Month: April 2024

Introduction: “The Girl Who Got Rattled” by Stewart Edward White

“The Girl Who Got Rattled” by Stewart Edward White was first published in 1915 in the collection “The Camp-Fire” and has since become a classic of American literature. This short story showcases White’s exceptional storytelling skills, as it masterfully weaves together elements of adventure, romance, and humor. The tale follows a young woman’s journey through the American West, where she faces various challenges and learns valuable lessons about resilience, courage, and the importance of staying true to oneself. The story’s good qualities include its vivid descriptions of the natural landscape, its well-developed characters, and its ability to evoke a sense of nostalgia for the pioneering spirit of the American West. Overall, “The Girl Who Got Rattled” is a captivating and inspiring tale that continues to delight readers to this day.

Main Events in “The Girl Who Got Rattled” by Stewart Edward White

Literary Devices in “The Girl Who Got Rattled” by Stewart Edward White

Characterization in “The Girl Who Got Rattled” by Stewart Edward White

Major Characters:

• Alfred: Alfred is a diminutive and bashful man, often underestimated due to his small stature and shy demeanor. Despite his outward appearance, he possesses remarkable skills as a scout and fighter, capable of reading the prairie like a book and handling himself adeptly in challenging situations. His innate courtesy and diffidence sometimes hinder his assertiveness, particularly in the presence of women, but his resourcefulness and courage shine through when the situation demands it.
• Miss Caldwell: Miss Caldwell exudes a determined and adventurous spirit, eager to embrace the thrill of “roughing it” in the journey to Deadwood. Her enthusiasm for outdoor life contrasts with her refined upbringing, showcasing her willingness to challenge societal norms and seek excitement beyond the comforts of civilization. While initially carefree and spirited, her experiences on the journey test her resilience and reveal deeper layers of her character.

Minor Characters:

• Allen: Allen epitomizes the archetype of the laid-back and somewhat careless young man, who, while enjoying the adventure of the journey, often disregards the feelings and sensitivities of others. His teasing and impertinent behavior towards Alfred and Miss Caldwell highlight his lack of consideration for their perspectives, adding tension to their interactions within the group.
• Billy Knapp: Billy Knapp emerges as a steadfast and pragmatic figure, characterized by his imperturbable demeanor and authoritative presence. As a companion to Alfred, he shares responsibility for maintaining order and discipline within the group, albeit with a certain rigidity that occasionally clashes with the desires of the other travelers. His role as a guide and protector underscores his commitment to ensuring the safety of the expedition.
• Caldwell Senior: Caldwell Senior embodies the role of the indulgent and supportive patriarch, accompanying his daughter on the journey to Deadwood to fulfill her desire for adventure. Despite his affluence and status, he displays a down-to-earth demeanor and genuine concern for the well-being of his fellow travelers, fostering a sense of camaraderie within the group.
• Sioux Warriors: The Sioux warriors symbolize the formidable challenges encountered during the journey, their presence evoking a sense of danger and uncertainty. As antagonists to the protagonists, they represent the looming threat of conflict and violence in the untamed frontier, heightening the stakes and driving the narrative towards its climax.

Major Themes in “The Girl Who Got Rattled” by Stewart Edward White

• Theme 1: The Dangers of Underestimating Others
  Alfred, the diminutive scout, is often underestimated by others due to his small stature and bashful nature. However, he proves himself to be a skilled and brave scout, able to read the prairie like a book and fight when necessary. This theme is exemplified when Alfred surprises Allen and Miss Caldwell with his sudden assertiveness and expertise in handling the situation with the Sioux warriors.
• Theme 2: The Importance of Experience and Knowledge
  The story highlights the importance of experience and knowledge in navigating challenging situations. Alfred’s expertise as a scout and his understanding of the prairie and its dangers prove invaluable in keeping Miss Caldwell safe. In contrast, Allen’s inexperience and overconfidence nearly lead to disaster. This theme is illustrated when Alfred recognizes the signs of Sioux warriors and takes decisive action, while Allen is oblivious to the danger.
• Theme 3: The Power Dynamics of Gender Roles
  The story touches on the power dynamics of gender roles, particularly in the relationship between Miss Caldwell and Alfred. Miss Caldwell, as a woman, is expected to be helpless and in need of protection, while Alfred, as a man, is expected to be strong and assertive. However, Alfred’s bashful nature and Miss Caldwell’s independence challenge these expectations. This theme is evident when Miss Caldwell defies convention by riding off alone and Alfred surprises her with his assertiveness in handling the situation with the Sioux warriors.
• Theme 4: The Clash of Cultures
  The story explores the clash of cultures between the white settlers and the Native American Sioux warriors. The tension between the two groups is palpable, and Alfred’s knowledge of the prairie and its dangers serves as a bridge between the two cultures. This theme is exemplified in the standoff between Alfred, Miss Caldwell, and the Sioux warriors, highlighting the misunderstandings and mistrust that can arise from cultural differences.

Writing Style in “The Girl Who Got Rattled” by Stewart Edward White

• Descriptive Language:
  • Example: “Alfred could read the prairie like a book.”
  • Explanation: White employs vivid and evocative descriptions to paint a picture of the Western landscape and its inhabitants, allowing readers to immerse themselves in the setting and atmosphere of the story.
• Dialogue:
  • Example: “Miss Caldwell was determined to go to Deadwood.”
  • Explanation: The dialogue in the story is natural and colloquial, reflecting the speech patterns and personalities of the characters. It provides insight into their thoughts, motivations, and interactions, driving the plot forward and enriching character development.
• Narrative Perspective:
  • Example: “Alfred arose deliberately for a better look.”
  • Explanation: The narrative is primarily third-person limited, following the perspectives and experiences of the characters, particularly Alfred and Miss Caldwell. This allows for a deeper exploration of their thoughts and emotions while maintaining an objective viewpoint on the events unfolding.
• Suspenseful Pacing:
  • Example: “Alfred straightened suddenly in his saddle and uttered a fervent curse.”
  • Explanation: White builds tension through strategic pacing, gradually escalating the conflict and suspense as the story progresses. Moments of anticipation and uncertainty propel the plot forward, keeping readers engaged and eager to discover the outcome.
• Symbolism and Imagery:
  • Example: “The Sioux warriors symbolize the formidable challenges encountered during the journey.”
  • Explanation: White employs symbolism and vivid imagery to convey deeper themes and messages within the narrative. Elements such as the prairie landscape, the Sioux warriors, and the journey itself serve as powerful symbols that enrich the story with layers of meaning and significance.

Literary Theories and Interpretation of “The Girl Who Got Rattled” by Stewart Edward White

• Feminist Theory
• Interpretation: The story reinforces traditional gender roles, with Miss Caldwell needing male protection and Alfred embodying masculine bravery.
• Example: Miss Caldwell’s decision to ride off alone is portrayed as reckless, and she requires Alfred’s rescue.
• Critique: This interpretation overlooks Miss Caldwell’s agency and independence, as well as Alfred’s bashful nature, which challenges traditional gender roles.
• Postcolonial Theory
• Interpretation: The story perpetuates the dominant white settler narrative, marginalizing Native American experiences and perspectives.
• Example: The Sioux warriors are portrayed as threats, reinforcing stereotypes and justifying white violence against them.
• Critique: This interpretation highlights the story’s problematic representation of Native Americans, but overlooks Alfred’s attempts to communicate and find peace.
• Psychoanalytic Theory
• Interpretation: Alfred’s bashfulness and sudden assertiveness reveal repressed desires and a need for control.
• Example: Alfred’s blushing and stammering around Miss Caldwell suggest unrequited love, while his decisive actions against the Sioux warriors express a latent masculinity.
• Critique: This interpretation reduces Alfred’s character to psychosexual dynamics, neglecting his skills and experiences as a scout.
• Marxist Theory
• Interpretation: The story reflects class dynamics, with the wealthy Caldwell family and their hired scouts exploiting the prairie and its native inhabitants.
• Example: The Caldwell family’s luxury and privilege contrast with the harsh realities of the prairie and the Sioux warriors’ struggles.
• Critique: This interpretation oversimplifies the story’s themes, neglecting the complexities of frontier life and the characters’ individual motivations.
• Ecocritical Theory
• Interpretation: The story highlights the tension between human exploitation and the natural environment, as well as the interconnectedness of human and nonhuman experiences.
• Example: The prairie landscape and its creatures (like the prairie dogs) serve as a backdrop for human conflict, while Alfred’s knowledge of the land and its rhythms enables his survival.
• Critique: This interpretation foregrounds the story’s environmental themes, but might overlook the cultural and social dynamics at play.

Topics, Questions, and Thesis Statements about “The Girl Who Got Rattled” by Stewart Edward White

Short Questions/Answers about/on “The Girl Who Got Rattled” by Stewart Edward White

1. How does Alfred’s timid demeanor influence his actions? Alfred’s bashful nature often leads him to avoid confrontation and assertiveness, as seen when he refrains from directly addressing Allen’s disrespectful behavior towards him. For instance, when Allen interrupts Alfred’s story and mocks him in front of Miss Caldwell, Alfred blushes and falls silent, demonstrating his reluctance to engage in conflict.
2. What role does Miss Caldwell play in challenging societal norms? Miss Caldwell defies traditional gender roles and expectations by embracing the hardships of frontier life and actively participating in the journey to Deadwood. Despite societal pressures for women to adhere to domestic roles, she seeks adventure and independence, as evidenced by her decision to join the wagon train and her willingness to race ahead with Allen, disregarding concerns about safety and propriety.
3. How do conflicts with Native Americans impact the characters’ perceptions of the frontier? The encounters with hostile Sioux warriors highlight the harsh realities of life on the Western frontier and instill fear and uncertainty among the travelers. Alfred’s response to the looming threat of attack underscores the constant vigilance required for survival in the wilderness, as he prepares to defend himself and Miss Caldwell against potential violence.
4. What themes of resilience emerge amidst the challenges faced by the characters? The resilience of the characters is exemplified by their ability to adapt and endure in the face of adversity. Despite the dangers posed by hostile Native Americans and the harsh conditions of the journey, the travelers persevere, demonstrating their determination to reach their destination. Additionally, Alfred’s resourcefulness and courage in confronting the Sioux warriors reflect the resilience needed to overcome obstacles on the unforgiving frontier.

Literary Works Similar to “The Girl Who Got Rattled” by Stewart Edward White

1. The Virginian by Owen Wister (1902) – A classic Western novel set in Wyoming, exploring themes of love, honor, and cultural clashes between settlers and Native Americans.
2. The Big Sky by A.B. Guthrie Jr. (1947) – A historical novel set in the American West, tracing the lives of fur trappers, explorers, and Native Americans amidst the vast, untamed landscape.
3. True Grit by Charles Portis (1968) – A Western novel about a young girl’s quest for justice, featuring a strong-willed female protagonist and a rugged, unforgiving frontier landscape.
4. Lonesome Dove by Larry McMurtry (1985) – A Pulitzer Prize-winning novel about two former Texas Rangers on a perilous cattle drive, exploring themes of friendship, love, and the American West.
5. The Searchers by Alan Le May (1954) – A classic Western novel about a Texan’s obsessive search for his kidnapped niece, delving into themes of family, violence, and racial tension on the frontier.

These works share similarities with “The Girl Who Got Rattled” in their:

• Western settings and frontier themes
• Exploration of cultural clashes and racial tensions
• Strong-willed protagonists and rugged landscapes
• Themes of love, honor, and survival
• Historical and adventurous elements

Suggested Readings about/on “The Girl Who Got Rattled” by Stewart Edward White

• Books:
• White, Stewart Edward. Blazed trail stories and stories of the wild life. Vol. 28. Ardent Media, 1969.
• Pence, Raymond Woodbury, ed. Short Stories by Present-day Authors. Macmillan Company, 1922.
• Articles:
• Schniedermann, Wibke. “Revision as Nostalgic Practice: The Imagined Adaptation of The Ballad of Buster Scruggs.” Adaptation 15.1 (2022): 68-83.
• Website Links:
• https://americanliterature.com/author/stewart-edward-white/short-story/the-girl-who-got-rattled
• http://www.online-literature.com/stewart-white/

Representative Quotations from “The Girl Who Got Rattled” by Stewart Edward White

Introduction: “The Fly” by Katherine Mansfield

“The Fly” by Katherine Mansfield, first appeared in 1922 in The Nation and Athenaeum, a prominent British periodical and was subsequently included in The Doves’ Nest and Other Stories, a collection published posthumously in 1923. “The Fly” embodies Mansfield’s modernist approach to literature, utilizing stream-of-consciousness narration to delve into the protagonist’s emotional state. Composed in the years following World War I, the story subtly reflects the war’s enduring impact on individuals and their relationships.

Main Events in “The Fly” by Katherine Mansfield

1. Comfort in the Office: Mr. Woodifield finds solace in the comfortable environment of Mr. Frank’s office, contrasting with his lonely and restricted life at home due to his retirement and stroke.
2. Symbolism of Office Upgrades: Mr. Frank takes pride in the recent upgrades to his office, symbolizing his desire for control and stability amidst personal and professional uncertainties.
3. Whisky as a Comfort: Mr. Frank offers whisky to Mr. Woodifield as a gesture of kindness and camaraderie, highlighting the solace found in shared moments and the temporary escape from life’s hardships.
4. News of Graves: Mr. Woodifield shares news about the graves of their sons, prompting Mr. Frank to confront his grief and the passage of time.
5. Grief and Loss: Mr. Frank’s grief over his son’s death resurfaces, revealing the depth of his emotional turmoil and the ongoing impact of loss.
6. Memories of the Past: Memories of his son flood Mr. Frank’s mind, illustrating the lingering pain and the inability to move on from the past.
7. Cruelty Towards the Fly: Mr. Frank’s treatment of the trapped fly reflects his sense of powerlessness and frustration, as well as a darker aspect of his character.
8. Symbolism of the Fly: The fly trapped in ink symbolizes mortality, vulnerability, and the inevitability of death, mirroring Mr. Frank’s own struggles with mortality and control.
9. Final Act of Cruelty: Mr. Frank’s decision to end the fly’s life reflects his own sense of hopelessness and the inability to cope with his emotions in a constructive manner.
10. Loss of Connection: The story ends with Mr. Frank’s inability to recall his previous thoughts, symbolizing his disconnection from his emotions and his struggle to find meaning in his life.

Literary Devices in “The Fly” by Katherine Mansfield

Characterization in “The Fly” by Katherine Mansfield

• The Boss: A Facade of Strength: The unnamed protagonist, referred to solely as “the boss,” is a complex character. Initially, he appears as a successful, energetic businessman. We see this through his pride in his modernized office and his dismissal of Woodifield’s frailty. However, the story subtly reveals his deep grief over his deceased son. His boastful behavior masks a desperate attempt to distract himself from the gaping hole left by his son’s absence. Consider the passage where he boasts about the electric heater, saying, “Look at this beauty… Puts a bit of life into you what?” ([Story Title]). This seemingly innocuous statement can be interpreted as a yearning for the vitality his son brought to his life.
• Mr. Woodifield: A Foil and a Reminder: A retired man, Woodifield serves as a foil to the boss. He is frail and dependent, representing the natural decline of life. The boss seems to view him with a touch of condescension. However, Woodifield’s purpose goes beyond mere contrast. His forgetfulness and struggle to remember something important foreshadow the boss’s own repressed grief. When Woodifield finally remembers the “awful business” ([Story Title]), it jolts the boss back to the reality of his own loss.
• The Fly: A Symbol of Torment: While seemingly a minor character, the fly becomes a powerful symbol. The boss’s obsessive torment of the fly reflects his inner turmoil. He projects his frustration and anger over his son’s death onto the helpless creature. The fly’s eventual escape can be seen as a metaphor for the boss’s own inability to escape his grief.
• The Son: A Lingering Absence: Though never physically present, the boss’s son looms large. The photo above the desk and the boss’s focus on him taking over the business highlight the future stolen by war. The son’s absence creates a void that the boss desperately tries to fill.

Through these characters, Mansfield paints a nuanced portrait of grief. The story explores how loss can manifest in unexpected ways, forcing characters to confront the fragility of life.

Major Themes in “The Fly” by Katherine Mansfield

Writing Style in “The Fly” by Katherine Mansfield

1. Psychological Realism: Mansfield delves into the inner thoughts and emotions of Mr. Frank, portraying his grief and internal struggles with vivid detail.
2. Stream of Consciousness: The narrative style mimics Mr. Frank’s thought processes, often drifting from one memory or observation to another without clear transitions.
3. Symbolism: The trapped fly in the inkpot serves as a powerful symbol throughout the story, representing themes of mortality, fragility, and the inevitability of death.
4. Descriptive Imagery: Mansfield employs vivid and evocative language to paint a detailed picture of the story’s setting and characters, enhancing the reader’s immersion in the story.
5. Irony: The story is laced with irony, particularly in Mr. Frank’s treatment of the fly, highlighting the ironic juxtaposition between his empathy for the fly and his own callousness.

Literary Theories and Interpretation of “The Fly” by Katherine Mansfield

Topics, Questions, and Thesis Statements about “The Fly” by Katherine Mansfield

Short Questions/Answers about/on “The Fly” by Katherine Mansfield

• Beyond Annoyance: How does the seemingly insignificant fly morph into a powerful symbol, revealing the boss’s internal struggle in “The Fly” by Katherine Mansfield?
• This question delves deeper than the fly’s mere presence. It prompts an analysis of the transformation of the fly from a nuisance to a potent symbol. Consider the escalation of the boss’s reaction. How does his relentless pursuit connect to his emotional state? Explore the concept of the fly as a manifestation of the boss’s grief, and analyze how focusing on the fly allows him to avoid confronting a more profound pain.
• A Haunting Reminder: In “The Fly,” how does the seemingly ordinary photo on the boss’s desk function as a multifaceted symbol of loss and unfulfilled dreams?
• This question goes beyond a simple description of the photo. It asks you to unpack the layers of meaning embedded within the image. How does the son’s posture and clothing contribute to the symbolic weight of the photo? Consider the concept of the photo as a constant reminder of the stolen future and the void it creates in the boss’s life. Explore how the photo connects to the boss’s attempts to fill that void, including his obsession with the fly.
• A Mirror to Repressed Grief: How does Mr. Woodifield’s forgetfulness in “The Fly” by Katherine Mansfield act as a commentary on the universality and complexities of coping with loss?
• This question moves beyond Woodifield’s forgetfulness as a character trait. It asks you to analyze how it serves as a broader thematic device. Explore how Woodifield’s struggle to remember an “awful business” foreshadows the boss’s own repressed grief. Consider the concept of forgetfulness as a coping mechanism and how it reflects the challenges of confronting loss. Analyze how Woodifield’s experience functions as a mirror to the boss’s emotional state, highlighting the universality of grief.
• An Unresolved Pain: How does the open window at the end of “The Fly” by Katherine Mansfield contribute to the story’s portrayal of the lingering effects of grief?
• This question moves beyond the literal escape of the fly. It asks you to analyze the symbolic meaning of the open window and its connection to the boss’s emotional state. Explore the concept of the open window as a metaphor for the boss’s inability to escape his grief. Consider how the unresolved nature of the ending reflects the ongoing process of grieving. Analyze how the reader is left to ponder the lasting impact of the son’s death on the boss’s life, highlighting the unresolved nature of the boss’s pain.

Literary Works Similar to “The Fly” by Katherine Mansfield

1. “The Metamorphosis” by Franz Kafka:
   • Like “The Fly,” Kafka’s novella delves into themes of isolation, alienation, and the absurdity of existence. It follows the transformation of Gregor Samsa into a giant insect and explores the consequences of his metamorphosis on his relationships and sense of self.
2. “Bartleby, the Scrivener” by Herman Melville:
   • Melville’s short story examines themes of conformity, individuality, and the dehumanizing effects of modern society. Similar to “The Fly,” it features a protagonist who withdraws from society and adopts passive resistance, challenging conventional norms and expectations.
3. “A Good Man is Hard to Find” by Flannery O’Connor:
   • O’Connor’s short story explores themes of morality, redemption, and the nature of evil. Like “The Fly,” it features unexpected twists and moments of realization that prompt characters to confront the darker aspects of human nature and their own mortality.
4. “The Yellow Wallpaper” by Charlotte Perkins Gilman:
   • Gilman’s short story addresses themes of female oppression, mental illness, and the constraints of gender roles. Like “The Fly,” it employs psychological realism and explores the inner world of its protagonist as she grapples with her deteriorating mental state.
5. “The Dead” by James Joyce:
   • Joyce’s short story is part of his collection “Dubliners” and centers on a dinner party where guests confront issues of love, mortality, and the passage of time. Like “The Fly,” it features introspective characters and moments of epiphany that illuminate the complexities of human experience.

Suggested Readings about/on “The Fly” by Katherine Mansfield

Primary Source:

• Mansfield, Katherine. “The Fly.” The Doves’ Nest and Other Stories. Constable & Company Ltd, 1923. 1-12. Print.
• Mansfield, Katherine. Selected stories. Oxford University Press, 2002.
• Mansfield, Katherine. The collected stories of Katherine Mansfield. Wordsworth Editions, 2006.

Critical Analyses:

• Michel-Michot, Paulette. “Katherine Mansfield’s” The Fly”: An Attempt to Capture the Boss.” Studies in Short Fiction 11.1 (1974): 85.
• Bateson, F. W., and B. Shahevitch. “Katherine Mansfield’s ‘The Fly’: A Critical Exercise.” Essays in Criticism 12.1 (1962): 39-53.
• Sohier, Jacques. “Spectrality in the Short Story ‘The Fly’by Katherine Mansfield.” Études britanniques contemporaines. Revue de la Société dʼétudes anglaises contemporaines 42 (2012): 139-152.
• GREENWOOD, EB. “KATHERINE MANSFIELD’S ‘THE FLY’III.” Essays in Criticism 12.3 (1962): 341-347.

Web Sources:

• https://www.katherinemansfieldsociety.org/archive/www.katherinemansfieldsociety.org/assets/KM-Stories/THE-FLY.pdf
• https://www.english.ox.ac.uk/ten-minute-book-club/mansfield-the-fly

Representative Quotations from “The Fly” by Katherine Mansfield

Introduction: “The Father” by Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson

“The Father” by Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson, first published in 1860 as part of the collection “Nova” (Night and Day), showcases Bjørnson’s exploration of qualities such as fatherly love, sacrifice, and the struggle for power, set against the context of a rural Norwegian community. Through the character of the Father, Bjørnson masterfully portrays the complexities of human relationships and the consequences of unchecked ambition, making this work a significant contribution to Norwegian literature.

Main Events in “The Father” by Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson

1. A Proud Father: Thord Overaas, the wealthiest man in the parish, introduces his newborn son, Finn, to the priest and insists on a special baptism ceremony.
2. Focus on Ranking: Sixteen years later, Thord returns before his son’s confirmation and pays the priest extra depending on his son’s position in the ceremony (number one).
3. Securing a Wealthy Marriage: Eight years after that, Thord arranges the banns to be published for his son’s marriage to Karen Storliden, the richest girl in the parish. He pays extra despite it only requiring one dollar.
4. Tragedy on the Lake: While rowing across the lake to discuss wedding arrangements, Thord’s son falls overboard and drowns. The son tries to grab the oar but fails to stay afloat.
5. Relentless Search: Thord spends three days and nights tirelessly searching the lake for his son’s body.
6. Grief and Change: A year later, a gaunt and aged Thord visits the priest, a stark contrast to his previous confident demeanor.
7. Legacy for the Lost Son: Thord donates a significant amount of money, half the value of his farm, to be invested as a legacy in his son’s name.
8. Letting Go of Material Wealth: This act shows Thord prioritizing his son’s memory over material possessions.
9. Finding True Blessing: When the priest questions Thord’s future plans, Thord simply replies, “Something better.”
10. A Father Transformed: The priest suggests Thord’s son has finally brought him a true blessing, and Thord tearfully agrees, signifying a change in perspective.

Literary Devices in “The Father” by Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson

Characterization in “The Father” by Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson

Major Character:

• Thord Overaas:
• The wealthy and influential protagonist undergoes a significant transformation throughout the story. Here’s how Bjørnson develops him:
  • Actions:
    • Initially prideful – arranges a special baptism, boasts about his son’s achievements.
    • Materialistic – throws money at confirmation and wedding.
    • Grief-stricken and persistent – searches relentlessly for his son’s body.
    • Charitable – donates a large sum in his son’s name.
  • Dialogue:
    • Focuses on wealth and status – mentions “no troubles” and boasts about his son’s ranking.
  • Indirect Characterization:
    • Priest’s observations – comments on Thord’s lack of aging (shallow life) and questions if his son brings blessings.

Minor Character:

• The Priest: Serves as a foil to Thord, highlighting his flaws.
  • Actions:
    • Observant – notices Thord’s lack of change and his focus on money.
    • Insightful – questions Thord’s motives and prompts reflection.
  • Dialogue:
    • Gentle but thought-provoking – asks if Thord’s son is a blessing.

Explanation:

The story follows Thord’s journey from a self-absorbed man concerned with wealth to someone who understands the importance of emotional connection and giving. The priest’s role is crucial in highlighting Thord’s flaws and prompting him to re-evaluate his priorities.

Major Themes in “The Father” by Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson

Writing Style in “The Father” by Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson

• Sparse Dialogue: The story relies heavily on dialogue, but it’s brief and direct. This keeps the focus on the characters’ actions and unspoken emotions.
• Vivid Descriptions: Bjørnson uses selective details to create impactful imagery. Descriptions like “calm, still day” on the lake and Thord rowing “round and round the spot” paint a picture of grief and desperation.
• Focus on Action: The story progresses through actions rather than lengthy explanations. We see Thord’s changing behavior towards his son through his actions at the baptism, confirmation, and wedding.
• Shifting Time: The story jumps forward in time, with phrases like “One day sixteen years later” or “Eight years more rolled by.” This keeps the narrative focused on key events in Thord’s emotional journey.
• Emotional Impact: Despite the short length, the story evokes strong emotions. The son’s tragic death and Thord’s grief are conveyed powerfully through Bjørnson’s writing choices.

Literary Theories and Interpretation of “The Father” by Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson

1. Marxist Theory: Marxist theory examines literature through the lens of social class, power dynamics, and economic conditions. In “The Father,” one can interpret Thord’s character and his interactions with society from a Marxist perspective. Thord, as the wealthiest and most influential person in his parish, represents the bourgeoisie, while the peasant community symbolizes the proletariat. Thord’s wealth and status shape his actions, such as his ability to pay the priest generously or his social standing affecting his son’s marriage prospects. The story reflects the unequal distribution of wealth and power, highlighting societal hierarchies and the impact of economic factors on individual lives.
2. Feminist Theory: Feminist theory focuses on gender dynamics, power structures, and representations of women in literature. While “The Father” primarily revolves around Thord’s experiences, the female characters, such as Karen Storliden, Thord’s son’s bride, offer avenues for feminist analysis. Karen’s role in the story is largely defined by her familial wealth and social status, as indicated by her being the “richest girl in the parish.” Her agency and voice are overshadowed by male characters like Thord and the priest. Examining Karen’s character and the treatment of women in the story sheds light on patriarchal norms and societal expectations of gender roles during the time period.
3. Psychoanalytic Theory: Psychoanalytic theory, stemming from Freudian psychology, explores the subconscious mind, motivations, and conflicts of characters. Thord’s journey in “The Father” can be analyzed through a psychoanalytic lens, particularly regarding his relationship with his son and the trauma of his loss. Thord’s relentless search for his son’s body, despite the inevitability of death, reveals deep-seated psychological conflicts, such as guilt, grief, and the desire for redemption. His actions and emotional responses can be interpreted as manifestations of unconscious desires and anxieties, providing insight into his psyche and inner turmoil.
4. Reader-Response Theory: Reader-response theory emphasizes the role of the reader in interpreting and constructing meaning from a text. In “The Father,” readers’ interpretations may vary based on their personal experiences, beliefs, and cultural backgrounds. For instance, readers may empathize with Thord’s grief and moral journey, interpreting his actions as a universal exploration of love, loss, and redemption. Alternatively, readers may critique Thord’s character and societal values, highlighting themes of class inequality, patriarchy, and the limitations of traditional masculinity. Reader-response theory underscores the active engagement of readers in shaping their understanding of the text and the multiple perspectives it offers.

Topics, Questions and Thesis Statements about “The Father” by Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson

• Topic 1: Transformation Through Loss
• Question: How does the loss of his son impact Thord’s character?
• Thesis Statement: Bjørnson uses Thord’s changing relationship with his son and the grief over his death to portray a profound transformation from materialism and self-absorption to an understanding of love and loss.
• Topic 2: The Significance of Symbols
• Question: What role does the lake play in the story?
• Thesis Statement: The lake functions as a symbolic representation of Thord’s emotional journey. Initially calm and serene, it becomes a place of desperate searching and ultimately reflects his newfound peace.
• Topic 3: The Priest as a Foil
• Question: How does the priest’s character serve to highlight Thord’s flaws?
• Thesis Statement: Through the priest’s observations and insightful questions, Bjørnson exposes Thord’s shallowness and self-importance, prompting the reader to consider the importance of emotional connection.
• Topic 4: Minimalism and Emotional Impact
• Question: How does Bjørnson’s writing style contribute to the story’s impact?
• Thesis Statement: Bjørnson’s minimalist approach, utilizing sparse dialogue, vivid descriptions, and a focus on action, amplifies the emotional core of the story, making the themes of grief, transformation, and love resonate powerfully with the reader.

Short Questions/Answers about/on “The Father” by Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson

• How does Thord initially present himself in the story?
• Thord’s introduction in “The Father” paints a picture of a man consumed by pride and materialism. We see this in his very first actions. He doesn’t simply bring his son for baptism; he arranges a special ceremony on a weekday, showcasing a desire for distinction. His boastful remark, “That is because I have no troubles,” further reveals a shallow understanding of life, focusing solely on outward success. When he pays the priest for his son’s confirmation and wedding, the focus is on the amount (“Here are ten dollars” and “three dollars”) rather than the occasion itself. These initial interactions establish Thord as someone more concerned with wealth and status than emotional connection.
• What event exposes a turning point in Thord’s relationship with his son?
• The sudden and tragic death of his son by drowning marks a clear turning point in Thord’s relationship. Up until this point, his interactions with his son have been impersonal and transactional. However, when his son falls overboard, Thord’s immediate reaction is one of desperation. His cries of “Take hold of the oar!” and “Wait a moment!” showcase a sudden surge of paternal concern. The most significant change comes after his son sinks. The story describes Thord “holding the boat still, and stared at the spot where his son had gone down,” refusing to believe his loss. His relentless search for the body over “three days and three nights” highlights a depth of grief previously unseen. This event shatters Thord’s self-absorbed exterior and forces him to confront the emotional void in his relationship with his son.
• How does the priest act as a foil to Thord?
• The priest serves as a moral compass throughout the story, his observations and questions highlighting Thord’s flaws. A subtle example of this is the priest’s comment on Thord’s lack of aging. While seemingly a compliment, it can be interpreted as a suggestion that Thord’s life lacks emotional depth, leading to a stagnant appearance. More directly, the priest questions if Thord’s son brings him “blessings.” This simple inquiry challenges Thord’s self-perception and prompts the reader to consider the true meaning of having a child. By showcasing a deeper understanding of human connection, the priest acts as a foil to Thord’s initial self-absorption.
• What is the significance of the ending of the story?
• The story’s ending portrays Thord’s profound transformation. He starts by selling his farm, a symbol of his past materialistic focus. This act suggests a detachment from the things he once valued most. The large sum of money he donates in his son’s name signifies a shift in priorities. It’s no longer about personal gain; it’s about giving back and honoring his son’s memory. Finally, Thord’s tears, a stark contrast to his initial stoicism, showcase a newfound vulnerability and acceptance of his grief. The priest’s gentle observation, “I think your son has at last brought you a true blessing,” underscores Thord’s emotional journey. He has moved from a place of self-absorption to one of understanding and compassion, a true “blessing” brought on by his son, even in death.

Literary Works Similar to “The Father” by Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson

1. “Ghosts” by Henrik Ibsen: Like Bjørnson, Ibsen was a prominent Norwegian playwright and contemporary of Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson. “Ghosts” explores themes of family secrets, societal expectations, and the consequences of past actions, similar to the moral complexities examined in “The Father.”
2. “Death of a Salesman” by Arthur Miller: Arthur Miller’s play delves into the struggles of a father, Willy Loman, as he grapples with his perceived failures and the disillusionment of the American Dream. The play examines themes of family dynamics, identity, and the pursuit of success, resonating with the themes of fatherhood and redemption in “The Father.”
3. The Road by Cormac McCarthy: While stylistically different from “The Father,” McCarthy’s novel shares themes of parental love, loss, and the struggle for survival. Set in a post-apocalyptic world, “The Road” follows a father and son’s journey across a desolate landscape, highlighting the enduring bond between parent and child amidst bleak circumstances.
4. Fathers and Sons by Ivan Turgenev: Turgenev’s novel explores generational conflicts and societal changes in 19th-century Russia. Through the relationship between the conservative father figure, Nikolai Petrovich, and his progressive son, Arkady, the novel delves into themes of tradition, rebellion, and the evolving role of family in society.
5. The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini: Hosseini’s novel portrays the complex relationship between fathers and sons against the backdrop of Afghanistan’s turbulent history. Through the protagonist Amir’s journey of redemption and reconciliation with his past, the novel examines themes of guilt, forgiveness, and the enduring impact of familial bonds.

Suggested Readings about/on “The Father” by Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson

• Boyesen, Hjalmar Hjorth. “Björnstjerne Björnson as a Dramatist.” The North American Review 116.238 (1873): 109-138.
• Bjørnson, Bjørnstjerne. The Novels of Björnstjerne Björnson: Magnhild & Dust. Vol. 6. W. Heinemann, 1897.
• Bjornson, Bjornstjerne. In God’s Way. BoD–Books on Demand, 2020.
• Willcox, Louise Collier. “Bjornstjerne Bjornson.” The North American Review 192.656 (1910): 44-55.
• https://www.britannica.com/summary/Bjornstjerne-Bjornson

Representative Quotations from “The Father” by Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson

Introduction: “The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County” by Mark Twain

“The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County” by Mark Twain first appeared in print in the pages of The Saturday Press periodical in 1865. It later received the honor of becoming the title story for Twain’s debut collection, published in 1867. This collection comprised a range of sketches and stories. The piece itself is celebrated for its humorous use of tall tales, its eccentric characters, and its infusion of local Californian flavor. Through his characteristic use of vernacular speech and his portrayal of the delightfully odd Jim Smiley, Twain positioned himself as a distinct literary voice for the American West.

Main Events in “The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County” by Mark Twain

1. Mistaken Identity: A Search for Rev. Smiley Leads to Jim: (Example: The narrator, seeking information about his friend’s old acquaintance, Rev. Leonidas W. Smiley, encounters a talkative old-timer named Simon Wheeler. However, Wheeler becomes fixated on regaling him with tales of a completely different Smiley – Jim.)
2. Simon Wheeler’s Yarns: A Notorious Gambler Emerges (Example: Launching into his stories, Wheeler portrays Jim Smiley as a man obsessed with betting. From horse races to dogfights, Smiley would wager on anything, always confident in his ability to win.)
3. Betting on Anything: From Racehorses to Dogfights (Example: Wheeler recounts Smiley’s ownership of a surprisingly successful racehorse nicknamed “the fifteen-minute nag” despite its sluggishness. He also tells of Andrew Jackson, Smiley’s talented but unfortunate bulldog pup, who displayed impressive fighting spirit despite missing its hind legs.)
4. The Inconsistent Winner: The Curious Case of the Slow Racehorse (Example: The narrative details the peculiarity of Smiley’s racehorse. Despite being notoriously slow, the “fifteen-minute nag” always managed to pull ahead in the final stretch, much to everyone’s surprise.)
5. Andrew Jackson’s Short-Lived Glory: A Fighting Spirit Cut Short (Example: We learn about Andrew Jackson, Smiley’s prideful bulldog pup. Though disadvantaged by the lack of hind legs, the pup displayed immense fighting spirit, winning matches until a cruel twist of fate involving a tailless opponent.)
6. Dan’l Webster the Jumping Frog: Smiley’s Champion Emerges (Example: The story shifts to Dan’l Webster, a frog Smiley acquires and trains to become a champion jumper. Smiley devotes himself to Dan’l’s education, transforming him into a leaping marvel.)
7. A Boastful Challenge: Smiley Puts Dan’l’s Skills to the Test (Example: Filled with pride over Dan’l’s jumping prowess, Smiley encounters a stranger and, in a moment of boastfulness, challenges him to a jumping competition, putting his faith in Dan’l’s abilities.)
8. A Loaded Victory: The Stranger’s Cheating Trick (Example: The stranger, appearing to accept the challenge, employs a deceitful tactic. Unbeknownst to Smiley, he secretly stuffs Dan’l with quail shot, rendering the frog incapable of jumping.)
9. Smiley’s Loss and the Stranger’s Escape (Example: The jumping competition commences, and Dan’l’s inexplicable inability to jump leaves Smiley bewildered and frustrated. The stranger claims victory and disappears with the winnings before Smiley uncovers the frog’s sabotage.)
10. The Uninterested Narrator Makes a Hasty Exit (Example: Having endured a long-winded detour into Jim Smiley’s exploits, the narrator loses interest in the topic. Realizing he won’t find information about Rev. Smiley from Wheeler, he politely excuses himself and departs.)

Literary Devices in “The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County” by Mark Twain

Characterization in “The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County” by Mark Twain

Major Characters:

• Simon Wheeler: The narrator portrays Wheeler as a talkative old-timer with a gentle and simple demeanor. Despite his monotonous delivery, Wheeler possesses a surprising earnestness and admiration for his subjects.
• Jim Smiley: Presented entirely through Wheeler’s anecdotes, Smiley emerges as a notorious gambler with an insatiable urge to bet on anything. He’s portrayed as both lucky and cunning, often finding ways to manipulate situations in his favor.

Minor Characters:

• The Narrator: An unnamed visitor seeking information about Rev. Leonidas W. Smiley. He’s patient at first but eventually becomes frustrated by Wheeler’s irrelevant stories.
• Rev. Leonidas W. Smiley: A complete stranger to the narrator, possibly even a fictitious person invented by the narrator’s friend to entertain him with Wheeler’s tall tales.
• The Stranger: A clever trickster who exploits Jim Smiley’s love for a good bet.

Characterization Techniques:

• Direct Characterization: The narrator describes Wheeler’s physical appearance and demeanor (”fat and bald-headed,” ”expression of winning gentleness and simplicity”).
• Indirect Characterization: We learn about Wheeler and Smiley primarily through their actions and dialogue. Wheeler’s endless stories reveal his fondness for local legends and his tendency to embellish. Smiley’s cunning and gambling spirit are evident through the anecdotes about his various bets.
• Use of Dialect: The consistent use of vernacular speech by Wheeler adds authenticity and reflects the local Californian flavor.

Major Themes in “The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County” by Mark Twain

1. The Power of Storytelling and Tall Tales: The entire narrative revolves around Simon Wheeler’s elaborate yarns about Jim Smiley. Twain uses Wheeler’s character to showcase the American tradition of tall tales, where truth is stretched and embellished for entertainment. The story itself becomes a humorous example of this concept, blurring the lines between fact and fiction.
2. Deception and Trickery: Jim Smiley’s constant gambling and the stranger’s trick with the frog highlight the theme of deception. Smiley often seeks loopholes and manipulates situations to win bets, showcasing a playful yet dishonest side. The stranger’s act of cheating Dan’l Webster further emphasizes the prevalence of trickery within the story’s world.
3. The Allure of Gambling and Competition: Jim Smiley’s defining characteristic is his obsessive gambling. He thrives on competition and the thrill of a wager, regardless of the object or its inherent value. The story satirizes this relentless pursuit of betting, showcasing its potential to cloud judgment and lead to humorous consequences.
4. Regional Identity and Local Color: The story is steeped in the atmosphere of the California gold rush era. Wheeler’s use of vernacular speech and the focus on eccentric characters like Smiley create a sense of regional identity. Twain paints a humorous picture of this specific time and place, highlighting its unique culture and characters.

Writing Style in “The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County” by Mark Twain

• Humor and Wit: Twain’s writing style is imbued with humor and wit, which captivates readers and keeps them engaged throughout the story. He employs clever wordplay, irony, and satire to create comedic situations and highlight the absurdities of human nature.
• Colloquial Language: Twain utilizes colloquial language, including regional dialects and vernacular speech patterns, to add authenticity to the narrative. This choice of language helps establish the rural, Southern setting of the story and brings the characters to life.
• Vivid Descriptions: Twain’s descriptive prowess shines through in his vivid portrayals of characters and settings. He paints a detailed picture of the eccentricities of characters like Simon Wheeler and Jim Smiley, as well as the rustic charm of the California gold rush era.
• Exaggeration and Hyperbole: A hallmark of Twain’s style in this story is his use of exaggeration and hyperbole to humorous effect. He embellishes the exploits of Jim Smiley’s frog in outrageous ways, creating larger-than-life scenarios that elicit laughter from readers.
• Narrative Voice: Twain adopts a folksy, conversational narrative voice that draws readers in and creates a sense of intimacy. His storytelling feels like a friendly chat by the fireside, making readers feel like they’re part of the story themselves.
• Irony and Satire: Throughout the narrative, Twain employs irony and satire to critique the characters and situations he portrays. By highlighting the contradictions and absurdities of human behavior, he offers incisive social commentary while keeping the tone light and entertaining.

Literary Theories and Interpretation of “The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County” by Mark Twain

Topics, Questions, and Thesis Statements about “The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County” by Mark Twain

Short Questions/Answers about/on “The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County” by Mark Twain

• What is the narrator’s initial goal in visiting Simon Wheeler, and how are his expectations subverted?
• The narrator’s initial goal is quite specific. He’s acting on a request from a friend to inquire about a man named Rev. Leonidas W. Smiley, presumably someone his friend knew in the past. The narrator expects a straightforward answer and perhaps some details about the Reverend’s life in Angel’s Camp. However, his expectations are hilariously subverted by Simon Wheeler’s garrulous nature. Wheeler becomes fixated on regaling him with unrelated tales of a completely different Smiley – Jim Smiley – and his outlandish exploits.
• What is the name of Jim Smiley’s prized possession, and what makes it special (according to Smiley)? Give an example from the story to support your answer.
• Jim Smiley’s prized possession is a frog named Dan’l Webster. According to Smiley, Dan’l Webster is no ordinary amphibian. Smiley boasts about transforming him into a champion jumper through rigorous training. The story mentions, “He [Smiley] ketched a frog one day, and took him home, and said he cal’lated to educate him… And you bet you he did learn him, too.” This quote highlights Smiley’s belief in Dan’l Webster’s exceptional jumping abilities, attributed entirely to Smiley’s training methods.
• How does the stranger ultimately defeat Jim Smiley in their frog-jumping competition? Be specific about the stranger’s trickery.
• The stranger defeats Jim Smiley through a clever and sneaky trick. While appearing to accept the challenge, he secretly sabotages Dan’l Webster’s jumping ability. The story describes, “Then he got the frog out and prized his mouth open and took a teaspoon and filled him full of quail shot—filled him pretty near up to his chin.” This act of stuffing the frog with lead weights ensures Dan’l Webster’s inability to jump, guaranteeing the stranger’s victory.
• What is the significance of Simon Wheeler’s character in the story? How does he contribute to the themes and humor?
• Simon Wheeler’s character is central to the story’s humor and exploration of themes. Here’s a breakdown of his significance:

Literary Works Similar to “The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County” by Mark Twain

1. “The Notorious Jumping Frog of Calaveras County” by David Ives: This play is a modern adaptation of Twain’s original story, offering a humorous and theatrical interpretation of the classic tale.
2. “The Luck of Roaring Camp” by Bret Harte: Like Twain, Bret Harte was a prominent figure in American literature during the 19th century. “The Luck of Roaring Camp” is a short story set in a California mining camp, featuring colorful characters and humorous situations reminiscent of Twain’s work.
3. “The Outcasts of Poker Flat” by Bret Harte: Another story by Bret Harte, “The Outcasts of Poker Flat” is set in the rugged landscape of the American West and features a diverse cast of characters brought together by fate. The story explores themes of redemption, morality, and human nature, similar to Twain’s exploration in “The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County.”
4. “The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn” by Mark Twain: While longer and more complex than “The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County,” Twain’s “The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn” shares similar themes of humor, satire, and a keen observation of human nature. Both works offer insights into American society and culture during the 19th century.
5. “Winesburg, Ohio” by Sherwood Anderson: This collection of interconnected short stories offers a portrait of small-town life in the Midwest, much like the rural setting depicted in Twain’s story. “Winesburg, Ohio” delves into the lives of ordinary people and explores themes of isolation, longing, and the search for connection, echoing Twain’s exploration of human experiences in “The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County.”

Suggested Readings about/on “The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County” by Mark Twain

Books:

• Twain, Mark. The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County. Strelbytskyy Multimedia Publishing, 2022.
• Fishkin, Shelley Fisher. Was Huck Black? Mark Twain and African-American Voices. Oxford University Press, 1993.

Articles:

• Cuff, Roger Penn. “Mark Twain’s Use of California Folklore in His Jumping Frog Story.” The Journal of American Folklore 65.256 (1952): 155-158.
• Twain, Mark. “Private History of the” Jumping Frog” Story.” The North American Review 158.449 (1894): 446-453.
• Smith, Lawrence R. “Mark Twain’s” Jumping Frog”: Toward an American Heroic Ideal.” Mark Twain Journal 20.1 (1979): 15-18.

Websites:

• “The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County – Full Text.” Project Gutenberg, www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/781. Accessed 22 April 2024.
• “Mark Twain’s ‘The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County’.” The Mark Twain House & Museum, www.marktwainhouse.org/the-whole-story-behind-mark-twains-the-celebrated-jumping-frog-of-calaveras-county/. Accessed 22 April 2024.

Representative Quotations from “The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County” by Mark Twain

Introduction: “The Cat” by Mary E. Wilkins Freeman

“The Cat” by Mary E. Wilkins Freeman,  first published in 1894, appeared in the collection titled “A Humble Romance and Other Stories”. The story is a poignant exploration of companionship and survival. Freeman, known for her focus on rural New England life, depicts a harsh winter where an old man and a stray cat find solace and dependence in each other. The narrative beautifully portrays the unspoken bond that transcends language and highlights the need for connection, even in the most isolated circumstances.

Main Events in “The Cat” by Mary E. Wilkins Freeman

• A Cat Faces a Harsh Winter Alone: The story opens with a cat enduring a brutal winter storm on a mountainside. Driven by hunger, he relentlessly waits for prey, demonstrating his “inconceivable patience and persistency of his race”. He finally catches a rabbit, showcasing his skilled hunting abilities.
• An Unexpected Guest Arrives: Returning home to his owner’s cabin, the cat discovers his master is gone for the season. “He had known for a long time that his master was gone, but his reasoning was always sequential and circuitous; always for him what had been would be”. Just as the cat settles down to eat his hard-earned meal, a desperate stranger appears at the door, battered by the storm.
• An Uneasy Alliance Forms: Initially wary of each other, the cat and the stranger cautiously coexist. The man, “an old wandering Ishmael among his kind”, finds comfort in the cat’s companionship, while the cat, touched by the man’s vulnerability, “loved him with all his heart, though he had known him such a short time”. They share the rabbit, forging a bond based on survival and a shared need for connection.
• The Winter of Dependence: The weak and sickly stranger stays throughout the winter, relying on the cat’s hunting skills to survive. The cat, “toiled hard, and he grew rather thin himself, for he shared everything except mice with his guest”, demonstrates unwavering loyalty and selflessness.
• Spring Brings Change: As spring approaches and prey becomes more plentiful, the stranger disappears without a trace. The cat leaves his new kill at the door, but the man is gone. The cat’s world is turned upside down once again.
• A Return and a Silent Standoff: The cat’s original owner returns in the spring, welcoming the cat back with a “strong comradeship…but not affection”. The owner discovers his belongings missing, hinting at the stranger’s presence, but there’s no explanation or discussion.
• The Story Ends with a Lingering Question: The narrative concludes with a poignant image of the man and the cat “sharing a silent moment…across that impassable barrier of silence which has been set between man and beast from the creation of the world.” The reader is left to ponder the unspoken bond between the cat and the stranger, and the enduring companionship between the cat and his owner.

Literary Devices in “The Cat” by Mary E. Wilkins Freeman

Characterization in “The Cat” by Mary E. Wilkins Freeman

Major Characters:

• The Cat:
• The protagonist of the story. He is a skilled hunter, driven by an “unconceivable patience and persistency.” He is fiercely loyal and forms unexpected bonds with both his original master and the stranger.
• The Stranger: A poor, weak man who seeks refuge from the storm in the Cat’s cabin. Despite his initial fear of the Cat, he eventually forms a trusting relationship with it.

Minor Characters:

• The Cat’s Master: An old man who lives in the cabin during warmer months. He has a practical relationship with the Cat, valuing its hunting skills but not showing affection.

Details from the story that reveal these characterizations:

• The Cat:
  • Waits patiently for days to catch a rabbit, demonstrating his persistence.
  • Shares his kill with the stranger, showcasing his loyalty.
  • Mourns the stranger’s departure, highlighting his capacity for emotional connection.
• The Stranger:
  • Is described as “feeble and marked with the scars of suffering,” revealing his hardship.
  • Fears the Cat initially, but overcomes it to share food and warmth.
  • Searches for tobacco upon arrival, hinting at a vice.
• The Cat’s Master:
  • Leaves the Cat alone for the winter, indicating a utilitarian bond.
  • Welcomes the Cat back with “pride” but not affection.
  • Focuses on the missing tobacco after returning, prioritizing his own needs.

Major Themes in “The Cat” by Mary E. Wilkins Freeman

1. Loyalty and Companionship: One prominent theme in “The Cat” is the demonstration of unwavering loyalty and companionship between the Cat and his human companions. Despite being abandoned by his master for the winter, the Cat remains fiercely devoted, continuing to wait for his return and providing for a stranger who seeks shelter in their home. The Cat’s persistence in waiting for his master and his willingness to share food and warmth with the stranger highlight the depth of his loyalty and the importance of companionship even in the face of adversity.
2. Isolation and Loneliness: Another significant theme is the experience of isolation and loneliness, both for the Cat and the human characters in the story. The harsh winter landscape, coupled with the absence of the Cat’s master, creates a sense of isolation for the Cat as he waits alone in the snow-covered wilderness. Similarly, the stranger who seeks refuge in the Cat’s home is depicted as a lonely and desperate figure, isolated from society and in need of companionship. The theme of isolation underscores the characters’ longing for connection and highlights the emotional toll of solitude.
3. Survival and Self-Sacrifice: “The Cat” explores the theme of survival and self-sacrifice as the Cat and his human companions navigate the challenges of the winter season. Despite facing hunger and cold, the Cat hunts tirelessly to provide food for himself and the stranger, demonstrating his instinctual drive for survival. Likewise, the stranger’s willingness to share what little resources he has with the Cat exemplifies an act of self-sacrifice driven by mutual survival instincts. Through these acts of resilience and sacrifice, the story underscores the primal instincts that drive creatures to endure and support one another in times of hardship.
4. Human-Animal Bond: Central to the narrative is the theme of the human-animal bond, which is depicted through the relationships between the Cat and his various human companions. Despite their differences in species, the Cat forms deep connections with both his absent master and the stranger who takes shelter in their home. The Cat’s loyalty, affection, and willingness to provide comfort to the stranger highlight the profound emotional bonds that can exist between humans and animals. This theme underscores the capacity for empathy and understanding that transcends the boundaries of species, emphasizing the importance of compassion and connection in human-animal relationships.

Writing Style in “The Cat” by Mary E. Wilkins Freeman

• Vivid Description: Freeman uses strong imagery to paint a picture of the harsh winter setting and the characters. We feel the biting cold, the swirling snow, and the ruggedness of the mountain environment. Descriptions like “a maelstrom of the wood” and “fierce backward set” bring the scene to life.
• Focus on Animal Psychology: Freeman doesn’t shy away from exploring the Cat’s thoughts and motivations. We see his “unconceivable patience,” his “absolute convictions,” and his fierce determination. This creates a sense of empathy for the animal character.
• Sparse Dialogue: The story relies heavily on description and action to move the plot forward. Dialogue is minimal, with the Cat’s cries and the stranger’s “hoarse shout” adding emphasis to key moments.
• Naturalistic Detail: Freeman incorporates precise details about nature and animal behavior. Details like the Cat’s “beautiful thick fur” and the rabbit’s “little cloven feet” enhance the story’s realism.
• Understated Emotional Impact: While the story deals with themes of survival, companionship, and loss, Freeman delivers them with a subtle touch. The emotional weight is left for the reader to infer through actions and descriptions.

Literary Theories and Interpretation of “The Cat” by Mary E. Wilkins Freeman

Topics, Questions, and Thesis Statements about “The Cat” by Mary E. Wilkins Freeman

Short Questions/Answers about/on “The Cat” by Mary E. Wilkins Freeman

• Where does the story take place, and how does the setting influence the characters’ actions?
• The story unfolds in a harsh mountain environment during a brutal winter. Freeman’s vivid descriptions paint a picture of a place dominated by the elements. Phrases like “the north wind starting in the upper heights of the mountains with distant screams” and “fierce white wings of snow” emphasize the relentless cold and danger. This setting forces the Cat to be a persistent hunter, waiting patiently for days in the “maelstrom of the wood” to secure his prey. The unforgiving environment also creates an unexpected bond between the Cat and the stranger, as they both seek refuge and warmth from the storm.
• What is the Cat’s primary motivation, and how do his actions reveal it?
• Survival is the Cat’s most primal drive. Freeman emphasizes this through details like the Cat’s “almost famished” state and his unwavering “faith in his deductions” as he stalks the rabbit. His actions further showcase this need. He waits with “unconceivable patience” for days, demonstrating his relentless pursuit of food. Even when faced with the stranger, a potential threat, the Cat prioritizes survival, dragging the rabbit under the bed before investigating the intruder.
• How does the Cat react to the stranger who enters the cabin, and how does this reaction change over time?
• Initially, the Cat reacts with fear and suspicion. The text describes him “cowering” and “with every one of his fine nerves and muscles strained like wires.” This is a natural reaction for a solitary hunter encountering a potentially dangerous stranger. However, the Cat’s behavior shifts as the situation unfolds. He observes the man’s weakness and hunger, and a sense of empathy emerges. This is evident when he offers the rabbit, a crucial resource, to the stranger. By the end, the Cat trusts the man enough to sleep curled up “in his bosom.”
• How does the story portray the relationship between the Cat and his original master, and how does this differ from the Cat’s bond with the stranger?
• The relationship between the Cat and his master is one of practicality. The master relies on the Cat’s hunting skills for winter survival, evidenced by the Cat leaving the rabbit on the “rude couch which was the bed.” However, there’s no warmth or affection. This is clear when the master welcomes the Cat back with “pride” but no physical touch, contrasting with the stranger who “stroked his back.” In contrast, the bond with the stranger develops quickly due to shared hardship and mutual need. They rely on each other for warmth, companionship, and even shared meals. The Cat even mourns the stranger’s departure with a “cry of the animal for human companionship.”

Literary Works Similar to “The Cat” by Mary E. Wilkins Freeman

1. “To Build a Fire” by Jack London: Like “The Cat,” London’s short story explores themes of survival and isolation in the wilderness. Set in the harsh Yukon wilderness, the story follows a man’s struggle to survive against the extreme cold and his reliance on his animal companion, a dog, for warmth and protection.
2. “White Fang” by Jack London: Another work by Jack London, “White Fang” tells the story of a wild wolf-dog’s journey from the wild to domestication. Themes of loyalty, companionship, and the struggle for survival are central to both “White Fang” and “The Cat.”
3. “The Call of the Wild” by Jack London: Yet another work by Jack London, “The Call of the Wild” explores similar themes of survival, loyalty, and the primal instincts of animals. The story follows a domesticated dog named Buck as he adapts to the harsh realities of life in the Alaskan wilderness.
4. “The Open Boat” by Stephen Crane: Crane’s short story revolves around a group of men stranded at sea in a small boat after their ship sinks. Like “The Cat,” it explores themes of survival, companionship, and the indifferent forces of nature.
5. The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway: Hemingway’s novella tells the story of an aging Cuban fisherman named Santiago and his epic struggle to catch a giant marlin. Themes of endurance, perseverance, and the bond between man and nature are prominent in both “The Old Man and the Sea” and “The Cat.”

Suggested Readings about/on “The Cat” by Mary E. Wilkins Freeman

Articles:

• Thiébaut, Emma. “Mary E. Wilkins Freeman and the Erotohistoriography of Pets.” Gender and Animals in History 42.1 (2024): 157-171.
• Marchalonis, Shirley. “Another Mary Wilkins Freeman:” Understudies” and” Six Trees”.” ATQ 9.2 (1995): 89.
• Carter, James Bucky. “” Life like a fairy tale”: fairy tales as influence in the life and works of Mary E. Wilkins Freeman.” (2002).

Websites:

• The Short Story Project. https://americanliterature.com/author/mary-e-wilkins-freeman/short-story/the-cat This website offers a brief analysis of “The Cat,” focusing on characterization, plot, and setting.
• https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mary-Eleanor-Wilkins-Freeman
• http://www.lib.luc.edu/specialcollections/exhibits/show/autograph-collection/mary-e–wilkins-freeman

Books:

• Ettinger, Shaindell Jalowitz. “Mary E. Wilkins Freeman: humor and irony.” (1969).
• Reichardt, Mary R. The Uncollected Stories of Mary Wilkins Freeman. Univ. Press of Mississippi, 1992.
• Glasser, Leah Blatt. ” In a Closet Hidden”: The Life and Work of Mary Wilkins Freeman. Brown University, 1982.

Representative Quotations from “The Cat” by Mary E. Wilkins Freeman

Introduction: “The Cactus” by O. Henry

“The Cactus” by O. Henry, first published in 1910 in the collection “Sixes and Sevens,” showcases O. Henry’s signature qualities of wit, irony, and clever plot twists, set against the context of the American Southwest. The story follows a young couple, Tom and Elizabeth, who are struggling to reconcile their relationship after a quarrel. The narrative is woven around a cactus plant that Tom brings home, symbolizing the prickly nature of their love. Through O. Henry’s masterful storytelling, the story explores themes of love, forgiveness, and the challenges of relationships, all while maintaining a lighthearted and humorous tone.

Main Events in “The Cactus” by O. Henry

1. Trysdale’s Pensive Reflection: Trysdale reflects on his recent past, particularly his failed courtship and marriage of a woman he loved.
2. Recollection of the Wedding: He recalls the events of the wedding, including the church atmosphere and the moment he realized he had lost her.
3. Self-Realization and Disillusionment: Then he confronts his own flaws and egoism, realizing how they contributed to the failure of his relationship.
4. Idealization of the Relationship: The narrative explores how Trysdale and his love interest idealized each other, leading to misinterpretations and misunderstandings.
5. The Proposal: Trysdale reminisces about the night he proposed to her, recalling her admiration and his reluctance to correct her misconceptions about his skills.
6. Lack of Communication: There’s a lack of direct communication between Trysdale and his love interest, leading to assumptions and unspoken expectations.
7. Unanswered Questions: Trysdale questions where the fault lies in the relationship and seeks answers amid his shattered self-conceit.
8. Interaction with a Friend: Trysdale’s friend attempts to lighten the mood, but Trysdale remains brooding and introspective.
9. Discussion of the Cactus: The conversation shifts to the cactus, a gift to Trysdale, and its Spanish name, “Ventomarme,” which means “Come and take me.”
10. Symbolism of the Cactus:The cactus symbolizes the allure of the exotic and the invitation to seize opportunities, possibly mirroring Trysdale’s longing for a second chance or a new beginning.

Literary Devices in “The Cactus” by O. Henry

Characterization in “The Cactus” by O. Henry

Major Character:

• Valentine Algernon de Lacey Trysdale:
•  Traits: Vain, arrogant, self-absorbed, entitled.
• Examples:
  • “She had always insisted on placing him upon a pedestal, and he had accepted her homage with royal dignity.” (Trysdale enjoys the constant praise from his girlfriend)
  • “He did not feel the prick of the thorn that was to pierce him later.” (This metaphor foreshadows his lack of understanding and future pain)
  • “His vanity was pierced through and through. He groaned in spirit.” (Trysdale’s reaction to the rejection reveals his fragile ego)

Minor Character:

• The Narrator:
  • Traits: Objective observer, ironic tone.
  • Examples:
    • The story is told in third-person limited, allowing readers access to Trysdale’s thoughts but remaining detached.
    • “Trysdale, indulging in the pleasant belief that he was the indulgent, confident victor” (The narrator uses sarcasm to highlight Trysdale’s self-deception)
    • “The tag bore a barbarous foreign name, which, however, did not enlighten him.” (The narrator highlights Trysdale’s ignorance, adding to the story’s humor)

Major Themes in “The Cactus” by O. Henry

• Theme 1: The Dangers of Ego and Conceit
• Trysdale’s ego and conceit are his downfall, as he realizes too late that his pretence of speaking Spanish and his acceptance of Elizabeth’s admiration were false and hurtful. His inner monologue reveals the depth of his self-deception, “He saw all the garbs of pretence and egoism that he had worn now turn to rags of folly.” This theme is exemplified through Trysdale’s character development, as he moves from a state of arrogant self-assurance to one of humble self-awareness.
• Theme 2: The Power of Love and Relationships
• The story highlights the complexities and vulnerabilities of love and relationships. Elizabeth’s enigmatic behavior and Trysdale’s misinterpretation of her actions demonstrate the fragility of human connections. The cactus, symbolizing the prickly nature of love, serves as a poignant reminder of the couple’s failed relationship. As Trysdale reflects, “He shuddered at the thought that to others, before now, the garments of his soul must have appeared sorry and threadbare.”
• Theme 3: Self-Discovery and Humility
• Through his experiences, Trysdale undergoes a transformative process of self-discovery, recognizing the flaws in his character and the harm caused by his ego. His introspection and willingness to confront his mistakes exemplify the theme of self-discovery and humility. As he admits, “Humbled now, he sought the answer amid the ruins of his self-conceit.” This theme is central to the story, as Trysdale’s growth and newfound humility offer a sense of hope and redemption.
• Theme 4: The Unreliability of Appearances
• The story explores the idea that appearances can be deceiving, and that true understanding requires looking beyond surface-level impressions. The cactus, initially perceived as a symbol of love, ultimately represents the couple’s failed relationship. Similarly, Trysdale’s pretence of speaking Spanish and his acceptance of Elizabeth’s admiration were false and misleading. This theme is exemplified through the characters’ actions and the story’s ironic twists, highlighting the importance of genuine communication and understanding in relationships.

Writing Style in “The Cactus” by O. Henry

Literary Theories and Interpretation of “The Cactus” by O. Henry

Topics, Questions, and Thesis Statements about “The Cactus” by O. Henry

Short Questions/Answers about/on “The Cactus” by O. Henry

Literary Works Similar to “The Cactus” by O. Henry

1. “The Gift of the Magi” by O. Henry – Another classic short story by O. Henry, “The Gift of the Magi” explores themes of love, sacrifice, and irony. Like “The Cactus,” it features memorable characters and a twist ending.
2. “The Necklace” by Guy de Maupassant – This short story shares thematic elements with “The Cactus,” such as the consequences of pride and the pursuit of social status. It also features a surprising twist that challenges the characters’ perceptions.
3. The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald – While a novel rather than a short story, “The Great Gatsby” explores similar themes of unrequited love, social class, and the pursuit of an idealized image. Like Trysdale in “The Cactus,” Gatsby grapples with the consequences of his own illusions.
4. Ethan Frome by Edith Wharton – This novella delves into themes of loneliness, duty, and forbidden love. Like “The Cactus,” it portrays the complexities of human relationships and the consequences of unfulfilled desires.
5. Dubliners by James Joyce – A collection of short stories, “Dubliners” explores themes of disappointment, disillusionment, and the complexities of human experience. Like O. Henry’s works, Joyce’s stories often feature moments of epiphany and irony.

Suggested Readings about/on “The Cactus” by O. Henry

Representative Quotations from “The Cactus” by O. Henry

Introduction: “The Boarded Window” by Ambrose Bierce

“The Boarded Window” by Ambrose Bierce, initially published in 1891 as part of the esteemed collection Tales of Soldiers and Civilians, exemplifies the author’s proficiency in the realms of supernatural fiction and mystery. This enigmatic short story, replete with eerie and suspenseful elements, probes the psychological and philosophical themes of isolation, paranoia, and the unknowable, all while showcasing Bierce’s distinctive literary style. Through the protagonist’s fixation on uncovering the secrets shrouding a mysterious boarded-up window in his rural abode, the narrative masterfully crafts an atmosphere of escalating tension and foreboding, culminating in a denouement that has captivated scholars and readers alike. As such, “The Boarded Window” remains an integral component of American literary canon, offering valuable insights into the human condition and the power of the unknown.

Main Events in “The Boarded Window” by Ambrose Bierce

1. Setting: A dense forest near Cincinnati, sparsely populated by frontier settlers
2. Introduction of Murlock: A reclusive man living alone in a log cabin, sustains himself through hunting and trading
3. Description of Murlock: Appears much older than his actual age of fifty, with white hair, a long beard, and a stooped figure
4. Murlock’s Wife Falls Ill: Murlock’s wife becomes seriously ill with fever, leaving him to care for her with no access to medical help
5. Death of Murlock’s Wife: Despite Murlock’s efforts to nurse her back to health, his wife succumbs to the fever and dies
6. Murlock’s Grief: Murlock experiences a profound sense of loss and confusion, struggling to come to terms with his wife’s death
7. Preparation for Burial: Murlock mechanically prepares his wife’s body for burial, feeling disconnected and numb to his emotions
8. Murlock’s Emotional Turmoil: Murlock’s grief manifests as a sense of disbelief and detachment, unable to fully comprehend the magnitude of his loss
9. Strange Sounds: Murlock hears eerie wailing sounds outside the cabin but dismisses them as possibly hallucinations or dreams
10. Terrifying Encounter: Murlock is startled awake by mysterious footsteps and a heavy impact on the table, triggering intense fear and panic
11. Encounter with a Panther: Murlock glimpses a panther dragging his wife’s body toward the window, leading to a chaotic struggle
12. Violent Confrontation: In a moment of terror, Murlock grabs his rifle and blindly fires at the panther, causing it to flee
13. Discovery of Wife’s Body: Murlock finds his wife’s mutilated body near the window, surrounded by evidence of a violent struggle
14. Panther’s Attack: Murlock realizes his wife was attacked and killed by the panther, leaving him to grapple with the horror of the situation
15. Aftermath: Murlock is left traumatized by the incident, haunted by the memory of his wife’s death and the vicious attack by the panther.

Literary Devices in “The Boarded Window” by Ambrose Bierce

Characterization in “The Boarded Window” by Ambrose Bierce

Major Characters:

• Murlock:
  • Characterized as a mysterious and isolated individual who “seemed a part of the gloom and silence” (Bierce 1)
  • Described as having a rugged and weathered appearance, with “gray, lusterless eyes sunken, his face singularly seamed with wrinkles” (Bierce 2)
  • Described as having a strong and stoic demeanor, but revealed to be grieving and struggling to cope with the loss of his wife
  • Shows signs of mental and emotional instability, such as when he “laid his face into them, tearless yet and unutterably weary” (Bierce 3)
  • Commits a violent act against the panther, symbolizing his inner turmoil and desire for revenge
• Murlock’s wife:
  • Characterized as a kind and supportive partner who shared Murlock’s “dangers and privations” (Bierce 2)
  • Described as being young and full of life, with “charms of mind and person” (Bierce 2)
  • Revealed to have died suddenly and tragically, with Murlock “convince[d] that she was dead” (Bierce 3)
  • Remembered fondly by Murlock, highlighting their strong relationship and his devastation at her loss

Minor Characters:

• The narrator:
  • Characterized as a curious and adventurous individual who “penetrated to the place and ventured near enough to the ruined cabin to throw a stone against it” (Bierce 1)
  • Described as having a fascination with the mysterious and unknown, and seeking to uncover the secrets of the boarded window
  • Revealed to be a descendant of someone who knew Murlock, adding a personal connection to the story
  • Serves as a framing device to tell the story of Murlock and his wife
• The grandfather:
  • Characterized as a knowledgeable and experienced individual who “had known [Murlock] when living nearby in that early day” (Bierce 2)
  • Described as having a deep understanding of the past and its secrets, and sharing his insights with the narrator
  • Revealed to have known Murlock and his wife, and providing valuable context and information about their lives
  • Serves as a source of information and insight into the story
• The panther:
  • Characterized as a symbol of danger and violence, described as an “enormous panther” (Bierce 4)
  • Revealed to be the cause of Murlock’s wife’s death, and the catalyst for Murlock’s descent into madness and violence
  • Serves as a representation of the unknown and uncontrollable forces that can disrupt human life.

Major Themes in “The Boarded Window” by Ambrose Bierce

Writing Style in “The Boarded Window” by Ambrose Bierce

Literary Theories and Interpretation of “The Boarded Window” by Ambrose Bierce

Topics, Questions, and Thesis Statements about “The Boarded Window” by Ambrose Bierce

• Topic 1: The Supernatural
  Question: How does Bierce use the supernatural in “The Boarded Window” to create a sense of tension and fear?
  Thesis: Bierce uses the supernatural in “The Boarded Window” to create a sense of tension and fear by hinting at the possibility of a ghostly presence and using language that suggests the unknown and unexplainable.
• Topic 2: Loneliness and Isolation
  Question: How does the setting of “The Boarded Window” contribute to the theme of loneliness and isolation?
  Thesis: The setting of “The Boarded Window” contributes to the theme of loneliness and isolation by creating a sense of remoteness and desolation, emphasizing Murlock’s disconnection from society and his inability to form meaningful relationships.
• Topic 3: Death and Grief
  Question: How does “The Boarded Window” explore the theme of death and grief, and what commentary does it offer on the human experience?
  Thesis: “The Boarded Window” explores the theme of death and grief by portraying the devastating effects of loss on the human psyche, highlighting the destructive power of guilt and the inability to cope with tragedy.
• Topic 4: Psychological Insight
  Question: How does “The Boarded Window” provide insight into the human mind, and what does it reveal about the psychological effects of trauma?
  Thesis: “The Boarded Window” provides insight into the human mind by exploring the psychological effects of trauma, revealing how guilt, grief, and isolation can lead to a downward spiral of mental and emotional deterioration.

Short Questions/Answers about/on “The Boarded Window” by Ambrose Bierce

• Q: What is the significance of the boarded window in the story?
  A: The boarded window represents Murlock’s attempt to shut out the painful memories of his wife’s death and the outside world. However, it also symbolizes his inability to move on and confront his grief. For example, when Murlock boards up the window, he is trying to physically and emotionally block out the pain, but it only leads to further isolation and madness.
• Q: How does Bierce use foreshadowing in the story?
  A: Bierce uses foreshadowing through the description of the forest and the cabin, creating an eerie and ominous atmosphere. For example, when the narrator describes the forest as “an immense and almost unbroken forest” with “gloom” and “silence”, it foreshadows the dark and tragic events that will unfold. Similarly, the description of the cabin as “ruined” and “decaying” hints at the decay of Murlock’s mental state.
• Q: What is the role of the panther in the story?
  A: The panther represents the unknown and uncontrollable forces of nature, which disrupt Murlock’s life and symbolize the chaos and destruction that has entered his world. The panther’s sudden and unexpected attack on Murlock’s wife represents the randomness and cruelty of fate, and Murlock’s inability to cope with the tragedy.
• Q: How does the story explore the theme of isolation?
  A: The story explores the theme of isolation through Murlock’s physical and emotional disconnection from society. His decision to live in the wilderness, away from human contact, contributes to his downfall. For example, when Murlock’s wife dies, he is unable to seek help or comfort from others, leading to his descent into madness and violence. The isolation also highlights the destructive power of guilt and grief when left unchecked.

Literary Works Similar to “The Boarded Window” by Ambrose Bierce

1. “The Tell-Tale Heart” by Edgar Allan Poe: Like “The Boarded Window,” this short story delves into themes of psychological suspense and the unraveling of the human mind. It explores the guilt and paranoia of the narrator after committing a murder.
2. “Young Goodman Brown” by Nathaniel Hawthorne: This story shares elements of psychological and symbolic depth with Bierce’s work. It follows a young man’s journey into the forest, where he confronts his own darkness and the hypocrisy of his community.
3. “The Lottery” by Shirley Jackson: While tonally different, this short story also explores the darker aspects of human nature and society’s capacity for cruelty. It similarly builds tension and mystery around a seemingly ordinary event.
4. “The Yellow Wallpaper” by Charlotte Perkins Gilman: Like “The Boarded Window,” this story delves into themes of isolation and madness. It follows a woman’s descent into psychosis as she becomes increasingly obsessed with the patterns in the wallpaper of her room.
5. “The Fall of the House of Usher” by Edgar Allan Poe: This Gothic tale shares similarities with Bierce’s work in its atmospheric setting and exploration of psychological horror. It follows the narrator’s visit to the decaying mansion of his childhood friend, Roderick Usher, where he encounters madness and decay.

Suggested Readings about/on “The Boarded Window” by Ambrose Bierce

• Books:
• Bierce, Ambrose, and Irina Petraş. The Boarded Window. Paralela 45, 2003.
• Bierce, Ambrose. The Collected Works of Ambrose Bierce... Vol. 2. Neale Publishing Company, 1909.
• Bierce, Ambrose. A much misunderstood man: Selected letters of Ambrose Bierce. Ohio State University Press, 2003.
• Articles:
• Fatout, Paul. “Ambrose Bierce, Civil War Topographer.” American Literature 26.3 (1954): 391-400.
• This article discusses Bierce’s use of surprise endings, a key element in “The Boarded Window.”
• Website:
• Ambrose Bierce Biography – https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/boarded-window
• This website entry on “The Boarded Window” provides a brief plot summary, character analysis, and some critical interpretations. While not an in-depth analysis, it can be a helpful starting point.

Representative Quotations from “The Boarded Window” by Ambrose Bierce