while men aspire to develop muscles and six-packs. Citing a study published in JAMA Pediatrics, she notes that nearly 18 percent of boys are highly concerned about their weight and physique (334).

    Additionally, a study by Natalia Kazmierczak, Rafal Patryn, and Antoni Niedzielski reveals the profound impact of models on social media, particularly on millennials who willingly succumb to their self-imposed ignorance. The study finds that many individuals develop eating disorders like bulimia and anorexia, with 32.4% associating anorexia with beauty and success. Kazmierczak and colleagues state, “They do not accept their bodies and, in result, try to achieve an ideally slim and, in consequence, a boyish figure” (303), highlighting the pervasive ignorance exhibited in the face of relentless media influence. This ignorance extends beyond millennials, causing broader societal issues and problems.

    Problems: Ignorance is Killing Humanity

    Ignorance is giving rise to various societal problems, including discrimination, which manifests in various forms such as religious, ethnic, racial, and linguistic biases. When people perceive others in terms of groups, discrimination often ensues, fostering a mindset where some groups believe they are superior to others, exemplified by the experiences of Firoozeh Dumas, an Iranian writer who faced prejudice due to her foreign name (379). Such discrimination arises from the extremes of thinking that people are either entirely the same or fundamentally different, reflecting a lack of understanding and acceptance that differences can coexist with similarities.

    Slavery, as a historical form of discrimination, has evolved into modern-day human trafficking, with an estimated 20 to 30 million slaves worldwide and approximately 800,000 people trafficked illegally across borders each year, as reported by the CNN Freedom Project. Furthermore, 79% of modern-day slaves are exploited in the labor industry. A harrowing true story from Riyadh narrated by Almaza, an immigrant worker, illustrates the severe conditions, mistreatment, and sexual abuse she endured while working for a cruel family (Dix, Benjamin, and Pollox 177). In this case, both the victims and the abusers were ignorant of their rights, exemplifying a willful ignorance that led to Almaza’s enslavement and her masters’ abusive behavior.

    Racism is another manifestation of ignorance, further highlighting the societal problems rooted in a lack of understanding and empathy.

    Racism: Ignorance is Killing Humanity

    Ignorance regarding racism is prevalent in Western societies, where Syrian refugees, for instance, are often mistreated based on their Muslim identity and nationality, hindering their assimilation. Biases against unfamiliar names pose challenges for Arabs seeking careers abroad, leading many to consider changing their identities. Such ignorance fosters stereotypical prejudices, discrimination, and, ultimately, social unrest and conflicts.

    Dr. Jack G. Shaheen, a writer and lecturer focusing on racial and ethnic stereotypes, highlights the perpetuation of negative Arab stereotypes in Hollywood. In the film “Reel Bad Arabs,” he exposes Hollywood’s consistent portrayal of Arabs as villains, terrorists, and subhuman, contributing to biased perceptions. Howard Beale emphasizes this ignorance, stating that a small percentage of people read books or newspapers, relying on television for their truth, which can be manipulated (“Reel Bad Arabs: How Hollywood Vilifies a People”).

    Another example comes from the movie “Alex and Eve” (2016), portraying a love story between a Christian Greek boy and a Muslim girl. The film illustrates how the Greek Christian family stereotypes Eve’s family as Muslim terrorists, highlighting how ignorance influences narratives. Howard Beale’s insight that television is an amusement park and not the truth underscores the notion that people tend to believe what they see without questioning or seeking more information, perpetuating their ignorance (“We’re in a Lot of Trouble!”).

    Conclusion: Ignorance is Killing Humanity

    Putting it briefly, it is fair to assert that ignorance is a fundamental source of many global issues faced by people today. Despite these challenges, solutions to combat ignorance are available. Initiatives like the Dove Campaign, celebrated by Nina Bahadur of the Huffington Post, have actively worked to redefine beauty standards by featuring women of various forms and sizes as models, emphasizing the celebration of unique differences (Bahadur). To address ignorance, individuals must learn to critically analyze information and not blindly accept everything they see and hear. Education stands as a powerful weapon against discrimination and willful ignorance. Discrimination is not inherent but results from the prevailing environment and culture, and education can reshape these perspectives. Creating a safe and diverse environment, free from ignorance, is crucial for instilling correct life standards. Awareness campaigns are essential to liberate people from the cages of discrimination and slavery. In short, education emerges as a potent tool to combat ignorance—the root feeding the tree of evil. It serves as the beacon of light illuminating the dark paths of discrimination, slavery, and false perceptions. Education holds the key to addressing and resolving many of the problems plaguing humanity.

    Works Cited: Ignorance is Killing Humanity
    1. Adler, Jerry. “Meet the First Digital Generation. Now Get to Play by Their Rules.” Wired Magazine, Shifting Narratives, 16 Apr. 2013: 494-500. Print.
    2. Bahadur, Nina. “Dove ‘Real Beauty’ Campaign Turns 10: How A Brand Tried To Change The Conversation About Female Beauty.” The Huffington Post. 21 Jan. 2022. www.huffingtonpost.com/…/dove-real-beauty-campaign-turns-10_n_4575940.html. Accessed on 16 Apr. 2022.
    3. Cruz, Jamie Santa. “Body- Image Pressure Increasingly Affects Boys.”  The Atlantic, Shifting Narratives, 10 Mar. 2014: 333-37. Print.
    4. Dix, Benjamin, and Lindsay Pollox. “Almaza: A Story of Migrant Labour.” BBC News Magazine, Shifting Narratives, 30 Sept. 2014: 176-201. Print.
    5. Dumas, Firoozeh. “The F Word”, and excerpt from “Funny in Farsi: A Memoir of Growing Up Iranian in America”. 2003. Print.
    6. Kazmierczak, Natalia, et al. “Influence of Mass Media on Emergence of Eating Disordes Amongst Young People.” Polish Journal of Public Health, vol. 123, no. 4, Oct. 2013, pp. 301-304. EBSCO host. Web. 16 April 2022.
    7. “Reel Bad Arabs: How Hollywood Vilifies a People.” Perf. Jack Shaheen. Youtube. N.p., 17 July 2016. www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ukg-OMMQ36w. Accessed on 16 Apr. 2022.
    8. Shaheen, Jack. “The Media’s Image of Arabs.” Crossing Cultures. n.d.: 433-34. Print.
    9. “We’re in a Lot of Trouble!” Perf. Howard Beale. Youtube. The Ghost, 16 June 2008. www.youtube.com/watch?v=HFvT_qEZJf8. 16 Apr. 2022.
    Relevant Questions about Ignorance is Killing Humanity
    1. How does ignorance contribute to the detrimental effects on humanity, acting as a silent force that undermines progress and compassion?
    2. In what ways can we address and combat the consequences of ignorance, recognizing its impact on the well-being and unity of humanity?
    3. What role does education and awareness play in mitigating the destructive consequences of ignorance, and how can societies actively work towards eradicating this silent threat?

    Human Trafficking: Problem, Reasons and Solutions

    Funk & Wagnalls New World Encyclopedia defines human trafficking as the recruitment of people for trafficking for two reasons: sexual exploitation or bonded or forced labor with no pay or minimum wages.

    Introduction: Human Trafficking

    Funk & Wagnalls New World Encyclopedia defines human trafficking as the recruitment of people for trafficking for two reasons: sexual exploitation or bonded or forced labor with no pay or minimum wages. It means the person exploited is in a vulnerable position, akin to modern-day slavery, and exists in almost all countries worldwide in one form or another. A rapidly growing criminal enterprise, human trafficking is carried out underground, targeting religious, ethnic, or racial minorities, as well as the poor and the unemployed (“Human Trafficking”). Carol Allais terms it a complicated phenomenon, taking place in a well-organized manner globally, where smuggling of children, women, and minority groups occurs for purposes such as prostitution, forced marriages, servitude, betting, and other criminal activities, including the removal of healthy body organs.

    The Palermo Protocol of UNHCR defines human smuggling not only as recruitment but also as transportation, transfer, and abduction through any means other than real consent, abusing power, and exploiting the weakness of the victims. It includes all the reasons cited above (272). Further explaining, Pooja Theressa Stansals, in her article “Transborder Human Trafficking in Malaysian Waters: Addressing Root Causes,” argues that human trafficking is like illegal smuggling of people, but there is a difference. Smuggling is completely illegal, while human trafficking sometimes becomes legal when victims give their consent (599). It means human smuggling, whether legal or illegal, is the recruitment, transportation, and conveyance of vulnerable segments of any society across national or international borders for prostitution, forced labor, slavery, forced work, or any other abuse of vulnerable victims.

    Involving a host of reasons such as poverty, economic benefits, ethnic or religious violence, wars, discrimination, and exploitation, human smuggling not only requires global but also state-level efforts with legal cover to eradicate this menace.

    Phenomenon of Human Trafficking

    As highlighted by Carol Allais, human smuggling is indeed a highly intricate phenomenon. Despite the clear and concise definition provided by the UNHCR Palermo Protocol, several grey areas exist where this definition may not fully apply, as Vanessa Neumann elaborates on the complexities associated with its definition and assessment.

    Neumann points out that human smuggling is not merely an event but a process involving individuals who engage in smuggling vulnerable victims. Another complication she raises is that this phenomenon can sometimes transform into smuggling, especially when victims provide their full consent. This adds complexity to the challenge of evaluating cases where an individual transitions from smuggling based on the circumstances in which they find themselves. A third issue involves the degree of exploitation experienced by the victims, as some may refrain from testifying due to perceived economic advantages (3). This complicates the task of uncovering the true motivations behind this type of smuggling.

    It becomes imperative to establish a clear distinction between smuggling and traffickings, a task that is at times hindered by ambiguities in definitions and the complex realities on the ground

    Reasons of Human Trafficking

    Setting aside the debate on ambiguities, Siddharth Kara, in his article “Supply and Demand,” outlines various reasons for human traffickings. He asserts that the existence of human trafficking is rooted in demand, and if there were no demand for human slavery, there would be no supply and no traffickings. Kara identifies poverty as a primary factor contributing to the demand, emphasizing that economic incentives play a crucial role. Both criminal agents and victims may resort to trafficking as a means to escape poverty, although for criminal agents, it often serves as a lucrative profit-generating activity.

    In addition to poverty, other contributing factors include lawlessness, war, violence, and religious bias. Vulnerable individuals are often targeted based on gender, race, or ethnicity. Instability, military conflicts, natural disasters, and corruption are additional elements that promote this phenomenon (69). It is evident that social and economic issues give rise to human trafficking, and the phenomenon persists as it aligns with the market rule of supply and demand, meeting the labor cost-cutting goals of commercial entities.

    However, this acknowledgment does not imply a lack of efforts to eradicate human trafficking. Various entities, including the UNHCR and world governments, actively work to legislate against human trafficking, achieving some success in combating this pervasive issue.

    Combating Human Trafficking

    Understanding the economic forces at play is crucial in combating human trafficking. Siddharth Kara proposes several measures, including strict economic policies, stringent penalties, fast and rigorous prosecution, and addressing the actual demand (71). However, he acknowledges the existence of loopholes, stemming not only from ambiguities but also from missing links in the smuggling and human trafficking networks.

    Vanessa Neumann emphasizes the importance of clearing the flow of money as the first step, followed by the identification of networks. This aligns with Kara’s suggestion of ending the demand through personal efforts (50). The challenge is compounded by uncontrollable human emotions, including intemperate desires and greed. Global agencies such as the International Labor Organization (ILO), UNHCR, and even US law enforcement agencies face difficulties in their actions due to the interests of various commercial entities dominating legislation and enforcement.

    A concerted and collective campaign led by the UN is deemed necessary for the eradication of human trafficking, recognizing the need to address economic, legal, and emotional factors contributing to its persistence.

    Conclusion: Human Trafficking

    In short, human smuggling has been an enduring issue throughout history. Driven by intemperate desires, individuals exploit the vulnerabilities of others wherever they exist. As times change, the complexity of human smuggling increases, adapting to shifting vulnerabilities. Modern traffickers exploit not only economic deprivations but also ethnic conflicts, religious discrimination, and violence to ensnare victims and transport them globally.

    The intricacies between smuggling contribute to the challenges in eradicating this menace, despite the existence of global and local laws. This failure is exacerbated by the involvement of global economic forces and the fundamental rule of supply and demand in the economy. Additionally, various commercial entities have vested interests in human traffickings. Addressing this issue requires a multifaceted approach, including public awareness campaigns, legal interventions, and support from governments and multinational corporations to effectively end this pervasive menace.

    Works Cited: Human Trafficking

    1. Allais, Carol. “Human Traffickings: Some Research Challenges for South Africa.”Acta Academica. 45.3 (2013) : 271-292. Web. 05 March 2022.
    2. “Human Trafficking.”Funk & Wagnalls New World Encyclopedia. 2015. World Book, Inc., Chicago. Web. 05 March 2022.
    3. Kara, Siddharth. “Supply and Demand: Human Trafficking in the Global Economy. “Harvard International Review. (2011): 66-71. Web. 05 March 2022.
    4. Neumann, Vanessa. “Never Mind the Metrics: Disrupting Human Trafficking by Other Means.” Journal of International Affairs. 68.2 (2015): 1-7.Web. 05 March 2022.
    5. Stansals, Pooja Theresa. “Transborder Human Trafficking in Malaysian Waters: Addressing the Root Causes.”Journal of Maritime Law and Commerce, 41.4 (Oct. 2010): 599-604. Web. 05 March 2022.
    Relevant Questions about Human Trafficking
    1. What factors contribute to the prevalence of human smuggling and what are the root causes of this pervasive problem?
    2. How do socio-economic factors, political instability, and cultural influences contribute to the vulnerability of individuals to human smuggling?
    3. In addressing the issue of human trafficking, what are effective and comprehensive solutions that involve collaboration between governments, NGOs, and communities to prevent, rescue, and rehabilitate victims?

    How Dance Impacts Advertisements

    Although dance is the only surviving classical art form, it has also undergone evolution in recent years, prompting the question of how dance impacts advertisements.

    Introduction: How Dance Impacts Advertisements

    Although dance is the only surviving classical art form, it has also undergone evolution in recent years, prompting the question of how dance impacts advertisements. Its stages have become more sophisticated than ever before, with various styles emerging, providing dancing artists with numerous opportunities to showcase their skills. No longer confined to being mere entertainers, they have gained recognition as artists alongside their counterparts in other forms. Both these aspects of this fine art have created a market for dance, offering several job opportunities for dancers.

    In this process, diverse job openings, such as artistic dance directions and costume design professions, have been established. Notably, numerous top brands have collaborated with dancers for commercials to market their products. For instance, Ford partnered with Pilobolus Dance Company to produce a one-minute advertisement for their flagship car, Human Car – Ford Pilobolus, which aired in 2008 (“Ford Motor Company & Pilobolus Dance Company”).

    Piloblous and Question of How Dance Impacts Advertisements

    Established in America and based in both Belgium and the United States, Pilobolus, as a modern dance company, has recently emerged on the scene. Although it started back in 1971, the company has earned accolades such as the Berlin Critic’s Prize, the Brandeis Award, the Grammy Award, and the Schotsman Award, reflecting the quality of its work and choreographic style (Pilobolus, 1). Its performance collaborations for ads are not limited to Ford alone; it has also partnered with Google, IBM, Toyota, Opel, and another giant car manufacturer, Toyota (7).

    However, its recent performances have garnered acclaim, considered masterpieces such as “Human Car – Ford Pilobolus.” In this ad, Pilobolus dancers showcase their dance steps to introduce a new model of Ford. More than fourteen dancers collaborate to create the illusion of their bodies forming different models of the car.

    Human Body and How Dance Impacts Advertisements

    This company has demonstrated that the human body is not limited to its physical structure; it can be molded into different forms, even resembling a car. As one of the widely recognized forms of media, dance is not only expensive but also magical. The creativity, uniqueness, and skills displayed by Pilobolus are top-notch, and their imagination and the range of artistic limits are impressive.

    Dance critics have identified the techniques used, noting that the artistic skills were borrowed from a mime troupe (1). Dancers mimic this art form by joining their bodies to create different models of the car being advertised. The perfection of the portrayal of the car is mesmerizing for viewers of the commercials. They not only form the full body of the car but also create different shapes for its parts, such as headlights, bumpers, grills, hood, and the Ford emblem. However, an intriguing aspect is that the dancers only use wheels and nothing else. To someone unfamiliar with the dancing troupe, their illusions might be mistaken for an actual moving car.

    Director and Question of How Dance Impacts Advertisements

    However, it is not just the dancers’ trick; the director also played a crucial role. The director did an excellent job of illuminating the commercial, as the illusion was further enhanced by the play of light and shadow and their combinations. Shadows played a significant role in amalgamating body parts to form illusions. To make the final illusion realistic, lights were strategically included, resulting in a brilliant show.

    The concluding text, “Powered by You,” serves as a clear reflection of the silent message conveyed by the dancers from the opening illusions to the last one. Ford aimed to communicate to its marketers that its products are tailored for consumers and have inspired them. Every aspect of their product has been designed to showcase the comfort and usability of their vehicle. Ford’s goal to increase appeal for its car model was duly achieved. This commercial is not only inventive but also educational and informative.

    Works Cited: How Dance Impacts Advertisements
    1. Bailiwick, John. “Pilobolus: From Jock Goof-offs to the Oscars, and Beyond.” The American Society of Cinematography. The American Society of Cinematography, 19 Nov. 2009. Web. 25 March. 2022.
    2. Ford Motor Company & Pilobolus Dance Company. “”. Youtube. Ford Motor Company & Pilobolus Dance Company, 7 Nov. 2008. Web. 25 March. 2022.
    3. Pilobolus. “Pilobolus Debuts Lumi on Dragon Innovation.” PilobolusBlog. PilobolusBlog, 24 Sep. 2013. Web. 25 March. 2022.
    4. Pilobolus. Pilobolus Program Madison. Pilobolus,2010. PDF file.
    Relevant Questions about How Dance Impacts Advertisements
    1. How does dance impact advertisements by enhancing visual appeal and message delivery?
    2. In what ways do dance collaborations, exemplified by companies like Pilobolus, contribute to the uniqueness and creativity of marketing campaigns?
    3. How can the use of dance in advertisements, as demonstrated by companies like Ford and Pilobolus, influence consumer perception and engagement with a brand?

    “Adopting a Creator Mindset” by Skip Downing: Analysis

    Skip Downing has divided his chapter “Adopting a Creator Mindset” into three major parts.

    Introduction: “Adopting a Creator Mindset”

    Skip Downing has divided his chapter “Adopting a Creator Mindset” into three major parts. He discusses self-responsibility to highlight how it is a key to success, how it shapes the mindset of a creator versus a victim, how it varies and impacts individuals across cultures, and how it is intertwined with the choices individuals make in their careers or lives. In the first part, Downing references the opinions of authorities such as Richard Logan, who stated that individuals facing different challenges, such as those in “concentration camps,” take responsibility for their survival (41). Thus, self-responsibility plays a crucial role in their ultimate survival. Downing also presents a case study of Debora, who failed her English 101, illustrating the concepts of the creator and victim mindsets. He then cites the well-known example of Rosa Parks.

    In the second part, Downing delves into the cultural background’s role in determining responsibility. A major point he discusses is the “locus of control,” which becomes a central factor when viewing the assumption of responsibility through a cultural lens (43). In the third part, he elaborates on the choices individuals make and how they respond to them. He terms self-responsibility as a key to success, creating a mindset that, despite facing cultural constraints, ultimately leads to the final decision-making process in response to stimuli. Downing not only highlights the role of self-responsibility but also discusses its limitations across different cultures. He explores how the choices individuals make regarding responsibility contribute to their success in life.

    Self-Responsibility in “Adopting a Creator Mindset”

    In the first part, Downing emphasizes that self-responsibility is the key to success, whether in terms of survival, educational pursuits, or passing examinations. He cites the insights of Richard Logan, a psychologist, who studied successful individuals and concluded that they assumed self-responsibility by creating their own paths for survival. Downing refers to this as “response-ability,” signifying an individual’s capacity to respond to the choices they encounter in life (41). He argues that it involves becoming actively engaged to face challenges, as opposed to passively letting events unfold without taking intentional action (41).

    To illustrate this point, Downing shares the case of Debora, one of his students who failed English 101 three times due to her passivity in embracing her responsibilities. Her persistent use of the word “but” in her conversations became a contributing factor to her failure (42). This passivity transformed her into a victim mindset, highlighting the detrimental consequences of not taking up self-responsibility.

    Mindset Type in “Adopting a Creator Mindset”

    In the second part, Downing explores the dynamics of a victim and a creator mindset. He asserts that an individual adopts a victim mindset when they refrain from taking up responsibilities and consciously choose to remain inactive. This choice leads to the development of a set of beliefs, which Downing labels as a “mindset,” trapping individuals in what he terms a “Victim mindset” (42). This mindset hinders people from acting on their choices, causing them to become passive.

    On the contrary, the Creator mindset represents individuals who actively seek various options and choose to implement one of them to bring about positive change in their lives. Downing describes it as taking up personal responsibility, akin to forging a new path. As an illustrative example, he mentions Rosa Parks, who serves as an “inspiring example” of someone with a creator mindset (43).

    Culture and “Adopting a Creator Mindset”

    In the third part, Downing delves into the influence of culture on responsibility and outcomes. He references the insights of psychologist Julian Rotter, who introduces the concept of a “locus of control” within each culture, shaping people’s perceptions of external forces (43). In cultures with an “internal locus of control,” individuals believe that destiny is within their own hands (43). On the other hand, in some cultures, destiny is associated with cultural symbols, as seen in the Muslim culture where the phrase “God willing” is invoked when initiating or postponing tasks. Downing suggests that these cultural trends contribute to determinism, self-determination, and the issue of assuming personal responsibility. To illustrate this, he cites the example of William Henley, encouraging readers to take charge of their destiny as a compelling point (44). This highlights the interplay between cultural influences, determinism, and the individual’s ability to take personal responsibility.

    Choice and “Adopting a Creator Mindset”

    This leads him to delve into the concept of choice, examining whether an individual possesses agency in their life and the power to exercise this choice. Downing contends that the act of making a choice compels a person to engage in critical decision-making. When faced with a stimulus, he suggests that a person with a Victim mindset is likely to complain and make excuses, whereas an individual with a Creator mindset would pause, reflect, and then make a decision or explore alternative options (45). In fact, he distinguishes between a person who blames others, indicative of a Victim mindset, and a person who takes up self-responsibility, often leading to success and characterized as having a Creator mindset. The ability to navigate choices and take responsibility becomes a pivotal factor in determining an individual’s mindset and subsequent outcomes.

    Me and “Adopting a Creator Mindset”

    One part of this chapter, concerning culture, relates to a friend of mine. I have found that he frequently complains about difficult tasks assigned to him here in the United States. I won’t mention his name. However, I’ve observed him consistently blaming either his professors or a friend, whom he claims doesn’t teach him when they are together. Interestingly, this specific friend has informed me that the complaining friend often makes excuses, such as going shopping, having no time at the moment, planning to study later on weekends, or going to sleep. This behavior indicates that he has a Victim mindset.

    Works Cited: “Adopting a Creator Mindset”‘
    1. Downing, Skip. On Course: Strategies for Creating Success in College and in Life. 4th ed. Boston: Cengage Publishing,2004. 41-46. Print.
    Relevant Questions: “Adopting a Creator Mindset”
    1. What is the central role of self-responsibility in “Adopting a Creator Mindset”?
    2. How does culture influence responsibility and outcomes in the context of “Adopting a Creator Mindset”?
    3. What distinguishes the characteristics of a Creator mindset from a Victim mindset in the chapter?