Month: January 2024

Introduction: Climate Change and Adaptations in South Asia: Stakeholder Essay

Climate Change and Adaptations in South Asia have become critical issues as the region grapples with shifting weather patterns and the need to develop sustainable strategies for mitigating the impacts of environmental transformations. Despite being a vast region comprising almost seven countries, it faces diverse issues related to climate change, including humidity, temperature increases, and flooding in coastal areas, as stated by Mohammed Ahmed and S. Suphachalasani in their report, “Coastal areas and megacities are exposed to rising sea level and intensifying storm surges” (04). These issues incur significant costs for the affected population, running into millions. Governments and researchers are actively engaged in studying adaptation strategies and proposing measures to mitigate the impacts of climate change. Consequently, the major stakeholders in this issue extend beyond governments and global organizations to include researchers, meteorologists, and the common people directly affected by climate change.

Governments, Climate Change and Adaptations in South Asia

Governments are among the first entities to recognize the impacts of climate change. Different governments respond differently to climate change issues, with the Indian government, for instance, detailing its responses on its website, specifically addressing forests and coastal areas. The Indian government’s plan outlines various measures to protect forests and other areas from flooding and excessive inundation (“National Action Plan on Climate Change”). The Asian Development Bank (ADB) also plays a crucial role, being an equal stakeholder in the region along with governments. ADB has outlined a range of issues related to climate change and the necessary strategies for the Asian region to adopt (ADB 5-48). In essence, the respective governments of the countries involved and global organizations like ADB are primary stakeholders with vested interests in the impacts of climate change. However, it’s worth noting that much of the work has been carried out by researchers, who also have immediate stakes in working in the field.

Researchers, Climate Change and Adaptations in South Asia

Researchers have played a significant role in raising awareness through their research on various aspects of climate change. For instance, Indian researchers Kasturi Das and Kaushik Ranjan Bandyopadhyay have emphasized the impacts faced by South Asian countries, including the devastation of agricultural crops, reduced hydropower generation, and health issues (40). Their work demonstrates a commitment to finding solutions to the challenges faced by countries in the South Asian region.

Additionally, researchers like Kindie Tesfaye and colleagues have provided recommendations, such as advocating for the adaptation of maize crops in areas affected by climate change, highlighting the efforts of many researchers in developing and deploying climate-resilient germplasm (907). Similarly, Dutta-Koehler’s research underscores the toll climate change is taking on megacities through flooding and air pollution (Dutta-Koehler). Despite the extensive work by researchers, other stakeholders such as meteorologists are also echoing similar concerns.

Meteorologists, Climate Change and Adaptations in South Asia

Meteorologists are crucial stakeholders as they play a key role in making day-to-day weather predictions and analyzing seasonal changes. An interview with Ashok Dutta of the Calcutta Meteorological Department holds significant importance in this context. Dutta confirms the issues raised by Dutta-Koehler, a researcher, in her video, highlighting the challenges brought about by seasonal changes in megacities located on coastal areas like Calcutta. He expresses concern over excessive rainfall and the resulting flooding, although he does not delve into adaptive strategies (Dutta). In essence, Dutta’s statements serve as evidence that climate change is impacting daily weather patterns, as even routine predictions are affected. While his concerns align with those of the general public, it remains unclear how the immediate affected individuals respond, though journalists have recorded public reactions.

Public, Climate Change and Adaptations in South Asia

Indeed, the public emerges as the immediate stakeholder in the climate change issue, bearing the direct impacts of these environmental changes. In various affected regions, such as several locations in India, individuals have shared accounts of the devastation caused by flooding and drought, particularly affecting their food sources. Since the public might face challenges in directly expressing their concerns, journalists and writers often act as spokespersons on their behalf.

For instance, Awasthi Aayushi from BBC has highlighted the multifaceted impacts on the public, emphasizing the destruction of infrastructure and crops due to excessive rainfall and flooding. Aayushi estimates the cost of adaptation at around $900 billion, ultimately transferred to the public through taxes (Aayushi). This illustrates that the public not only bears the brunt of destruction but also incurs financial costs. Despite these reports, it remains unclear how widespread climate change is directly affecting the public, requiring ethnographic studies to delve deeper into the lived experiences of individuals.

Conclusion: Climate Change and Adaptations in South Asia

In short, almost all stakeholders, including governments, global organizations, researchers, meteorologists, and the public, have significant stakes in the climate change issue. The public emerges as the most affected stakeholders, lacking a direct platform to voice their concerns. However, the media serves as a voice for the public, and there is potential for governments and other stakeholders to take practical steps in addressing the issue. Governments and global organizations are actively pursuing adaptive strategies, researchers are assessing destruction and adaptation, and meteorologists and journalists are providing evaluations and warnings. Nonetheless, understanding the direct impacts on the public requires comprehensive ethnographic studies for firsthand information.

Works Cited: Climate Change and Adaptations in South Asia

1. Asian Development Bank. Climate Change in South Asia: Strong Responses for Building a Sustainable Future. Asian Development Bank, https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/27475/climate-change-sa.pdf. Accessed on 15 Nov. 2023.
2. Ahmed, Mohammed and S. Suphachalasai. Assessing the Costs of Climate Change and Adaptation in South Asia. Mandaluyong, Philippines: Asian Development Bank, 2014.
3. Awasthi, Aayushi. “Why India Needs to Worry About Climate Change.” BBC. 25 Oc. 2023. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-45949323. Accessed 06 Nov. 2023.
4. Das, Kasturi, and Kaushik Ranjan Bandyopadhyay. “Climate Change Adaptation in the Framework of Regional Cooperation in South Asia.” Carbon & Climate Law Review, vol. 9, no. 1, Jan. 2015, pp. 40–54. EBSCOhost, ccco.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=108516815&site=ehost-live&scope=site.
5. Dutta-Koehler, Madhu. “Climate Change and Contingent Adaptation: Strategies for South Asian Mega-Cities.” YouTube, Uploaded by Boston University, 04 Mar. 2023. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G8QmOdsonL0.
6. Government of India. “National Action Plan for Climate Change.” Ministry of Environment and Forests, http://www.moef.nic.in/ccd-napcc. Accessed on 15 Nov. 2023.
7. Tesfaye, Kindie, et al. “Climate Change Impacts and Potential Benefits of Heat-Tolerant Maize in South Asia.” Theoretical & Applied Climatology, vol. 130, no. 3/4, Nov. 2017, pp. 959–970. EBSCOhost, doi: 10.1007/s00704-016-1931-6.

Relevant Questions About Climate Change and Adaptations in South Asia

1. How does the title “Climate Change and Adaptations in South Asia” reflect the specific impacts of climate change on the region, and what unique challenges and vulnerabilities do communities in South Asia encounter in adapting to these changes?
2. Within the framework of “Climate Change and Adaptations in South Asia,” what are the primary adaptive strategies implemented or proposed to address the impacts of climate change on agriculture, water resources, and vulnerable communities in the region? How effective have these strategies proven, and what obstacles exist in their successful implementation?
3. Exploring “Climate Change and Adaptations in South Asia,” how does climate change intersect with and amplify existing social, economic, and environmental disparities in the region? What innovative policies or approaches are being considered to promote climate justice and ensure equitable adaptation across diverse populations in South Asia?

Introduction: Why George Zimmerman is the New O. J. Simpson?

Published on April 2, 2012, in Fox Sports, the article “Why George Zimmerman is the New O.J. Simpson” by Jason Whitlock delves into the infamous murder of Trayvon Martin, a black boy killed by George Zimmerman, a white individual with a questionable background and a participant in the Florida Stand Your Ground Law as a neighborhood watchman. The case quickly gained media attention, with numerous commentators expressing their perspectives on social and racial issues during talk shows. The nation became engulfed in discussions, revealing the perceived prevalence of racial tensions and bias against the black community not only among the white population but also within social and government institutions. Zimmerman’s acquittal on the grounds of self-defense, given his role as a neighborhood watchman, further fueled the controversy.

The article’s objective is to highlight the sensationalism created by cable news networks in response to the jury’s decision. Jason Whitlock aims to underscore how this media frenzy has the potential to foster societal and institutional bias, influencing even the most impartial institutions to act with a prejudiced viewpoint. The author employs three key devices: showcasing the media hype aimed at boosting ratings, establishing his own credibility as an impartial observer, and elucidating the potential impacts of this hype on investigations and subsequent legal proceedings for the crime.

Start of George Zimmerman is the New O. J. Simpson?

The writer begins the paragraph by censuring popular television anchors who, in the case of George Zimmerman, turned it into a sensational topic through their comments. The writer highlights the use of compound words such as “don’t-rush-to-judgment” or “innocent-until-proven-guilty,” decisions that are announced on camera, shaping the narrative. This journalistic approach has contributed to the rise of cable news networks, increasing their popularity. The narrative points out Gerald Rivera’s role in this, becoming a catalyst for the birth of two major news channels, MSNBC and Fox News. However, the writer employs straightforward language to criticize this journalistic attitude, referring to it as “embarrassingly hypocritical and delusional,” emphasizing its dependence on ratings.

The writer contends that the highlighted examples, orchestrated and hyped by the media, contribute to the creation of an issue of racial discrimination, turning a minor incident into a major controversy. The use of “talk show hosts and panelists” is specifically criticized for generating hype that leads to “societal and institutionalized bias.” This implies that the media’s sensationalized coverage is fostering racial discrimination by shaping public opinion either against or in favor of specific cases.

Ethos in George Zimmerman is the New O. J. Simpson?

Writers and journalists often establish their credibility before commenting on a case, either by stating their past achievements or, if relatively unknown, by providing a background. In a similar fashion, the writer in this case establishes credibility by citing past achievements, asserting objectivity in addressing the George Zimmerman case. However, this approach takes a unique turn as the writer interjects emotional language, such as “Martin’s family deserves a better explanation” or “Zimmerman deserves a long prison sentence,” offering a definitive judgment. The writer emphasizes that these emotional statements are a product of media hosts, underlining the impact of media hype on shaping public sentiments for or against a commented case.

The writer contends that the influence of media hype creates a divisive atmosphere within U.S. society, where public sentiments are manipulated by the commentary on a particular case. The writer explicitly expresses a stance against groupthink, pack journalism, and unfairness, irrespective of the victim. The underlying message conveys a concern that the publicity surrounding cases undermines the very concept of justice, as judges and investigators, being human, can be swayed by societal leanings just like anyone else. Drawing a parallel with the O.J. Simpson case, the writer notes that despite the jury being acquitted, they faced criticism due to the faults of investigators, who were influenced by the media hype surrounding the case, thereby challenging the idea of a fair and unbiased trial.

Conclusion: George Zimmerman is the New O. J. Simpson?

In short, the writer critiques media experts and journalism commentators for prematurely delivering verdicts and taking sides before a case even begins. This, according to the writer, distorts the facts that the jury is meant to evaluate. The writer establishes credibility by recounting a past of impartiality, acknowledging vulnerability to prejudice but emphasizing the need for fairness and the rejection of groupthink mentality. Through vivid examples, allusions, and comparisons, the writer employs forceful language. The strategic use of compound words maximizes content in minimal space, and the inclusion of the first person enhances credibility. In essence, the writer adeptly exposes the bias created by media commentary instead of mitigating existing prejudices.

Works Cited: George Zimmerman is the New O. J. Simpson?

1. Whitlock, Jason. “Why George Zimmerman is the new O.J.” Fox Sports, 1 Apr. 2012, 1:00 a.m. GMT-4, https://www.foxsports.com/stories/nba/why-george-zimmerman-is-the-new-o-j.

Relevant Questions: George Zimmerman is the New O. J. Simpson?

1. In “Why George Zimmerman is the new O.J.” by Jason Whitlock, how does the author draw parallels between George Zimmerman and O.J. Simpson, and what similarities does he identify in their respective cases?
2. Within the context of Jason Whitlock’s article, “Why George Zimmerman is the new O.J.,” how does the author argue that the George Zimmerman case mirrors the dynamics and societal reactions observed during the O.J. Simpson trial? What cultural or legal factors does Whitlock suggest contribute to these similarities?
3. In “Why George Zimmerman is the new O.J.” by Jason Whitlock, how does the author explore the implications of labeling George Zimmerman as the “new O.J.” in terms of racial tensions, media portrayal, and public perception? What commentary does the article provide on the broader issues surrounding high-profile criminal cases and their impact on society?

Introduction: “Nuclear Waste”

The danger of nuclear waste, as argued by Muller in his essay “Nuclear Waste,” has been exaggerated by both scientists and politicians, making it a contentious issue. Beginning with a straightforward argument about the increased carbon dioxide production from fossil fuels (p. 252), Richard A. Muller skillfully poses rhetorical questions regarding nuclear debris and its dire consequences. Through statistical analysis, he demonstrates that the human race may face threats in the event of a leakage. This argument unfolds progressively, reaching its culmination when Muller compares the risks associated with fossil fuels, the scientists’ paranoia about disposal, and other formidable alternatives for waste management (p. 259), creating an intriguing narrative.

Moreover, the argument gains cogency and forcefulness as Muller leverages his personal credentials as an academic. This impact is further heightened when he adorns his arguments with effective logos and pathos.

Rhetorical Devices in “Nuclear Waste”

Concerning ethos, Richard Muller employs the first person to introduce himself to the readers, presenting his role as an academic in a university. This approach ensures that Muller’s voice, advising future politicians while assuming the role of a teacher to his students, is perceived as reliable and credible due to his close association with nuclear and nuclear waste-related issues. He reinforces this ethos with forceful logos, utilizing statistics to quantify total available space, the radioactive vulnerability of the material, and the time span involved (p. 252). One particularly interesting fact he presents concerns the probabilities, which do not exceed 1% to 10% in extreme cases (p. 257). This reinforcement of logos not only strengthens his argument but also persuades the readers.

Logos in “Nuclear Waste”

In terms of the role of logos, the premise revolves around the disposal of nuclear waste in the space prepared in Yucca Mountain. The weakness of this premise lies in potential threats: what if there are strong earthquakes, leakages, or seepage of water? In all three cases, Muller presents compelling arguments supported by logical statistics, asserting that no earthquake could cause a significant leakage of any material. He highlights that even currently, uranium is obtained from “a geologically active region, full of faults and fissures” (p. 257), diminishing the weight of the earthquake-related concern.

Moreover, the probability of leakages is deemed implausible, as any potential leakage is already mixed in the Colorado River, whose water is used “for drinking in much of the West” (p. 257). Additionally, the likelihood of groundwater seepage is asserted to be “20 times less than that currently posed by natural uranium” (p. 258). Despite presenting logical and robust responses to these three fears, Muller’s arguments also incorporate a subtle element of pathos, albeit to a minimal extent.

Pathos in “Nuclear Waste”

In terms of pathos, Muller has employed it sparingly compared to logos, given the nature of the subject involving politicians. Nevertheless, he manages to strike emotional chords with his audience by posing rhetorical questions such as “a legacy to our children?” (p. 252) and by expressing concern about the suggestion to throw waste into the sun through a rocket, which he asserts would “Crash back to the earth” (p. 254). Additionally, Muller clarifies that he does not downplay the danger of the problem (p. 258) and insists that he has thoroughly calculated the risks, implying that scientists and politicians are not adequately considering these factors.

Beyond these appeals, Muller incorporates the strategy of using rhetorical questions at various points, including the beginning (p. 252) and the last paragraph (p. 259), where he reveals his true intention behind employing this style of argumentation. Openly stating that the issue is not as significant as portrayed by scientists and politicians, he contends that, when compared with several other concerns, managing nuclear waste appears to be a relatively small but important task that requires careful attention.

Conclusion: “Nuclear Waste”

This concise analysis of ethos, logos, pathos, and the strategic use of rhetorical questions in Muller’s work demonstrates that while he initially presents premises and supporting evidence before explicitly stating his purpose, the objective is effectively realized by the essay’s conclusion or the end of the lecture. Muller subtly incorporates his own opinions through rhetorical questions, engaging the audience and enhancing the forcefulness of his argument.

The strength of his argument becomes particularly apparent towards the end, where he reiterates that acknowledging the threat posed by nuclear waste does not imply overlooking its seriousness. Muller emphasizes that scientists are actively addressing the issue, countering the fear generated by impractical suggestions like disposing of waste on the sun. He contends that even the transportation of waste through concrete cylinders is a safe and credible solution. Consequently, Muller perceives the ongoing public debate and scientific discourse on this matter as ironic, asserting that they should not contribute to unnecessary public paranoia.

Reference: “Nuclear Waste”

Muller, A. R. (2014). Nuclear waste.  In Gerald Graff and Cathy Birkenstein (Eds.), They Say / I Say: The Moves That Matter in Academic Writing (pp. 252-259). W. W. Norton & Company, New York.

Relevant Questions: “Nuclear Waste”

1. How does the use of rhetorical appeals (ethos, logos, pathos) in A. R. Muller’s article “Nuclear Waste” contribute to its persuasive effectiveness, and what impact do these appeals have on the overall rhetorical strategy?
2. In the rhetorical analysis of A. R. Muller’s “Nuclear Waste,” how does the author’s choice of language and tone establish credibility and address potential counterarguments, shaping the overall rhetorical approach to the topic?
3. What specific rhetorical devices or strategies does A. R. Muller employ in the article “Nuclear Waste” to convey the urgency or significance of the nuclear waste issue, and how do these rhetorical choices influence the audience’s perception and understanding of the problem presented in the text?

Introduction: Spaceship Shuttle Challenger

The article “The Last Flight of Spaceship Shuttle Challenger” and the speeches delivered by Presidents Ronald Reagan and George Bush address similar incidents. Both the article and President Ronald’s speech focus on the destruction of the space shuttle Challenger, which occurred only 73 seconds after its launch. President Ronald’s speech, delivered within 8 hours of the tragic incident, aimed not only to inform those watching the live launch on television but also to offer condolences to the victims’ families and commend the heroes for their bravery and determination.

Conversely, the article delves into technical details and the root causes behind the incident. It explores the sequence of events leading to the disaster, potential technical failures, and the overall organizational failure that resulted in the destruction of the space shuttle. President George W. Bush’s speech follows a similar theme to President Ronald’s but pertains to a different incident—the tragic destruction of the space shuttle Columbia. The objective of this speech was to pay tribute to the astronauts and scientists involved in the Columbia incident, maintaining the same tone and scenario while acknowledging the uniqueness of the separate events.

Article on Spaceship Shuttle Challenger

“The Last Flight of the Space Shuttle Challenger” is authored by Michael T. Kores, a professor at Illinois State University, while the first speech was delivered by the 40th President of the United States, Ronald Reagan, and the second speech was given by President George W. Bush. As Professor Michael T. Kores wrote about the sequence of events leading to the explosion of the space shuttle Challenger, his tone leaned more towards the technical details of the space shuttle. In contrast, the speeches delivered by both Presidents had to be delivered with remorse, as they were both announcing a significant tragedy their country had recently faced.

Speakers of Spaceship Shuttle Challenger

Regarding the speakers, the first article, President Ronald Reagan’s speech, and the speech delivered after the incident involving the space shuttle Columbia have been appropriately executed. As anticipated, Professor Michael provides numerous technical arguments, data, and reasoning concerning the root cause of the incident and the sequence of events that led to this tragedy in American skies. In the case of the speeches given by the two Presidents, both of them not only extend their condolences to the families of the victims but also ensure that the entire nation takes pride in their heroes.

Reagan, Bush, and Spaceship Shuttle Challenger

It is evident that President Ronald Reagan and President Bush delivered their speeches under similar circumstances. Despite a significant difference in the timeline between the two speeches, they were both delivered during a period when the entire nation and the world were in mourning, having lost many American heroes. In contrast, Professor Michael’s article on the explosion of the space shuttle Challenger was presented well after the incident. It was composed and presented after extensive research work. The circumstances under which the article was written and published differed considerably when compared to the live speeches given by President Reagan and President Bush.

Article Focus on Spaceship Shuttle Challenger

Concerning Professor Michael’s article, its primary focus was not to extend condolences to the entire nation but to generate knowledge and awareness among the people. The technical arguments and details provided by Professor Michael in the paper, such as “The Commission concluded that the cause of the accident was the failure of the pressure seal in the aft field joint of the solid rocket motor” (Kores), demonstrate that the information presented was comprehensive and fitting for the occasion. In comparing the speeches, President Reagan’s address was more suited to the occasion than President Bush’s, as Reagan also acknowledged the children who were watching the live broadcast (Reagan). President Bush’s speech was notably brief and lacked sufficient remorse to suit the solemnity of the occasion.

Audience and Spaceship Shuttle Challenger

The target audience for the technical paper or article written by Professor Michael was entirely different from the audience to whom the speeches were delivered. Readers of the article would likely be individuals interested in understanding the root cause of the incident, the sequence of events leading to the Challenger tragedy, and the technicalities behind rocketry. Those with a keen interest in science and technology would find value in this research article. On the other hand, the speeches were delivered on the very same day as the incidents occurred, with millions of people watching the live broadcast of the Challenger and Columbia launches. The target audience for the speeches comprised those individuals who were shocked and astonished by the incidents unfolding right before their eyes, either in person or live on television sets.

Speeches on Spaceship Shuttle Challenger

As mentioned earlier, the speech delivered by President Reagan had more substance and was emotional enough to suit the occasion. He makes reference to another incident that occurred nineteen years ago and pays respect to the heroes lost by comparing them to the explorer Sir Francis Drake, who had also lost his life in a similar quest. President Reagan also addresses the children who were watching the live telecast of the incident and witnessed the Space Shuttle Challenger burst into flames (Reagan). On the other hand, the speech delivered by President Bush was concise and to the point. It lacked the emotional depth needed to meet the expectations of the target audience. Regarding the article, Professor Michael has conducted thorough research and presents compelling arguments. He focuses on the importance “to develop an appreciation of the human side of the management and its influence on the Shuttle Disaster” (Kores).

Purpose of Spaceship Shuttle Challenger Article and Speeches

The purpose of the article written by Professor Michael is to identify the sequence of events that might have taken place before the Space Shuttle Challenger was destroyed within 73 seconds of its launch (Kores). Another interesting aspect that the professor has covered is highlighting the human nature and its effect on the management once the incident had occurred. Naturally, such incidents are undesirable, making it crucial to learn lessons when they do occur. Even though the two speeches were delivered at different times and by two different Presidents, their ultimate purpose was the same: to extend condolences to the families of the victims, pay respect to the heroes lost, and mourn the incident not only within the nation but also worldwide.

All three documents—the article, the speech delivered by President Reagan, and that by President Bush—fulfill their ultimate purpose to a large extent. The article aims to explain the sequence of events prior to the incident and the role of human management in these incidents. Professor Michael does a good job providing details about the potential failures due to environmental factors and also offers “an analysis of the organizational failings” (Kores). The speeches delivered by President Reagan and President Bush play their part well considering the circumstances under which they were delivered. The purpose of these two speeches was to deliver the tragic news to the people of America and mourn the death of the astronauts on board, achieved by paying respect to the seven heroes lost in each space shuttle.

Conclusion: Spaceship Shuttle Challenger

Each of the three documents had a unique subject matter, and they each served distinct purposes. The speeches were delivered to express condolences to the families and ensure that the impact of this tragedy was felt not only within the United States of America but also worldwide. On the other hand, the article “The Last Flight of Space Shuttle Challenger” serves a different purpose altogether. It is not written to offer condolences; instead, the entire article aims to identify the root causes of the incident and the sequence of events that led to the tragedy. Moreover, the article delves into organizational failures, providing the most convincing arguments and a detailed description of the event. It includes technical details supporting the structural failure that occurred and references to the management and human factors to identify the causes of organizational failure. All in all, the article provides a comprehensive platform for all details regarding the Space Shuttle Challenger and its tragic accident.

Works Cited: Spaceship Shuttle Challenger

1. Tass. “The Last Flight of Space Shuttle Challenger.” Tass, 28 Jan. 1986, https://tass.com/science/852733.

Relevant Questions: Spaceship Shuttle Challenger

1. How does the Tass article “The Last Flight of Space Shuttle Challenger” contribute to our understanding of the events surrounding the Challenger disaster on January 28, 1986?
2. What key details or insights does the Tass article provide regarding the technical aspects and potential causes of the Space Shuttle Challenger’s tragic failure?
3. In what ways does the Tass article address the broader implications of the Challenger disaster, such as its impact on space exploration, safety protocols, and public perception of space missions?

Introduction: Technology and Biomimicry:

Technology and biomimicry converge as scientists and engineers draw inspiration from nature’s ingenious designs to develop innovative solutions for sustainable and efficient systems. In articles by Emily Badger and Molly Flatt, they explore the evolution of technology from natural settings and its application in solving urban planning challenges, paving the way for “smart cities” (Badger). Emily Badger’s article, “Tech Envisions the Ultimate Start-Up: An Entire City,” discusses how despite the digital revolution, cities like San Francisco grapple with issues such as traffic, homelessness, and income inequality. Experts propose solutions by designing new urban centers, envisioning “reinvention” akin to the arrival of Uber in taxi services. Badger emphasizes that these smart cities, based on internet usage, could benefit non-residents, ushering in a new approach to urban planning and smart cities. However, she acknowledges the challenge of reconciling technology and nature in this transformation.

Argument about Technology and Biomimicry

Molly Flatt, in her article “Nature and Technology: Friends or Enemies?” takes a different stance, suggesting that the pervasive use of tech gadgets indicates humans are inherently intertwined with technology (Flatt). She argues that human innovation has historically been inspired by nature, making technology a potential ally in sustainability and conservation efforts. Flatt contends that technology’s impact on human lives prompts further innovation for convenience. Both of her articles endorse technical innovation for human betterment and highlight the human ability to draw inspiration from nature. Thus, Flatt asserts that technology can enhance both human lives and habitats. Both writers employ rhetorical devices, converging on shared points regarding the use of technology to address challenges and the potential issues arising from biomimicry.

Focus on Technology and Biomimicry

Both articles aim to establish that technology is a response to human needs and environmental cues. Emily Badger, in her pursuit of arguing for technical innovation’s positive impact, relies on logos by emphasizing the visionary thinking of technological experts. She supports her claim about smart cities by presenting Ben Huh, a tech expert and founder of Y Combinator, as a strong authority. Badger employs a comparison and contrast strategy, juxtaposing American urban planning flaws with Croatian cities, strategically using kairos to underscore the opportune moment for urban planning reinvention (Badger). To enhance persuasiveness, she incorporates opinions from economists and homebuyers, demonstrating that technology will influence not only urban planning but also home construction, employing a matching diction and style.

Diction of Article about Technology and Biomimicry

Emily Badger skillfully employs a diction that seamlessly blends modern style with technical jargon, enhancing her argument’s appeal. The integration of terms like optimization, fantasizing, hubris, conflict, chips, hyperloop, and utopia showcases a harmonious mix of literary and technical language. Notably, she introduces neologisms like “NIMBYism” to illustrate linguistic improvements in construction discourse (Badger). Badger’s adept use of metaphors, such as “tabula rasa,” similes like the comparison to an iPhone, and compound wording such as “city-building, odd-sounding,” along with rhetorical questions, adds to the overall effectiveness of her argument (Badger). This intentional linguistic fusion contributes to the cohesiveness and impact of her communication.

Rhetorical Devices about Technology and Biomimicry

In “Nature and Technology: Friends and Enemies?” Molly Flatt adeptly employs logos, pathos, and kairos, supported by a strong ethos derived from authoritative sources like the Oxford Junior Dictionary, philosopher Christopher Potter, social networking site MySpace, and scientist Dr. Joppa. The goal is to persuade an informed audience that nature plays a crucial role in technological improvement and vice versa. Flatt utilizes pathos by emphasizing technology’s role in saving lives and strategically employs kairos by highlighting the swift integration of technology into human life, aligning with contemporary trends.

Notably, Flatt’s effective use of suitable diction, figurative language, and rhetorical questions enhances her argument. Metaphors, such as language “bridging the difference,” illustrate the integration of technology into human lives (Flatt). She incorporates everyday language, including terms like “e-waste,” “broadband,” “analogue,” and “cut and paste” (“Nature and Technology”). Rhetorical questions strategically employed throughout both articles reinforce the idea that technology and nature mutually shape each other. Flatt consistently argues that technology, in collaboration with nature, is enhancing human lives through continuous evolution.

Main Idea of Technology and Biomimicry

Emily Badger, in “Tech Envisions,” contends that technological innovations are poised to revolutionize our way of life, advocating for the construction of smart cities without traditional constraints, citing the emergence of “breakthrough ideas” as evidence of feasibility (Badger). Similarly, Molly Flatt suggests in her work that human beings turn to nature for inspiration whenever faced with difficulties, emphasizing the role of biomimicry in technological innovations (Flatt). Both authors share the perspective that challenges or problems drive innovation, rejecting the notion of natural genius. Flatt adds to this commonality by highlighting the idea of borrowing directly from nature.

While Flatt proposes the use of technology for conservation and sustainability, envisioning the preservation of the environment through technological gadgets (Flatt), Badger aligns with a similar notion by advocating for environmentally friendly smart cities that benefit people residing in the outskirts (Badger). However, Miles Parks introduces a nuanced perspective, raising concerns about the problems associated with biomimicry. Parks notes that while it’s beneficial to derive ideas from nature, such innovations may create new challenges, exemplified by weather changes affecting bird migration, requiring solutions like GPS tracking (Parks). This presents a cyclic process of technological innovation addressing and sometimes causing new problems. Despite this, the common thread in the arguments of Badger, Flatt, and Parks is the belief that technological innovation ultimately improves human life.

Conclusion: Technology and Biomimicry

In short, both Emily Badger and Molly Flatt effectively argue in their articles, “Tech Envisions” and “Nature and Technology,” that technology serves to enhance human lives and habitats. They portray technology as an ingenious adaptation of natural principles to meet immediate needs. While emphasizing the positive impact of technology on building better cities and improving the environment, both authors do not extensively address potential issues like health and environmental pollution or the challenges associated with energy consumption. Despite these omissions, the articles are strengthened by powerful supporting details, quotes from tech experts, and well-crafted language that includes rhetorical and literary devices. Overall, the arguments are compelling and convincing, although there is room for improvement and consideration of additional perspectives.

Works Cited: Technology and Biomimicry

1. Badger, Emily. ” Tech Vision the Ultimate Start-Up: An Entire City.” The New York Times. 24 Feb. 2018. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/…/tech-envisions-the-ultimate-start-up-an-entire-city.html. Accessed 18 March. 2022.
2. Flat, Molly. “Nature and Technology: Friends or Enemies.” BBC. 16 Jul. 2015. www.bbc.com/earth/story/20150703-can-nature-and-technology-be-friends. Accessed 18 Mar. 2022.
3. Parks, Miles. ” Artist’s Exhibit Borrows Human Tech To Solve Nature’s Manmade Problems. NPR. 31 Mar. 2017. https://www.npr.org/2017/03/31/522226096/artists-exhibit-borrows-human-tech-to-solve-natures-manmade-problems. Accessed 02 Apr. 2022.

Relevant Questions: Technology and Biomimicry

1. How is biomimicry influencing the development of cutting-edge technologies?
2. What role does artificial intelligence play in advancing biomimetic design and technology?
3. Can you discuss recent breakthroughs in biomimetic materials and their applications in various industries? 

Introduction: Beneficial Role of Technology in Education

The Beneficial Role of Technology in Education is evident through its capacity to enhance interactive learning experiences, facilitate access to a wealth of educational resources, and foster innovative teaching methods. Imagine a professor employing a smartphone to teach composition—an idea that may seem unbelievable, yet parallels can be drawn to the era when multimedia and overhead projectors were first introduced a few decades earlier. As technology advances rapidly, various fields undergo transformations due to the pervasive influence of technological devices. Currently, smartphones, iPads, and tablets are increasingly prevalent in learning and teaching environments, surpassing their perceived utility from just a few years ago. In their article, “Infusing Creativity and Technology in 21st Century Education: A Systematic View for Change,” Danah Henriksen, Punya Mishra, and Petra Fisser argue that while creativity remains a key hallmark of education, the integration of technology into educational planning is now crucial, as it is “deeply connected to the issues of technology integration.” They further contend that technological “change is driven by human creativity” (27). Technology extends beyond the mere use of slides or multimedia projectors in the classroom; it serves to facilitate the communication of ideas and perceptions. According to the authors, the use of technology is intended to enhance communication, addressing obstacles that arise without the aid of such gadgets. They note the recent arrival of “digital and networking technologies,” as well as other tools that teachers employ—some not designed specifically for education, alongside those explicitly created for educational purposes (Henriksen, Mishra & Fisser, 2016). In essence, technology not only facilitates learning but also fosters a conducive educational environment, enabling successful communication of ideas by teachers.

Argument of Beneficial Role of Technology in Education

In terms of facilitating learning, numerous educational institutions have effectively incorporated technology specifically designed for education and other tools into their classroom teaching practices. For instance, the use of Web 2.0 to overcome distance barriers and enhance learning has become indispensable, as noted by Mitzi Lewis and LaRae Donnellan, who elaborate that technology and tools are instrumental in fostering collaboration for learning, stating that “Web 2.0 tools, by nature, facilitate collaboration,” leading to increased productivity (Lewis & Donnellan, 2011). Once teachers embrace the use of technology, it becomes a norm in educational settings. However, the use of technical tools also creates a conducive environment for teaching, as observed in the case of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), which enhances the classroom atmosphere for teachers to utilize technological tools for teaching facilitation, rather than just for learning (Mirzjani et al., 2016). Nevertheless, successfully conveying ideas and concepts differs from facilitation. This implies that when teachers adeptly use specific tools to effectively communicate ideas, they become experts in the use of those tools, such as digital devices or smartphones.

Data Supporting Beneficial Role of Technology in Education

As far as the data about facilitation is concerned, it is quite clear, because several educational institutions have backed upon the use of web 2.0 technology to bridge the gap of distance. Mitzi Leis and Donnellan have further elaborated this stating that Wiki use, blogs other tools have made it possible to facilitate learning through collaboration due to student participatory approach in the use of technology (Lewis & Donnellan, 2011). In the same way, the issue of making environment conducive becomes imperative, for without conductive environment, no teaching or learning takes place. The major solution lies with the use of technological tools in classroom, which is that the environment within the classroom becomes easy for the teacher to use these tools to assist in his tasks of teaching. It is because this environment always resists changes, but when this environment becomes conducive, it is only because of the use of technology such as interactive use of Tablets (Mirzjani, et al., 2016). As far as successful in communication through devices is concerned, it is a fact that technological devices help even if the students and teachers both need assistive technology as Meng Ee Wong and Janet S. P. Law has stated in their paper that teachers use assistive technology because they find it easy to successfully executive their tasks of evaluation, teaching and conveying information (Meng & Law, 2016). It means that technology facilitates conveying of information too besides making the environment conducive for teaching and learning.

Learning and Beneficial Role of Technology in Education

Facilitation in learning extends beyond the superficial and has profound implications. Numerous institutions have embraced technology, such as the integration of iPads and Tablets in British schools. Sean Coughlan reported that over 70% of primary and secondary schools are utilizing iPads and Tablets, illustrating how these devices facilitate learning in educational settings (Coughlan). The introduction of such devices not only automatically creates a conducive and interesting environment but also generates excitement within a group, such as a classroom, when a new facilitating device is introduced.

In this context, Lewis and Donnellan underscore the significance of web 2.0, characterizing it as collaboration in the classroom that induces excitement through active student participation. They argue that the participatory approach adopted by students, rather than isolation, contributes to a supportive learning environment (Lewis & Donnellan, 2011). This interactive learning environment becomes instrumental in supporting teaching and learning, where the successful conveyance of ideas is facilitated through the use of technology. Teachers find it easy to use various tools and technology devices for communication, as emphasized by Meng Ee Wong and Janet S. P. Law in their paper.

Viability and Beneficial Role of Technology in Education

However, the problem is that several people argue that this is not feasible, for students become interesting in tools more and teaching less. Sachin Maharaj of the Toronto Start highlights the issue of the misuse of technological devices such as iPads and Tablets in schools saying that despite having strict monitoring and guidance, it still happens that the gadgets are used for the purposes other than the teaching and learning (Maharaj). The response to this argument is that it is the use of the tool not the tool itself which is proving wrong. In fact, digital devices as stated above have proved more useful than they actually. Sachin Maharaj further argues that ” Perhaps most worrying are the effects that all of this constant technology use can have on students’ cognitive and emotional development” (Maharaj). By this he means adverse effects. It is a fact that whenever new tools are used, they have several effects such as the simple fact of using screen that used to very dangerous for eyes in the past. However, now LEDs are very conducive for eyes too. In the same way, technology itself is not bad, it is just a tool to facilitate and make environment conducive for an activity.

Conclusion: Beneficial Role of Technology in Education

In short, it is reasonable to assert that technology and technological devices contribute to easing the learning process, fostering collaboration in classrooms, and providing teachers with effective tools for conveying information and ideas. The crucial factor lies in how these devices are utilized. The effectiveness of technology depends on the users and the manner in which it is employed. Obstacles can be overcome through continual improvements in the utilization of technical devices, exemplified by the successful use of iPads and Tablets in schools and secondary education settings. While there may be instances of misuse, ongoing advancements contribute to addressing such concerns. Ultimately, the responsible and innovative use of technology by users determines its overall impact. Technology has undeniably proven beneficial in educational activities, benefiting both students and teachers who appreciate its role in learning, teaching, and information sharing.

References: Beneficial Role of Technology in Education

1. Coulghan, S. (December 3, 2014). Tablet computers in ‘70% of schools’. BBC. Retrieved on 29 July 2022 from http://www.bbc.com/news/education-30216408
2. Henriksen, D., Mishra, P., & Fisser, P. (2016). Infusing Creativity and Technology in 21st Century Education: A Systemic View for Change. Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 19(3), 27-37.
3. Lewis, M., & Donnellan, L. (2011). Using Web 2.0 Technologies to Facilitate Student Learning: A Collaboration between Universities. International Journal Of Technology, Knowledge & Society, 7(3), 17-29.
4. Maharaj, S. (April 2, 2014.) Beware the risks of smartphones and tablets in schools. The Start. Retrieved on 29 July 2022 from https://www.thestar.com/opinion/commentary/2014/04/02/beware_the_risks_of_smartphones_and_tablets_in_schools.html
5. Mirzajani, H., Mahmud, R., Fauzi Mohd Ayub, A., & Wong, S. L. (2016). Teachers’ acceptance of ICT and its integration in the classroom. Quality Assurance In Education: An International Perspective, 24(1), 26-40. doi:10.1108/QAE-06-2014-0025
6. Meng Ee, W., & Law, J. P. (2016). Practices of Assistive Technology Implementation and Facilitation: Experiences of Teachers of Students with Visual Impairments in Singapore. Journal Of Visual Impairment & Blindness, 110(3), 195-200.

Relevant Questions: Beneficial Role of Technology in Education

1. How can educators leverage the Beneficial Role of Technology in Education to create more engaging and personalized learning environments for students?
2. What specific strategies and tools embody the Beneficial Role of Technology in Education, ensuring equitable access to educational resources and fostering student success?
3. In what ways does ongoing research contribute to understanding and optimizing the Beneficial Role of Technology in Education, and how can educational institutions adapt to these advancements for improved learning outcomes?

Summary: “Medical Marijuana Used Pot’s Emotional Connection”

Published in USA Today on May 3, 2018, the article “Medical Marijuana Used Pot’s Emotional Connection to Spread Nationally” by Trevor Hughes argues the case for marijuana, illustrating how emotions have been leveraged to promote its medical use and transform it into a billion-dollar industry. Hughes notes that marijuana remains illegal in numerous U.S. states and under federal law, but its medicinal applications are allowed in approximately 31 states. With over 135,000 individuals employed in the medical marijuana business, substantial tax revenue is generated. The author’s argument relies on interviews and opinions from relevant individuals, highlighting marijuana’s purported benefits in alleviating pain, aiding cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy, and addressing mental health issues, including PTSD. However, Hughes emphasizes a concerning aspect: a significant portion of marijuana use is for recreational purposes, with 90% engaged in this activity compared to the limited 10% for medical use. This proportion raises alarms about the potential misuse of marijuana.

Additionally, Hughes points out that even in states where marijuana is legally permitted, there is a lack of clarity regarding its medicinal benefits, as no comprehensive data is available, and the FDA has not granted approval for its medical use. Prescription practices further complicate the situation, as doctors often omit specifying the quantity of marijuana prescribed. Despite acknowledging the potential dangers associated with marijuana use, such as increased accidents, low birth rates, and memory and attention problems, Hughes underscores its growing significance as an affordable source for both recreational and medicinal purposes. Moreover, he notes the paradox that, while marijuana transport between states remains illegal, it has evolved into a lucrative multi-million-dollar industry. The article concludes by suggesting that the marijuana business is poised to become a fully-fledged industry in the near future.

Analysis: “Medical Marijuana Used Pot’s Emotional Connection”

The writer employs an effective attention-grabbing strategy at the outset by signaling his intent to explore and present the emotional side of cannabis or marijuana use, despite its illegal status. Hughes then provides a succinct background to the marijuana usage issue, focusing on its role in providing relief from pain and other diseases. He emphasizes how people perceive marijuana as a source of comfort for their loved ones during challenging times, establishing the emotional dimension of the topic. The first paragraph serves as a clear thesis statement, outlining the three main components of Hughes’s argument: the medicinal use of marijuana, its widespread recreational use evolving into a business, and the ongoing growth of this industry due to its emotional association. This strategic organization helps guide the reader through the key aspects of the argument from the outset.

Reasons behind “Medical Marijuana Used Pot’s Emotional Connection”

The writer presents three significant reasons for the growing marijuana business in the country. The first reason is intriguing and taps into the emotional aspect – the medicinal use of marijuana. People suffering from various diseases use marijuana to alleviate pain, stimulate appetite, and counteract the side effects of chemotherapy, indirectly linking it to potential benefits for cancer patients. The second emotional connection lies in the development of marijuana into a business that involves a considerable labor force and contributes significantly to tax revenue, even though it hasn’t been officially designated as an industry. The third reason is noteworthy: doctors prescribe marijuana use without specifying the quantity, allowing for flexible usage. Despite these prominent reasons outlined by Hughes, the marijuana industry continues to expand. He incorporates the perspectives of individuals connected to this industry, adding a quasi-fourth reason to support his argument regarding the emotional association with marijuana and its burgeoning business.

Evidence in”Medical Marijuana Used Pot’s Emotional Connection”

To substantiate his argument, the writer employs a variety of evidential support, including opinions, statistics, and the perspectives of individuals connected to the issue. In terms of emotional appeal, Hughes relies on the opinion of a CEO from a marijuana firm operating in eleven states, who argues that individuals with family members suffering from cancer find relief in marijuana. Hughes further supports his emotional claim by presenting additional opinions from various people, illustrating how marijuana helps address different medical problems and diseases. These opinions contribute to strengthening Hughes’ assertion that marijuana holds a significant place in people’s hearts.

The second type of evidence Hughes employs is statistical data. He utilizes statistics to demonstrate the prevalence of recreational use over medical use, with medical consumption comprising only 10% compared to the 90% engaged in recreational use after legalization. Additionally, he provides statistics to highlight the economic impact of the marijuana business, noting its contribution of approximately $300 million in sales tax and the employment of around 135,000 people. Hughes also references a 2016 study that underscores the increasing trend of recreational marijuana use. These statistics reinforce his argument about the widespread adoption of marijuana for recreational purposes and its economic significance.

Regarding the third reason, Hughes contends that marijuana is on the verge of becoming an industry, and he supports this claim with the opinion of an individual actively involved in the business. By incorporating the perspectives of those directly connected to the marijuana industry, Hughes fortifies his argument that cannabis is transitioning into a full-fledged industry with substantial involvement from thousands of people.

Rhetorical Analysis of “Medical Marijuana Used Pot’s Emotional Connection”

The author, Trevor Hughes, effectively deploys rhetorical devices in his article, “Medical Marijuana Used Pot’s Emotional Connection to Spread Nationally,” to build a persuasive and credible argument.

Firstly, Hughes establishes ethos by writing for USA Today, a widely recognized and reputable newspaper. Being a staff writer for such a publication lends credibility to his opinions and analysis. Moreover, he maintains scholarly integrity by presenting well-researched information, expert opinions, and statistical data. This not only enhances his ethos but also strengthens the overall reliability of his argument.

Secondly, Hughes utilizes logos by incorporating expert opinions and statistical evidence. He quotes Keven Murphy, a cannabis seller, to provide an emotional appeal that supports his argument that marijuana is an emotional issue. Additionally, he backs his claim about the scale of the marijuana business with statistical data from experts like Matt Karnes and GreenWave Advisors. These statistics contribute to the logical foundation of his argument, emphasizing the economic significance of the marijuana industry.

Furthermore, Hughes employs logos to support his counterargument, presenting data from the US Department of Health and Human Services to illustrate the prevalence of marijuana use for recreational purposes over medicinal use. He also references the Sabet Group to highlight concerns about the early permission of marijuana for medicinal purposes and the potential lack of proper prescriptions.

Overall, Hughes effectively combines ethos, logos, and pathos to construct a well-rounded and compelling argument. The integration of expert opinions, statistical evidence, and emotional appeals enhances the persuasiveness of his message, making a strong case for the emotional and economic aspects of medical marijuana.

Trevor Hughes effectively employs pathos in his article to appeal to the emotions of the readers and underscore the human aspect of the medical marijuana debate. By highlighting the permission granted in California for medical marijuana use for “sick people,” he taps into the empathetic response readers may have towards individuals suffering from various ailments (Hughes). This emotional connection is further emphasized by asserting that millions of Americans believe marijuana helps them, framing it as a source of relief and healing (Hughes). The mention of specific medical conditions such as chronic pain, PTSD, and seizures adds a human touch to the argument, evoking empathy and support for those seeking therapeutic benefits from marijuana.

The strategic use of pathos is complemented by the author’s consideration of kairos, making the argument timely and pertinent in the current context of debates surrounding marijuana legalization. The emotional appeal becomes particularly effective when discussing the ailments and sufferings that marijuana is purported to alleviate. Hughes skillfully uses this emotional resonance to set the stage for his overarching argument that emotions have played a crucial role in the legislative decisions regarding marijuana.

Regarding style and organization, Hughes employs a balanced mix of simple and academic diction. The attention-grabbing opening sentence succinctly encapsulates the article’s theme and sets the tone for the ensuing discussion. The author’s use of metaphors, medical terminology, and shorter sentence structures adds depth and complexity to the narrative, catering to both general readers and those with a more academic orientation. The organization is clear, with a well-defined thesis statement leading to the exploration of emotional and medical aspects, followed by counterarguments and concluding with the economic dimension of the marijuana debate. This structured approach facilitates a coherent and comprehensible presentation of the multifaceted issue.

In terms of values and beliefs, Hughes navigates the ethical considerations surrounding marijuana use with a nuanced approach. He acknowledges the medicinal value of marijuana and the ethical foundation of its legalization in certain contexts. However, he also confronts the ethical dilemma arising from its potential misuse, particularly for recreational purposes. By addressing both sides of the issue, Hughes demonstrates a commitment to providing a balanced and objective analysis. The article resonates with various stakeholders, including advocates for medical marijuana, opponents of recreational use, policymakers, and professionals involved in healthcare and commerce.

Overall, Trevor Hughes adeptly employs rhetorical strategies to engage readers emotionally, present a well-reasoned argument, and navigate the ethical complexities surrounding medical marijuana. The article effectively communicates to a diverse audience and encourages thoughtful consideration of the different dimensions of this contentious issue.

Conclusion: “Medical Marijuana Used Pot’s Emotional Connection”

In short, Trevor Hughes has done a commendable job in using this article to address his inclusive audience and explore the roles they can play in its proper, ethical, and legitimate legalization to benefit both patients and the business community. He employed an effective rhetorical strategy by using appropriate diction where necessary, maintaining a good sentence structure, and occasionally resorting to figurative language to convey his message forcefully. Regarding rhetorical devices, he effectively utilized ethos, logos, and pathos to reach his readers and persuade them that both sides have merits, but there is still room for improvement in the legalization process to make it a properly available medicinal drug. He also emphasized its fair and legitimate uses to guide stakeholders in concluding how its abuse could be curtailed. Moreover, the organization of the article, its various claims and supporting evidence, and its conclusion with a strong final remark contribute to making it a compelling piece.

Works Cited: “Medical Marijuana Used Pot’s Emotional Connection”

1. Trevor, Hughes. “Medical Marijuana Used Pot’s Emotional Connection to Spread Nationally.” USA Today. 03 May. 2018. Web. 21 May. 2023.

Relevant Questions about “Medical Marijuana Used Pot’s Emotional Connection”

1. How does Trevor Hughes utilize rhetorical strategies to evoke emotions and connect with the readers in his article “Medical Marijuana Used Pot’s Emotional Connection to Spread Nationally”?
2. In what ways does Hughes employ ethos, pathos, and logos to build credibility, appeal to the readers’ emotions, and present logical arguments in his discussion of the emotional connection surrounding medical marijuana?
3. How does the timing of the article’s publication and its alignment with the societal context contribute to the effectiveness of Hughes’ rhetorical approach in conveying the message about the emotional connection associated with the spread of medical marijuana nationally?

Introduction: Rhetorical Analysis of Commencement Speech of Bernard Harris

The delivery of the Commencement Speech of Bernard Harris at Worcester Polytechnic Institute was a historic moment is akin to his achievements in space exploration, particularly his spacewalking. It is a rare occurrence for a figure who has made history to visit an institute and candidly reflect on his career. Even more uncommon is the journey of an African-American, often perceived as having limited access to technical education, to achieve the heights that Bernard Harris reached in his lifetime. The Commencement Speech not only imparts lessons from his career but also encapsulates the essence of his hard work, self-assessment, and an evaluation of his capabilities. In doing so, he emphasizes the boundless potential within every individual. Bernard Harris is attuned to his audience and the purpose of his speech, evident in his adept use of ethos, logos, and pathos. Additionally, he employs rhetorical devices like repetition and rhetorical questions to effectively persuade the students regarding his argument on the infinite abilities of humanity.

Delivery of Commencement Speech of Bernard Harris

Bernard Harris delivered this Commencement Speech to the graduates of Worcester Polytechnic Institute in 2015, a group of students specializing in technical education. Harris, being an astronaut with NASA and possessing a technical educational background, was well-suited for this audience. In his commencement address, he shares life lessons centered on the belief that “there is no limit to human ingenuity” and that individuals are “infinite beings with infinite possibilities” (1). Drawing from his personal journey and the passion driving his career, Harris emphasizes that failure should be seen not as an obstacle but as an opportunity to reassess one’s capabilities. He advises students not to be disheartened by initial failures but rather to use them as a means of refining their skills.

Harris provides vivid descriptions of his experiences, including his journey to the moon and the challenges faced, such as encountering 3.5G force during a six-minute travel. He shares an anecdote about guiding engineers to design leg straps that could withstand the forces of space travel. The speech concludes on an empowering note, urging students to embrace their capabilities and encouraging them to echo his message of “infinite abilities” for all human beings (9). Harris’s deliberate use of his authority and expertise in the field, known as ethos, illustrates his awareness of both his audience and the purpose behind addressing them.

Classical Rhetoric in Commencement Speech of Bernard Harris

Bernard Harris effectively employs the classical rhetorical term ethos in his speech, leveraging his character and personal experience as an authority to persuade his audience. As a career astronaut and space-walker, he stands as a credible source to share insights on becoming astronauts or engineers. Harris, possessing both scientific knowledge and first-hand experience, imparts valuable lessons and emphasizes his intent to share his journey, stating, “I want to share that with you, but also some lessons that I’ve learned along the way” (2).

Acknowledging his own capabilities, Harris reflects on his talents discovered during his journey, stating, “I also during that period discovered my talents” (4). He candidly discusses his background as an African-American, highlighting the challenges he faced, his diligent efforts, and eventual success following a setback in his initial NASA interview. By weaving these personal narratives into his speech, Harris strengthens his argument, emphasizing the importance of relying on one’s abilities. Moreover, Harris skillfully incorporates logos, adding another layer to his persuasive approach.

Logos in Commencement Speech of Bernard Harris

Bernard Harris adeptly utilizes logos, the appeal to logic or reason, in his speech. As an authority in space studies and programs, Harris provides detailed narratives about his selection process and the valuable lessons he gained. Incorporating relevant statistics and data, he reinforces his technical expertise, stating, “I finished Mayo Clinic and I ended up at NASA Ames Research Center” (5). Additionally, he shares specifics about the speed of the spaceship, the experienced G force, and the weight of the suit during travel, adding factual details that enhance the overall argument of relying on one’s abilities.

While logos plays a significant role in bolstering his credibility, Harris recognizes the importance of emotional appeal, or pathos, in making his speech impactful. Balancing these elements contributes to a persuasive and engaging delivery that resonates with the audience.

Pathos in Commencement Speech of Bernard Harris

Bernard Harris effectively employs pathos, the appeal to emotions, by sharing his personal journey as an individual from a modest background, emphasizing his identity as an African-American. Throughout his speech, he articulates the emotional highs and lows he experienced, creating a connection with the audience. When faced with failure in the initial NASA interview, he openly expresses his emotional response, highlighting vulnerability and resilience. His recounting of personal struggles and triumphs serves to evoke empathy and a shared sense of emotional experience.

Moreover, Harris integrates rhetorical devices such as repetition and rhetorical questions, enhancing the emotional impact of his message. By emphasizing the importance of passion and encouraging the audience to remember this key element, he employs repetition to underscore a crucial point. The use of rhetorical questions prompts reflection and engagement from the listeners, fostering a deeper connection with the speech’s themes. These rhetorical devices, combined with the emotional appeal, contribute to the overall effectiveness of Harris’s speech.

Rhetorical Strategies in Commencement Speech of Bernard Harris

Bernard Harris strategically employs repetition and rhetorical questions throughout his speech, contributing to the overall effectiveness of his message. The repetition of the statement “I am an infinite being with infinite possibilities” at the beginning and end of his speech serves to reinforce and emphasize the central theme of human potential and limitless capabilities. This technique not only adds rhetorical strength but also aids in audience retention, ensuring that the key message lingers in the minds of the graduates. The use of rhetorical questions, such as “What do you think is a lot of money?” and “Do we have any Star Trek fans out here?” serves multiple purposes. Firstly, these questions engage the audience, prompting them to actively think and respond mentally. Secondly, rhetorical questions can create a conversational tone, making the speech more relatable and dynamic. By posing questions about innate abilities, Harris stimulates contemplation among the graduates, encouraging them to reflect on their own potential. The combination of these rhetorical strategies aligns with Harris’s overarching message that failure is not a setback but an opportunity for self-reflection and growth. His ability to effectively employ these techniques contributes to the persuasiveness of his argument, making a compelling case for embracing passion, resilience, and recognizing one’s infinite abilities.

Works Cited: Commencement Speech of Bernard Harris

1. Harris, Bernard. “Commencement Address.” 2015. Web. 12 Feb. 2022.

Relevant Questions about Rhetorical Analysis of Commencement Speech of Bernard Harris

1. How does Bernard Harris effectively use personal anecdotes and experiences to establish ethos and connect with the audience in his commencement speech at Worcester Polytechnic Institute?
2. In what ways does Bernard Harris employ rhetorical strategies such as repetition and rhetorical questions to emphasize key messages and engage the audience during his address?
3. How does Harris balance appeals to ethos, logos, and pathos in delivering his central message about human potential, resilience, and the pursuit of passion during the commencement speech?

Introduction: Rhetorical Analysis of “Against Meat”

In the rhetorical analysis of “Against Meat” by Jonathan Safran Foer, the author adeptly uses persuasive techniques such as vivid imagery and emotional appeal, to argue his case against the consumption of meat, skillfully navigating the nuances of ethical and environmental concerns. This is an excerpt from the book “Eating Animals” by Jonathan Safran Foer. It was published in The New York Times on October 7, 2009. This autobiographical article suggests that everything loses its value when there is “nothing to save,” even if it is life. The writer emphasizes that food is meant to be consumed for survival, taste, and nutritional value. Otherwise, concepts related to food are influenced by human thinking, emotions, situations, and religious beliefs, impacting eating habits. The central argument is that attitudes toward eating meat or being a vegetarian fluctuate over time due to these aspects of our lives.

Jonathan Safran Foer begins his narrative by praising his grandmother, a Holocaust survivor, and describing how she developed a love for food. Food became everything for her, and she became the greatest chef in the household, driven by her obsession with making children healthy. She prioritized meat, followed by chicken, fish, and then considered all vegetables important, never letting peels and crumbs go to waste. This upbringing led the author to become a casual vegetarian, despite initial reservations about his commitment.

Although he recalled childhood stories of not hurting animals, his decision to become a vegetarian did not stem from those stories. Instead, he wanted to be an odd man out, presenting himself as a vegetarian. At times, he adopted vegetarianism because he found it easy, akin to Mark Twain’s anecdote of quitting smoking daily. Other times, he viewed factory farming as a significant threat to humanity due to its impact on the environment. Occasionally, he embraced vegetarianism due to commitments with his wife. Ultimately, he concluded that their choice to eat meat was driven by taste, acknowledging their “consciously inconsistency” or being “vegetarians who, from time to time, ate meat” (Foer, p. 26).

The author cites various examples of occasions when the couple abandoned vegetarianism for social or religious reasons. In the end, he concludes that, despite warnings from the FDA and the UN Food Agency about environmental and health issues associated with consuming animals, meat remains an ingredient in their food because of the taste. This realization prompts them to reconsider their views, especially as parents. The tale of his grandmother, who stayed healthy and survived by eating everything except for religious reasons, does not persuade the rational mind of the author, as he acknowledges that the next generation may even change their dietary choices.

Rhetorical Strategies in Rhetorical Analysis of “Against Meat”

The author employs various rhetorical strategies to strengthen his argument, including classical rhetorical devices, pathos, ethos, logos, and Kairos. Additionally, he uses repetition, shorter sentences, rhetorical questions, and dialogues to enhance the persuasive nature of his claim, asserting that people are now occasional vegetarians and consume meat for various reasons.

Classical rhetorical devices are prominent throughout the article, contributing to the persuasion of readers that abstaining from meat is not straightforward. The author leverages ethos by citing personal experiences and family teachings. He shares anecdotes about his grandmother, a Holocaust survivor and the family’s greatest chef, emphasizing her preference for meat and fish as nutritious foods. By presenting family incidents, the author establishes himself as an authority on the challenges of becoming a vegetarian, similar to Mark Twain’s expertise in quitting smoking occasionally.

Moreover, the author uses pathos to tap into readers’ emotions. While his pathos may seem weaker at times, such as when he mentions “conscious inconsistency,” the use of anecdotes, like the one about Mark Twain, connects with readers on an emotional level. The author’s recounting of family teachings, baby sitter instructions, and his grandmother’s preferences adds a personal touch that resonates with readers’ emotions.

Ethos is reinforced by appealing to authority through references to U.S.D.A. data and the FAO of the United Nations. By emphasizing reservations about meat from factory farming and the environmental impact of genetically modified animals, the author aims to build credibility and persuade readers about the potential harms associated with meat consumption.

Logos is evident in the logical progression of the author’s arguments. He presents data, expert opinions, and environmental concerns to support his claim that meat consumption poses risks. The strategic use of repetition, shorter sentences, and rhetorical questions contributes to the logical flow of the argument. Kairos, or timing, is incorporated into the argument, aligning with contemporary concerns about food choices, environmental sustainability, and health. The author capitalizes on the current relevance of the topic to enhance the persuasive impact of his message. In summary, Johathan Safran Foer effectively employs rhetorical strategies such as classical devices, pathos, ethos, logos, and Kairos to construct a compelling argument. The use of personal anecdotes, references to authoritative sources, and emotional appeals contribute to the overall persuasiveness of the article, engaging readers on various levels.

Logos in Rhetorical Analysis of “Against Meat”

The author’s use of logos is indeed robust, grounded in logical reasoning and philosophical considerations. His decision to adopt vegetarianism at different points in his life, such as during his philosophy major, is portrayed as a logical response to align with his intellectual pursuits. The acknowledgment of human fallibility and changing tastes adds a pragmatic dimension to his argument, reinforcing the idea that dietary choices are subject to individual whims and circumstances. The inclusion of instances where religious considerations or social obligations necessitate a departure from vegetarianism contributes to the logical progression of his argument.

Pathos, or emotional appeal, is a significant component of the author’s strategy. The anecdotes about his grandmother’s survival during challenging times, her reverence for food, and the emotional resonance of her words create a poignant narrative. The description of food as embodying various emotions—terror, dignity, gratitude, vengeance, joy, humiliation, religion, history, and love—invokes a deep emotional response in readers. The use of pathos is particularly effective in conveying the complex relationship between food and emotions, as illustrated through his grandmother’s experiences.

The author’s ability to intertwine personal narratives, family stories, and historical events enhances the emotional impact. The portrayal of his grandmother’s refusal to eat non-kosher meat, despite the circumstances, adds a layer of emotional depth to the argument. The timing of the article aligns with a growing awareness of vegetarianism and animal rights activism, leveraging Kairos effectively. By addressing contemporary concerns and incorporating the viewpoints of animal rights activists, the author makes his argument more relevant and resonant with the prevailing sentiments on the subject.

In summary, the author employs a balanced mix of logos, pathos, and Kairos to construct a persuasive argument. The logical reasoning, emotional narratives, and timely considerations collectively contribute to the overall effectiveness of the article in engaging and convincing the readers.

Rhetorical Questions in Rhetorical Analysis of “Against Meat”

The use of rhetorical questions in Foer’s writing serves as a powerful tool to engage readers and guide them through the complexities of his arguments. By posing questions, he not only prompts readers to reflect on the issues he raises but also provides answers or insights, creating a conversational tone that invites readers to consider various perspectives. The rhetorical questions act as a rhetorical device to stimulate critical thinking and involve the audience in the author’s thought process.

The strategic use of parentheses to offer additional explanations or insights further enhances the clarity of Foer’s narrative. It allows him to provide context or elaborate on specific points without disrupting the flow of the main argument. This technique aids in addressing potential questions or concerns that readers might have, contributing to a more comprehensive and nuanced exploration of the subject matter.

Repetition, particularly in the form of anecdotes or catchphrases, serves to reinforce key themes and messages within the narrative. The repetition of the grandmother’s catchphrase “Listen to me” not only emphasizes the significance of her perspective but also signals to the readers that this element is central to the narrative. It helps in driving home specific points and ensures that essential aspects of the argument are not overlooked. In summary, the use of rhetorical questions, parentheses, and repetition contributes to the overall effectiveness of Foer’s rhetorical strategy. These devices facilitate reader engagement, clarify complex ideas, and reinforce key messages, enhancing the persuasive impact of the article.

Conclusion of Rhetorical Analysis of “Against Meat”

Jonathan Safran Foer’s use of a first-person narrative, combined with personal and literary anecdotes, adds a compelling and relatable dimension to his argument. By sharing personal stories and experiences, Foer connects with readers on an emotional level, making his narrative more engaging and relatable. This approach humanizes the author and allows readers to see the issues from a more personal perspective.

The anecdotes, particularly those involving his grandmother and his child, serve as powerful illustrative examples that anchor his arguments in real-life situations. The grandmother’s love for food becomes a metaphor for the complex relationships people have with what they eat. The intergenerational aspect, involving his child, adds a layer of universality, as many readers can relate to the challenges of making food choices for their families.

The incorporation of Mark Twain’s anecdote about quitting smoking introduces a touch of humor and further reinforces Foer’s point about the challenges of maintaining a strict dietary commitment. It serves as a relatable comparison that adds a literary and historical dimension to his argument.

By blending personal narratives with literary references and anecdotes, Foer employs a multifaceted approach to persuasion. This strategy helps him connect with a diverse audience, allowing readers to see themselves in the stories he shares and encouraging them to reconsider their own relationships with food. The first-person narrative, enriched with anecdotes, contributes to the overall effectiveness of Foer’s rhetorical strategy in making a persuasive case about the complexities of dietary choices.

Reference: Rhetorical Analysis of “Against Meat”

Foer, J. S. (October 7, 2009). “Against Meat.” Retrieved on March 15, 2022 from http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/11/magazine/11foer-t.html?_r=0

Relevant Questions about Rhetorical Analysis of “Against Meat”

1. How does Jonathan Safran Foer establish ethos in “Against Meat,” and how does his credibility as an author contribute to the overall persuasive impact of the essay?
2. Identify examples of logos in Foer’s argument against meat consumption. How does he use logical reasoning, evidence, and appeals to support his claims, and how effective are these strategies in conveying his message?
3. Analyze the use of pathos in “Against Meat.” How does Foer appeal to the emotions of the readers, and what specific language or anecdotes does he employ to evoke an emotional response? Discuss the role of pathos in strengthening Foer’s argument against meat consumption.