Month: May 2024

Introduction: “An Inquiry” by Anton Chekhov

“An Inquiry” by Anton Chekhov, an influential writer, was published in 1886 as part of the collection “Motley Stories” or “Pestrye rasskazy”. This marked a significant milestone in Chekhov’s writing career, as it showcased his unique blend of humor and incisive social commentary. Through this collection, Chekhov’s signature style began to take shape, demonstrating his mastery of crafting stories that both entertain and provoke thought.

Main Events in “An Inquiry” by Anton Chekhov

1. Voldyrev’s Arrival at the Government Office:
   • Voldyrev, a country gentleman, enters the government office to make an inquiry.
   • He encounters a porter and asks for directions to the inquiry desk.
2. Interaction with the Clerk:
   • Voldyrev approaches the clerk, who is absorbed in his work and indifferent to his presence.
   • Despite Voldyrev’s repeated attempts to get the clerk’s attention, he is ignored.
3. Frustration and Persistence:
   • Voldyrev becomes increasingly frustrated as the clerk continues to disregard him.
   • He tries to draw the clerk’s attention to his lawsuit with the heirs of Princess Gugulin but is unsuccessful.
4. Offering a Bribe:
   • In a desperate attempt to get the clerk’s attention, Voldyrev lays a rouble note on the clerk’s desk.
   • The clerk momentarily notices the money but quickly returns to his work.
5. Further Attempts to Communicate:
   • Voldyrev tries to engage the clerk in conversation about his case, but the clerk remains preoccupied.
6. Suggestion from the Porter:
   • The porter advises Voldyrev to offer more money to the clerk to secure his cooperation.
7. Offering a Larger Bribe:
   • Voldyrev lays another rouble note on the clerk’s desk, hoping to finally get his attention.
8. The Clerk’s Response:
   • The clerk finally acknowledges Voldyrev and becomes attentive to his needs.
   • He provides the necessary information and assistance regarding Voldyrev’s inquiry.
9. Sudden Change in Attitude:
   • Once the clerk is engaged with Voldyrev, he becomes friendly and helpful, offering assistance with the inquiry and making small talk.
10. Completion of the Inquiry:
    • The clerk efficiently handles Voldyrev’s request, arranges for a copy of the resolution, and provides additional assistance.
    • Voldyrev leaves the office feeling uncomfortable but satisfied with the outcome of his inquiry.
11. Parting Gift:
    • Before leaving, Voldyrev gives the clerk another rouble as a token of appreciation.
    • The clerk graciously accepts the money, bowing and smiling in gratitude.
12. Reflection on the Encounter:
    • Voldyrev reflects on the encounter with the clerk and the system of bribery and corruption within the government office.
    • Despite his discomfort, he acknowledges the necessity of offering bribes to expedite bureaucratic processes.

Literary Devices in “An Inquiry” by Anton Chekhov

Characterization in “An Inquiry” by Anton Chekhov

Major Character: Voldyrev

• Appearance: Voldyrev is portrayed as a tall, thick-set country gentleman with a cropped head and prominent eyes. This physical description suggests his stature and presence.
• Actions: He takes the initiative to inquire at the government office, persistently attempts to gain the clerk’s attention, and resorts to offering bribes to expedite the process. These actions demonstrate his determination and frustration with bureaucratic inefficiency.
• Thoughts and Feelings: Throughout the story, Voldyrev experiences increasing frustration and desperation as he is repeatedly ignored by the clerk. His discomfort with the system of bribery is evident in his inner reflections.

Minor Character: Clerk

• Appearance: The clerk is described as a young man with hair standing up in four tufts, a long pimply nose, and a care-worn expression. This physical description adds to the clerk’s portrayal as indifferent and absorbed in his work.
• Actions: Initially, the clerk is entirely absorbed in his tasks, ignoring Voldyrev’s attempts to communicate. It is only after receiving bribes that he becomes attentive and helpful.
• Thoughts and Feelings: While the story does not directly delve into the clerk’s inner thoughts and feelings, his actions suggest a lack of concern for the needs of others until incentivized.

Minor Character: Porter

• Appearance: The porter’s appearance is not explicitly described in the story.
• Actions: He provides Voldyrev with directions to the inquiry desk and suggests offering a bribe to the clerk to expedite the process. This indicates his familiarity with the inner workings of the government office and the prevalence of corruption.
• Thoughts and Feelings: The porter’s advice to Voldyrev reflects a pragmatic understanding of how to navigate the bureaucracy, indicating a resignation to the system’s flaws.

Examples from the Story:

• Voldyrev’s frustration is palpable as he repeatedly tries to gain the clerk’s attention to no avail.
• The clerk’s indifference is underscored by his lack of response until he is enticed with bribes.
• The porter’s suggestion highlights the systemic corruption within the government office, portraying a bleak reality of bureaucratic inefficiency.

Major Themes in “An Inquiry” by Anton Chekhov

1. Bureaucracy and Inefficiency: The story is a masterclass in depicting the frustrating nature of bureaucracy. Voldyrev politely inquires about his case but is repeatedly ignored. The clerks, described as a “scribbling brotherhood” focus on paperwork and swatting flies rather than assisting him. Voldyrev coughs, blows his nose, and tries to get their attention for a full two minutes before resorting to other measures. This extended sequence emphasizes the inefficiency and indifference of the bureaucratic system.
2. Corruption: The turning point in the story arrives when Voldyrev resorts to bribery. He lays a rouble note on an open book before the clerk, who promptly ignores him. Only after placing another rouble note on the book does the clerk finally acknowledge Voldyrev. This blatant exchange highlights the corrupt nature of the system, where basic services are only obtainable through unofficial means. The story doesn’t judge Voldyrev for resorting to bribery, instead focusing on the system that necessitates such actions.
3. Social Class: Chekhov subtly critiques the disparity in social treatment based on class. Voldyrev, despite being a landowner, is initially disregarded by the lower-ranking clerks. The clerk doesn’t even acknowledge him, shouting instead about a merchant who needs to sign a complaint. This highlights the power dynamic at play. However, once Voldyrev offers bribes, he is treated with respect and deference. The clerk becomes “as lively as though he were whirled round by a hurricane,” providing information, a copy of the resolution, and even small talk about the weather. The story exposes the hypocrisy of the social hierarchy, where outward respect is easily bought, not earned.
4. Isolation and Helplessness: Voldyrev’s experience is marked by a sense of isolation. He is unable to navigate the complex bureaucratic system on his own. The silence after his inquiries lasts for two minutes, emphasizing his feeling of being unheard and powerless. The porter’s advice to bribe the clerk further underscores Voldyrev’s helplessness within the system. Chekhov evokes a sense of sympathy for the individual struggling within a larger, uncaring system.

Writing Style in “An Inquiry” by Anton Chekhov

• Concise and direct language:
  • Example: “IT was midday. Voldyrev, a tall, thick-set country gentleman… took off his overcoat, mopped his brow with his silk handkerchief, and somewhat diffidently went into the government office.”
• Vivid descriptions:
  • Example: “a young man with his hair standing up in four tufts on his head, with a long pimply nose, and a long faded uniform”
• Satirical tone:
  • Example: “They write! They write, the devil take them entirely!” (Voldyrev’s frustrated thought)
• Irony:
  • Example: Voldyrev’s dignified appearance and social status contrasted with his humiliating treatment by the clerk
• Symbolism:
  • Example: The rouble notes symbolizing bribery and corruption
• Characterization through action:
  • Example: The clerk’s sudden change from indifference to enthusiasm after receiving the third rouble note
• Dialogue revealing character:
  • Example: Voldyrev’s polite and respectful language vs. the clerk’s dismissive and rude tone
• Imagery and sensory details:
  • Example: “a green table spotted like typhus”, “a fly was walking about near his right nostril”
• Bureaucratic language and jargon:
  • Example: “the resolution of the Council of the second of March”, “the complaint lodged with the police”
• Contrast and juxtaposition:
  • Example: Voldyrev’s dignified appearance vs. the clerk’s disheveled and unprofessional appearance
• Realistic portrayal of setting:
  • Example: The vivid description of the government office, including the “scratching” sounds of writing and the “furthest recesses” of the office

Literary Theories and Interpretation of “An Inquiry” by Anton Chekhov

Topics, Questions, and Thesis Statements about “An Inquiry” by Anton Chekhov

Short Questions/Answers about/on “An Inquiry” by Anton Chekhov

1. What is the central conflict in “An Inquiry”? The central conflict revolves around Voldyrev’s futile attempts to navigate the bureaucratic system at the government office. Despite his earnest inquiries, he is repeatedly ignored by the clerk, highlighting the frustrations of dealing with bureaucratic inefficiency. This conflict is evident in Voldyrev’s increasing desperation and the clerk’s indifference to his needs.
2. How does Voldyrev attempt to overcome the obstacles he faces in the government office? Voldyrev tries various tactics to gain the clerk’s attention and expedite his inquiry. He persistently addresses the clerk, attempts to engage him in conversation, and ultimately resorts to offering bribes to secure his cooperation. These actions reflect Voldyrev’s determination and frustration with the bureaucratic process, as he navigates the system’s complexities in search of a resolution to his inquiry.
3. What role does bribery play in the story? Bribery serves as a means for Voldyrev to overcome the bureaucratic hurdles he encounters at the government office. When traditional methods of communication fail, Voldyrev resorts to offering bribes to the clerk in exchange for his cooperation. The porter even advises him to offer more money to expedite the process, highlighting the prevalence of corruption within the system. This theme underscores the story’s critique of bureaucratic inefficiency and the moral compromises individuals are forced to make in order to navigate it.
4. How does Chekhov characterize the clerk and the porter? Chekhov characterizes the clerk as indifferent and absorbed in his work, initially ignoring Voldyrev’s inquiries until bribed. In contrast, the porter is portrayed as pragmatic and knowledgeable about the inner workings of the government office. He offers Voldyrev advice on how to navigate the bureaucracy, reflecting a resigned acceptance of the system’s flaws. These characterizations add depth to the story’s exploration of bureaucratic inefficiency and corruption, portraying a bleak reality of societal dysfunction.

Literary Works Similar to “An Inquiry” by Anton Chekhov

1. “The Overcoat” by Nikolai Gogol: Gogol’s story explores themes of bureaucratic absurdity and the dehumanizing effects of a rigid social hierarchy. Similar to “An Inquiry,” it depicts the struggles of a low-ranking government clerk who faces indifference and mistreatment from his superiors.
2. “Bartleby, the Scrivener” by Herman Melville: Melville’s story delves into the life of a scrivener who gradually withdraws from society and refuses to perform his duties, embodying themes of alienation and resistance to authority. Like “An Inquiry,” it critiques the dehumanizing nature of bureaucratic systems.
3. “The Nose” by Nikolai Gogol: In this satirical tale, a man wakes up to find that his nose has inexplicably disappeared, leading to absurd encounters with authority figures and a bureaucratic investigation. Like “An Inquiry,” it employs humor and absurdity to critique societal norms and bureaucratic inefficiency.
4. “The Bet” by Anton Chekhov: Chekhov’s story revolves around a bet between a banker and a young lawyer, exploring themes of morality, materialism, and the corrupting influence of wealth. While different in plot, it shares Chekhov’s characteristic focus on human nature and societal critique.
5. “The Lottery” by Shirley Jackson: Jackson’s chilling story depicts a small town’s annual lottery, revealing the dark underbelly of conformity and mob mentality. Like “An Inquiry,” it explores themes of social conformity, power dynamics, and the dangers of blindly following tradition.

Suggested Readings about/on “An Inquiry” by Anton Chekhov

• Bayley, John. Chekhov: A Biographical and Critical Study. Cambridge University Press, 1983.
• Chekhov, Anton. The Collected Short Stories of Anton Chekhov. DigiCat, 2022.
• Chekhov, Anton. Anton Chekhov: The Collected Novellas and Short Stories in Multiple Translations. DigiCat, 2023.
• Chekhov, Anton. The Collected Works of Anton Chekhov: Plays, Novellas, Short Stories, Autobiographical Writings & Reminiscences. DigiCat, 2023.
• Hagan, John. “Chekhov’s Fiction and the Ideal of “Objectivity”.” PMLA 81.5 (1966): 409-417.

Representative Quotations from “An Inquiry” by Anton Chekhov

Introduction: “An Uncomfortable Bed” by Guy de Maupassant

“An Uncomfortable Bed” by Guy de Maupassant first appeared in print in 1884, though the exact collection remains uncertain. The story showcases Maupassant’s signature strengths as a short story writer. With its economical prose and unexpected twist, “An Uncomfortable Bed” exemplifies his ability to weave tension and humor into a tightly constructed narrative. The protagonist’s escalating paranoia, fueled by his friends’ reputation for practical jokes, keeps the reader engaged while prompting reflection on the subjectivity of perception and the potential for self-sabotage.

Main Events in “An Uncomfortable Bed” by Guy de Maupassant

1. Arrival at the Chateau: The narrator arrives at a chateau in Picardy for the hunting season and is given a warm welcome by his friends.
2. Suspicion of a Practical Joke: The narrator is suspicious of his friends’ excessive merriment and thinks they are planning a practical joke on him.
3. Bedtime Preparations: The narrator takes precautions to avoid a potential joke, lighting all the candles, closing the shutters, and dragging the mattress into the middle of the room.
4. A Sleepless Hour: The narrator remains awake for an hour, starting at every sound, before finally falling asleep.
5. A Sudden Awakening: The narrator is awakened by a heavy body falling on top of him and a burning liquid being poured on his face.
6. Panic and Confusion: The narrator feels suffocated, stretches out his hand, and hits the face of the person on top of him, receiving a hail of cuffings in return.
7. Escape into the Corridor: The narrator jumps out of bed and rushes into the corridor in his nightshirt.
8. The Morning After: The narrator finds it is broad daylight, and his friends are hurrying into the apartment.
9. The Valet’s Mishap: The narrator and his friends find the valet, who was bringing the narrator his morning tea, sprawled over the improvised bed, having tripped and spilled the tea.
10. The Joke Backfires: The narrator realizes that his precautions have led to the very interlude he was trying to avoid, and his friends laugh at the absurdity of the situation.

Literary Devices in “An Uncomfortable Bed” by Guy de Maupassant

Characterization in “An Uncomfortable Bed” by Guy de Maupassant

Major Character: Narrator

• The narrator is depicted as cautious, suspicious, and easily startled. He is aware of his friends’ penchant for practical jokes and is constantly on guard against becoming the victim.
• Example: “I said to myself: ‘Look out, old ferret! They have something in preparation for you.'”

Minor Characters: Friends

• The friends of the narrator are described as fond of practical joking and eager to orchestrate elaborate pranks.
• Example: “My friends were fond of practical joking, as all my friends are.”

Minor Character: Servants

• The servants in the chateau are mentioned briefly but contribute to the atmosphere of suspicion and paranoia.
• Example: “I even looked distrustfully at the faces of the servants.”

Minor Character: Valet

• The valet plays a crucial role in the practical joke orchestrated by the narrator’s friends, though unwittingly. He becomes the unexpected perpetrator of the final prank.
• Example: “we found, sprawling over my improvised bed, the dismayed valet, who, while bringing me my morning cup of tea, had tripped over this obstacle in the middle of the floor, and fallen on his stomach, spilling, in spite of himself, my breakfast over my face.”

Major Themes in “An Uncomfortable Bed” by Guy de Maupassant

• Theme 1: Paranoia and Suspicion
• The story highlights the dangers of unchecked paranoia and suspicion. The narrator’s assumption that his friends are plotting a practical joke on him leads him to take extreme precautions, which ultimately lead to the very outcome he tried to avoid. His suspicion and mistrust are so intense that he becomes convinced that even the servants are in on the joke, demonstrating how paranoia can lead to a distorted perception of reality. For example, when the narrator hears laughter and whispering in the corridor, he immediately assumes it’s his friends spying on him, rather than considering alternative explanations.
• Theme 2: The Power of Assumptions
• The story showcases how assumptions can lead to misinterpretation and misunderstanding. The narrator assumes his friends’ intentions and takes action based on those assumptions, without ever confirming them. This highlights how assumptions can lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy, where our beliefs shape our experiences. For instance, the narrator assumes the bed is suspicious and takes drastic measures to avoid a potential joke, which ultimately leads to the valet’s accident and the very outcome he feared.
• Theme 3: The Unreliability of Perception
• The story demonstrates how our perceptions can be unreliable and influenced by our biases and assumptions. The narrator’s perception of the situation is skewed by his paranoia and suspicion, leading him to misinterpret innocent events and behaviors. For example, when the valet enters the room with the tea, the narrator assumes it’s part of the joke, rather than a genuine attempt to serve him. This highlights how our perceptions can be distorted by our preconceptions and assumptions.
• Theme 4: The Consequences of Overthinking
• The story illustrates the consequences of overthinking and overanalyzing situations. The narrator’s excessive caution and preparation lead to a series of events that ultimately result in the very outcome he tried to avoid. This highlights how overthinking can lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy, where our excessive caution and preparation create the very problems we’re trying to avoid. For instance, if the narrator had simply gone to bed without taking extreme precautions, the valet’s accident might not have occurred.

Writing Style in “An Uncomfortable Bed” by Guy de Maupassant

• Conversational tone: Maupassant uses a conversational tone to create a sense of intimacy and immediacy, drawing the reader into the narrator’s thoughts and feelings.
• Example: “I do not care to know any other sort of people. I said to myself: ‘Look out, old ferret! They have something in preparation for you.'”
• Irony and sarcasm: Maupassant employs irony and sarcasm to highlight the narrator’s paranoia and the absurdity of the situation.
• Example: “Ah! certainly not! certainly not! Then I suddenly bethought myself of a precaution which I consider one of extreme efficacy…”
• Vivid imagery: Maupassant uses vivid imagery to create a sense of atmosphere and tension, drawing the reader into the narrator’s world.
• Example: “I heard laughter and whispering in the corridor. Without doubt they were spying on me. I cast a glance around the walls, the furniture, the ceiling, the hangings, the floor.”
• Stream-of-consciousness: Maupassant employs stream-of-consciousness narration to convey the narrator’s thoughts and feelings in real-time, creating a sense of urgency and immediacy.
• Example: “I thought: ‘Here are people who take a double share of amusement, and apparently without reason. They must be looking out in their own minds for some good bit of fun. Assuredly I am to be the victim of the joke. Attention!'”
• Hyperbole and exaggeration: Maupassant uses hyperbole and exaggeration to emphasize the narrator’s paranoia and the absurdity of the situation.
• Example: “a princely reception”, “a double share of amusement”
• Buildup of tension: Maupassant expertly builds tension throughout the story, creating a sense of anticipation and suspense in the reader.
• Example: “I remained awake for at least another hour, starting at the slightest sound. Everything seemed quiet in the chateau. I fell asleep.”
• Unexpected twist: Maupassant uses an unexpected twist at the end of the story to subvert the reader’s expectations and create a sense of surprise and irony.

Literary Theories and Interpretation of “An Uncomfortable Bed” by Guy de Maupassant

Topics, Questions, and Thesis Statements about “An Uncomfortable Bed” by Guy de Maupassant

Short Questions/Answers about/on “An Uncomfortable Bed” by Guy de Maupassant

1. What is the central theme of “An Uncomfortable Bed” by Guy de Maupassant? The central theme of “An Uncomfortable Bed” revolves around paranoia and the fear of being the victim of a practical joke. The narrator’s constant suspicion and anxiety underscore the theme of mistrust and the unpredictability of human interactions. For instance, the narrator’s apprehensive demeanor and meticulous precautions, such as inspecting the room and relocating the bed, highlight his fear of becoming the target of his friends’ amusement.
2. How does Guy de Maupassant create tension in “An Uncomfortable Bed”? Guy de Maupassant employs suspenseful elements to create tension throughout the story. The narrator’s heightened awareness and anticipation of a practical joke contribute to the atmosphere of unease and foreboding. Maupassant builds suspense through the narrator’s meticulous inspection of the room, his heightened senses, and the gradual revelation of the prank. For example, the narrator’s fear escalates as he imagines various scenarios of potential harm, keeping readers on edge until the climax of the story.
3. What role do the narrator’s friends play in “An Uncomfortable Bed”? The narrator’s friends serve as instigators and orchestrators of the practical joke at his expense. Their fondness for practical joking sets the stage for the escalating tension and paranoia experienced by the narrator. Throughout the story, the friends’ covert laughter and exaggerated behavior contribute to the sense of impending mischief. Their involvement in the prank reflects their enjoyment of manipulation and amusement at the narrator’s expense.
4. How does the story “An Uncomfortable Bed” conclude? “An Uncomfortable Bed” concludes with a revelation that subverts the narrator’s expectations and resolves the tension. The final prank is revealed to be an unintended consequence of the valet’s clumsiness rather than a deliberate scheme by the narrator’s friends. The narrative ends with laughter and relief as the true nature of the situation is unveiled, highlighting the absurdity of the narrator’s fears and the humorous misunderstanding that ensues.

Literary Works Similar to “An Uncomfortable Bed” by Guy de Maupassant

1. “The Open Window” by Saki (H.H. Munro): This story revolves around a young woman who spins a tale to a visitor about her aunt’s tragic history, only to reveal a shocking twist at the end. Like “An Uncomfortable Bed,” it features elements of deception, manipulation, and an unexpected conclusion.
2. “The Tell-Tale Heart” by Edgar Allan Poe: This classic tale follows an unnamed narrator who insists on their sanity while recounting their meticulous murder of an old man with a “vulture eye.” The story explores themes of paranoia, guilt, and the unreliability of the narrator’s perspective, similar to the tension and suspicion in Maupassant’s story.
3. “The Lottery” by Shirley Jackson: In this chilling narrative, a small town participates in an annual ritual where one person is selected by lottery to be stoned to death. Like “An Uncomfortable Bed,” it builds tension through a sense of impending doom and features a shocking revelation about human nature.
4. “The Landlady” by Roald Dahl: This story follows a young traveler who stays at a seemingly quaint bed and breakfast, only to discover a sinister secret about the landlady. It shares themes of deception, manipulation, and unexpected twists, similar to the narrative structure of Maupassant’s story.
5. “The Monkey’s Paw” by W.W. Jacobs: This classic horror story revolves around a magical talisman that grants its owner three wishes, with disastrous consequences. Like “An Uncomfortable Bed,” it explores themes of superstition, paranoia, and the unforeseen consequences of human desires.

Suggested Readings about/on “An Uncomfortable Bed” by Guy de Maupassant

• Maupassant, Guy de. “An Uncomfortable Bed.” The Complete Short Stories of Guy de Maupassant, edited by Michael Leverson Meyer, Stone & Kimball, 1903.
• De Maupassant, Guy. Collected Short Stories of Guy de Maupassant: The Necklace+ The Piece of String+ Boule de Suif+ Mademoiselle Fifi+ Pierrot+ Two Friends+ La Maison Tellier+ Ghosts and much more. Good Press, 2024.
• Stivale, Charles J. The art of rupture: narrative desire and duplicity in the tales of Guy de Maupassant. University of Michigan Press, 1994.
• MacNamara, Matthew. “A Critical Stage in the Evolution of Maupassant’s Story-Telling.” The Modern Language Review (1976): 294-303.

Representative Quotations from “An Uncomfortable Bed” by Guy de Maupassant

Introduction: “Amy’s Question” by T.S. Arthur

“Amy’s Question” by T.S. Arthur, featured in his collection After a Shadow and Other Stories (1868), illustrates the author’s ability to create vivid scenes and meaningful dialogues that resonate with readers. Mrs. Grove’s concern for her daughter Amy’s whereabouts leads her to find Amy captivated by the beauty of the moonlit sky. Through their conversation, Arthur explores profound themes of spirituality and the appreciation of nature’s wonders. Mrs. Grove’s explanation to Amy about the purpose of God’s creation reflects Arthur’s philosophical depth and moral insight.

Main Events in “Amy’s Question” by T.S. Arthur

Literary Devices in “Amy’s Question” by T.S. Arthur

Characterization in “Amy’s Question” by T.S. Arthur

Major Characters:

Minor Characters:

1. Amy’s Brother:

• Amy’s brother briefly mentions seeing her upstairs with her knitting, indicating his awareness of her recent activities.
• While his role is minor, his comment helps establish Amy’s recent whereabouts before her mother discovers her.

2. Mr. Grove:

• Mr. Grove is briefly mentioned at the end of the story when Amy excitedly notices his arrival.
• Though his role is minor and he doesn’t have direct interaction in the story, his presence signifies the family unit and the warmth of familial bonds.

Major Themes in “Amy’s Question” by T.S. Arthur

1. Wonder and Appreciation of Nature: The story explores the theme of wonder and appreciation for the beauty of nature. Amy’s fascination with the moon, stars, and the tranquil scene outside her window highlights this theme. Her genuine awe at the sight of the moonlit sky reflects a childlike wonder that is often lost in the hustle and bustle of everyday life. Through Amy’s character, the narrative emphasizes the importance of taking a moment to pause and marvel at the natural world around us, reminding readers to find joy and solace in the simple wonders of nature.
2. Spiritual Reflection and Understanding: Another major theme in “Amy’s Question” is the exploration of spiritual reflection and understanding. Through the conversation between Amy and her mother, the story delves into deeper philosophical questions about the purpose of creation and humanity’s relationship with the divine. Mrs. Grove’s explanation that every good and beautiful thing in nature reflects something of God’s nature to the soul prompts Amy to contemplate the spiritual significance of the world around her. This theme encourages readers to engage in introspection and seek deeper meaning in the seemingly mundane aspects of life.
3. Guidance and Maternal Wisdom: The theme of guidance and maternal wisdom is evident in the interaction between Amy and her mother, Mrs. Grove. Mrs. Grove serves as a nurturing figure who gently guides Amy to understand the spiritual dimensions of the world. Through their conversation, Mrs. Grove imparts valuable insights about the purpose of creation and the presence of God in nature, providing Amy with the guidance she needs to navigate her spiritual journey. This theme underscores the importance of familial bonds and the role of parental guidance in shaping a child’s understanding of the world.
4. Family Unity and Love: Lastly, “Amy’s Question” portrays the theme of family unity and love. The story depicts a warm and loving family environment, where Amy’s parents demonstrate care and concern for her well-being. Amy’s excitement upon seeing her father’s arrival at the end of the story highlights the bond between family members and the sense of belonging that comes from being part of a supportive family unit. This theme celebrates the importance of familial relationships and the comfort and security they provide in the face of life’s uncertainties.

Writing Style in “Amy’s Question” by T.S. Arthur

• Conversational tone: The story is written in a conversational tone, making the reader feel like they are part of the conversation between Amy and her mother.
  • Example: “O, mother! Come and see! Isn’t it lovely?” (Amy’s enthusiastic tone)
  • Example: “What are you looking at, dear?” (Mrs. Grove’s gentle tone)
• Descriptive language: The author uses vivid descriptions to paint a picture of the setting and the characters’ emotions.
  • Example: “The sun had set half an hour before, and his parting rays were faintly tinging with gold and purple few clouds that lay just alone the edge of the western sky.”
  • Example: “The full moon was rising in all her beauty, making pale the stars that were sparkling in the firmament.”
• Simple and clear language: The author uses simple and clear language to convey complex ideas and emotions.
  • Example: “God made everything that is good and beautiful for the sake of man.”
  • Example: “Each created thing is as a mirror in which our souls may see something of his love and his wisdom reflected.”
• Repetition: The author repeats certain phrases and ideas to emphasize their importance.
  • Example: “God made… God made…” (emphasizing God’s creation)
  • Example: “for the sake of man… for his good… for his soul” (emphasizing humanity’s connection to God)
• Rhetorical questions: The author uses rhetorical questions to encourage the reader to think deeply about the themes and ideas presented.
  • Example: “What are you looking at, dear?” (encouraging the reader to consider Amy’s perspective)
  • Example: “Do you understand anything of what I mean, Amy?” (encouraging the reader to think about the themes presented)
• Symbolism: The author uses symbols to represent abstract ideas and concepts.
  • Example: The moon and stars represent God’s creation and love.
  • Example: The lake and hill represent the beauty and wonder of nature.
• Teaching tone: The author uses a teaching tone to convey moral lessons and ideas.
  • Example: “God made everything that is good and beautiful for the sake of man.”
  • Example: “Each created thing is as a mirror in which our souls may see something of his love and his wisdom reflected.”

Literary Theories and Interpretation of “Amy’s Question” by T.S. Arthur

Topics, Questions, and Thesis Statements about “Amy’s Question” by T.S. Arthur

Short Questions/Answers about/on “Amy’s Question” by T.S. Arthur

• Question 1: How does the story use the character of Amy to explore the theme of spiritual curiosity and the search for meaning?
• Answer: Through Amy’s innocent and inquiring nature, the story examines the human desire to understand the world and our place in it. Amy’s question about the moon and stars sparks a deeper conversation with her mother about the nature of God and creation, illustrating the natural human impulse to seek answers to life’s big questions. For example, when Amy asks, “What use can I make of the moon and stars?” her mother seizes the opportunity to explain the symbolic significance of these celestial bodies, demonstrating the importance of nurturing spiritual curiosity.
• Question 2: How does the author use natural imagery to convey spiritual themes and ideas in the story?
• Answer: The author employs natural imagery to illustrate the reflective and contemplative aspects of human nature, highlighting the interconnectedness of the physical and spiritual worlds. The description of the moonlit sky, the lake, and the hill creates a serene atmosphere, conducive to introspection and spiritual exploration. For instance, when Amy gazes at the moon and stars, she feels “quiet and happy,” demonstrating how natural beauty can evoke a sense of awe and wonder, leading to deeper spiritual insights.
• Question 3: What role does the mother-daughter relationship play in shaping Amy’s understanding of the world and her place in it?
• Answer: The mother-daughter relationship in the story serves as a catalyst for Amy’s spiritual growth and development. Mrs. Grove’s gentle guidance and explanations provide a nurturing environment for Amy to explore complex ideas and questions. For example, when Amy asks about the purpose of the moon and stars, her mother responds with a thoughtful and compassionate explanation, illustrating the importance of maternal influence in shaping a child’s spiritual and moral development.
• Question 4: How does the story explore the idea that the natural world reflects the divine, and what implications does this have for human existence?
• Answer: The story suggests that the natural world is imbued with symbolic significance, reflecting the divine and offering insights into the human condition. The moon and stars, for instance, represent God’s creation and love, while the lake and hill symbolize the beauty and wonder of nature. This idea implies that human existence is intimately connected with the natural world and that our experiences and observations of nature can lead to deeper spiritual understandings. For example, when Amy’s mother explains that each created thing is a “mirror” reflecting God’s love and wisdom, she encourages Amy to see the divine in the everyday world around her.

Literary Works Similar to “Amy’s Question” by T.S. Arthur

1. “The Nightingale and the Rose” by Oscar Wilde: This fairy tale explores themes of beauty, sacrifice, and the transformative power of love. Like “Amy’s Question,” it delves into the spiritual dimensions of nature and the profound connections between humans and the natural world.
2. “The Gift of the Magi” by O. Henry: This classic story revolves around the selfless acts of love and sacrifice between a young married couple. Similar to “Amy’s Question,” it emphasizes the importance of familial bonds and the deeper significance of seemingly ordinary moments.
3. “The Secret Life of Walter Mitty” by James Thurber: This humorous yet poignant story follows Walter Mitty, a daydreamer who escapes into vivid fantasies to cope with his mundane existence. Like “Amy’s Question,” it explores themes of imagination, longing, and the human desire for transcendence.
4. “The Lottery” by Shirley Jackson: While darker in tone, this iconic short story examines the dangers of blindly following tradition and the collective cruelty of society. Like “Amy’s Question,” it prompts readers to reflect on deeper truths and question societal norms.
5. “The Little Prince” by Antoine de Saint-Exupéry: This beloved tale follows the adventures of a young prince who travels from planet to planet, encountering various characters who impart wisdom about life, love, and the nature of humanity. Like “Amy’s Question,” it explores existential themes and the search for meaning in a complex world.

Suggested Readings about/on “Amy’s Question” by T.S. Arthur

• Arthur, Timothy Shay. After a shadow, and other stories. BoD–Books on Demand, 2023.
• https://americanliterature.com/author/ts-arthur/short-story/amys-question
• https://www.theepochtimes.com/bright/rapt-in-wonder-t-s-arthurs-short-story-amys-question-5049792

Representative Quotations from “Amy’s Question” by T.S. Arthur

Introduction: “After Twenty Years” by O. Henry

“After Twenty Years” by O. Henry was written in 1906 and published in his collection, “The Four Million.” This classic tale of friendship and fate hinges on a chance encounter twenty years after two friends make a pact. The story builds suspense through its use of foreshadowing and a ticking clock as a lone figure anxiously awaits a reunion that may never come. O. Henry’s twist ending delivers a powerful emotional punch, leaving readers pondering the complexities of loyalty and the passage of time.

Main Events in “After Twenty Years” by O. Henry

1. Cop Patrols Deserted Street A police officer walks the beat on a cold, rainy night, checking the security of shops.
2. Man Waits for Friend at Night The officer encounters a man waiting outside a darkened shop. The man explains he’s meeting a friend from 20 years ago.
3. Pact to Meet After Twenty Years They agreed to meet at their favorite restaurant, “Big Joe Brady’s,” which is now closed.
4. Thousand-Mile Journey for a Promise The waiting man reveals he traveled a thousand miles to honor their pact.
5. Success in the West The man shares his success out west, hoping his friend Jimmy has similar fortune.
6. ** unwavering Faith in a Friend’s Loyalty** The waiting man expresses unwavering faith in Jimmy despite a lack of recent contact.
7. A Tall Figure Approaches A tall figure approaches the waiting man, and he excitedly greets him as Jimmy.
8. Recognition Through a Physical Difference Upon closer inspection, the man from the West notices a physical difference in his supposed friend.
9. Police Officer Reveals Arrest The tall figure reveals himself as a police officer arresting the wanted man.
10. Jimmy’s Note Explains the Setup A note from the real Jimmy explains he saw the fugitive and alerted the authorities.

Literary Devices in “After Twenty Years” by O. Henry

Characterization in “After Twenty Years” by O. Henry

Major Characters:

• The Man from the West (Bob):
  • Direct Characterization: Described as successful, traveled a thousand miles to meet his friend, emphasizes loyalty. (Ex: “I surely was successful!” “It gave me everything I asked for.” “Twenty years is a long time, but not long enough to change the shape of a man’s nose.”).
  • Indirect Characterization: His materialistic view (“a large jewel in his necktie”) and boasting about success in the West (“The West is big. I moved around everywhere, and I moved quickly.”) contrasts with Jimmy’s quiet life.
• Jimmy Wells (The Cop):
  • Limited Direct Characterization: Described as a police officer, lets the man from the West believe he’s Jimmy for a while. (Ex: “The cop took a step or two… ‘I’ll go on my way.'”)
  • Indirect Characterization: Jimmy’s loyalty is revealed through his actions (watching for the fugitive, sending another officer to make the arrest) and his note (shows concern and avoids making the arrest himself).

Minor Characters:

• The Narrator:
  • Provides a neutral perspective, focusing on actions and dialogue to reveal characters.

Major Themes in “After Twenty Years” by O. Henry

1. Friendship and Loyalty: One of the central themes of “After Twenty Years” is the enduring bond of friendship and loyalty between the two main characters, Bob and Jimmy. Despite being separated for twenty years and leading different lives, they honor their promise to meet again, demonstrating their unwavering commitment to each other. Bob travels a thousand miles to keep their appointment, showing the depth of his loyalty, while Jimmy remains true to his friend, even though it means betraying his duty as a police officer by arranging for Bob’s arrest. This theme underscores the idea that true friendship transcends time and distance.
2. Time and Change: Another significant theme in the story is the passage of time and its effects on people and relationships. The reunion between Bob and Jimmy after twenty years highlights how both characters have changed over time. Bob has become successful and ambitious, while Jimmy has remained in New York and works for the city. Despite their physical and personal transformations, their bond remains intact, albeit in unexpected ways. The theme of time and change underscores the inevitability of growth and evolution in life, but also the enduring essence of certain connections.
3. Trust and Betrayal: The theme of trust and betrayal is evident in the twist ending of the story, where Jimmy, unbeknownst to Bob, is actually an undercover policeman tasked with arresting him. While Jimmy remains loyal to their friendship by not personally carrying out the arrest, his actions ultimately betray Bob’s trust. This revelation challenges the reader to consider the complexities of loyalty and duty, highlighting how even the strongest bonds can be tested by external circumstances.
4. Appearance vs. Reality: O. Henry explores the theme of appearance versus reality throughout the story, particularly through the characters of Bob and Jimmy. Bob’s initial assumption that the man approaching him is Jimmy demonstrates how appearances can be deceiving, as the man turns out to be an undercover policeman. Additionally, Bob’s perception of success in the West contrasts with Jimmy’s contentment with his life in New York, challenging the notion that outward success equates to fulfillment. This theme underscores the idea that things are not always as they seem, urging readers to look beyond surface appearances to uncover deeper truths.

Writing Style in “After Twenty Years” by O. Henry

1. Economy of Words: O. Henry uses concise language to paint a vivid picture. (Ex: “The cop moved along the street, looking strong and important. This was the way he always moved.” – Establishes the cop’s demeanor in one sentence.)
2. Suspense Building: He builds suspense through foreshadowing and a sense of ticking time. (Ex: “He stopped at doors as he walked along, trying each door to be sure that it was closed for the night. Now and then he turned and looked up and down the street.” – Creates a sense of vigilance and anticipation.)
3. Vivid Descriptions: Despite using few words, O. Henry paints clear pictures with details. (Ex: “A cold rain falling and the wind was stronger. The few people walking along that street were hurrying, trying to keep warm.” – Creates a sense of atmosphere and isolation.)
4. Irony and Contrast: The story relies heavily on irony and contrasting characters. (Ex: The man from the West boasts of success while Jimmy works for the city. The reunion turns into an arrest.)
5. Twist Ending: O. Henry’s signature is the unexpected twist ending that changes the reader’s perception of the story. (Ex: The supposed friend turns out to be a wanted man, and the real Jimmy is the police officer.)
6. Dialogue-Driven: The story progresses mainly through dialogue, revealing character traits and motivations. (Ex: The conversation between the man from the West and the cop (Jimmy in disguise) establishes their personalities and past relationship.)

Literary Theories and Interpretation of “After Twenty Years” by O. Henry

1. Realism:

• Focus on Everyday Life: The story takes place on a deserted street with a police officer on patrol, a seemingly ordinary setting.
• Social Commentary: The story subtly critiques the materialism and boastfulness of the man from the West, contrasting it with Jimmy’s dedication to duty.

Example: “The man from the West had a large jewel in his necktie.” This detail highlights his focus on material possessions.

2. Irony:

• Situational Irony: The man from the West travels a thousand miles to meet his friend, only to be arrested by him.
• Dramatic Irony: The reader knows the man from the West is a wanted criminal, while he remains blissfully unaware until the reveal.

Example: “The man from the West stopped suddenly and pulled his arm away. ‘You’re not Jimmy Wells,’ he said.” This line reveals the dramatic irony as the reader knows the truth the character doesn’t.

3. Symbolism:

• Time: The passage of 20 years symbolizes the changes people and their circumstances undergo. Both Jimmy and the man from the West have transformed from their younger selves.
• The Deserted Street: The empty street could symbolize the isolation and loneliness that can come with time.

Example: “People in this part of the city went home early. Now and then you might see the lights of a shop or of a small restaurant. But most of the doors belonged to business places that had been closed hours ago.” The deserted street emphasizes the passage of time and the fading of their youth.

Topics, Questions, and Thesis Statements about “After Twenty Years” by O. Henry

Short Questions/Answers about/on “After Twenty Years” by O. Henry

Question 1: What is the story’s main plot?
The story revolves around two friends, Bob and Jimmy Wells, who agree to meet at a specific location twenty years after they part ways. Bob, who has been successful in the West, returns to New York to meet Jimmy, but unbeknownst to him, Jimmy is now a cop who has been tasked with arresting him due to his criminal record in Chicago. (Example from the story: “Twenty years ago tonight,” said the man, “I had dinner here with Jimmy Wells. He was my best friend and the best fellow in the world.”)

Question 2: What is the theme of the story?
The theme of the story is the power of friendship and loyalty, as well as the consequences of one’s actions. Despite Bob’s success in the West, his past mistakes catch up with him, and he is forced to confront the reality of his situation. (Example from the story: “It sometimes changes a good man into a bad one,” said the tall man.)

Question 3: What is the twist in the story?
The twist in the story is that Jimmy Wells, Bob’s old friend, is now a cop who has been tasked with arresting him. This revelation is a surprise to both Bob and the reader, and it adds a layer of complexity to the story. (Example from the story: “You’re not Jimmy Wells,” he said. “Twenty years is a long time, but not long enough to change the shape of a man’s nose.”)

Literary Works Similar to “After Twenty Years” by O. Henry

Suggested Readings about/on “After Twenty Years” by O. Henry

1. Henry, O. “After Twenty Years.” The Best Short Stories of O. Henry, edited by Bennett A. Cerf and Van H. Cartmell, Modern Library, 1994.
2. Lense, Edward. “O. Henry and His Fiction.” JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/45237214 (1994): 651-660.
3. https://short-edition.com/en/classic/author/o-henry
4. https://americanenglish.state.gov/resources/gift-magi-and-other-stories

Representative Quotations from “After Twenty Years” by O. Henry