Day: May 8, 2024

Introduction: “Before the Law” by Franz Kafka

“Before the Law” by Franz Kafka, published in 1915 in the collection “The Stoker” demonstrates Kafka’s unique qualities of psychological insight, philosophical depth, and eerie atmospheric tension. Through the narrative of a man’s futile attempt to gain access to the Law, Kafka masterfully explores themes of alienation, bureaucratic labyrinths, and the search for meaning in an seemingly impenetrable and inaccessible system. The story’s dreamlike quality, coupled with its exploration of the human condition, has made it a timeless classic of modernist literature.

Main Events in “Before the Law” by Franz Kafka

1. The Encounter at the Gate: A man from the country seeks entry into the law from a gatekeeper.
2. Initial Denial: The gatekeeper refuses immediate entry, leaving the man puzzled.
3. Hope for Future Entry: The man asks about the possibility of entry later, to which the gatekeeper responds vaguely.
4. The Temptation: The gate to the law stands open, tempting the man to peek inside.
5. Warning of Obstacles: The gatekeeper warns of more powerful gatekeepers beyond, deterring the man from attempting entry.
6. Enduring Wait: The man settles outside the gate, hoping for permission to enter.
7. Persistent Efforts: Over days and years, the man repeatedly pleads for entry, exhausting himself and the gatekeeper.
8. Empty Gestures: The man offers valuables in exchange for entry, but the gatekeeper accepts them without granting access.
9. Obsession and Despair: The man fixates on the gatekeeper, cursing his fate and growing old in futile attempts.
10. Revelation and Closure: In his final moments, the man questions why he’s the only one seeking entry, only to discover that the gate was meant only for him.

Literary Devices in “Before the Law” by Franz Kafka

1. Allegory: The gate and gatekeeper represent the struggle for accessing authority or knowledge.
2. Alliteration: “gatekeeper” and “great men” create a rhythmic effect and emphasize key concepts.
3. Allusion: The gatekeeper’s mention of more powerful gatekeepers alludes to hierarchical structures or systems of authority.
4. Ambiguity: The gatekeeper’s responses leave the man uncertain about his chances of entry, adding to the story’s mysterious atmosphere.
5. Anaphora: “He makes many attempts… He curses… He becomes childish” emphasizes the man’s repeated actions and emotional decline.
6. Anthropomorphism: The gatekeeper is portrayed with human-like qualities, enhancing the surreal tone of the narrative.
7. Assonance: “gatekeeper” and “later” create a vowel sound repetition, drawing attention to the passage of time.
8. Conflict: The man’s desire for entry conflicts with the gatekeeper’s refusal, driving the narrative tension.
9. Foreshadowing: The gatekeeper’s warning about more powerful gatekeepers hints at future obstacles for the man.
10. Hyperbole: The gatekeeper’s claim of being “only the most lowly gatekeeper” exaggerates his importance in the man’s eyes.
11. Irony: The man’s belief that the law should be accessible contrasts with his futile attempts to gain entry.
12. Metaphor: The gate symbolizes the barrier between the man and the law, representing obstacles to achieving his goals.
13. Mood: The story’s atmosphere shifts from hopeful to despairing, evoking a range of emotions in the reader.
14. Paradox: The gatekeeper’s statement that the entrance was meant only for the man presents a paradoxical situation.
15. Personification: The gatekeeper’s actions, such as laughing and interrogating, imbue the gate with human-like qualities.
16. Repetition: The man’s repeated attempts and the gatekeeper’s consistent refusals reinforce the story’s central conflict.
17. Satire: Kafka satirizes bureaucratic systems or hierarchical structures through the absurdity of the man’s quest for entry.
18. Symbolism: The gate symbolizes barriers to knowledge or authority, while the law represents an elusive goal.
19. Theme: Themes of power, authority, and the futility of human endeavor are explored through the man’s quest for entry.
20. Tone: Kafka’s tone varies from hopeful to bleak, reflecting the man’s changing emotions and experiences.

Characterization in “Before the Law” by Franz Kafka

Character	Description	Examples from the Story
The Man from the Country	Protagonist seeking entry into the law; persistent and hopeful initially, but becomes increasingly desperate and disillusioned over time.	Asks the gatekeeper about gaining entry, sits for days and years outside the gate, pleads and curses in frustration, spends everything he has to win over the gatekeeper.
The Gatekeeper	Guardian of the gate to the law; holds power over the man’s access; enigmatic and indifferent, yet somewhat mocking and manipulative.	Denies immediate entry, warns of more powerful gatekeepers, accepts valuables from the man without granting entry, reveals that the entrance was meant only for the man.
Minor Characters	Fleas in the gatekeeper’s fur collar; symbolic of the man’s desperation as he even turns to them for help in persuading the gatekeeper.	The man, in his desperation, tries to use every means possible to gain entry, including appealing to the fleas in the gatekeeper’s collar, showing his increasingly desperate state.

Major Themes in “Before the Law” by Franz Kafka

• Alienation and Isolation: The story highlights the theme of alienation and isolation through the protagonist’s futile attempts to gain access to the Law. Despite his efforts, he is unable to connect with the gatekeeper or the Law, leaving him isolated and alone. This theme is exemplified when the protagonist spends years sitting in front of the gate, waiting for permission to enter, and eventually becomes childlike and weak.
• Bureaucratic Labyrinths: The story showcases the complexity and impenetrability of bureaucratic systems. The gatekeeper’s power and the protagonist’s powerlessness illustrate the frustrations of dealing with such systems. The gatekeeper’s indifference and the protagonist’s repeated failed attempts to gain entry demonstrate the theme of bureaucratic labyrinths, as seen in the gatekeeper’s statement, “I am powerful. And I am only the most lowly gatekeeper. But from room to room stand gatekeepers, each more powerful than the other.”
• The Search for Meaning and Access: The protagonist’s quest to gain access to the Law represents the human search for meaning and connection. Despite the gatekeeper’s repeated rejections, the protagonist continues to seek entry, symbolizing the human desire for understanding and belonging. This theme is evident when the protagonist asks the gatekeeper, “Everyone strives after the law, so how is that in these many years no one except me has requested entry?”
• The Absurdity of Life and Death: The story explores the absurdity of life and death through the protagonist’s futile efforts and eventual demise. The gatekeeper’s enigmatic statement, “Here no one else can gain entry, since this entrance was assigned only to you. I’m going now to close it,” underscores the theme of the absurdity of life and death, as the protagonist’s quest for meaning is ultimately unfulfilled.

Writing Style in “Before the Law” by Franz Kafka

• Minimalist Prose: Kafka’s writing style in “Before the Law” is characterized by concise and straightforward language, devoid of unnecessary embellishments or descriptions.
  • Example: “Before the law sits a gatekeeper.”
• Surreal Atmosphere: The narrative creates a surreal atmosphere through its depiction of a mysterious gatekeeper and the abstract concept of the law.
  • Example: “At the moment the gate to the law stands open, as always, and the gatekeeper walks to the side…”
• Symbolism and Allegory: Kafka employs symbolism and allegory to convey deeper philosophical themes about power, authority, and the human condition.
  • Example: The gate symbolizes barriers to knowledge or authority, while the law represents an elusive goal.
• Dialogue as Revelation: The dialogue between the man and the gatekeeper serves as a means of revelation, gradually unfolding the existential dilemma faced by the man.
  • Example: “What do you still want to know, then? You are insatiable.”
• Existential Themes: Kafka explores existential themes such as the search for meaning, the absurdity of existence, and the inevitability of death.
  • Example: The man’s relentless pursuit of entry into the law reflects the human quest for purpose and understanding.
• Irony and Paradox: Irony and paradox permeate the narrative, highlighting the absurdity of the man’s situation and the inherent contradictions within the system.
  • Example: The gatekeeper’s revelation that the entrance was meant only for the man presents a paradoxical situation.
• Psychological Insight: Kafka delves into the psyche of the protagonist, portraying his emotional journey from hope to despair and ultimately acceptance.
  • Example: The man’s gradual descent into desperation and obsession with gaining entry into the law reveals insights into human nature.
• Cyclical Structure: The story follows a cyclical structure, with the man’s repeated attempts to gain entry mirroring the repetitive nature of existence.
  • Example: The man sits for days and years outside the gate, making many attempts to be let in, only to be consistently denied entry.

Literary Theories and Interpretation of “Before the Law” by Franz Kafka

Literary Theory	Interpretation	Example from the Story
Existentialism	The story highlights the individual’s struggle for meaning and purpose in an seemingly impenetrable and inaccessible system.	The protagonist’s repeated attempts to gain entry into the Law, despite the gatekeeper’s rejections, demonstrate his existential crisis and search for meaning.
Psychoanalytic Theory	The gatekeeper represents the superego, blocking the protagonist’s access to the Law (symbolizing the unconscious mind). The protagonist’s fixation on gaining entry reveals his unconscious desires and repressed thoughts.	The gatekeeper’s power and control over the protagonist, as well as the protagonist’s obsession with gaining entry, illustrate the psychoanalytic concept of the superego’s influence on the individual’s thoughts and actions.
Absurdism	The story showcases the absurdity of human existence, as the protagonist’s rational efforts to gain entry into the Law are met with illogical and unexplained rejections.	The gatekeeper’s enigmatic statement, “Here no one else can gain entry, since this entrance was assigned only to you. I’m going now to close it,” exemplifies the absurdity of the situation, highlighting the meaninglessness of the protagonist’s quest.

Topics, Questions, and Thesis Statements about “Before the Law” by Franz Kafka

Topic	Question	Thesis Statement
The Nature of Authority and Power	How does Kafka depict the relationship between authority and power in “Before the Law”?	In “Before the Law,” Kafka explores the complex dynamics of authority and power through the enigmatic gatekeeper and the protagonist’s futile quest for entry, revealing the arbitrary nature of bureaucratic systems and the existential struggle for access to knowledge and authority.
Existential Themes in Kafka’s Work	What existential themes are present in “Before the Law,” and how do they contribute to the narrative’s meaning?	“Before the Law” embodies Kafka’s existential philosophy, portraying the absurdity of human existence through the protagonist’s futile pursuit of entry into the law, highlighting themes of meaninglessness, alienation, and the inevitability of death.
Symbolism and Allegory in the Story	What symbolic elements and allegorical meanings can be found in “Before the Law,” and how do they enhance the narrative?	Through its use of symbolism and allegory, “Before the Law” functions as a richly layered narrative that explores profound existential themes, with the gate symbolizing barriers to knowledge and the law representing an elusive quest for meaning and understanding.
The Psychological Journey of the Protagonist	How does the protagonist’s psychological journey unfold throughout “Before the Law,” and what insights into human nature does it reveal?	The protagonist’s emotional and psychological transformation in “Before the Law” mirrors the universal human experience of grappling with existential questions, revealing the depths of despair, obsession, and ultimately acceptance in the face of insurmountable barriers.

Short Questions/Answers about/on “Before the Law” by Franz Kafka

• How does Kafka’s use of ambiguity contribute to the existential theme in “Before the Law”?
• Answer: Kafka’s deliberate use of ambiguity in the dialogue between the man and the gatekeeper enhances the existential theme by leaving the reader uncertain about the nature of the law and the gatekeeper’s authority. For example, when the gatekeeper says, “It is possible, but not now,” the vague response mirrors the ambiguity inherent in existential dilemmas, where the pursuit of meaning often leads to more questions than answers. This ambiguity reinforces the story’s existential theme by highlighting the absurdity of the man’s quest for entry into a system that remains shrouded in mystery and uncertainty.
• How does Kafka employ the motif of time to convey the protagonist’s futile struggle in “Before the Law”?
• Answer: Kafka uses the motif of time to underscore the protagonist’s futile struggle against the passage of time and the inevitability of his eventual failure. For instance, the man sits “for days and years” outside the gate, symbolizing the relentless passage of time as he remains stuck in his futile pursuit. This motif of time reinforces the existential theme of the story by emphasizing the ephemeral nature of human existence and the futility of trying to impose order or meaning upon it.
• What role does the gatekeeper’s revelation about the entrance being meant only for the protagonist play in the narrative structure of “Before the Law”? Answer: The gatekeeper’s revelation serves as a climactic moment in the narrative structure of “Before the Law,” bringing the protagonist’s journey full circle and offering a resolution to his existential dilemma. When the gatekeeper informs the man that the entrance was assigned only to him, it resolves the central conflict of the story by providing a sense of closure to the man’s quest. This revelation also reinforces the story’s theme of existential absurdity, as the protagonist’s pursuit of entry into the law was ultimately futile, given that it was meant solely for him.
• How does Kafka utilize symbolism through the gate and the law to explore the theme of existential alienation in “Before the Law”?
• Answer: Kafka employs symbolism through the gate and the law to evoke a sense of existential alienation experienced by the protagonist. The gate symbolizes the insurmountable barriers and obstacles that stand between individuals and their quest for meaning or understanding, while the law represents an elusive and unattainable goal. For example, when the gatekeeper warns the man about more powerful gatekeepers beyond, it symbolizes the existential alienation felt when confronted with hierarchical structures or systems of authority. Through these symbols, Kafka conveys the existential angst and isolation inherent in the human condition, as individuals grapple with the inherent absurdity and meaninglessness of existence.

Literary Works Similar to “Before the Law” by Franz Kafka

1. “The Lottery” by Shirley Jackson: Like “Before the Law,” Jackson’s short story explores themes of power, authority, and the arbitrary nature of societal systems. In “The Lottery,” a small town conducts an annual ritual where a member of the community is chosen by a random draw to be stoned to death, revealing the dark underbelly of conformity and tradition.
2. “The Outsider” by Albert Camus: Camus’ existential short story digs out themes of isolation, alienation, and the search for meaning in an indifferent universe. Similar to Kafka’s work, “The Outsider” follows a protagonist who struggles against societal norms and expectations, ultimately finding himself alienated and disconnected from the world around him.
3. “Bartleby, the Scrivener” by Herman Melville: Melville’s tale explores themes of passive resistance, bureaucracy, and existential disillusionment. The titular character, Bartleby, passively refuses to comply with the demands of his employer, embodying a sense of existential inertia and defiance against the oppressive forces of society.
4. “The Trial” by Franz Kafka: Another work by Kafka, “The Trial” follows the protagonist, Josef K., as he navigates a labyrinthine legal system that accuses him of a crime that is never fully disclosed. Like “Before the Law,” “The Trial” explores themes of guilt, powerlessness, and the absurdity of bureaucratic institutions.
5. “The Yellow Wallpaper” by Charlotte Perkins Gilman: Gilman’s short story delves into themes of confinement, madness, and the oppression of women in patriarchal society. Similar to Kafka’s work, “The Yellow Wallpaper” features a protagonist who feels trapped and powerless within the confines of her domestic life, ultimately descending into madness as she struggles against societal expectations.

Suggested Readings about/on “Before the Law” by Franz Kafka

• Van Houtum, Henk. “Waiting before the law: Kafka on the border.” Social & Legal Studies 19.3 (2010): 285-297.
• Born, Jürgen. “Kafka’s Parable” Before the Law”: Reflections towards a Positive Interpretation.” Mosaic: A Journal for the Interdisciplinary Study of Literature 3.4 (1970): 153-162.
• Foshay, Raphael. “Derrida on Kafka’s” Before the Law”.” The Rocky Mountain Review (2009): 194-206.
• Teubner, Gunther. “The Law before its law: Franz Kafka on the (im) possibility of Law’s self-reflection.” Critical theory and legal autopoiesis. Manchester University Press, 2019. 84-102.
• Sai, Tharika. “The art of interpretation: A multitude of inferences in Franz Kafka’s” Before the Law”.” Issue 1 Int’l JL Mgmt. & Human. 5 (2022): 121.
• Singh, Rosy. “Kafka’s Before the Law and Thomas.” ITTFTF3||: 88.
• Fleming, Victor A. “Before the Law: An Analysis for the Legal Profession.” UALR LJ 1 (1978): 321.

Representative Quotations from “Before the Law” by Franz Kafka

Quotation	Context	Theoretical Perspective
“Before the law sits a gatekeeper.”	The opening line of the story sets the scene and introduces the central metaphor of the gatekeeper and the law.	Structuralism: The gatekeeper symbolizes the intermediary between the individual and societal structures, reflecting the hierarchical nature of power and authority.
“It is possible, but not now.”	The gatekeeper’s ambiguous response to the man’s inquiry about entry into the law leaves the man uncertain about his chances, adding to the mysterious atmosphere of the narrative.	Existentialism: The uncertainty of entry reflects the existential dilemma faced by individuals when confronted with the absurdity and ambiguity of existence.
“I am powerful.”	The gatekeeper asserts his authority and dominance over the man, highlighting the unequal power dynamics at play.	Marxism: The gatekeeper’s assertion of power reflects the unequal distribution of power and privilege within hierarchical societal structures.
“The law should always be accessible for everyone.”	The man’s belief that the law should be accessible to all reflects his idealistic view of justice and fairness.	Legal Theory: The man’s expectation of universal accessibility to the law highlights the discrepancy between idealized notions of justice and the reality of institutional barriers.
“He makes many attempts to be let in.”	Despite repeated rejections, the man persists in his efforts to gain entry into the law, demonstrating his determination and resolve.	Psychoanalysis: The man’s repetitive behavior reflects his unconscious drive to confront and overcome the existential barriers represented by the gatekeeper and the law.
“I am taking this only so that you do not think you have failed to do anything.”	The gatekeeper’s acceptance of the man’s valuables without granting entry emphasizes the futility of the man’s efforts and the arbitrary nature of the gatekeeper’s authority.	Postmodernism: The gatekeeper’s actions blur the boundaries between truth and illusion, highlighting the subjective and constructed nature of reality and authority.
“Here no one else can gain entry, since this entrance was assigned only to you. I’m going now to close it.”	The gatekeeper’s revelation that the entrance was meant only for the man serves as a climactic moment, offering a resolution to the man’s existential quest.	Absurdism: The revelation underscores the absurdity of the man’s futile pursuit of entry into the law, revealing the arbitrary and meaningless nature of his struggle.

Introduction: “Babylon Revisited” by F. Scott Fitzgerald

“Babylon Revisited” by F. Scott Fitzgerald (1896-1940) first appeared in the Saturday Evening Post on February 21, 1931. Published amidst the disillusionment following the roaring twenties, the story delves into themes of loss, redemption, and the long shadow cast by the past. It masterfully portrays the protagonist’s yearning to rebuild his life, juxtaposed against a poignant nostalgia for a bygone era.

Main Events in “Babylon Revisited” by F. Scott Fitzgerald

Part-I

• Arrival in Paris: Charlie Wales arrives in Paris, finding it empty and different from before. He visits the Ritz bar, now unfamiliar and subdued.
• Encounters at the Bar: Charlie converses with Alix, the barman, and learns about old acquaintances. He reminisces about past events and observes the changes in people.
• Reflections on Paris: Charlie takes a taxi ride through Paris, reflecting on the city’s changes and his own past. He longs for the days when he was in control and Paris was vibrant.
• Family Visit: Charlie visits his brother-in-law’s house, greeted by his daughter and the family. He tries to reconnect with his family while concealing his true intentions.
• Dinner with Family: At dinner, Charlie discusses business and observes his daughter, feeling protective and regretful about his past.
• Exploring Paris by Night: Charlie leaves the family dinner to explore Paris by night, visiting familiar places from his past. He realizes the emptiness and futility of his former lifestyle.
• Encounter with the Past: Charlie briefly interacts with a woman from his past, offering her assistance before retreating to his hotel.
• Contemplation and Return: Charlie returns to his hotel, haunted by memories of his lost family and past mistakes, acknowledging the consequences of his actions.

Part-II

• Father-Daughter Day: Charlie spends a pleasant day with his daughter, Honoria, taking her to lunch and promising her anything she wants. They play a game of pretending, and Charlie tries to bond with her.
• Unexpected Encounter: Charlie runs into old acquaintances, Duncan and Lorraine, who reminisce about the past. Despite their invitation to join them for dinner, Charlie declines, prioritizing time with Honoria.
• Vaudeville Outing: Charlie and Honoria attend a vaudeville show, where Charlie observes his daughter’s individuality and tries to impart his values onto her.
• Drinks with Old Friends: After the show, they meet Duncan and Lorraine again. Despite their different lifestyles, they share a drink together.
• Heartfelt Conversation: In a taxi ride home, Charlie and Honoria discuss her late mother and their relationship. Honoria expresses a desire to live with her father, which deeply affects Charlie.
• Parting Moment: Charlie waits outside as Honoria goes back inside, cherishing a tender moment between them before they part for the night.

Part-III

• Charlie’s Plea: Charlie confronts Marion and Lincoln, expressing his desire to have Honoria live with him. He assures them of his sobriety and stability, pleading for a chance to have his daughter back.
• Marion’s Resistance: Marion expresses her distrust and resentment towards Charlie, citing past events and her duty to her late sister, Helen. She questions Charlie’s ability to stay sober and accuses him of being responsible for Helen’s death.
• Lincoln’s Mediation: Lincoln attempts to mediate the discussion, acknowledging Marion’s concerns but also recognizing Charlie’s efforts to provide for Honoria. He hints at his support for Charlie’s custody.
• Marion’s Concession: Marion, overwhelmed by her emotions, abruptly concedes to Charlie’s request, acknowledging that she cannot stand in his way any longer. She exits the conversation, leaving the decision to Charlie and Lincoln.
• Charlie’s Reflection: Despite his victory, Charlie is haunted by memories of Helen and their troubled relationship. He finds solace in imaginary conversations with her, seeking forgiveness and reassurance in his dreams.

Part-IV

• Charlie’s Optimism and Reflections: Charlie wakes up feeling happy, but his joy is tempered by memories of his past with Helen and the realization of the responsibility of parenthood. He reflects on the importance of balancing love for his daughter with the dangers of excessive attachment.
• Arrangements and Disappointments: Charlie finalizes plans to take Honoria back with him to Prague, navigating Marion’s lingering reservations. He encounters challenges in finding a suitable governess for Honoria and discusses past grievances with Lincoln.
• Unexpected Invitation and Intrusion: Charlie receives an unexpected invitation from Lorraine and Duncan, old acquaintances from his wilder days. Despite his reluctance, they intrude on his meeting with the Peters, causing tension and discomfort.
• Marion’s Reaction and Charlie’s Frustration: Marion reacts angrily to the intrusion, leaving Charlie feeling frustrated and misunderstood. He tries to explain, but Marion’s anger and physical condition prevent a resolution.
• Lincoln’s Intervention and Disappointment: Lincoln tries to mediate, but Marion’s bitterness leads to the cancellation of their dinner plans. Charlie leaves feeling dejected and uncertain about Marion’s stance on Honoria’s custody.
• Parting with the Children: Despite the tension, Charlie bids farewell to the children with a mixture of sadness and awkwardness, longing for a sense of familial connection that seems increasingly elusive.

Part-V

• Frustration and Disillusionment: Charlie’s frustration grows as he realizes he cannot confront Lorraine and Duncan, and he reflects on the losses and disillusionment he experienced during the boom years. He confronts the stark reality that the extravagant lifestyle and reckless behavior of that time brought nothing but emptiness and pain.
• Concern for Marion and Honoria: Charlie calls Lincoln to inquire about Marion’s condition and to see if there’s any progress regarding Honoria’s custody. However, Lincoln informs him that Marion is unwell and that they will need to postpone the decision for six months to avoid further distress for her.
• Resignation and Determination: Disheartened by the setback, Charlie resolves to focus on sending gifts to Honoria but feels frustrated by the realization that money cannot solve everything. Despite his disappointment, his determination to reunite with his daughter remains steadfast, giving him a sense of purpose amidst his loneliness and disillusionment.

Literary Devices in “Babylon Revisited” by F. Scott Fitzgerald

1. Allusion: References to historical events, mythology, or other literary works.
   Example: The title itself alludes to the biblical city of Babylon, symbolizing a place of excess and downfall.
2. Ambiguity: The presence of multiple interpretations or meanings within the text.
   Example: The true reasons behind Helen’s death remain ambiguous, leaving room for speculation and interpretation.
3. Characterization: The method used to develop and describe characters in a story.
   Example: Charlie’s internal struggle with guilt and redemption provides deep characterization, revealing his complex personality.
4. Conflict: The struggle between opposing forces or characters in the story.
   Example: Charlie’s desire to regain custody of his daughter conflicts with Marion’s reluctance to trust him due to past events.
5. Foreshadowing: Hints or clues about future events in the narrative.
   Example: Early mentions of Charlie’s past mistakes foreshadow the challenges he will face in reclaiming his daughter.
6. Flashback: A narrative device that interrupts the chronological sequence of events to depict something that happened earlier.
   Example: Charlie’s reminiscences about his past with Helen provide insights into their relationship and his current situation.
7. Imagery: Descriptive language that appeals to the senses to create vivid mental images for the reader.
   Example: Fitzgerald’s detailed descriptions of Paris in the 1920s evoke a vivid picture of the setting for the reader.
8. Irony: A contrast between expectation and reality, often with humorous or dramatic effect.
   Example: Charlie’s efforts to prove his sobriety are met with skepticism and mistrust by those around him, despite his genuine intentions.
9. Metaphor: A figure of speech that makes a comparison between two unrelated things.
   Example: Marion’s fear of life is compared to a wall that she has built up against Charlie, emphasizing the barrier between them.
10. Motif: Recurring elements or themes that contribute to the overall meaning of the story.
    Example: The motif of redemption and second chances is central to Charlie’s journey of reclaiming his daughter and rebuilding his life.
11. Personification: Giving human attributes or qualities to non-human entities.
    Example: The idea of alcohol as having an attraction is personified through Charlie’s struggle to resist its influence.
12. Point of View: The perspective from which the story is told.
    Example: The story is narrated from Charlie’s point of view, providing insights into his thoughts, feelings, and experiences.
13. Repetition: The repeated use of words, phrases, or ideas for emphasis or effect.
    Example: The repetition of Marion’s distrust towards Charlie reinforces the tension and conflict between them.
14. Setting: The time and place in which the story takes place.
    Example: The story is set in Paris during the 1930s, against the backdrop of the city’s vibrant nightlife and cultural scene.
15. Symbolism: The use of symbols to represent ideas or concepts within the story.
    Example: The title “Babylon Revisited” symbolizes Charlie’s return to a past of excess and indulgence, seeking redemption for his past mistakes.
16. Theme: The central idea or message conveyed by the story.
    Example: Themes of guilt, redemption, and the consequences of past actions are explored throughout the narrative.
17. Tone: The author’s attitude towards the subject matter or characters in the story.
    Example: The tone of the story shifts between nostalgia, regret, and determination as Charlie grapples with his past and seeks to rebuild his life.
18. Tragedy: A genre characterized by a protagonist’s downfall or suffering, often due to their own actions or flaws.
    Example: Charlie’s tragic past and his struggle to overcome it form the basis of the narrative, leading to a poignant and reflective story.
19. Understatement: A figure of speech that deliberately represents something as less significant or serious than it actually is.
    Example: Charlie’s understated acknowledgment of his past mistakes minimizes their severity, highlighting his internal conflict and self-awareness.
20. Unreliable Narrator: A narrator whose credibility is compromised, often due to bias, ignorance, or deceit.
    Example: Charlie’s narration may be considered unreliable as his perspective is influenced by his own biases, emotions, and motivations, leading to potential misinterpretations of events.

Characterization in “Babylon Revisited” by F. Scott Fitzgerald

Charlie Wales (Major Character):

• Complexity: Charlie is depicted as a multifaceted character with a troubled past, striving for redemption and reconciliation.
• Redemption Journey: He is characterized by his efforts to overcome his past mistakes, particularly his struggle with alcoholism, and his desire to regain custody of his daughter, Honoria.
• Flashbacks and Reflections: Through flashbacks and introspective reflections, the reader learns about Charlie’s life before and after the stock market crash, as well as his relationships with his wife, Helen, and sister-in-law, Marion.
• Internal Conflict: Charlie’s internal conflict between his desire for a stable family life and his guilt over past indiscretions drives much of the narrative.

Marion Peters (Major Character):

• Guarded and Distrustful: Marion is characterized by her guarded nature and deep-seated distrust of Charlie, stemming from his past behavior and its impact on her sister, Helen.
• Protective Instincts: She is portrayed as fiercely protective of her niece, Honoria, prioritizing the child’s well-being above all else, even at the expense of her relationship with Charlie.
• Resentment and Bitterness: Marion’s resentment towards Charlie is evident in her interactions with him, particularly her reluctance to relinquish legal guardianship of Honoria and her skepticism regarding Charlie’s supposed reformation.
• Vulnerability: Despite her outward strength, Marion’s vulnerability and emotional turmoil surface during moments of tension and conflict, revealing the depth of her pain and loss.

Honoria (Major Character):

• Innocence and Vulnerability: Honoria is portrayed as an innocent and vulnerable child caught in the midst of her family’s conflicts and struggles.
• Adaptability: Despite the upheavals in her life, Honoria demonstrates resilience and adaptability, adjusting to new circumstances and relationships with relative ease.
• Longing for Stability: Beneath her youthful exterior, Honoria harbors a longing for stability and security, yearning for the love and stability that her fractured family dynamic fails to provide.

Lincoln Peters (Minor Character):

• Supportive and Understanding: Lincoln is depicted as a supportive and understanding figure, serving as a mediator between Charlie and Marion while empathizing with Charlie’s desire to reunite with Honoria.
• Pragmatic Approach: He adopts a pragmatic approach to the situation, balancing his concern for Marion’s well-being with his recognition of Charlie’s genuine efforts to reform and rebuild his life.
• Limited Agency: Despite his supportive role, Lincoln’s agency is somewhat limited compared to Marion’s, as he defers to his wife’s wishes and prioritizes her emotional stability over other considerations.

Duncan Schaeffer and Lorraine Quarrles (Minor Characters):

• Symbols of Charlie’s Past: Duncan and Lorraine represent aspects of Charlie’s pre-redemption life, serving as reminders of his past mistakes and indulgences.
• Irrelevance and Superficiality: Their presence in the narrative underscores the superficiality and irrelevance of Charlie’s former lifestyle, contrasting with his newfound priorities and values.
• Disruptive Influence: Duncan and Lorraine’s unexpected appearance disrupts the fragile equilibrium of Charlie’s efforts to reclaim his daughter, highlighting the lingering consequences of his past associations and behaviors.

Major Themes in “Babylon Revisited” by F. Scott Fitzgerald

• Redemption and Guilt:
• Throughout the story, Charlie Wales grapples with feelings of guilt and the desire for redemption. His past actions, including his reckless behavior and alcoholism, have left a lasting impact on his life and relationships. Charlie’s efforts to regain custody of his daughter, Honoria, serve as a manifestation of his quest for redemption. For example, his commitment to sobriety and stability demonstrates his sincere desire to atone for past mistakes and become a responsible father. However, Charlie also faces internal conflicts and doubts about whether he truly deserves redemption, particularly in Marion’s eyes.
• The Consequences of Excess and Decadence:
• Fitzgerald explores the consequences of excess and decadence during the Roaring Twenties, a period marked by extravagant lifestyles and moral laxity. Charlie’s reminiscences of his past life in Paris, filled with lavish parties and indulgent behavior, serve as a reflection of this theme. For instance, his encounters with Duncan Schaeffer and Lorraine Quarrles, former associates from his wild days, highlight the destructive influence of hedonism and excess. The story suggests that such indulgences come at a cost, leading to personal and familial ruin.
• The Search for Stability and Home:
• A prominent theme in the story is the search for stability and a sense of home in the midst of personal turmoil and societal upheaval. Charlie’s desire to regain custody of Honoria and provide her with a stable, nurturing environment underscores this theme. Despite his attempts to rebuild his life and create a sense of home for his daughter, Charlie faces numerous obstacles, including Marion’s distrust and the lingering consequences of his past mistakes. The story explores the complexities of family dynamics and the challenges of finding security in an ever-changing world.
• The Passage of Time and Loss:
• Fitzgerald explores the themes of time and loss, emphasizing the inevitability of change and the fleeting nature of human relationships. Charlie’s reflections on his past, particularly his memories of his late wife, Helen, and their life together, underscore the theme of loss. For example, Marion’s resentment towards Charlie is rooted in the pain of losing her sister and the sense of betrayal she feels towards him. The story suggests that time cannot erase the scars of the past, and characters must confront the consequences of their actions in the present. Additionally, the changing landscape of Paris serves as a metaphor for the passage of time and the impermanence of human existence.

Writing Style in “Babylon Revisited” by F. Scott Fitzgerald

• Rich Imagery and Symbolism:
• Fitzgerald employs rich imagery and symbolism throughout the story to convey deeper meanings and evoke emotions. For instance, the title “Babylon Revisited” itself alludes to the biblical city of Babylon, often associated with excess and decadence, setting the tone for the exploration of themes related to the consequences of indulgence.
• Poetic Language and Descriptive Prose:
• Fitzgerald’s writing style in “Babylon Revisited” is characterized by poetic language and descriptive prose, which vividly brings the settings and characters to life. In describing Paris, he writes, “The rain was over, and the spring-like clearness of the air, the softness of the season, made the walk down the hill to the café seem like the realization of something hoped for.” This passage demonstrates Fitzgerald’s ability to evoke sensory experiences through his prose, immersing the reader in the story’s atmosphere.
• Subtle Irony and Satire:
• Fitzgerald employs subtle irony and satire to critique the excesses of the Jazz Age and the moral ambiguity of the characters. For example, Charlie’s interactions with Duncan Schaeffer and Lorraine Quarrles, former companions from his wild days, serve as a commentary on the shallow and superficial nature of their relationships, highlighting the emptiness of their indulgent lifestyles.
• Psychological Depth and Character Development:
• Fitzgerald delves into the psychological depth of his characters, particularly Charlie Wales, exploring themes of guilt, redemption, and the passage of time. Through introspective narration and dialogue, he reveals Charlie’s inner struggles and conflicts as he grapples with the consequences of his past actions and strives for a sense of stability and redemption. For example, Charlie’s conversations with Marion and Lincoln Peters provide insight into his complex relationship with his past and his earnest desire to rebuild his life and regain custody of his daughter, Honoria.

Literary Theories and Interpretation of “Babylon Revisited” by F. Scott Fitzgerald

Literary Theory	Interpretation	Example from the Story
Modernism	Focuses on themes of disillusionment and alienation	The story reflects the disillusionment of the Jazz Age expatriates like Charlie, who return to Paris seeking redemption but find themselves alienated from their past.
Psychoanalytic Criticism	Analyzes characters’ inner conflicts and motivations	Charlie’s guilt over his past actions, particularly locking out his wife Helen during a fight, manifests as he grapples with the consequences and seeks redemption.
Marxist Criticism	Examines societal class structures and economic power	The story explores the effects of wealth and privilege, as seen in Charlie’s contrasting lifestyle with the Peters, who represent a more modest and stable middle-class existence.

Topics, Questions, and Thesis Statements about “Babylon Revisited” by F. Scott Fitzgerald

Topic	Question	Thesis Statement
Guilt and Redemption	How does Charlie’s guilt shape his quest for redemption?	Despite Charlie’s efforts to atone for his past mistakes, his lingering guilt and the consequences of his actions continue to haunt him, driving his quest for redemption.
The Impact of the Jazz Age	How does the Jazz Age influence the characters and plot?	Fitzgerald uses the backdrop of the Jazz Age to explore themes of excess, disillusionment, and the fleeting nature of happiness, shaping the characters’ motivations and actions.
Class and Privilege	What role does class privilege play in the story?	Through the characters of Charlie and the Peters, Fitzgerald examines the disparities between wealth and middle-class stability, highlighting the corrosive effects of privilege on personal relationships.
The Search for Home and Stability	How does Charlie’s search for home drive the narrative?	Charlie’s quest for stability and acceptance, symbolized by his desire to regain custody of his daughter and find a sense of belonging in Paris, underscores the story’s exploration of personal and emotional turmoil.

Short Questions/Answers about/on “Babylon Revisited” by F. Scott Fitzgerald

• Question: How does Fitzgerald use the symbolism of Marion’s necklace to illustrate the theme of unresolved grief in “Babylon Revisited”?
• Answer: Marion’s black necklace, adorned with stars, serves as a potent symbol of her lingering grief and resentment towards Charlie. The stars, typically associated with hope and guidance, take on a darker significance in this context, representing Marion’s inability to move past her sister Helen’s death. Throughout the story, Marion fiddles with the necklace when discussing Honoria’s future with Charlie, indicating her unresolved emotions and deep-seated pain. For example, when Charlie attempts to convince Marion to reconsider Honoria’s guardianship, she plays with the black stars on her necklace, suggesting the weight of her grief influencing her decision-making.
• Question: How does Fitzgerald employ the motif of mirrors to explore Charlie’s internal conflict and self-perception in “Babylon Revisited”?
• Answer: Mirrors serve as a recurring motif in the story, reflecting Charlie’s inner turmoil and fractured self-image. For instance, when Charlie visits the Peters’ apartment, he notices his reflection in the mirror, observing himself with a mixture of self-awareness and self-criticism. This moment highlights Charlie’s struggle to reconcile his past actions with his present desire for redemption. Additionally, the mirrors in the Ritz bar symbolize Charlie’s desire to escape his own reflection, as he seeks solace in alcohol and distractions from his guilt-ridden past.
• Question: How does Fitzgerald use the setting of Paris to underscore the theme of lost innocence in “Babylon Revisited”?
• Answer: Paris, with its glamorous facade and nostalgic charm, serves as a poignant backdrop for the characters’ reflections on lost innocence and shattered dreams. Charlie’s return to Paris symbolizes his attempt to reclaim a sense of the past and recapture the fleeting moments of happiness he experienced before the stock market crash. However, the city also serves as a reminder of the transient nature of joy and the irretrievable loss of innocence. For instance, Charlie’s visits to familiar landmarks evoke bittersweet memories of his wild, carefree days with Helen, highlighting the stark contrast between past indulgence and present regret.
• Question: In what ways does Fitzgerald utilize the motif of time to convey the theme of inevitability and the passage of opportunity in “Babylon Revisited”?
• Answer: Throughout the story, Fitzgerald employs the motif of time to underscore the inevitability of change and the passage of opportunity. Charlie’s sense of urgency to regain custody of Honoria reflects his awareness of time slipping away and his desire to make amends before it’s too late. Additionally, the frequent references to clocks and ticking timepieces symbolize the characters’ anxiety about the fleeting nature of life and the irreversible consequences of their actions. For example, Charlie’s realization that Marion’s hostility towards him may prevent him from regaining guardianship of Honoria underscores the theme of missed opportunities and the irreversible effects of past mistakes.

Literary Works Similar to “Babylon Revisited” by F. Scott Fitzgerald

1. “A Clean, Well-Lighted Place” by Ernest Hemingway: This story explores themes of loneliness, aging, and the search for meaning in a quiet café late at night.
2. “The Snows of Kilimanjaro” by Ernest Hemingway: Like “Babylon Revisited,” this story delves into themes of regret and redemption as a writer confronts his past while facing death on the African savanna.
3. “The Dead” by James Joyce: Set during a holiday gathering in Dublin, this story explores themes of nostalgia, lost love, and the passage of time.
4. “Winter Dreams” by F. Scott Fitzgerald: Another story by Fitzgerald, “Winter Dreams” follows the life of Dexter Green as he pursues his dreams and confronts the consequences of his choices.

Suggested Readings about/on “Babylon Revisited” by F. Scott Fitzgerald

• Fitzgerald, F. Scott. Babylon revisited: and other stories. Simon and Schuster, 2008.
• Xu, Tim. “F. Scott Fitzgerald: Writing Under the Influence of Europe.” Vanderbilt Undergraduate Research Journal 5 (2009).
• Bryer, Jackson R. ““Better That All of the Story Never Be Told”: Zelda Fitzgerald’s Sister’s Letters to Arthur Mizener.” The F. Scott Fitzgerald Review 15.1 (2017): 1-16.
• Justice, Hilary K. “Fitzgerald and Hemingway, p. 181-197.” American Literary Scholarship 2002.1 (2002): 181-197.
• Bell, Madison Smartt. “The Gilded Man in Nickel City.” The F. Scott Fitzgerald Review 13.1 (2015): 1-14.

Representative Quotations from “Babylon Revisited” by F. Scott Fitzgerald

Quotation	Context	Theoretical Perspective
“He woke up feeling happy. The door of the world was open again. He made plans, vistas, futures for Honoria and himself, but suddenly he grew sad, remembering all the plans he and Helen had made. She had not planned to die.”	After waking up, Charlie feels optimistic about the future with his daughter Honoria, but his happiness is tempered by the memory of his late wife Helen and the plans they had together, disrupted by her death.	Existentialism: Charlie’s realization of the unpredictability of life and the impermanence of plans aligns with existentialist themes of confronting the absurdity and uncertainty of existence.
“It was another bright, crisp day. He called Lincoln Peters at the bank where he worked and asked if he could count on taking Honoria when he left for Prague.”	Charlie contacts Lincoln to discuss taking Honoria with him to Prague, indicating his desire to be a responsible father and make plans for his daughter’s future.	Parental Responsibility: Charlie’s efforts to secure Honoria’s guardianship demonstrate his commitment to fulfilling his parental duties despite past mistakes.
“Then the question of a governess. Charlie sat in a gloomy agency and talked to a cross Béarnaise and to a buxom Breton peasant, neither of whom he could have endured. There were others whom he would see tomorrow.”	Charlie considers hiring a governess for Honoria but finds the candidates unsuitable, highlighting his struggle to find suitable care for his daughter amidst his efforts to rebuild his life.	Social Class and Caregiving: The selection of a governess reflects societal expectations and the challenges of finding appropriate childcare within certain social circles.
“He lunched with Lincoln Peters at Griffons, trying to keep down his exultation.”	Despite his excitement about the prospect of taking Honoria to Prague, Charlie tries to contain his emotions while having lunch with Lincoln, showing his awareness of the delicate nature of his situation and the need for caution.	Emotional Restraint: Charlie’s attempt to suppress his exultation reflects his understanding of the need for discretion and sensitivity in dealing with others, particularly considering his past actions and their repercussions.
“His first feeling was one of awe that he had actually, in his mature years, stolen a tricycle and pedalled Lorraine all over the Étoile between the small hours and dawn.”	Reflecting on his past escapades with Lorraine, Charlie feels a sense of disbelief at his own reckless behavior, indicating his realization of the folly of his youth and the consequences of his actions.	Personal Growth and Regret: Charlie’s acknowledgment of his past actions demonstrates his growth and maturity, as he reflects on the consequences of his impulsive behavior and its impact on his life.
“At five he took a taxi and bought presents for all the Peters–a piquant cloth doll, a box of Roman soldiers, flowers for Marion, big linen handkerchiefs for Lincoln.”	Charlie buys gifts for the Peters family, including Marion and Lincoln, as a gesture of goodwill and reconciliation, indicating his desire to mend strained relationships and integrate back into their lives.	Reconciliation and Family Bonds: Charlie’s thoughtful gestures symbolize his efforts to repair fractured relationships and reconnect with his family, showing his commitment to rebuilding trust and fostering harmony.
“He saw, when he arrived in the apartment, that Marion had accepted the inevitable. She greeted him now as though he were a recalcitrant member of the family, rather than a menacing outsider.”	Upon returning to the apartment, Charlie observes Marion’s resignation to the situation, as she reluctantly accepts his presence and engages with him civilly, suggesting a shift in her attitude towards him.	Acceptance and Adaptation: Marion’s acknowledgment of Charlie’s presence signifies her acceptance of the changes occurring in their family dynamic, reflecting her willingness to adapt to new circumstances despite initial resistance.
“Good night, sweetheart,” he said vaguely, and then trying to make his voice more tender, trying to conciliate something, “Good night, dear children.”	Charlie bids farewell to the children with a mixture of detachment and an attempt at tenderness, revealing his internal conflict between his desire to connect with them and the barriers created by past tensions and misunderstandings.	Alienation and Reconciliation: Charlie’s struggle to express genuine affection highlights the barriers to reconciliation and emotional intimacy within the family, underscoring the complexities of rebuilding trust and forging meaningful connections.