Category: Short Essays

Introduction: Junk Food Proving Expensive

Junk food proving expensive, both in terms of financial costs and long-term health consequences, as the societal burden of treating obesity-related illnesses continues to rise. There is no distinction between the elite and the proletariat class when it comes to the fondness for fast food establishments such as Burger King, McDonald’s, and KFC—each being a household name capable of evoking mouthwatering sensations merely with their mention. The term “junk food,” as defined by the Merriam-Webster online dictionary, refers to a type of “food that is high in calories but low in nutritional content” (“Merriam-Webster”). However, this definition only captures part of the essence, as some junk foods contain nutritional ingredients that compel doctors to advise their patients to relinquish their addiction to such fare.

Junk foods are, in reality, food items prepared through the processing of various ingredients, preservatives, additives, nutritional components, and natural colors. These foods are meticulously crafted to not only appear highly attractive but also to be irresistibly appetizing and delicious. Renowned nutritionist Dr. Karl Kruszelnicki coined the term “bliss point” to describe the chemists’ achievement in finding additives and natural colors designed to deceive the public. These chemically enhanced foods are labeled as “hyperpalatable,” a term used by Dr. Kessler—an authority on the impact of junk food on health. Kruszelnicki strongly criticizes these foods, emphasizing their capacity to create a taste that easily leads individuals into addiction due to their easy preparation, accessibility, and delectable flavors.

Despite the enticing features, junk food has become a popular indulgence for the public, exacting a toll in the form of detrimental effects on public health. Beyond being a financial burden, it contributes to obesity and the spread of diseases, underscoring the adverse consequences associated with its consumption.

Junk Food Proving Expensive

Junk food, often perceived as more affordable, is, in reality, not as economical as other food options, particularly when compared to organically cooked meals at home. This perspective is highlighted in an article by Mark Bittman published in The New York Times, titled “Is Junk Food Really Cheaper?” In this article, Bittman reveals that a burger at McDonald’s, although seemingly inexpensive, costs $14 and is only sufficient for a single person. In contrast, the same amount could be utilized to feed at least four to six individuals if spent on groceries and preparing meals at home. Bittman challenges assertions of cost-effectiveness made by others as “confident statements,” contending that such claims lack credibility because those making them often lack practical experience in home cooking.

Bittman emphasizes that home-cooked meals not only incur minimal costs but also offer freshness and nutrition that surpasses that of junk food from prominent brands. He supports this argument with statistics, asserting that the prevalence of fast food is more a matter of choice and financial considerations than it is about being economical and nutritious. Contrary to advertisements touting junk food as having fewer expenses and being healthy, Bittman counters that a home-cooked meal can easily surpass it in both calorie count and nutritional value. He states, “A meal of real food cooked at home can easily contain more calories, most of them of the ‘healthy’ variety” (Bittman), challenging the misconception that junk food is a cheaper and healthier alternative. In reality, he contends, it is more expensive and of lower quality compared to organically prepared foods at home.

Qualitywise Junk Food Proving Expensive

In addition to being costly and lacking in nutritional value, junk food contributes significantly to health problems, with obesity being a prominent issue. Obesity, defined as an excess of body weight detrimental to one’s health, is underscored by Data and Nicosia in their research article “Junk Food in Schools and Childhood Obesity.” The authors assert that the ready availability of junk food in school cafeterias and homes is a leading cause of obesity among school children. They attribute this issue to parental negligence, as parents permit their children to consume various types of junk foods, ultimately leading to obesity and the onset of complex health problems during adolescence (Data & Nicosia).

The obesity concern extends beyond children and teenagers, becoming a significant problem in the United States. This issue not only impacts the public but also places a burden on the government in terms of the budget allocated to promote public health. Recent statements have characterized obesity as a health crisis in the United States. Despite labeling all junk foods as affordable, Linda Carroll and Madelyn Fernstrom highlight their role in contributing to obesity, which has emerged as a major threat to both public health and the government’s budget (Carroll & Fernstrom).

Junk Food Proving Expensive Due to Issues

Obesity is not the sole health concern associated with junk food consumption. While obesity itself can lead to conditions such as diabetes, blood pressure, and cardiac issues, junk food is also implicated in various complications, including anemia resulting from digestive issues. The extreme acidity present in junk food, owing to additives and chemical nutrients used to enhance palatability, can lead to digestive problems. Individuals addicted to foods like burgers often experience severe constipation and indigestion, contributing to the accumulation of excess fat around the abdomen and an increase in overall body weight.

Snoring, a prevalent issue in many households, has also been linked to excessive consumption of junk food. Cardiac problems can arise both in the presence of obesity and independently when junk food is consumed excessively. Kenneth Orel, in his article, eloquently states that indulging in junk food is akin to “eating yourself to death.” This metaphor reflects the use of edible chemicals, additives, and natural colors by renowned brands to attract customers in the name of taste and nutrition. Orel emphasizes that such ingredients not only create medical complications but also expose individuals to the risk of suffering from multiple diseases simultaneously, potentially leading to premature death for those addicted to junk food (Orel).

Junk Food Proving Expensive Due to Popularity

Nevertheless, an alternative perspective is presented by Derek Thompson in his article “Why is American Food So Cheap?” published in The Atlantic. Thompson contends that fast food or junk food is significantly more affordable than organic food cooked at home. He argues that the widespread production of organic food globally has propelled fast food into a popular choice due to its accessibility, ease of preparation, taste, and visually appealing characteristics. Thompson attributes this popularity to the use of cheaper vegetables in fast food preparation, which proves more economical than the cost of vegetables and beef steaks cooked at home (Thompson). While his argument has validity, it does not account for the inclusion of other costly factors such as various types of fast foods, chemicals, additives, and their long-term effects on health.

It is essential to recognize that the affordability of specific items, like French fries, does not imply that individuals with limited financial means will exclusively consume these items in every meal. Bittman and Carroll present more compelling arguments, criticizing junk food not only as an expensive option but also as a perilous choice for health due to various reasons.

Conclusion: Junk Food Proving Expensive

In short, while junk food undoubtedly possesses an appealing and colorful allure, it has failed to establish itself as a staple food in the long run. Despite the successful marketing strategies employed by top brands to capture public attention and favor, the inherent dangers associated with junk food have become increasingly evident. Contrary to claims from certain quarters suggesting that it is a cheaper and healthier option, it has proven to be a risky choice for mankind. Its expensive nature in comparison to organic food, contribution to obesity, and the onset of various health issues, challenge the notion that junk food is a cost-effective and wholesome dietary choice. Therefore, the argument asserting that junk food is neither cheap nor healthy is legitimate and supported by valid reasons.

Works Cited: Junk Food Proving Expensive

1. Bittman, Mark. ” Is Junk Food Really Cheaper?” The New York Times. The New York Times. 24 Sep. 2011. Web. 25 April 2022.
2. Caroll, Linda, Madelyn Fernstrom. “Cheap Food Blamed for America’s Obesity Crisis.” NBC News. NBC News. 22 May 2014. Web. 26 April 2022.
3. Datar, Ashlesha, and Nancy Nicosia. “Junk Food in Schools and Childhood Obesity.” Journal of policy analysis and management : [the journal of the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management] 31.2 (2012): 312–337. PMC. Web. 26 Apr. 2022.
4. Kruszelnicki, Karl S. “Fast Food’s Tasty Tricks Keep You Eating.” ABC Science. ABC Science. 16 Oct. 2012. Web. 26 April 2022.
5. Orel, Kenneth M. ” Eating Yourself to Death: The Junk Food Epidemic.” The Real Truth. The Real Truth. April 2015. Web. 25 April 2022.
6. Thomspon, Derek. ” Why is American Food So Cheap?”. The Atlantic. The Atlantic.11 Jan. 2010. Web. 25 April 2022.

Relevant Questions About Junk Food Proving Expensive and Harmful for People

1. How do the long-term health consequences of consuming junk food contribute to “Junk Food Proving Expensive,” and what impact does it have on the financial burden of healthcare systems?
2. In what ways do the marketing and affordability of junk food contribute to its consumption, especially among lower-income populations, and how does this economic strain contribute to “Junk Food Proving Expensive” for individuals and families?
3. To what extent does government policy address the economic and health consequences of widespread junk food consumption, and how effective are current regulatory measures in alleviating the issues associated with “Junk Food Proving Expensive”?

Introduction: Shame and Honor in Chivalric Culture

“The Knight and the Sword” illustrates various traditions associated with honor and shame in the Chivalric culture of Anglo-Saxon society, which is based on the principles of chivalry and knighthood. Holding the badge of knighthood itself was considered an honor. A knight was expected to adhere to a specific code of honor, encompassing aspects such as wearing military attire, maintaining a state of battle-preparedness, persevering once committed to a path, not abandoning a lady who willingly offered herself to a knight, and refraining from injuring or killing a fellow knight who demonstrated excellence.

For instance, Sir Gawain is depicted clad in knightly attire and armed with weapons. He persists on the chosen path despite being warned by shepherds about the dangers of a castle. It is an honor for him to boldly tread the undertaken path. He does not refrain from touching the lady, even in the face of the potential danger of a hanging sword. Leaving the lady under such circumstances would bring shame upon him if known to the public. However, it would be an honor for him to sustain injuries in his attempt, as it would signify that the knight had exerted his utmost effort. Winning the hand of the lady after facing perils is also considered an honor in chivalric culture.

Another aspect of honor in chivalric culture is the importance of keeping one’s word. This is exemplified when the father knight fulfills his promise and gives his daughter as a prize to Sir Gawain for his courage and bravery (Brewer 1992).

Shame and Honor in Chivalric Culture in Korea

Korean culture, as illustrated by Muller in his article, demonstrates a societal adherence to the cultural tradition of maintaining conjugal relations, even in the face of abuse. Such conformity is viewed as a significant social and moral honor, representing a dignified practice. In stark contrast, living as a divorced single parent is perceived as a considerable shame, as exemplified by Choi Jin-Sil’s experience, who found it difficult to endure the societal stigma associated with divorce. Consequently, being a single parent is also considered a source of great shame.

Interestingly, suicide is paradoxically valued as a great honor, as it is seen as upholding the honor of the victim. This perspective is evident in the tragic case of Choi, where her suicide garnered considerable sympathy and contributed to a notable increase in the suicide rate. Similarly, depression is regarded as a shameful condition, as noted by psychologist Hyong-soo, who observes that individuals tend to conceal their visits to psychiatrists. Family members, too, perceive depression or mental illness as a source of shame, leading them to conceal such matters from the public eye to protect their honor (Muller 2015).

Shame and Honor in Chivalric Culture in Anglo-Saxon and Korea

Shame and honor are perceived differently in the Anglo-Saxon period, as exemplified by Sir Gawain’s narrative, and in contemporary Korean culture. For Sir Gawain, it is an honor to be invited and entertained, but it would be considered a shame for him to abstain from engaging with the lady solely due to the fear of the hanging sword. In the public eye, refraining from pursuing pleasure with the lady would bring great shame upon him, even though societal norms discourage questioning his actions outside of wedlock. People would likely praise him for risking his life in what is essentially a symbolic act of suicide to partake in an affair with the lady (Brewer 1992).

In contrast, Korean culture places a different emphasis on honor. Individuals are expected to endure and maintain conjugal relations even in abusive relationships, as it is viewed as an obligation that contributes to the honor of the entire family. Divorce, therefore, becomes a matter of great shame. Interestingly, if someone attempts to escape an abusive relationship through suicide, they may be considered a hero, eliciting sympathy. Paradoxically, a person who survives while some of their relations commit suicide might experience a sense of shame due to public censure, despite winning sympathy and honor if they themselves choose suicide (Muller 2015).

Shame and Honor in Chivalric Culture in North America

In North American culture, the concept of personal dignity is held in high regard, emphasizing an individual’s intrinsic worth as an inalienable right. The validation of one’s self-worth is crucial, requiring the approval of others within the community. Additionally, within the African American community, an act of honor involves protecting the dignity of sisters or female family members. It is considered an honorable action to confront and potentially confront physically those who make inappropriate remarks about female family members.

Furthermore, a contemporary development in the concept of shame has emerged, particularly in the context of social media. Criticizing or speaking against a social media group, where all members of the group perceive it as an attack on the collective, has become a source of shame for the individual involved. The act of expressing dissent or disagreement within such a group can lead to feelings of shame imposed by the group members (or the group’s collective opinion).

Works Cited: Shame and Honor in Chivalric Culture

1. Brewer, Elisabeth. “Appendix B: The Knight and the Sword.” Sir Gawain and the Green Knight: Sources and Analogues Ed. Elisabeth Brewer. New York: Cambridge and Rochester, 1992. Page 109-121. Print.
2. Muller, T. Robert. “South Koreans Use Suicide to Preserve Honour.” York University. 06 Mar. 2015. http://trauma.blog.yorku.ca/2015/03/south-koreans-use-suicide-to-preserve-honour/ Accessed on 17 Mar. 2022.

Relevant Questions About Shame and Honor in Chivalric Culture of  Korea and North America

1. How did the concepts of shame and honor influence the chivalric code in Korea and North America, and were there notable differences in their application?
2. How were gender roles and relationships affected by societal expectations related to shame and honor in the chivalric cultures of Korea and North America?
3. Can you identify key historical events or literary works that exemplify the intersection of shame and honor in the chivalric cultures of Korea and North America?

Introduction: Gender Neutral Bathroom

The controversy surrounding gender neutral bathroom has become particularly complex with the presence of a third category—non-gendered individuals, such as those who identify as part of the LGBTQ+ community and transgender. These individuals often encounter distressing situations when using gender-specific restrooms. They may face derogatory remarks from men or insults from women due to their gender identity, which may not align with traditional norms. Jacob Tobia, in a Time article, eloquently describes the predicament faced by individuals like them, highlighting the constant dilemma of choosing between men’s and women’s restrooms and the potential social backlash (Tobia).

Tobia emphasizes the conflicting nature of this decision, as they risk unsettling others regardless of their choice. The challenges transgender individuals face in performing a simple task, such as using a public bathroom, are compounded by societal stigma and resultant distress. In this context, gender-neutral bathrooms emerge as a necessity, offering safety, freedom from violence, and a transformative approach to the concept of gender equality.

Types: Gender Neutral Bathroom

Gender-neutral bathrooms offer a safe and inclusive environment for individuals of all genders. By eliminating gender specifications, these spaces mitigate the need for individuals to be scrutinized based on their gender identity. Legislative measures enforcing gender-neutral bathrooms would extend this safety to everyone, including transgender and LGBTQ+ individuals. Nico Lang, in his article, emphasizes that the significance of gender-neutral bathrooms extends beyond the transgender community. He argues that it is about providing better and safer options for everyone, as these facilities remove the need to question or challenge someone’s gender identity (Lang).

The absence of gender-specific distinctions in these bathrooms helps avoid queer expressions and biased alerts that can arise when using gendered spaces. Therefore, the safety and comfort of non-gendered individuals are significantly enhanced in gender-neutral bathrooms. Additionally, the adoption of gender-neutral facilities contributes to the reduction of violence triggered by prejudicial remarks, fostering a more inclusive and tolerant environment for all.

Violence and Gender Neutral Bathroom

Violence can ensue when prejudicial remarks about gender specificity provoke a strong reaction from the victim, who may not possess the same level of patience as others. These incidents of violence, though occasionally curtailed, can escalate into physical altercations resulting from verbal abuse. Jacob Tobia echoes this sentiment in their article, asserting that gender-neutral bathrooms can help eliminate slurs, creating a violence-free environment by eradicating “state-sanctioned discrimination” (Tobia).

Moreover, the advocacy for gender-neutral bathrooms aligns with a broader movement for gender equality. Tobia suggests that utilizing the same shared space contributes to the attainment of true gender equality, a goal integral to a democratic society. This approach signifies the extension of rights to all sections of the country, emphasizing the importance of fostering an environment where individuals of diverse gender identities can coexist peacefully without fear of discrimination or violence.

Rights and Gender Neutral Bathroom

True equality remains elusive until discrimination in all its forms is eradicated, necessitating the opening of every public space to all communities, irrespective of race or gender. This signifies the extension of rights to every group within society. Robert Barnes and Moriah Balingit, in their commentary on issues faced by transgender students in schools, underscore the students’ awareness that “gender identity is a civil right” crucial for safeguarding their well-being (Barnes and Balingit). This awareness highlights the significance of protecting the gender identity of every individual, positioning gender-specific bathrooms as a potential violation of civil rights. In this context, the call for gender-neutral bathrooms aligns with the broader goal of creating an inclusive society where every individual enjoys equal rights and protection.

Conclusion: Gender Neutral Bathroom

It can be confidently asserted that gender-neutral bathrooms offer benefits rather than problems. These facilities not only provide safety benefits for transgender and LGBTQ+ individuals but also shield them from racial and gender-specific slurs. By mitigating the potential for violence that may arise when individuals of diverse gender identities encounter others in gender-specific spaces, gender-neutral bathrooms contribute to a safer environment. Furthermore, they reinforce the principle that every section or group in society has the right to utilize public spaces safely. As such, gender-neutral bathrooms emerge as a crucial need of the hour, playing a vital role in safeguarding the rights and well-being of transgender and LGBTQ+ individuals.

Works Cited: Gender Neutral Bathroom

1. Barnes, Robert and Moriah Balingit. ” Supreme Court takes up school bathroom rules for transgender students.” The Washington Post. 28 Oct. 2016. https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/courts_law/supreme-court-takes-up-school-bathroom-rules-for-transgender-students/2016/10/28/0eece4ea-917f-11e6-a6a3-d50061aa9fae_story.html?utm_term=.6bc862c1b459. Accessed 18 Jan. 2022.
2. Lang, Nico. “Why All Public Bathrooms Should be Gender Specific.” The Daily Beast. 18 Apr. 2016. https://www.thedailybeast.com/why-all-public-bathrooms-should-be-gender-neutral/. Accessed 18 Jan. 2022.
3. Tobia, Jacob. ” Why All Bathrooms Should Be Gender-Neutral. Time. 23 Mar. 2017. http://time.com/4702962/gender-neutral-bathrooms/ Accessed 18 Jan. 2022.

Relevant Questions About Gender Neutral Bathroom

1. What are the key arguments and perspectives surrounding the implementation of gender neutral bathrooms, considering both the supporters and opponents of this initiative?
2. How do gender neutral bathrooms contribute to fostering inclusivity and accommodating the needs of individuals who identify outside the traditional binary gender categories?
3. What challenges and concerns arise in the implementation of gender neutral bathrooms, and how can institutions and societies address these issues to ensure a safe and comfortable environment for everyone?

Introduction: Devastating Beauty

Teal Pfeifer, in his essay “Devastating Beauty,” presents two interconnected yet distinct arguments. The initial argument revolves around women’s beauty standards. Pfeifer observes that advertisements in magazines often showcase thinner and more emaciated female bodies, sending misleading messages to women about achieving a particular standard of beauty. These misguided signals are rooted in a societal acceptance of visual culture, despite the detrimental impact of such media representations.

The second argument stems from the first, emphasizing that women become victims of an unrealistic beauty standard propagated by these advertisements. This victimization, in turn, contributes to both physical and psychological issues as women strive to conform to the unrealistic images presented in the media. Pfeifer suggests that women should take a stand by boycotting such magazines rather than succumbing to the pressure, believing that this collective action can effectively address the issue at its roots.

Writing Choice of Devastating Beauty

This essay is highly persuasive in its approach. Firstly, the writer seamlessly transitions from a narrative to a descriptive style, articulating a clear thesis in a single paragraph. Additionally, the incorporation of external sources lends support to the argument. Secondly, the writer provides compelling evidence in the form of statistics and examples. A notable instance is the comparison between the beauty standards of women in the 1950s and the present, emphasizing changes in height and weight. Statistical data on the dissatisfaction and mental health issues faced by women exposed to such images further strengthens the argument. The mention of over 80 percent of young girls aspiring to achieve these standards and the inclusion of academic references substantiate the detrimental impact.

Moreover, the writer supports the suggestion of a boycott with persuasive historical examples, citing the cases of Rosa Parks and Cesar Chavez. Notably, the essay successfully establishes a connection between the individual damage caused by unrealistic beauty standards and the collective power of community boycotts. The concluding statement, “we are the ones who decide whether or not their images will be purchased,” reinforces the central argument and encapsulates the persuasive circle the writer navigates.

Arguments in Devastating Beauty

Thirdly, both arguments presented in the essay are robust. The first argument addresses the self-inflicted physical harms caused by the images, particularly on the bodies of young girls, and the psychological issues they endure. The second argument advocates for a social boycott of these images, drawing parallels with historically significant social boycotts.

The strength of these arguments lies in the ample evidence provided, including statistical data, studies, and academically proven examples. However, there are two points where the evidence may appear lacking, but upon closer examination, the arguments remain sound. On page three, the author introduces the idea of changing thought patterns and brain chemistry, which might seem speculative. Yet, the argument is substantiated by the rhetorical question involving an optimistic lady interestingly looking at a style magazine. The essay then navigates to how this change may not be automatic but is possible, introducing the compelling solution of social boycott supported by relevant examples.

Issues in Devastating Beauty

One perceived deficiency in the essay is the transition from a personal narrative in the opening to a more argumentative style in the second paragraph. The initial narrative lacks a clear argument, and the shift to an argumentative essay style becomes apparent in the second paragraph. Nevertheless, the essay gains strength in the subsequent paragraphs with well-supported arguments, including evidence and statistics. The solution proposed, supported by two convincing examples, provides a solid conclusion. The essay effectively comes full circle, connecting the initial narrative with the ultimate answer – the power of social boycott.

Conclusion: Devastating Beauty

In short, a critical examination of the essay reveals a commendable use of a compelling hook and introduction to engage the reader. However, a notable area for improvement lies in the formulation of a more robust thesis statement. The existing statement, though clear, lacks the depth and specificity needed to serve as a strong argumentative guide for what follows. A thesis statement, ideally one that is debatable, should succinctly encapsulate the main argument and set the tone for the ensuing discussion. Despite this structural aspect, the remainder of the essay stands out for its persuasiveness and coherence. The well-supported arguments, bolstered by evidence and statistics, contribute to a compelling narrative that underscores the detrimental impact of beauty standards. The essay successfully navigates through historical examples, such as Rosa Parks and Cesar Chavez, to present a powerful solution in the form of a social boycott. In essence, while the essay could benefit from refining its thesis statement, its overall strength lies in the persuasive and well-articulated presentation of ideas throughout the body.

Works Cited: Devastating Beauty

1. Pfeifer, Teal, and Devastating Beauty. “Teal Pfeifer’s Argument Essay (MLA Style).” (2007).

Relevant Questions About Devastating Beauty

1. How does the concept of “devastating beauty” manifest in different aspects of art, literature, or culture, and what impact does it have on individuals’ perceptions and experiences?
2. In what ways can the portrayal of beauty in media and society lead to unrealistic standards and expectations, potentially causing harm to individuals’ self-esteem and mental well-being?
3. How does the juxtaposition of beauty and destruction in various narratives and artistic expressions contribute to a deeper understanding of the complexities and contradictions inherent in the human experience?

Introduction: Condemned to be Free

My reading of J.P. Sartre’s article “Condemned to be Free” has served three objectives. The first is that my confusion about the term existentialism has been dispelled after reading this. The second is that I have encountered several other topics that he has explained thoroughly, with nothingness or “nada” being one of them. This concept serves as the very foundation of Sartre’s entire body of work. Despite the numerous explanations and details presented by other writers of his caliber about existentialism, Sartre’s work has successfully aided in helping others comprehend this complex phenomenon. The cornerstone of his entire body of work is encapsulated in his popular statement: “Man is condemned to be free.”

Being and Nothingness and Condemned to be Free

His popular work incorporated in this article was “Being and Nothingness,” and the striking quote he wrote is “Existentialism is Humanism.” If taken seriously, both of these concepts have profound repercussions for us as human beings. Further, deep reading made me aware of several other aspects of our existence that Sartre explained in detail. These include determinism, free will, the reality of moral values, the idea of God, and our relationships with both God and each other. Sartre debated on two major points. The first is “existence precedes essence,” in which he categorized his theme into two aspects: the first being “being-in-itself,” and the second being “being-for-itself.” “Man is condemned to be free” is the second major theme that he successfully and meticulously explained.

Existentialism and Condemned to be Free

Sartre maintained that the philosophy of existentialism is intricately connected to our lives, encompassing both positive and negative connotations. Taken in a negative light, existentialism can be viewed as a reaction against harmony and organized thoughts, challenging systems, order, systematic thinking, and classical schools of thought, including Aristotelianism, Thomism, as well as aspects of religion, literature, and politics. On the positive side, existentialism could be interpreted as embracing freedom, a life lived through abstract ideas, a rejection of dogmas, and a strong emphasis on individualism.

Consciousness and Condemned to be Free

It is also noteworthy that Sartre’s use of consciousness implies self-reflective awareness rather than simple awareness. The foundation of his philosophy, asserting that only self-conscious human beings can be free, is rooted in his explanation of non-conscious objects and self-conscious subjects. He not only explains that human beings are free but also emphasizes that they are free at every moment they choose to exercise their free will, stating that they are “condemned to be free.” He adds that they are “condemned to be free” because, in this context, there are not two options; they cannot refrain from exercising their free will. They are only free, and that is all. The only non-freedom act is that they are not free to perform the act of not being thrown into this world by chance. After that, a person has full freedom over their actions.

Conclusion: Condemned to be Free

Building upon my understanding of this philosophy, I delved deeper into Sartre’s other concepts, particularly freedom and nothingness. According to Sartre, freedom resides in imagination, and without it, one cannot claim to be truly free. Imagination not only distinguishes us from animals but also gives us a sense of conscience. Through imagination, we can transcend the world of materialism and explore various possibilities. Based on this, Sartre asserts that “a man is what he makes of himself.” We construct and deconstruct, create and destroy based on our imagination.

However, Sartre acknowledges that there are limitations to exercising free will in certain aspects of our lives, such as family, culture, birth, and religion. Turning to the concept of nothingness, Sartre denies the presence of any natural law or a fixed concept of human nature. He contends that the mind is empty, and the heart is nothing. Connecting freedom and nothingness, Sartre explains why man is “condemned to be free.” This exploration further deepens the understanding of Sartre’s existentialist philosophy.

Works Cited: Condemned to be Free

1. Sartre, Jean-Paul. “Condemned to be free.” Journey into Philosophy. Routledge, 2016. 394-405.

Relevant Questions about Condemned to be Free

1. How does Jean-Paul Sartre’s idea of being “condemned to be free” challenge traditional notions of fate and determinism, and what implications does it have for individual responsibility and agency?
2. In what ways does the concept of being “condemned to be free” contribute to Sartre’s existentialist philosophy, and how does it shape his views on human existence, choice, and authenticity?
3. How can the idea of being “condemned to be free” be applied to contemporary discussions about autonomy, decision-making, and the societal expectations placed on individuals in various cultural and social contexts?

Introduction: Online Degree Programs

With the advent of high-speed internet, education has undergone significant changes, leading to the introduction of numerous online degree programs by various universities. The term “online education” has become commonplace within the academic community and among students. Western universities in the United States, Canada, and several other countries now offer online degree programs. The rapid speed and widespread availability of the internet and digital devices have facilitated the offering of online degree courses, replacing traditional by-mail or distance learning programs.

According to M. Lee and Marlanda English, “These degree program often offer significant advantages in terms of cost and convenience” (1). Simultaneously, they argue that online degree programs provide valuable opportunities for individuals who are unable to leave work and attend traditional colleges or universities (1). However, there is another perspective intent on proving otherwise, and not without reason. Critics argue that the popularity of online degree programs has suffered due to the existence of diploma mills, which churn out degrees at a wholesale rate without imparting solid skills or knowledge to students. They assert, “These companies cater to individuals seeking to purchase fraudulent credentials” (1).

Bright Side of Online Degree Programs

The positive aspect of online degree program is that they provide competitive education opportunities for individuals who may have missed the chance to attend traditional colleges or universities but are proficient in internet and digital technology, with spare time after work. In this context, M. Tucker and Kathryn Cook argue that these program offer flexible alternatives to adults and graduates aiming to enhance their educational credentials in the competitive job market (2). They base their argument on the expansion of the US economy, the job market, and the increasing competition in skills. According to them, online degree programs present a valuable opportunity for individuals to educate themselves with knowledge and skills that hold value in the job market.

Their argument holds merit, considering the rapid expansion of the American job market and the growing interest of people in the virtual world to pursue education at their convenience. Therefore, their assertion that “The increasing enrollment for online degree program is proof of the success of online education” is valid (2). However, they overlook the drawbacks that have emerged in online education, specifically concerning fraud and deception involving both students and the institutions awarding degrees or fake institutions.

Dark Side of Online Degree Program

The less favorable aspect of this issue is that these program are often considered inferior or have been labeled as such compared to traditional classroom teaching or face-to-face on-campus programs. This perception arises from the lack of live interaction between students and teachers in online education. In this context, Lynn-nore Chittom and Maureen McMohan argue that credibility is a significant concern. They point out that students obtaining online degrees may not meet the same standards as those awarded for on-campus programs. Additionally, there is pressure from employers who openly express a lack of interest in candidates with online degrees (2p). Moreover, the proliferation of online institutions issuing fake degrees for a certain amount of money raises serious concerns.

Furthermore, Chittom and McMohan highlight issues related to communication during online teaching, the importance of self-discipline, and the development of social skills, which students traditionally learn in schools and colleges. However, these aspects might be lacking in the online education environment. Despite these challenges, it’s important to question whether online degree program should be dismissed entirely.

Common Grounds in Online Degree Programs Issue

Not at all. In fact, there are certain common grounds. Online programs offer significant advantages for several reasons. They provide a flexible alternative with adaptable timing, along with the benefits of convenient communication and location. Adult students, who form a substantial portion of online learners, often find it easier to grasp concepts through written communication.

While concerns about credibility exist, many universities offering online degree programs, such as Phoenix and DeVry University, have established credibility. There is a shared belief that online education has become a valuable tool for imparting knowledge and skills to students and individuals seeking to enhance their learning urgently. Simultaneously, it is crucial to address issues related to fake practices and deceptive behavior by some students attempting to present themselves as skilled when they may not be.

Viable Options About Online Degree Programs

In this context, it is crucial to find a viable solution that allows education to continue and enables individuals to acquire the necessary skills and knowledge for their respective fields. To address this issue, I propose a comprehensive threefold solution, encompassing accreditation of institutions, a ban on diploma mills, and verification of student behavior.

The first solution involves initiating degrees only through accredited and verified institutions, ensuring their recognition in the market. Governments can take the lead in launching program to verify the legitimacy of such institutions.

The second solution entails the establishment of a government body responsible for verifying degrees, ensuring their authenticity and quality.

The third solution focuses on discouraging students from obtaining fake degrees and cracking down on diploma mills that produce such fraudulent credentials. A global-level comprehensive program can be implemented to create verified and durable online education programs, ensuring that every individual has access to education without facing discrimination.

Conclusion: Online Degree Programs

Given the critical importance of education in a market economy, it is imperative that online degree program continue. These programs offer numerous advantages, providing equal access to education for individuals throughout society, with flexibility in terms of timing, affordability, and location. While they do have some drawbacks, such as issues with accreditation, a potential lack of social skills among students, and communication challenges, online degree programs have proven highly beneficial for individuals who may have missed the opportunity to attend traditional schools or colleges.

The solutions to these challenges lie in finding common ground, as both supporters and critics acknowledge the importance and value of continuing online education. It is essential, however, that these programs become more advantageous and beneficial through monitoring and improvements. By doing so, online degree program can effectively disseminate skills and tools to sections of society that may have limited access to traditional educational opportunities.

Works Cited: Online Degree Programs

1. Chittom, Lynn-nore and Maureen McMahon. “Counterpoint: Online Degree Programs are Inferior to Traditional Forms of Higher Education.” Points of View: Online Degree Programs. 3/1/2016, p3-3. 1p. http://web.a.ebscohost.com.ccco.idm.oclc.org/pov/command/detail?vid=5&sid=30ffa697-aec7-4f9c-81b8-f8e15aa17b52%40sdc-v-sessmgr03
2. Lee, M., and Marlanda English. “Online Degree Programs: An Overview.” Points of View: Online Degree Programs, Mar. 2016, p. 1. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=pwh&AN=28675288&site=pov-live&scope=site.
3. Tucker M. and Kathryn Cook. “Point: Online Degree Programs Offer a Competitive Edge.” Points of View: Online Degree Programs. 01 Mar. 2016. p2-2. 1p. http://web.a.ebscohost.com.ccco.idm.oclc.org/pov/command/detail?vid=3&sid=30ffa697-aec7-4f9c-81b8-f8e15aa17b52%40sdc-v-sessmgr03.

Relevant Questions About Online Degree Programs

1. How can accreditation bodies and educational institutions collaborate to ensure the credibility and quality of online degree program, addressing concerns related to non-accreditation?
2. What strategies can be implemented to enhance the social and communication skills of students enrolled in online degree program, considering the potential drawbacks in these areas compared to traditional on-campus education?
3. In what ways can governments and educational authorities globally work together to regulate and eliminate diploma mills, ensuring that individuals pursuing online degree program receive legitimate credentials, and discouraging fraudulent practices in the online education sector?

Introduction: Racial Profiling

Racial profiling involves segregating certain individuals based on specific characteristics and features that are deemed prominent in determining the likelihood of involvement in criminal activities within a particular section, group, or ethnicity. It is a practice employed by law enforcement agencies that encourages them to apprehend or arrest individuals based on their race, ethnicity, or religion. For instance, some communities are still labeled as violent and susceptible to certain crimes, leading to increased instances of stop and search.

Pilar Quezzaire and Tracy DiLascio assert that “racial profiling is most commonly perpetrated against ethnic minorities, with many instances occurring in reaction to specific crimes” (1). While the topic is both interesting and controversial, it requires a solution, as not all individuals of a particular race are criminals, and not all individuals of another race are innocent. Various other factors need consideration, and finding a middle ground between extreme views is crucial for addressing the issue. Therefore, it is essential to acknowledge that there is a spectrum of likelihood regarding such behaviors and to explore solutions for ending racial profiling.

Power and Racial Profiling

Since time immemorial, humanity’s pursuit of power has driven individuals to discriminate against others, finding faults to dehumanize them and establish dominance. This has manifested as profiling, where individuals are categorized based on certain traits and features in their characters or behavior, fostering a sense of superiority. As the saying goes, “Human beings naturally ascribe qualities to those unlike themselves” (1). Social sciences have been employed to codify these features, leading to the development of racial profiling concepts concerning whites and nonwhites (1).

Supporters of profiling argue that it is grounded in reality, asserting that people exhibit common habits based on their race, ethnicity, or tribe. To some extent, when examined within the broader research context, this perspective seems plausible, suggesting that social sciences may have some validity in their theoretical framework concerning discrimination. However, the concern raised by proponents of profiling is that crimes cannot be effectively addressed by investigations grounded in profiles created based on discriminatory features.

Violence and Racial Profiling

However, the opposing group contends that the predisposition to violence is not exclusive to African Americans. Despite being declared illegal in the Civil Rights Act of 1964, profiling persists in one form or another. It has become customary to associate various groups based on religion or ethnicity with certain activities or crimes, categorizing them as either likely or unlikely offenders. Even though profiling is legally prohibited in the United States, it still prevails within institutions where crimes are attributed to specific groups through profiling, such as Muslims, African Americans, and Chinese.

Pilar Quezzaire and Tracy DiLascio further emphasize that “Law enforcement agencies insist that profiling based on many factors is necessary to find criminals and protect the public” (1). Therefore, denying the existence of racial profiling altogether is seen as a mere practice, as it continues to persist in various forms despite legal prohibitions.

Middle Ground in Profiling

Nowadays, there are middle grounds in the ongoing debate. It is the responsibility of security agencies to monitor individuals they find suspicious. While research reveals instances of racial profilings, this pseudoscience does not guarantee one hundred percent accurate results. For instance, not all Muslims are terrorists, and not all individuals of African descent are criminals. However, this reality is often overlooked, leading criminals to exploit the pretext of racial profiling by the police or security agencies.

The common ground between both arguments is the acknowledgment that profiling exists in certain forms, where certain groups and races are presumed to be more likely to commit unlawful acts. Simultaneously, it is recognized that stereotyping has diminished, and contemporary racial profiling is often based on information or suspicious movements rather than broad generalizations.

Solution of Racial Profiling

The proposed solution to the issue is acknowledging that profiling exists at all levels. The need of the hour is to admit its existence against certain groups and ethnicities and to put an end to it. A constructive way forward is to involve the affected communities when instances of profiling occur and seek their feedback on the matter. Attributing every violent act to African Americans or Muslims as a terror-related incident does not resolve the underlying issues; instead, it fosters bias and prejudice among other communities, potentially leading to violence. Therefore, it is preferable for the initial stages of investigation to focus on indiscriminate interrogation rather than resorting to profiling. This approach can help address the root causes of incidents without perpetuating harmful stereotypes.

Conclusion: Racial Profiling

Therefore, it is crucial thatprofiling comes to an end following the acknowledgment of its existence. This is important as it unfairly designates certain ethnicities, races, and groups as scapegoats for investigative failures and crimes. The continuation of this profiling contributes to the polarization of society, fostering racial segregation and discrimination on both group and national levels, which becomes a stain on the nation’s image. Hence, the proposed third solution advocates for thorough investigation before resorting to racial profiling as a means to put an end to this practice.

Works Cited: Racial Profiling

1. Quezzaire, Pilar and Tracey M. DiLascio. “Racial Profiling: An Overview.” Points of View: Racial Profiling, 30 Sept. 2016, p. 1. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db

Relevant Questions about Racial Profiling

1. How does the practice of racial profiling impact the relationship between law enforcement agencies and the communities they serve?
2. What measures can be implemented to address and prevent instances of racial profiling in law enforcement and other institutions?
3. How do legal frameworks and policies contribute to either mitigating or perpetuating profiling, and what changes can be made to promote fairness and equity in these systems?

Introduction: Side Effects and Problems of Vaccine

Side effects and problems of vaccine vary, but it’s important to note that the majority are mild and temporary, serving as a small trade-off for the significant benefits they provide in preventing and controlling infectious diseases. A vaccine is, in fact, comprised of the same microbes or microorganisms that cause the disease for which it is used or prescribed. These microbes or microorganisms are then either killed or weakened to an extent that they induce the relevant disease in a very mild form, but do not harm the person injected with those germs. This process of injecting the same germs of a disease into a prospective patient is called vaccination.

When these germs enter the body of a person, their immune system starts defending the body against them by launching an attack. In this effort, the body creates resistance to that disease. The next time these microbes attempt to enter the body, the immune system resists them fiercely, guided by a previous experience. Dr. Mandal explains that a vaccine is not a medicine but a defense mechanism of the body that can be “administered through needle injections, by mouth, or by aerosol,” such as those used for different allergies (Mandal, 2015).

Although vaccines are generally considered harmless, some, such as the HPV vaccine, have adverse effects. The HPV vaccine not only causes severe side effects leading to medical complications but also results in permanent health issues for some individuals.

HPV, Side Effects, and Problems of Vaccine

Since its introduction to the market, the HPV vaccine has been associated with severe side effects, many of which were previously unknown a few years ago. Some of these effects are reported to be so severe that they are deemed fatal in several cases. Fiona Gartland highlighted these concerns in her report published in the Irish Times on May 22, 2015. The report, titled “HPV Vaccine Support Group Concerned at Side Effects,” discusses the formation of a support group in response to these issues. Gartland quotes their findings on two teenagers, Laura and Kelly, who are experiencing various side effects from the HPV vaccination, including “headaches, excessive fatigue, cognitive dysfunction, gastrointestinal discomfort, nerve-related pain, sleep disruption, and light sensitivity.” Their mother established this support group to raise awareness about the potential side effects of the HPV vaccine (Gartland, 2015). This raises questions about the overall effectiveness of the HPV vaccine compared to other vaccines.

Side Effects and Problems of Vaccine

There are additional medical complications associated with the HPV vaccine, including the finding that it may lead to multiple sclerosis in its severe form. Confavreax et al. discussed this in their paper titled “Vaccinations And The Risk Of Relapse In Multiple Sclerosis,” where they reviewed commonly administered vaccinations and highlighted severe medical complications they can cause. They specifically highlighted the case of the HPV vaccine as very serious. According to their conclusion, it causes only 0.71 percent of medical complications connected to relapse or multiple sclerosis (Confavreax et al., 2001, pp. 319-324). While it is possible that some cases have reported very severe relapses, overall, the medical complications associated with the HPV vaccine appear to be on a relatively minor scale. However, it is important to address these complications promptly in the initial phase to prevent them from escalating into more serious issues.

Health Issues: Side Effects and Problems of Vaccine

Concerning permanent health issues, the case reported by Fiona Gartland about the issues caused by the HPV vaccine serves as an eye-opener. It suggests that while new vaccines are developed to cure diseases, they can have fatal consequences in some cases, leading to lasting health problems. A similar scenario unfolded in 2013, where parents, as reported by Michelle Castillo, expressed concerns about the use of HPV vaccines. Referring to a well-known pediatrician, Castillo reported instances of fainting immediately after vaccination and an increase in blood clots in the lungs compared to young women around the same age. This alarming situation resulted in a reduction in the number of teenagers opting for vaccination. It underscores that HPV vaccines have several side effects and, in some cases, can lead to permanent complications.

Conclusion: Side Effects and Problems of Vaccine

In short, while vaccines have been successful in eradicating numerous diseases, turning them into things of the past, some vaccines, like the HPV vaccine in this case, have been associated with mild to severe reactions and medical complications. These reactions and complications, at times, have proven to be minor, but in other instances, they have been very serious, resulting in long-term medical issues. Consequently, the newer generation is cautious about the potential consequences and outcomes of vaccinations recommended for diseases such as HPV and Hepatitis C. Even in cases where the side effects are mild, there is a consensus that they may lead to long-term complications and medical issues for patients.

References: Side Effects and Problems of Vaccine

1. Castillo, M. (2013, March 13). Side effect fears stop parents from getting HPV vaccine for daughters. Retrieved May 23, 2022, from CBS News: http://www.cbsnews.com/news/side-effect-fears-stop-parents-from-getting-hpv-vaccine-for-daughters/
2. Confavreax, C. e. (2001, February 01). Vaccinations and the Risk of Relapse in Multiple Sclerosis . The New England Journal of Medicine, 344(5), 319-324.
3. Gartland, F. (2015, May 22). HPV vaccine support group concerned at side-effects. Retrieved May 23, 2022, from Irish Times: http://www.irishtimes.com/news/health/hpv-vaccine-support-group-concerned-at-side-effects-1.2221556
4. Mandal, A. (2015, May 13). What are Vaccines. Retrieved May 23, 2022, from News Medical: http://www.news-medical.net/health/What-are-Vaccines.aspx

Relevant Questions About Side Effects and Problems of Vaccine

1. What are the common and uncommon side effects associated with [specific vaccine] and how does the medical community monitor and manage these side effects?
2. Can you elaborate on the long-term safety considerations of vaccines and how ongoing research and surveillance contribute to understanding and addressing potential medical problems?
3. How do healthcare professionals distinguish between typical vaccine side effects and signs of a more serious adverse reaction, and what protocols are in place to promptly address and report such instances to ensure public safety?

Introduction: “Slavery in the Ottoman Empire”

In the book “Slavery in the Ottoman Empire and its Demise,” Y. Hakan Erdem emphasizes the institutional existence of slavery throughout the Ottoman Empire. It is crucial to appreciate that throughout the Ottoman tenure, slavery remained a legally recognized institution.

The first chapter of the book, titled “Employment of Slaves in the Classical Ottoman Empire,” lays down the historical significance of slavery throughout the classical time period. Here, Y. Hakan Erdem discusses the legal status of slaves and the different purposes for which they were employed. The first part of the chapter explains the Ottoman military-governmental slave system. The author narrates that the distinguishing factor among the Ottoman military-governmental slave system and its historical Muslim counterparts was the presence of child-levy in the latter.

The next part of the chapter deals with the legal status of slaves as soldiers and the authoritative position of administrators providing for their elevated legal status. The author explains the dimensions of slavery prevalent during the Ottoman rule. Further, the authoritative position of administrators and their respective control over the slaves is highlighted in this section.

The following part of the chapter elucidates the employment of slaves for agricultural purposes. Y. Hakan Erdem details the various ways in which slaves were recruited and the tasks they were required to perform. The author goes on to list the use of slaves in the industry, detailing the disparate ways in which slaves were employed for industrial purposes.

Historical Practices in “Slavery in the Ottoman Empire”

In the second chapter, titled “Traditional Ottoman Policies towards Slavery before the Tanzimat,” Y. Hakan Erdem details Ottoman administrative policies concerning slaves. The author explains the historical practices employed by Ottoman administrators in relation to slaves.

Y. Hakan Erdem goes on to describe the use of the pencik tax, narrating how policymakers introduced it to maintain a monopoly on the market. The next part of the chapter deals with the mechanism regulating the enslavement of Muslims and their subsequent sale as slaves. Here, the author details the legal procedures involved in the enslavement of Muslims. In the subsequent section, the author provides criteria by which the legal status of the enslavement of non-Muslim subjects is determined. Y. Hakan Erdem lays down legal rules by which the enslavement of non-Muslim subjects is differentiated into lawful or unlawful.

The next section of the chapter outlines the procedure for the recruitment of slaves by non-Muslims in the Ottoman Empire. Specific rules govern the treatment of war captives, and Ottoman administrators are required to adhere to these rules when dealing with captives. Y. Hakan Erdem goes on to narrate the use of slaves for illegal purposes and lays down the supervisory machinery employed for overseeing the activities of slave-dealers. The last section of the chapter addresses the restriction on slave trade with Egypt during the Ottoman tenure.

Means of Enslavement and “Slavery in the Ottoman Empire”

In the third chapter, titled “Means of Enslavement and Slave Acquisition in the Late Ottoman Empire: Continuation of Ottoman Slavery after 1839,” the author lists the procedures involved in the recruitment of slaves. Y. Hakan Erdem narrates the means by which slaves were recruited and traded. The subsequent part of the chapter focuses on the reinstitution of the Ottoman slave system. Erdem goes on to detail the ethnic backgrounds of the slaves within the Ottoman Empire, who were employed for various tasks.

British Policy and “Slavery in the Ottoman Empire”

In the fourth chapter, titled “British Policy and Ottoman Slavery,” Y. Hakan Erdem elucidates the British policy regarding Ottoman slavery. The author discusses the argument of whether the British contributed to the 1840 revolt and lists propositions both in favor and in opposition to British involvement in the turmoil. The next section of the chapter details British sentiments regarding a ban on African slave trade and presents diverging viewpoints among the British regarding slavery. Erdem explains that the British heavily relied on popular Muslim opinion when devising their policy regarding the affairs of the Ottoman Empire.

Moving on to the fifth chapter, titled “Ottoman Policy during the Tanzimat Period, 1846-76,” it details policy orientations during the Tanzimat era. The first section of the chapter deals with the abolition of the Istanbul Slave Market in 1846, discussing the factors that led to its removal. The next part details Ottoman anti-slave trade practices until 1857 when there was a complete prohibition on black slave trade within the Ottoman Empire. The subsequent section elucidates the practices adopted by Ottoman officials to ensure the eradication of internal slave trade.

In the sixth chapter, titled “Ottoman Policy during the Reign of Abdülhamid II and the Advent of the Young Turks, 1876-1909,” Y. Hakan Erdem discusses Ottoman policy during Abdülhamid II’s era and the impact of the Young Turks. The author explains the practices implemented for eradicating slavery during Abdülhamid II’s reign. The next section of the chapter deals with the signing of the Anglo-Ottoman Convention in 1880, where Erdem explains the background to the signing of the Convention. Subsequent sections of the chapter list the draft laws of 1882 and 1883, the law of 1889, and the General Act of the Brussels Conference in 1890. The last section of the chapter lays down the structural changes in the aftermath of the advent of the Young Turks.

Emancipation and “Slavery in the Ottoman Empire”

In the seventh chapter, titled “The Emancipation and Care of Slaves in the Late Ottoman Empire,” Y. Hakan Erdem describes the method adopted for the care of slaves during the late half of the nineteenth century. The author discusses the argument of whether manumission was automatic in the late Ottoman Empire or not. The next section of the chapter deals with the legal status of fugitive slaves within the Ottoman Empire. Lastly, Erdem lays down the procedure by which emancipated slaves were cared for. The author has done remarkable work in outlining the legal status of slaves within the Ottoman Empire.

Works Cited: “Slavery in the Ottoman Empire”

1. Erdem, Y. Hakan. Slavery in the Ottoman Empire and its demise, 1800-1909. Diss. University of Oxford, 1993.

Relevant Questions: “Slavery in the Ottoman Empire and Its Demise” by Y Hakan Erdem

1. How does Y. Hakan Erdem’s work, “Slavery in the Ottoman Empire and Its Demise,” contribute to our understanding of the historical context and factors leading to the decline of slavery within the Ottoman Empire?
2. What role did slavery play in the socio-economic structure of the Ottoman Empire, and how did societal attitudes and legal frameworks evolve over time as discussed in Erdem’s work?
3. Can you highlight key events or turning points explored by Y. Hakan Erdem that influenced the abolition of slavery in the Ottoman Empire, and how did these events shape the subsequent cultural and social landscape of the region?

Introduction: Reflection on Literary Pieces

My reflection on literary pieces about short stories featured in this course explore a myriad of literary elements, themes, and devices that collectively contribute to the rich tapestry of each narrative. Noteworthy among these are the distinctive voices of the authors, their backgrounds, and the contextual circumstances that influenced their works. These aspects, intertwined with the diverse settings, characters, and narrative techniques, serve as a lens through which the stories unfold, offering a nuanced understanding of the human experience.

The multifaceted literary elements employed by these authors manifest in various ways. The voice of the author, a unique and personal perspective, becomes a guiding force shaping the narrative and providing insight into the thematic undercurrents. The background of the writer is mirrored in the characters, capturing the essence of the author’s own experiences, beliefs, and societal context. The type of characters chosen, the narrators employed, and the strategic use of symbols and imagery all work in concert to amplify the thematic impact of the stories.

Examining specific examples, the works of Poe emanate a chilling aura as he masterfully crafts horror stories within desolate settings. Zora Neale Hurston, on the other hand, channels her narratives to explore women’s empowerment, particularly within the Black African-American experience, employing local vernacular to infuse authenticity. Kate Chopin, with a focus on feminine desire for freedom, presents narratives that resonate with a pursuit of independence.

These diverse stories exhibit a spectrum of tones, such as the distinctive speeches of Mark Twain and the letters of Lord Chesterfield. The meticulous use of symbols and settings, as exemplified in Poe’s “The Cask of Amontillado” and Kate Chopin’s works, serves to deepen the thematic resonance, offering readers a richer and more immersive experience.

Furthermore, the background of each author emerges as a critical factor in unraveling the layers of meaning within their stories. For instance, the feminist perspectives presented by Kate Chopin and Zora Neale Hurston are rooted in their own experiences and societal contexts. Poe, with his gothic and macabre themes, unveils a fascination with the darker facets of human nature. Mark Twain and Daniel Defoe, through their didactic views, provide unique lenses into the moral and social landscapes of their times.

Themes: Reflection on Literary Pieces

First, concerning the presentation of themes in different tones, Mark Twain’s speech begins with irony but takes a sarcastic and satiric turn as it progresses. It playfully turns conventional advice upside down, suggesting actions like not obeying elders, not speaking the truth, and advocating unconventional approaches like hitting someone with a brick when the opportunity arises (Twain). On the other hand, Lord Chesterfield’s letter shares a similar theme but adopts a didactic tone. His intention is to instruct his son in the rules of conversation to enable him to attain “some degree of confidence” (Chesterfield).

However, the thematic differences are apparent in short stories such as Zora Neale Hurston’s “Sweat,” where the focus is on presenting the theme of feminism. The protagonist, Delia, is depicted as an exceptionally hardworking woman, while her abusive husband only inflicts harm. She questions his actions, asking, “Sykes, what you throw dat whip on me like dat?” (Hurston). The tone in this story is notably depressive, illustrating how feminine empowerment emerges at a later stage when patriarchal constraints diminish.

Literary Devices: Reflection on Literary Pieces

In the exploration of the use of settings, symbols, and signs, Edgar Allan Poe effectively employs these elements in his story “The Cask of Amontillado” to depict how a perpetrator traps his victim during the carnival season, a time when everyone is engrossed in celebrations. Poe’s use of temporal elements, as seen in the phrase “dusk, one evening during the supreme madness of the carnival season” (Poe), along with the darkness of the catacombs, the play of colors, and the inclusion of bells, vaults, and a winding staircase, further contributes to the thematic horror he creates in the story.

Similarly, Kate Chopin utilizes the symbol of an open window in her story “The Story of an Hour” to convey Louise’s longing for freedom and independence. The strategic incorporation of atmosphere and time enhances the thematic elements, while natural symbols such as “sparrows,” “patches of blue sky,” and references to spring and summer days, during which Louise envisions herself being “Free! Body and soul free!” deepen the understanding of her desire for freedom. Despite the brightness of Chopin’s images, Poe’s use of darker imagery creates a specific atmosphere and setting to accentuate their respective themes.

In contrast, T. C. Boyle’s “The Love of My Life” employs modern symbols like sexual desire, contemporary gadgets, and luxurious items to signify the conflict between love and career in the lives of China and Jeremy. This incorporation of modern symbols adds relevance and complexity to the narrative, addressing contemporary themes and showcasing the versatility of these literary devices in conveying profound meaning.

Backgrounds and Situations: Reflection on Literary Pieces

I have also noted that the background and circumstances in which a writer creates significantly influence the understanding of the overall theme of the story or literary piece. For instance, Edgar Allan Poe endured considerable hardship during his career, facing both financial and social obstacles, which prompted him to delve into the realm of horror stories. Consequently, many of his narratives are presented in the first person, as seen in works like “The Cask of Amontillado” and “The Tell-Tale Heart.”

Similarly, Kate Chopin, having witnessed the suppression of women in her time, emphasized themes of freedom and independence through characters like Louise, who dreams of being “Free! Body and soul free!” (Chopin). On the other hand, Zora Neale Hurston, drawing from her firsthand experience as a Black African-American, predominantly depicted issues of racial segregation. However, she also weaved the theme of women’s empowerment into her narratives, reflecting her own struggles.

In contrast, T. C. Boyle’s perspective differs as he personally experienced modern relationships and their consequences. This is evident in his story “The Love of My Life,” where characters China and Jeremy grapple with the aftermath of an aborted abortion, shedding light on the complexities of contemporary love and its implications.

Conclusion: Reflection on Literary Pieces

In short, these stories collectively showcase a rich array of literary elements and devices. The purpose behind employing these literary tools is to amplify the impact and effectiveness of the setting, particularly in conveying the thematic essence. Relevant settings, vivid imagery, distinct tones, and symbolic elements work together to deepen the layers of meaning within the stories. Amidst this analysis, it’s crucial not to overlook the significance of the background and biographical details of the writers. Writers, with their heightened observational skills, infuse their works with the intensity of their emotions and experiences. Kate Chopin’s personal struggles as a woman, for instance, find expression in her stories and novels. The Harlem Renaissance is evident in the works of Zora Neale Hurston, while the didactic tone of Lord Chesterfield’s letter and Daniel Defoe’s treatise reflects a bygone era. Additionally, various other literary devices, such as the incorporation of seasons, times, weathers, and natural elements, play a role in enhancing the thematic resonance. These devices contribute to making the theme more prominent, ensuring that it resonates with the intended audience and allowing readers to grasp the writer’s intended message.

Works Cited: Reflection on Literary Pieces

1. Chesterfield, Lord. “Letter to His Son: Rules of Conduct in Polite Company”. 1748. Web. 07 Aug. 2014 <http://grammar.about.com/od/classicessays/a/Lettertosonessay.htm>.
2. Chopin, Kate. “The Story of an Hour”. n.d. Web. 07 Aug. 2014 <http://my.hrw.com/support/hos/hostpdf/host_text_219.pdf>.
3. Hurston, Zora Neale. “Sweat”. n.d. Web. 07 Aug. 2014 <http://wwwi.mcpherson.edu/~claryb/en255/handouts/sweat.pdf>.
4. —. “The Spunk.” n.d.Web. 07 Aug. 2014 <http://www.coreknowledge.org/mimik/mimik_uploads/documents/311/Hurston%20ZN%20Spunk.pdf>.
5. Poe, Edgar Allen. “The Cask of Amontillado.” 1846. Web. 07 Aug. 2014 <http://www.ibiblio.org/ebooks/Poe/Amontillado.pdf>.
6. Twain, Mark. “Advice to Youth”. 1882. Web. 07 Aug.t 2014 <http://people.virginia.edu/~jdk3t/TwainAY.htm>.

Relevant Questions: Reflection on Literary Pieces

1. How does the author’s background and experiences influence the themes and characters in the literary piece?
2. In what ways do the chosen literary devices contribute to the overall impact of the narrative?
3. How does the cultural or historical context of the time in which the literary piece was written add depth to the story?