Month: November 2023

Mystery: Etymology

The term “mystery” has its etymological roots in Middle English, deriving from the Anglo-French word “misterie” and directly from Latin “mysterium,” which means “a secret or hidden thing.” The Latin word itself is a transliteration of the Greek “mysterion,” denoting a religious secret or ritual.

Mystery: Meanings

Mystery: Definition as a Literary Genre

1. Literary Genre – Mystery: In the realm of literature, this genre is characterized by narratives that revolve around the solving of a puzzle, often involving a crime, enigma, or a perplexing event. Central to these works is the element of suspense, as characters—typically detectives or amateur sleuths—engage in a systematic process of investigation to uncover hidden truths and solve the central mystery. Clues, red herrings, and unexpected twists are common features, keeping readers in suspense until the resolution is revealed.
2. Detective Fiction: A significant subset of this genre is detective fiction, where protagonists, often detectives, use their analytical skills to solve crimes. Classic examples include Sherlock Holmes by Arthur Conan Doyle or Agatha Christie’s Hercule Poirot and Miss Marple. These stories often involve intricate plots and a keen focus on logic and deduction.
3. Whodunit and Howdunit: Mystery novels often fall into the categories of “whodunit” and “howdunit.” In a whodunit, the primary revolves around the identity of the perpetrator, while a howdunit focuses on unraveling the method or means by which a crime was committed. Both sub-genres contribute to the suspenseful atmosphere characteristic of mystery literature.
4. Noir Mysteries: A darker and more atmospheric offshoot of the mystery genre is noir mystery, where the narrative often involves gritty settings, morally ambiguous characters, and a pervasive sense of cynicism. These stories explore the complexities of human nature while maintaining the central theme of solving a mystery.
5. Suspense and Tension: The mystery genre relies heavily on building and sustaining suspense. Authors use pacing, plot twists, and careful revelation of information to keep readers engaged and guessing until the final resolution. The tension created within the narrative adds to the overall appeal of mystery literature.
6. Evolution and Subgenres: Over time, the mystery genre has evolved, giving rise to various subgenres such as cozy mysteries, psychological thrillers, and police procedurals. Each subgenre brings its own unique elements to the overarching theme of uncovering hidden truths, catering to a diverse range of reader preferences.

Mystery: Types

Mystery in Common Life

1. Missing Items:
   • Example: Misplacing keys, a phone, or any everyday item and not remembering where you left it creates a small mystery in your daily life. The challenge is to retrace your steps and solve the mysteries of the missing item.
2. Unexplained Sounds:
   • Example: Hearing an unexplained noise in your house or surroundings can create mysteries. Investigating the source of the sound becomes a mini detective task until its origin is identified.
3. Unexpected Events:
   • Example: When plans suddenly change without clear reasons or when something unexpected occurs, it introduces a mystery. Understanding the cause or navigating the new situation becomes a part of everyday mystery-solving.
4. Cryptic Messages or Notes:
   • Example: Finding a note or message with unclear or cryptic content can be a mystery. Deciphering the meaning or figuring out who left it becomes a puzzle to solve.
5. Technology Glitches:
   • Example: When a device malfunctions or displays an error message, it creates a technological mystery. Understanding the issue, troubleshooting, and resolving it involve a process of investigation.
6. Unexpected Weather Patterns:
   • Example: Sudden changes in weather, like unexpected rain on a clear day, can be meteorological mysteries. Understanding the atmospheric conditions causing the change adds an element of curiosity to everyday life.
7. Social Media Anomalies:
   • Example: Noticing unusual activity on social media, such as mysterious friend requests or unfamiliar posts, can create digital mysteries. Investigating the source and understanding the context becomes a common online puzzle.
8. Identity of Strangers:
   • Example: Seeing someone regularly in your neighborhood without knowing who they are can create mysteries. Finding out their identity and understanding their presence adds an element of intrigue to daily life.
9. Sudden Health Issues:
   • Example: Experiencing unexplained symptoms or sudden health issues can be personal mysteries. Seeking a diagnosis and understanding the cause becomes a personal investigation.
10. Unanswered Questions:
    • Example: Having unanswered questions in daily life, whether about personal relationships, work, or the world, creates ongoing mysteries. Seeking answers and understanding adds a continuous element of curiosity.

Mystery: Suggested Readings

1. Christie, Agatha. Murder on the Orient Express. HarperCollins, 1934.
2. Doyle, Arthur Conan. The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes. Penguin Classics, 1892.
3. Chandler, Raymond. The Big Sleep. Vintage Crime/Black Lizard, 1939.
4. Atkinson, Kate. Case Histories. Little, Brown and Company, 2004.
5. Lehane, Dennis. Mystic River. William Morrow, 2001.
6. Hawkins, Paula. The Girl on the Train. Riverhead Books, 2015.
7. Larsson, Stieg. The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo. Vintage Crime/Black Lizard, 2005.
8. French, Tana. In the Woods. Viking, 2007.
9. Christie, Agatha. And Then There Were None. HarperCollins, 1939.
10. Flynn, Gillian. Gone Girl. Crown Publishers, 2012.

Introduction: Mottos in Literature

Mottos in literature serve as succinct encapsulations of themes, philosophies, and overarching messages, resonating with readers as enduring expressions of wisdom or guiding principles.

Functioning as verbal insignia, mottos distill complex ideas into brief statements that often become emblematic of the work in which they are found. Whether originating from religious texts, political speeches, or fictional narratives, these concise expressions play a pivotal role in shaping the tone, ethos, and interpretation of literary works.

As literary devices, mottos contribute to the thematic richness of a piece, inviting readers to ponder the profound, the inspirational, or the cautionary within the concise boundaries of a few carefully chosen words.

Examples of Mottos in Literature

1. “All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others.”
   • From George Orwell’s Animal Farm, this motto satirically reflects the hypocrisy of a society claiming equality while fostering inequality.
2. “In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.”
   • This opening line from the Gospel of John in the Bible encapsulates a fundamental Christian belief in the power and divinity of language.
3. “The only way to do great work is to love what you do.”
   • Often attributed to Steve Jobs, this motto reflects the ethos of passion and dedication in one’s professional endeavors.
4. “It is not our abilities that show what we truly are… it is our choices.”
   • Dumbledore imparts this wisdom in J.K. Rowling’s Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, emphasizing the significance of personal choices.
5. “War is peace. Freedom is slavery. Ignorance is strength.”
   • Another from George Orwell, this motto from 1984 illustrates the manipulation of language for political control.
6. “To live is the rarest thing in the world. Most people exist, that is all.”
   • Oscar Wilde’s motto from The Importance of Being Earnest encourages a life filled with meaningful experiences.
7. “The heart has reasons that reason does not understand.”
   • Blaise Pascal’s philosophical insight is often quoted as a motto, emphasizing the complex and emotional nature of the human heart.
8. “The only thing we have to fear is fear itself.”
   • Franklin D. Roosevelt’s famous inaugural address contains this motivational motto, encouraging resilience in the face of challenges.
9. “Where there is love, there is life.”
   • Attributed to Mahatma Gandhi, this motto encapsulates the transformative power of love in shaping the human experience.
10. “It is a tale told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, signifying nothing.”
    • From William Shakespeare’s Macbeth, this line serves as a bleak commentary on the nature of life and existence.

How to Create Mottos in Literature and in Life

Mottos in Literature and Literary Theory

1. Formalist/Structuralist Critique:
   • Critique: Formalists would examine how the mottos in literature contributes to the overall structure and form of the literary work. Analyze how the choice of words, rhythm, or placement of the motto influences the narrative structure or thematic coherence.
2. Psychoanalytic Critique:
   • Critique: Psychoanalytic theorists might delve into the subconscious implications of the chosen motto. Explore how the motto reflects characters’ desires, fears, or psychological states, considering the hidden meanings and motivations behind the words.
3. Marxist Critique:
   • Critique: Marxist critics may analyze the socio-economic implications of the motto. Investigate whether the motto reflects power dynamics, social class structures, or critiques of societal norms, revealing underlying messages related to economic or political contexts.
4. Feminist Critique:
   • Critique: Feminist theorists would examine how the motto reinforces or challenges gender roles. Analyze whether the motto reflects or subverts traditional gender expectations, and consider how it contributes to the portrayal of gender dynamics within the literary work.
5. Deconstruction:
   • Critique: Deconstructionists would focus on the inherent instability of meaning in the motto. Explore how the words in the motto might have multiple interpretations or ambiguous meanings, challenging fixed notions and inviting readers to question established meanings.
6. Reader-Response Critique:
   • Critique: Reader-response theorists would emphasize how readers engage with and interpret the motto. Explore the potential emotional or intellectual responses elicited by the motto and consider how readers’ perspectives contribute to its significance.
7. Cultural Critique:
   • Critique: Cultural critics might analyze how the motto reflects or challenges cultural norms and values. Investigate whether the motto aligns with or resists broader cultural expectations, shedding light on cultural influences within the literary work.
8. Postcolonial Critique:
   • Critique: Postcolonial theorists could examine how the motto operates in the context of language and colonial history. Explore how the motto reflects or resists linguistic colonialism, cultural hegemony, or colonial influences within the literary text.

Suggested Readings

1. Burke, Kenneth. A Rhetoric of Motives. University of California Press, 1969.
2. Culler, Jonathan. Literary Theory: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 1997.
3. Eagleton, Terry. Literary Theory: An Introduction. Blackwell, 2008.
4. Fish, Stanley. Is There a Text in This Class?: The Authority of Interpretive Communities. Harvard University Press, 1982.
5. Genette, Gérard. Paratexts: Thresholds of Interpretation. Cambridge University Press, 1997.
6. Jauss, Hans Robert. Toward an Aesthetic of Reception. University of Minnesota Press, 1982.

Read more on Literary Devices below:

• Farce: A Literary Device
• Fiction: A Literary Genre
• Fiction in Literature (English)
• Fantasy: A Literary Genre
• Fantasy in Literature

Etymology of Motto

The term “motto” traces its etymological roots to the Italian word “motto,” meaning a brief expression or saying. It originated in the late 16th century and was initially used to denote a short, memorable phrase or sentence expressing a guiding principle or rule of behavior.

The concept expanded beyond Italy during the Renaissance, gaining prominence in heraldry and personal insignia. The term’s evolution reflects its adaptation into various languages, each retaining the essence of a concise, emblematic expression. Over time, mottos have become synonymous with succinct declarations encapsulating an individual’s or institution’s values, aspirations, or beliefs, serving as rallying cries or symbolic statements that endure as verbal insignia.

Definition of Motto

A motto, as a literary device, is a succinct and memorable phrase or expression that encapsulates the guiding principles, beliefs, or ideals of an individual, organization, or movement. Often serving as a form of symbolic shorthand, mottos convey essential themes or values with brevity, contributing to the rhetorical impact of a message. Through their concise and evocative nature, mottos can function as powerful tools in literature, providing a focused and memorable representation of underlying themes or philosophies within a broader context.

Types of Motto

Common Examples of Mottos

1. Inspirational Motto:
   • “Believe in yourself.”
   • “Seize the day.”
   • “Never give up.”
2. Educational Motto:
   • “Learn, lead, succeed.”
   • “Knowledge is power.”
   • “Education for a better future.”
3. National Motto:
   • “E Pluribus Unum” (Out of many, one) – United States
   • “Unity in Diversity” – India
   • “Advance Australia Fair” – Australia
4. Family Mottos:
   • “Family first.”
   • “Love and laughter.”
   • “Together we stand.”
5. Corporate Mottos:
   • “Just Do It” – Nike
   • “Think Different” – Apple
   • “The Ultimate Driving Machine” – BMW
6. Historical Mottos:
   • “Liberté, égalité, fraternité” (Liberty, equality, fraternity) – French Revolution
   • “Give me liberty, or give me death!” – Patrick Henry
   • “Veni, Vidi, Vici” (I came, I saw, I conquered) – Julius Caesar
7. Religious Mottos:
   • “In God We Trust” – U.S. currency
   • “God is my shepherd; I shall not want.” – Psalm 23
   • “Love thy neighbor as thyself.” – Christian teaching
8. Personal Mottos:
   • “Live life to the fullest.”
   • “Be the change you wish to see in the world.” – Mahatma Gandhi
   • “Do what you love; love what you do.”
9. Military Mottos:
   • “Semper Fidelis” (Always Faithful) – U.S. Marine Corps
   • “This We’ll Defend” – U.S. Army
   • “Hooah!” – U.S. Army expression of enthusiasm
10. Political Mottos:
    • “Yes, we can.” – Barack Obama’s campaign slogan
    • “Workers of the world, unite!” – Communist Manifesto
    • “Make America Great Again” – Donald Trump’s campaign slogan

These examples showcase the versatility of motto, as they permeate various facets of daily life, providing succinct expressions of values, aspirations, and ideologies.

Shakespearean Mottos

1. “To be, or not to be, that is the question.”
   • From Hamlet, this soliloquy reflects on the nature of existence and the contemplation of life and death.
2. “All the world’s a stage, and all the men and women merely players.”
   • This line from As You Like It compares life to a theatrical performance, expressing the idea that individuals play various roles throughout their lives.
3. “This above all: to thine own self be true.”
   • From Hamlet, Polonius imparts this advice to his son Laertes, emphasizing the importance of authenticity and self-honesty.
4. “The better part of Valour, is Discretion.”
   • Found in Henry IV, Part 1, this line suggests that courage is often best combined with careful judgment.
5. “All that glitters is not gold.”
   • Originating in The Merchant of Venice, this phrase cautions against judging things solely based on appearance.
6. “The lady doth protest too much, methinks.”
   • From Hamlet, this line is often used to express skepticism when someone vehemently denies something.
7. “What’s in a name? That which we call a rose by any other name would smell as sweet.”
   • Juliet’s reflection in Romeo and Juliet challenges the significance of names, arguing that the essence of a thing is more important than its label.

While these aren’t traditional motto, the enduring wisdom and eloquence of Shakespeare’s language have led many of his lines to be adopted and adapted as proverbial expressions in contemporary English.

Suggested Readings

1. Burke, Kenneth. A Rhetoric of Motives. University of California Press, 1969.
2. Culler, Jonathan. Literary Theory: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 1997.
3. Eagleton, Terry. Literary Theory: An Introduction. Blackwell, 2008.
4. Fish, Stanley. Is There a Text in This Class?: The Authority of Interpretive Communities. Harvard University Press, 1982.
5. Genette, Gérard. Paratexts: Thresholds of Interpretation. Cambridge University Press, 1997.
6. Jauss, Hans Robert. Toward an Aesthetic of Reception. University of Minnesota Press, 1982.

Read more on Literary Devices below:

• Disparagement: A Literary Device
• Disparagement in Literature
• Excoriation: A Literary Device
• Excoriation in Literature
• Doppelgänger: A Literary Device

Definition of Eye Rhyme

Eye Rhyme Etymology: The term “eye rhyme” originated from the Middle English word “rym” or “ryme,” which signifies a similarity in sound. The prefix “eye” in “eye rhyme” is derived from the visual perception of words that appear to rhyme based on their spelling, rather than their actual phonetic similarity. The concept gained prominence in the realm of poetry and literary analysis, particularly during the Renaissance and later periods.

Eye Rhyme Definition: Eye rhyme refers to a poetic device in which words appear to rhyme based on their spelling, yet do not share a corresponding phonetic similarity in their sounds. Unlike traditional rhymes that rely on identical or similar sounds, eye rhymes rely on the visual resemblance of words. This device often involves the use of words with identical or similar endings that may have undergone changes in pronunciation over time.

Poets frequently employ it for its visual impact, creating a sense of symmetry and pattern within a poem, while challenging traditional auditory expectations associated with rhyme schemes.

Type of Eye Rhyme

Common Examples of Eye Rhymes

1. Tough and Cough:
   • These words have the same ending but are pronounced differently.
2. Lead (pronounced “led”) and Lead (pronounced “leed”):
   • The noun “lead” (referring to the metal) and the verb “lead” (meaning to guide) share the same spelling but have different pronunciations.
3. Read (present tense) and Read (past tense):
   • The words “read” (present tense) and “read” (past tense) are spelled the same but pronounced differently.
4. Bow (to bend forward) and Bow (a decorative knot):
   • These words, though spelled the same, have different pronunciations and meanings.
5. Wind (air in motion) and Wind (to twist or turn):
   • The noun “wind” and the verb “wind” are spelled the same but pronounced differently.

While these examples may not be as prevalent in everyday spoken language, they demonstrate instances where the visual resemblance of words might suggest a rhyme, despite differences in pronunciation.

Shakespearean Eye Rhymes

1. Love and Move (Sonnet 25):
   • “Love” and “move” might have visually rhymed during Shakespeare’s time, contributing to the sonnet’s overall rhyme scheme and structure.
2. Prove and Love (Sonnet 116):
   • In Sonnet 116, Shakespeare uses “prove” and “love” as an eye rhyme, emphasizing the enduring nature of true love.
3. Leave and Remove (Sonnet 61):
   • In Sonnet 61, the words “leave” and “remove” may have visually rhymed in Elizabethan pronunciation, enhancing the sonnet’s poetic symmetry.
4. Minds and Finds (Sonnet 59):
   • Shakespeare employs eye rhyme in Sonnet 59 with words like “minds” and “finds,” contributing to the sonnet’s rhythmic and visual appeal.
5. Heretics and Critics (Sonnet 112):
   • In Sonnet 112, Shakespeare uses the eye rhyme of “heretics” and “critics,” playing with the visual similarity of the words.

It’s essential to note that the pronunciation of words in Shakespeare’s time was different from contemporary English, allowing for more flexibility. While some of these examples might not be perfect rhymes in modern pronunciation, they showcase Shakespeare’s skill in using visual and phonetic elements to create a rich poetic tapestry.

Literary Examples of Eye Rhyme

1. “Cove” and “Love” in “Modern Romance” by Lang Leav:
   • Lang Leav uses eye rhyme with words like “cove” and “love” in her modern poem “Modern Romance,” adding a visual layer to the theme of love and longing.
2. “Dream” and “Stream” in “Dreams” by Nikki Giovanni:
   • Nikki Giovanni employs eye rhyme with words like “dream” and “stream” in her poem “Dreams,” creating a visual and rhythmic connection between the concepts.
3. “Bright” and “Night” in “A Dream Within A Dream” by Edgar Allan Poe:
   • In a classic by Edgar Allan Poe, the eye rhyme of “bright” and “night” is used in “A Dream Within A Dream,” contributing to the dreamlike and introspective atmosphere.
4. “Wave” and “Brave” in “Seashell” by W.S. Merwin:
   • W.S. Merwin utilizes eye rhyme with words like “wave” and “brave” in his poem “Seashell,” adding a visual element to the exploration of courage.
5. “Rust” and “Trust” in “Colors Passing Through Us” by Marge Piercy:
   • Marge Piercy uses eye rhyme with words like “rust” and “trust” in her poem “Colors Passing Through Us,” emphasizing the transient nature of relationships.
6. “Soul” and “Toll” in “Still I Rise” by Maya Angelou:
   • Maya Angelou incorporates eye rhyme with words like “soul” and “toll” in her empowering poem “Still I Rise,” enhancing the resilience expressed in the verses.
7. “Cry” and “Sky” in “The Sun and Her Flowers” by Rupi Kaur:
   • Rupi Kaur uses eye rhyme with words like “cry” and “sky” in her collection “The Sun and Her Flowers,” contributing to the emotional and visual impact of her poetry.

These examples demonstrate how contemporary poets continue to use eye rhyme to create visual and rhythmic effects in their works.

Benefits of Using Eye Rhyme

1. Visual Harmony:
   • Eye rhyme enhances the visual appeal of a poem by creating patterns and symmetry on the page. The alignment of visually similar words contributes to the overall aesthetics of the written work.
2. Aesthetic Impact:
   • The visual resemblance of words provides a unique aesthetic impact, engaging the reader’s sense of sight alongside the auditory experience. This adds depth and complexity to the overall reading experience.
3. Structural Coherence:
   • Eye rhymes can contribute to the structural coherence of a poem, helping to organize stanzas and lines. It provides a visual link between words, creating a sense of order and intentional design within the composition.
4. Rhythmic Variation:
   • Incorporating eye rhymes allows poets to introduce rhythmic variation within their verses. The visual similarity of words can create a subtle cadence, enhancing the musicality and flow of the poem.
5. Expressive Freedom:
   • Eye rhymes provide poets with expressive freedom, allowing them to experiment with language and challenge conventional auditory expectations. This flexibility encourages creative exploration in crafting verses.
6. Emphasis on Language:
   • The use of eye rhyme draws attention to the language itself. It invites readers to appreciate the words not only for their meanings but also for their visual and structural qualities, fostering a deeper engagement with the text.
7. Symbolic Resonance:
   • Eye rhyme can carry symbolic resonance within a poem. Words that visually appear to rhyme but do not phonetically align may reflect thematic contrasts or complexities, adding layers of meaning to the literary work.
8. Artistic Nuance:
   • Poets use eye rhyme as a tool for artistic nuance. It allows them to convey emotions, themes, or ideas in a more nuanced and subtle manner, inviting readers to explore the interplay between form and content.

Eye Rhyme in Literary Theory

Suggested Readings

1. Gioia, Dana, and X.J. Kennedy. An Introduction to Poetry. 13th ed., Pearson, 2016.
2. Hollander, John. Rhyme’s Reason: A Guide to English Verse. Yale University Press, 1989.
3. Oliver, Mary. A Poetry Handbook. Harcourt, 1994.
4. Oliver, Mary. Rules for the Dance: A Handbook for Writing and Reading Metrical Verse. Houghton Mifflin, 1998.

Read more on Literary Devices below:

• Cacophemism: A Literary Device
• Dysphemism: A Literary Device
• Dysphemism in Literature

Introduction: External Conflict in Literature

External conflict in literature acts as a narrative catalyst, injecting stories with tension, complexity, and thematic depth. This dynamic emerges when protagonists grapple with forces beyond themselves, whether through interpersonal clashes, societal pressures, or encounters with nature. This literary device propels plot dynamics, compelling characters to navigate challenges that extend beyond their internal struggles.

External conflict provides a lens through which authors examine universal themes, including the human condition, morality, and societal structures. By scrutinizing characters’ responses to external adversities, literature unveils profound insights into resilience, ethical dilemmas, and the intricate interplay between individuals and their environments.

Thus, external conflict isn’t merely a plot device; it serves as a nuanced tool for exploring the intricacies of human experience within the broader context of narrative storytelling.

Shakespearean External Conflict in Literature

1. Romeo and Juliet (Person vs. Person):
   • The feud between the Montagues and Capulets creates a pervasive external conflict that drives the tragedy. The love between Romeo and Juliet is hindered by the longstanding enmity between their families, leading to a series of confrontations and ultimately tragic consequences.
2. Hamlet (Person vs. Supernatural):
   • Hamlet’s encounter with the ghost of his father introduces a supernatural external conflict. The ghost’s revelation about the murder instigates Hamlet’s quest for vengeance, creating tension and driving the play’s central conflict.
3. Macbeth (Person vs. Ambition):
   • The external conflict in “Macbeth” revolves around the protagonist‘s ambitious nature and his susceptibility to external influences. Macbeth’s desire for power, coupled with the manipulation of the witches and Lady Macbeth, results in a tragic external conflict between his ambition and moral conscience.
4. Othello (Person vs. Manipulation):
   • Iago’s manipulation of Othello creates a person vs. person conflict in “Othello.” Othello’s trust in Iago and his manipulation by false evidence lead to a destructive external conflict, as Othello’s jealousy and suspicion drive the tragic events of the play.
5. King Lear (Person vs. Family):
   • The conflict between Lear and his daughters, particularly Regan and Goneril, exemplifies a person vs. family external conflict. Lear’s misjudgment of his daughters’ loyalty and the subsequent betrayal contribute to the tragedy and familial discord at the heart of the play.
6. The Tempest (Person vs. Nature):
   • “The Tempest” introduces an external conflict between the characters and the natural elements of the island. Prospero’s magical control over the island’s spirits, as well as the tempest itself, creates a person vs. nature conflict that shapes the events and relationships in the play.

These examples showcase Shakespeare’s adeptness in weaving external conflicts into the fabric of his plays, contributing to the timeless appeal and thematic richness of his works.

Examples of External Conflict in Literature

How to Create External Conflict in Literature

1. Establish Clear Opposing Forces:
   • Clearly define the conflicting elements, whether they are opposing characters, societal norms, environmental challenges, or external circumstances that create tension within the narrative.
2. Develop Compelling Characters:
   • Create well-rounded characters with distinct motivations, desires, and values. Introduce elements that inherently clash with one another, setting the stage for external conflict rooted in the characters’ differences.
3. Utilize Divergent Goals and Objectives:
   • Introduce conflicting goals or objectives for the characters, forcing them to make choices that lead to external clashes. These conflicting aims can drive the plot forward and create dynamic interactions between characters.
4. Employ Vivid Descriptions and Settings:
   • Use descriptive language to evoke the external environment and settings, enhancing the conflict. Whether it’s a hostile natural landscape or a rigid societal structure, a vivid backdrop can amplify the challenges faced by the characters.
5. Introduce Moral and Ethical Dilemmas:
   • Infuse the narrative with moral quandaries and ethical dilemmas that challenge the characters’ beliefs and values. This introduces a layer of complexity to the external conflict in literature, prompting characters to grapple not only with external forces but also with their internal convictions.

External Conflict in Literature and Literary Theory

1. Structuralism:
   • Structuralist theorists, such as Roland Barthes and Claude Lévi-Strauss, focus on identifying recurring patterns and structures within literature. In external conflict, they might analyze how conflicts are structured and repeated across different works, emphasizing universal elements that contribute to the narrative’s overall meaning.
2. Psychoanalytic Criticism:
   • Psychoanalytic theorists, like Sigmund Freud and Jacques Lacan, delve into characters’ unconscious desires and motivations. In external conflict, they might explore how characters project their internal conflicts onto external elements, revealing deeper psychological tensions and unresolved issues.
3. Marxist Criticism:
   • Marxist theorists, including Karl Marx and Fredric Jameson, scrutinize literature for social and economic implications. In external conflict, they might assess how conflicts between characters or groups represent broader societal struggles, reflecting class divisions, power dynamics, and economic disparities.
4. Feminist Criticism:
   • Feminist theorists, such as Simone de Beauvoir and Judith Butler, analyze literature through the lens of gender and power dynamics. In external conflict, they might critique how gender roles contribute to conflicts, exploring how societal expectations and power imbalances affect characters’ experiences and interactions.
5. Deconstruction:
   • Deconstructionists like Jacques Derrida question fixed meanings and challenge binary oppositions in literature. In external conflict, they might focus on destabilizing traditional notions of opposing forces, complicating the distinctions between protagonist and antagonist or problematizing the resolution of conflicts.
6. Reader-Response Criticism:
   • Reader-response theorists, including Wolfgang Iser and Stanley Fish, emphasize the reader’s role in interpreting a text. In external conflict, they might explore how readers engage with and interpret conflicts, acknowledging that readers’ backgrounds and perspectives influence their understanding of characters and their struggles.
7. Cultural Criticism:
   • Cultural critics, influenced by theorists like Raymond Williams and Stuart Hall, examine literature within its cultural context. In external conflict in literature, they might analyze how conflicts reflect or challenge cultural norms, values, and societal expectations, providing insights into the cultural landscape of the time.
8. Postcolonial Criticism:
   • Postcolonial theorists, including Edward Said and Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, scrutinize literature from the perspective of colonized or marginalized voices. In external conflict in literature, they might assess how conflicts portray colonial encounters, power struggles, and the impact of imperialism on characters and communities.

Suggested Readings about External Conflict

1. Abrams, M.H., and Geoffrey Galt Harpham. A Glossary of Literary Terms. 12th ed., Wadsworth Cengage Learning, 2011.
2. Brooks, Cleanth, and Robert Penn Warren. Understanding Fiction. 3rd ed., Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1979.
3. Freytag, Gustav. Technique of the Drama: An Exposition of Dramatic Composition and Art. Translated by Elias J. MacEwan, Russell & Russell, 1966.
4. Lodge, David. The Art of Fiction. Vintage, 1992.
5. Propp, Vladimir. Morphology of the Folktale. Translated by Laurence Scott, University of Texas Press, 1968.
6. Wellek, René, and Austin Warren. Theory of Literature. 3rd ed., Harcourt, Brace & World, 1956.
7. Williams, Raymond. Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society. Oxford University Press, 1983.

Etymology of External Conflict

The term “external conflict” traces its etymological origins to the Latin language, where “externus” means “outward” or “external,” and “conflictus” denotes “collision” or “struggle.” The amalgamation of these roots encapsulates the fundamental concept of conflict arising from sources outside an individual or entity.

In its academic usage, “external conflict” typically refers to the narrative or thematic tension generated by a protagonist’s struggle against external forces such as societal norms, environmental challenges, or antagonistic characters.

Meanings of External Conflict

Definition of External Conflict

External conflict, as a literary device, encompasses the tension arising from a protagonist’s struggle against external forces such as societal expectations, environmental challenges, or opposing characters.

It serves as a crucial narrative element, driving plot development and character evolution by introducing obstacles and challenges originating from outside the central character.

Through the depiction of these external clashes, the device enriches storytelling by adding complexity and depth to characters and their journeys.

Common Examples of External Conflict

1. Interpersonal Disagreements: Arguments or conflicts with friends, family members, or colleagues can be considered external conflicts in everyday life, arising from differences in opinions, values, or priorities.
2. Workplace Challenges: Struggles with colleagues, supervisors, or workplace policies represent external conflicts, impacting an individual’s professional life and requiring resolution for a harmonious work environment.
3. Financial Struggles: Facing economic challenges, such as debt, job loss, or financial constraints, serves as an external conflict that individuals must navigate in their daily lives.
4. Health Issues: Dealing with health problems or navigating medical concerns constitutes an external conflict that individuals grapple with, affecting various aspects of their daily routines and overall well-being.
5. Community Disputes: Conflicts within communities, neighborhoods, or local groups can arise from differing perspectives on issues like development, resource allocation, or community goals.
6. Legal Matters: Involvement in legal disputes, whether personal or professional, presents external conflicts that individuals may encounter, requiring resolution through legal processes.
7. Cultural Differences: Interactions and conflicts stemming from diverse cultural backgrounds, traditions, or beliefs represent external conflicts in multicultural societies.
8. Natural Disasters: Coping with the aftermath of natural disasters, such as floods, earthquakes, or hurricanes, introduces external conflicts related to rebuilding, relocation, and recovery.
9. Traffic or Transportation Issues: Daily challenges like traffic congestion, public transportation delays, or vehicle breakdowns create external conflicts that impact individuals’ routines and schedules.
10. Educational Challenges: Students may face external conflicts in the form of academic pressures, conflicts with peers, or challenges related to educational systems and policies.

Types of External Conflict

Suggested Readings about External Conflict

1. Abrams, M.H., and Geoffrey Galt Harpham. A Glossary of Literary Terms. 12th ed., Wadsworth Cengage Learning, 2011.
2. Brooks, Cleanth, and Robert Penn Warren. Understanding Fiction. 3rd ed., Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1979.
3. Freytag, Gustav. Technique of the Drama: An Exposition of Dramatic Composition and Art. Translated by Elias J. MacEwan, Russell & Russell, 1966.
4. Lodge, David. The Art of Fiction. Vintage, 1992.
5. Propp, Vladimir. Morphology of the Folktale. Translated by Laurence Scott, University of Texas Press, 1968.
6. Wellek, René, and Austin Warren. Theory of Literature. 3rd ed., Harcourt, Brace & World, 1956.
7. Williams, Raymond. Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society. Oxford University Press, 1983.

Introduction: Extended Metaphor in Literature

Extended metaphor in literature serves as a potent literary device, transcending boundaries of traditional metaphors to offer a comprehensive and nuanced exploration of complex themes, ideas, and emotions.

Rooted in linguistic artistry, an extended metaphor unfolds over an extended narrative or discourse, intricately weaving connections between the primary subject and its metaphorical counterpart.

This device allows authors to present conceptual territories, providing readers with a rich tapestry of meaning while creating association with the text. As a versatile tool, extended metaphors contribute not only to the aesthetic dimensions of language but also to the thematic depth and structural intricacy of literary works.

Shakespearean Extended Metaphor in Literature

Examples of an Extended Metaphor in Literature

1. “To Kill a Mockingbird” by Harper Lee:

• Extended Metaphor: Atticus Finch’s lesson to Scout about understanding others by walking in their shoes.
• Explanation: The metaphorical idea of walking in someone’s shoes serves as an extended metaphor throughout the novel, emphasizing empathy and the importance of understanding others’ perspectives.

2. “The Great Gatsby” by F. Scott Fitzgerald:

• Extended Metaphor: The green light at the end of Daisy’s dock.
• Explanation: The green light symbolizes Gatsby’s unattainable American Dream and serves as a recurring metaphor throughout the novel, reflecting themes of aspiration and the elusive nature of success.

3. “Animal Farm” by George Orwell:

• Extended Metaphor: The farm as an allegory for the Russian Revolution and subsequent political ideologies.
• Explanation: The entire farm setting functions as an extended metaphor, with each animal representing a specific historical figure or social class, providing a nuanced commentary on political upheavals.

4. “Moby-Dick” by Herman Melville:

• Extended Metaphor: The white whale, Moby-Dick.
• Explanation: Moby-Dick is a complex metaphor throughout the novel, representing various themes such as the elusive nature of truth, the struggle against nature, and the consequences of obsession.

5. “The Road Not Taken” by Robert Frost:

• Extended Metaphor: The forked road in the woods.
• Explanation: The diverging roads serve as an extended metaphor for life choices, symbolizing the difficulty of decision-making and the impact choices have on one’s journey.

Benefits of Using an Extended Metaphor in Literature

1. Nuanced Expression: Allows for a more nuanced and layered expression of complex ideas, emotions, or themes by providing a sustained and multifaceted comparison.
2. Thematic Depth: Enhances the thematic depth of a literary work by offering a continuous and cohesive metaphorical framework that can be explored throughout the narrative.
3. Reader Engagement: Captivates and engages readers by inviting them to unravel the layers of meaning within the extended metaphor, fostering a deeper connection with the text.
4. Symbolic Richness: Provides a rich and symbolic language that adds depth and texture to the narrative, allowing for the exploration of abstract concepts in a more vivid and relatable manner.
5. Structural Unity: Contributes to the structural unity of a literary piece, offering a cohesive thread that ties together disparate elements, characters, or events, creating a harmonious and interconnected narrative.

Extended Metaphor in Literature and Literary Theory

Suggested Readings about Extended Metaphor in Literature

1. Alexander, Jonathan, Karen Lunsford, and Carl Whithaus. “Toward wayfinding: A metaphor for understanding writing experiences.” Written Communication 37.1 (2020): 104-131.
2. Semino, Elena, and Zsófia Demjén, eds. The Routledge Handbook of Metaphor and Language. Taylor & Francis, 2016.

Etymology of Extended Metaphor

The term “extended metaphor” finds its roots in the fusion of two linguistic components. The word “extended” emanates from the Latin “extendere,” meaning to stretch or prolong, while “metaphor” is derived from the Greek “metapherein,” signifying a transfer or carrying across.

Coined in literary discourse, an extended metaphor refers to a protracted and elaborate comparison between two distinct entities, where one subject is extensively explored and detailed through its association with another. This device transcends the brevity of traditional metaphors, providing an extended framework for conveying complex ideas and evoking a more nuanced understanding within the realm of language and literature.

Meanings of Extended Metaphor

Definition of Extended Metaphor

An extended metaphor is a literary device characterized by a prolonged and elaborate comparison between two distinct entities, transcending the brevity of traditional metaphors.

Originating from the Latin “extendere,” meaning to stretch or prolong, and the Greek “metapherein,” signifying a transfer or carrying across, it entails a detailed exploration that provides an extended framework for conveying complex ideas within the realm of language and literature.

This device allows for a nuanced understanding by fostering a deeper connection between the primary subject and the metaphorical vehicle.

Types of Extended Metaphor

Common Examples of Extended Metaphors

1. Journey of Life:

• Example: Life is often seen as a journey, with each step representing a stage, the challenges encountered as hurdles, and various milestones as destinations to be reached.

2. Garden of Friendship:

• Example: Friendships are akin to a garden, demanding care, attention, and occasional pruning to foster growth and maintain a thriving connection.

3. Seasons of Change:

• Example: Life’s transitions can be compared to the changing seasons, where each phase corresponds to different experiences and emotions, mirroring the cyclical nature of nature.

4. Ocean of Emotions:

• Example: Emotions are like the ebb and flow of ocean waves, possessing depths of complexity and occasional storms that characterize the unpredictability of human feelings.

5. Puzzle of Knowledge:

• Example: The pursuit of knowledge is akin to solving a puzzle, where each piece contributes to a broader understanding, and the complete picture unfolds through continuous learning.

6. Building Relationships as Construction:

• Example: Relationships are constructed much like buildings, requiring a solid foundation, ongoing construction efforts, and periodic maintenance to ensure stability and longevity.

Suggested Readings about Extended Metaphor

1. Alexander, Jonathan, Karen Lunsford, and Carl Whithaus. “Toward wayfinding: A metaphor for understanding writing experiences.” Written Communication 37.1 (2020): 104-131.
2. Semino, Elena, and Zsófia Demjén, eds. The Routledge Handbook of Metaphor and Language. Taylor & Francis, 2016.