Day: February 2, 2024

Mama: Characters in “Everyday Use”

1. Comment on Mama’s dreams, a character in “Everyday Use”. What could it tell us about the characters and the themes of the story?

Characters in “Everyday Use” by Alice Walker grapple with the complexities of heritage and identity, as the narrative unfolds through the contrasting perspectives of Dee, Maggie, and their mother. Mama dreams about her daughter in the second paragraph. It seems to be a full irony that runs throughout the story and culminates at the end. However, she vacillates in her dreams as she has not that kind of relationship with Dee, her educated daughter, which should have been between a mother and a daughter. She thinks that it may be that “Dee is embracing me with tears in her eyes” or that she may “taunt” her but it does not happen on TV shows. However, her dream is that both, she and her daughter, are like stars which happens in the case of successful children who are interviewed. In fact, her daughter is stylish and wants her mother to be “a hundred pounds lighter” with “glistening” hair, but she does not like this. It tells that there is going to be a conflict between both of them as she dreams differently from the reality.

2. Identify the physical descriptions of the three women in the story. Count their personality traits. How do each of them symbolize and what?

Mama

She is the narrator of the story. She is a strong, sturdy, and hardworking lady of more than 50, who has done every manual job reserved for men. She knows that she is heavy and her “fats” keep her hot in the severe winter. She is as strong that once she hits a bull calf with a hammer and cuts it to “chill before nightfall” which shows her strength.

1. She is gentle and motherly. She shows it when she saves her daughter Maggie from fire.
2. She worked like a horse that she bred up both of them and also got Dee educated with the help of the Church.
3. She is also somewhat stern that she does not allow Dee to take the quilt that she has made for Maggie.
4. She is quite honest when she tells about her daughter Maggie how she looks and her limitations.
5. She does like the superior manners of her daughter Dee.

Mama symbolizes a patronizing character who has done everything to make her daughters live a comfortable life. She is the epitome of unconditional but fair maternal love for her unequal daughters.

Maggie: Characters in “Everyday Use”

Maggie is a little girl who has “burn scars” on her face. She is a light figure but with a gait like a “lame animal” perhaps due to her injury. As she could not get an opportunity to get an education like her sister, she holds Dee in “awe” and feels “envy” but at the same time, she also loves her sister as she gives her quilts at the end.

1. She is an innocent figure who does not understand the meanings of possessions as she gives quilts to her sister.
2. She is dependent on her mama for everything.
3. She is a meek and shy girl and hardly gets involved in other activities.
4. She is a victim of loneliness.

She is a symbol of innocent, purity, and nervousness who even knows how to sacrifice for her near and dear ones. It is clear from the way she gives quilts to her sister and holds her in reverence.

Dee: Characters in “Everyday Use”

Dee is all style and newness for mama and Maggie as she is an educated girl who has “made it” to the top through an opportunity provided to her by her mama and the church. Therefore, she knows the style and has adopted one at the very young age of 16. However, she has forgotten everything that she belongs to a poor family and that her family is poor. She asserts her education so much that it makes her mother and sister hate education at all.

1. Dee is arrogant and wants her mother and sister to respect her merely because she is educated.
2. She feels jealous of her sister and makes life topsy-turvy at home, considering them merely human beings and cultural antiques instead of her own relations.
3. She is overconfident and insensitive as she does not see that her sister has nothing and that quilts will make her life easy.
4. She has rejected her inheritance by changing her name.

Dee is a symbol of pride in the family, but she is also a symbol of pseudo-educated persons who forget their real heritage and adopts style only for the sake of style. She represents a new generation of the modern era.

3. What is the importance of the quilt in the story? What does it represent? What does it mean to Dee, Mama and Maggie? Do these three women differ from one another in relation to their perception of the quilt? If yes, in what way?

Quilt and Characters in “Everyday Use”

Quilts are symbols of property, prize, and inheritance in the story which have been handed down to the other generation. For Maggie and mama, they are a property and a thing of use. They know that they have only such pieces of property to feel proud of that they have something. However, Dee tries to get them merely as decoration pieces with the excuse that she would preserve this inheritance. The quilts, in fact, represent a whole family history but they mean different things to all three. For mother, they are a real legacy that she is handing over to Maggie. For Maggie, they are things of everyday use to benefit from. However, for Dee, they are a prize, a gift, and a thing to preserve and feel pride at.

Works Cited: Characters in “Everyday Use”

Walker, Alice. Everyday Use. Recording for the Blind & Dyslexic, 2004.

Relevant Questions about Characters in “Everyday Use”

1. How do the characters in “Everyday Use,” especially the character of Dee, reflect the theme of cultural identity and heritage in the story?
2. In “Everyday Use,” how do the characters, particularly Maggie, evolve or change throughout the narrative, and what role do they play in conveying the story’s message?
3. What is the significance of the names of the characters in “Everyday Use,” and how do these names contribute to the overall themes of the story?

Introduction: Ordinary World and Don Quixote

In the Ordinary World and Don Quixote, Miguel Cervantes masterfully blurs the lines between illusion and reality, creating a narrative where the protagonist’s fantastical perceptions intertwine with the more mundane aspects of the world around him.It happens with every literary piece that illusions are created, and then reality is shown through some characters, which although stay in the background, peep through every now and then in contrast with the outside world or other characters. It is the quality of Don Quixote by Miguel Cervantes that it has surpassed all the limits set between illusions and reality. From the very first page, its hero Don Quixote creates illusions around himself to the extent that his world seems only the world of imagination and not of reality. However, there is always a fine line created by Miguel Cervantes between fiction or illusion and reality, and they both mingle at some point and then separate again when it becomes impossible to amalgamate the world of illusion with the world of reality. The world of illusion starts from his reading books about chivalry, his own imaginative power, his contrivance of a magician obstructing his path, and above all, his imaginary beloved.

Mental State, Ordinary World and Don Quixote

When the book begins, Don Quixote appears to have lost his stable state of mind. He is more attracted to books of chivalry than to human beings and reality, as the book states, “he was at leisure, gave himself up to reading books of chivalry with ardor and avidity that he almost entirely neglected the pursuit of his field sports, and even the management of his property” (Cervantes 54). This infatuation with chivalry leads him to spend a significant amount of his money, obtained from selling lands, on buying books. These books take hold of him, and whatever he reads in them, such as errands, fights, and adventures, he imagines going through them himself. This world of illusion leads him to announce that he is a “knight errant” (58) who will now edify the world. Not content with this, he names his horse, takes out his inherited armors and weapons, and sets out on expeditions. The imaginative world he has created around him, declaring himself a knight errant, soon shatters when he first comes into contact with reality at the inn. It is also mentioned in the preface that he “lost his wit” (61), often pronouncing conceits in waking hours.

Illusions, Ordinary World and Don Quixote

This first encounter between the world of illusion and the world of reality takes place at the inn. Quixote “pictures it to himself as a castle with its four turrets and pinnacles of shining silver, not forgetting that drawbridge and moat and all the belongings usually ascribed to castles of the sort” (121). However, when he sees that it is only in his imagination and nobody comes out to welcome this self-styled knight, he himself makes his way to the inn. However, he is still not back into his senses and sees the wenches as damsels and the innkeeper as the lord. Even when he is made the butt of jokes and laughter by the damsels, he carries on with his illusion, saying, “your ladyships need not fly or fear any rudeness, for that it belongs not to the order of knighthood which I profess to offer to anyone, much less to highborn maidens as your appearance proclaims you to be” (55). He does not see that he is making a mockery of himself in the real world around him. He rather considers himself a knight at arms. However, all those present at the inn also join this hilarious knight to enjoy life, and when all the characters, such as wenches and others, join the bandwagon, it seems to have become an entirely magical world removed from reality.

Dreams, Ordinary World and Don Quixote

Now he is even more hell-bent on becoming a knight and instantly makes Sancho his loyal second in command or squire. They go out on long journeys and expeditions. He advises Sancho, “There is no human history in the world,” he states, “that has not its ups and downs” (191), by which he means that they would see ups and downs, and Sancho should not mind it. Then the first of their adventures is the encounter with the windmills, following Quixote’s humorous expedition at the inn. Even after he meets a terrible failure in attacking them, he makes an excuse to Sancho that it is someone Freston who turned these creatures into windmills to defeat Don Quixote. This is very interesting, as he attacks a windmill, he even recalls his imaginary beloved, asking “her to support him in such a peril, with lance in rest and covered by his buckler, he charged at Rocinante’s fullest gallop and fell upon the first mill that stood in front of him; but as he drove his lance-point into the sail, the wind whirled it round with such force that it shivered the lance to pieces, sweeping with it horse and rider” (348), but still, he does not come to his senses. This is another illusion of his mind that somebody has turned these giants into windmills to snatch victory from him over nothing. However, he hears another dictum from his squire Sancho, who says, “there is a time to attack and a time to retreat” (241), but he does not pay heed to these wise musings and rather carries on with the stupid illusions he has created around himself. Even he has also come to the point of realization that these are windmills, and not giants turned into windmills.

Magic, Ordinary World and Don Quixote

Another important point about his illusions is that he attributes all his encounters and failed expeditions to magicians who are against him. This has become his major excuse on several occasions whenever he feels that his success is subject to several realities and that his illusions are at stake. For example, the priest of his village and his own niece have said, “but a magician who came on a cloud one night after the day your worship left this, and dismounting from a serpent that he rode he entered the room, and what he did there I know not, but after a little while he made off, flying through the roof, and left the house full of smoke; and when we went to see what he had done we saw neither book nor room” (73). She has confirmed that such things do exist and obstruct the good paths tread by human beings. As his library is walled up so that he could not read books to make his mind fly, they play with him, saying that it is the handiwork of the same forces that are against him. This further strengthens his belief that he is indeed a knight, and it is his job to rid the world of evils. This even comes to the point when he attributes his failure, as mentioned earlier, to Freston, an imaginary magician. He has still not come to the reality that it is not what he thinks but his own illusion.

Girls, Ordinary World and Don Quixote

Another great illusion that both Sancho and Quixote weave around them is the reality or existence of the lovely Dulcinea. As a squire, it is the responsibility of Sancho that he should produce the girl for his knight. However, he, as a practical person, is also aware of the fact that he cannot produce such a character that has no existence. He is found several times asking for her help, speaking to her in waking hours, or talking to her about his romance. When fighting with the Biscayan, he recalls her, saying, “O lady of my soul, Dulcinea, flower of beauty, come to the aid of this your knight, who, in fulfilling his obligations to your beauty, finds himself in this extreme peril” (392), which is an extreme form of illusion in the midst of reality. The interesting point is that he does not come out of it even at the end when he is asked by Don Gaolor to tell him about his life and country and beauty. He again says, “her name is Dulcinea, her country El Toboso, a village of La Mancha, her rank must be at least that of a princess” (103), knowing full well that she is just an illusion like so many illusions he has created through the figment of his mind. Even though it seems that Sancho is the creator of this beauty, he himself is not aware of her, as he thinks, “because neither any such name nor any such princess had ever come to his knowledge though he lived so close to El Toboso” (104).

Conclusion: Ordinary World and Don Quixote

In short, several of these illusions include the belief that he is a knight on a mission to correct the world, the existence of magical forces working against him, the presence of a beautiful lady eagerly awaiting this knight to fight against the world, and the notion that every enemy he encounters is the handiwork of some supernatural forces. Even his imagination plays a role in creating these forces, such as turning an inn into a castle and imagining the details of his beautiful Dulcinea. However, when viewed through the lens of an old literary piece, these occurrences are to be expected. If a real character is involved in excessive reading, they may suffer from delusions, psychological issues, or some form of phobia or mania. Therefore, it is not surprising that Quixote experiences such mania or phobia during that time. Secondly, when a fictional piece is written, especially one of considerable length, there must be some element of fiction or illusion against the real world to captivate readers. Cervantes likely employed this tactic to make his story more extensive and to fill the gaps with imaginary characters and illusions that challenge Quixote’s perception of reality. However, the entire world of magic or illusions built around Quixote crumbles with his eventual death and his return to sanity. It is essential to remember that Don Quixote is a work of fiction, and every piece of fiction operates within the boundaries set for literary pieces, allowing for a blend of illusions and reality. Therefore, it is not surprising that Quixote finds himself surrounded by illusions, which are essential elements of the reality presented in literary works.

Works Cited: Ordinary World and Don Quixote

De Cervantes, Miguel. Don Quixote. Lulu. com, 2016.

Relevant Questions about Ordinary World and Don Quixote

1. How does the concept of the “Ordinary World and Don Quixote” in storytelling, as discussed in literature and narrative theory, compare to the adventures and experiences of the character Don Quixote in Miguel de Cervantes’ novel?
2. In the context of Joseph Campbell’s Hero’s Journey, how does the concept of the “Ordinary World and Don Quixote” serve as a foundation for Don Quixote’s transformative and often surreal quest in Cervantes’ work?
3. How does the character of Don Quixote challenge or subvert the notion of an “Ordinary World and Don Quixote,” and what commentary does Cervantes provide on the nature of reality and illusion through Quixote’s perceptions and actions?

Introduction: Dante’s Three Circles of Hell

Dante’s Three Circles of Hell vividly depict the escalating depths of human suffering, offering a haunting exploration of the consequences that unfold as one descends through the infernal realms of sin and damnation. These are included in his famous epic, The Divine Comedy, around the age of 35. The Divine Comedy consists of three parts: Inferno, Purgatorio, and Paradiso, each comprising around 33 cantos, with an additional introductory canto, making a total of 100 cantos in the entire poem.

Inferno is the first part of this popular epic, presenting nine circles of hell across 33 cantos. It is an allegorical journey of the poet through hell, guided by the famous Roman poet Virgil, who leads Dante up to the limit a pagan could reach. Afterward, Dante’s beloved Beatrice guides him through the remaining circles. In each circle, Dante encounters sinners being punished according to the sins they committed on Earth. Those who repent and seek forgiveness are then released from torment and move on to Purgatorio. However, unrepentant individuals who believe their actions were justified face further punishment.

Dante not only encounters pagan virtuous souls in the first circle but also observes those who committed sins of lust and gluttony, suffering consequences for their actions.

First Circle in Dante’s Three Circles of Hell

The first circle is called Limbo, where various types of sinners, primarily virtuous pagans who did not accept Christ as their savior, are placed. This region includes a castle and green fields, where Dante encounters great poets from their times. According to Dante, virtuous non-Christians such as Homer, Ovid, Lucan, Euclid, Cicero, Hippocrates, Aristotle, Plato, and even Saladin reside in this circle. Beyond the first circle, individuals who have committed sins face punishment corresponding to the severity of their transgressions. Dante’s progress is halted by Minos, who is tasked with punishing those thrown into Inferno.

Second Circle in Dante’s Three Circles of Hell

In the second circle, known as the circle of lust, individuals who have committed the sin of lust are undergoing punishment. Dante refers to them as “carnal malefactors” because they failed to control their carnal desires for sensual pleasure. These souls are in a state where they have turned black, and powerful winds toss their souls about, denying them any rest. Dante encounters figures such as Dido, Cleopatra, Helen of Troy, Paris, Tristan, Semiramis, and others in this circle. He also hears the tale of Francesca da Ramini, who was punished for adultery and narrates how they succumbed to that sin by reading the romance of Lancelot and Guinevere. The ceaseless movement of these souls in the winds symbolizes the restlessness associated with lust, denying them any respite.

Third Circle in Dante’s Three Circles of Hell

The third circle of hell is designated for those who have committed the sin of gluttony. Despite the hindrance from a vile monster, Virgil successfully proceeds. The souls in this circle exist without sight and attention, surrounded by slush created by ceaseless rain. These souls are individuals who excessively indulged in food and drink, deviating from the Christian principles guiding a normal life. Dante encounters Ciacco in this circle, who had lived a life of great luxury and gluttony. His presence serves as a symbol to illustrate the severity of gluttony as a sin.

Conclusion: Dante’s Three Circles of Hell

In short, Dante intricately portrays sinful souls enduring punishments in various circles of hell. If these souls repent for their sins, they are cast further down into Purgatorio after facing death. Dante’s vivid descriptions symbolize the earthly commission of sins and the subsequent divine retribution in the afterlife. This section of the poem emphasizes the consequences faced by sinners, delineating the specific circle in hell where their sins have led them. It sheds light on their distressing circumstances and the plight in which they find themselves.

Works Cited: Dante’s Three Circles of Hell

Alighieri, Dante. The Divine Comedy: Inferno, Purgatorio & Paradiso. Good Press, 2023.

Relevant Questions Abou Dante’s Three Circles of Hell

1. Symbolism and Allegory in Dante’s Inferno:
   • How does Dante use the three circles of Hell as symbolic representations, and what allegorical meanings can be derived from each circle in “The Divine Comedy”?
2. Punishments and Moral Lessons:
   • What role do the specific punishments in each circle play in conveying moral lessons or illustrating the consequences of sin in Dante’s vision of Hell?
3. Theological and Philosophical Underpinnings:
   • How do Dante’s three circles of Hell align with theological concepts and philosophical ideas of his time? What theological or philosophical messages is Dante trying to convey through the structure and inhabitants of each circle?

Introduction: “The Aesthetics Imperative” and ” Patio Man”

Happiness or pleasure is an abstract concept and has been a subject of several controversies in “The Aesthetics Imperative” and “Patio Man.” Some people regard happiness as inner satisfaction, while others consider it a material gain. Spiritualists view happiness as an attainment of a higher state of thinking, while philosophers liken it to virtue. No single segment of learned individuals or intellectuals has agreed upon a common definition of what happiness is and how it is attainable.

However, the existing world of marketing mechanisms has found that human beings have a certain aesthetic sense that needs to be satisfied to win a greater market segment for a product, as Virginia Postrel has expounded upon in her article “The Aesthetic Imperative.” She argues that everybody has a vision of some material object from which they derive pleasure, defining this as happiness.

On the contrary, David Brooks believes that this sense of pleasure is, in fact, a form of competition in which the winner experiences a sense of satisfaction termed as happiness, albeit it comes with a price, as he argues in his essay “Patio Man.” John Schumaker, however, presents several differing concepts, from the Grecian idea of happiness akin to virtue to the social happiness of Nigerians and Ladakhis. Though he deems the concept of a sustainable or prolonged state of happiness a myth, he quotes John Updike, stating, “America is a vast conspiracy to make you happy,” and adds that happiness must be shared to mature. Nevertheless, there is no clear definition that Schumaker has agreed upon.

The reason for this lack of agreement is that no government can sustain or prolong happiness or legislate to dictate people to share it with others – it is nearly impossible. The reality is that the pursuit of material goods and greed for money may bring happiness to an individual’s life, but these things take away innocence. Therefore, happiness could be described as a spiritual experience or the fulfillment of a person’s goal or vision through competition, after which they may experience some emblem of happiness or momentary pleasure from aesthetic satisfaction.

Spiritual Happiness in “The Aesthetics Imperative” and ” Patio Man”

Happiness is genuinely a spiritual experience, whether it is fleeting or enduring. This assertion holds merit, as observed globally, where numerous poverty-stricken beggars lead fully satisfied and joyful lives. The mystic people of Ladakh, as highlighted by John F. Schumaker, serve as an exemplar of this spiritual happiness. Schumaker also cites examples of the impoverished in Kenya, who find happiness and enjoyment despite uncertainties about their next meal. According to Schumaker, their proximity to nature fosters true spiritualism, or it may be ingrained in their cultural practices, much like the Nigerians.

Schumaker argues that these communities have developed a value system grounded in “mutual respect, community-mindedness, an eagerness to share, reverence for nature, thankfulness, and love of life” (Schumaker 359). This value system distances them from the vices of modernity, such as avarice, greed, and violence. Their separation from the commercial world also shields them from “hurry sickness, toxic success syndrome, frantic family, and pleonexia” (Schumaker 368), creating a form of spiritualism untouched by materialism.

However, when development authorities attempted to implement plans in Ladakh, the people resisted. The commission had to acknowledge that the only way to induce acceptance of development was to instill greed, causing them to abandon their spiritualism. As a result, the onslaught of development brought modern issues like depression, family breakdowns, and crime. Ladakhis, encountering pollution and money for the first time, lost their mutual respect and love. Schumaker contends that happiness does not lie in growth, material possessions, or virtue; rather, it resides in living close to nature, where people build their social foundations on principles that enable them to find happiness even in poverty, akin to Nigeria, declared the happiest country on Earth.

Happiness as  Success in “The Aesthetics Imperative” and ” Patio Man”

Happiness, as suggested by David Brooks, can be perceived as a success in the pursuit of acquiring more luxuries and goods. This stems from an individual aligning their goals with the desire for a superior domestic life compared to others. The moment of happiness occurs when the person achieves their desired goal, as illustrated by Brooks in the example of “a man who is about to buy a first-class barbecue grill” (Brooks 324). This person, driven by the American dream or a shared societal aspiration, experiences elation upon acquiring the desired grill and proudly showcasing it to friends. Brooks emphasizes the pleasure derived from making others envious, as friends witness and discuss the individual’s wealth, status, and the success of his party.

For this individual, making others envious is the essence of true happiness, as he emerges successfully through the competition. His personal goal of having a family, all the amenities of life, and friends praising his success brings him inner satisfaction. As Brooks concludes, “This vision of domestic bliss is what Patio man has been shooting for all his life” (326). This domestic bliss represents the pinnacle of happiness for him, signifying a state of peace. However, this happiness is momentary and not sustainable or permanent. While the act of purchasing the barbecue grill brought immediate joy, the question remains unanswered as to whether this personal happiness is a lasting one.

Desires as Happiness and “The Aesthetics Imperative” and ” Patio Man”

Another facet of happiness lies in the fulfillment of personal wishes, offering momentary pleasure derived from aesthetics. Individuals find joy in possessing the best, most beautiful, or the most attractive objects for themselves, with aesthetics becoming an obsession where true happiness resides. Two crucial factors influencing a person’s happiness are their nature and culture. For instance, a person might appreciate “weather-beaten paint” due to its reminder of rustic origins, while another may have a passion for pop music because it evokes memories of their youth (Postrel 315).

Virginia Postrel, in her article “The Aesthetic Imperative,” argues that “the look and feel of things” have a profound impact on human imagination, a notion leveraged by multinational marketing experts to resonate with their audience emotionally. When a person purchases a product aligned with their aesthetic taste, they experience a sense of happiness. However, this happiness is fleeting, dissipating as the product loses its appeal, leading to a cycle of indulging in beautiful things. Postrel quotes Brown, highlighting that human beings are “visual, tactile creatures” who derive pleasure from things that bring them joy, forming the basis for fashion and style. She underscores the importance of the aesthetic imperative, asserting that it drives individuals to seek happiness, uniqueness, and satisfaction in the modern age. According to her, this pursuit is the essence of real happiness.

Controversy over Happiness in “The Aesthetics Imperative” and ” Patio Man”

However, none of them has agreed what happiness actually is. According to Brooks it is the success in competition in making domestic life a bliss, while Schumaker terms it a spiritual happiness that is life close to nature and away from the modern age and its ailments. However, Virginia Postrel terms happiness purchase of beautiful things, the reason that multinational companies always target customers according to their taste and style. The people make themselves beautiful, because they feel that they need to look beautiful. This makes them happy. However, as Schumaker has stated that this could be a personal feeling. The state of happiness depends on the culture, nature of the person, proximity to nature, and distance from the modern ailments. However, this is not all true. He is of the view that a good and mature happiness “must be shared—whether by those around or by tomorrow’s children” and if this is not so, it can be the source of depression (370). It is because a person becomes happy when happy people are around him, and he is sharing this happiness with others. This is contagious. Or in other words, the real happiness lies in helping others. Therefore, to say that real happiness is a personal matter is just a façade, because a person experience only transient happiness according to his own perceptions. When that transient moment, whether it is of competition or of personal achievement or of shopping spree, passes, the depression returns with full intensity. These are just modern ways of filling a void in the spirit. Otherwise, there is no such thing as personal happiness. The happiness lies only in sharing it with others. This could be called sustainable happiness, or else it is the same transient fit of happiness that a person experiences.

Works Cited: “The Aesthetics Imperative” and ” Patio Man”

1. Postrel, Virginia. “The Aesthetic Imperative.” Wired, 1 July 2003, https://www.wired.com/2003/07/the-aesthetic-imperative/.
2. Brooks, David. On Paradise Drive: How We Live Now (And Always Have) in the Future Tense, 2 June 2005, Paperback.
3. Schumaker, John F. “The Happiness Conspiracy: What Does it Mean to be Happy in a Modern Consumer Society.”

Relevant Questions about “The Aesthetics Imperative and ” Patio Man”

1. In Virginia Postrel’s “The Aesthetic Imperative,” how does the author explore the relationship between aesthetics and happiness? How does she argue for the significance of aesthetics in our lives, and what implications does this have for our overall well-being?
2. Considering David Brooks’ book “On Paradise Drive: How We Live Now (And Always Have) in the Future Tense,” how does the author discuss the pursuit of happiness in the context of contemporary living? What societal trends or cultural aspects does Brooks highlight as influencing our understanding of happiness in the present and future?
3. In John F. Schumaker’s “The Happiness Conspiracy: What Does it Mean to be Happy in a Modern Consumer Society,” what perspectives does the author present regarding happiness in the context of a modern consumer-driven society? How does Schumaker analyze the cultural and societal factors that may impact individuals’ pursuit and understanding of happiness in such a setting?

Introduction: US Civil War

The Civil War, also known as the conflict between the South and North, erupted in 1861 when around 11 Southern states, including South Carolina, Alabama, and Georgia, seceded from the North and formed the Confederacy in opposition. Hostilities between both sides persisted for four years, resulting in the loss of more than 650,000 lives. While there were various reasons for secession, the primary drivers were economic, with slavery or sectionalism playing a major role.

Between 1815 and 1861, the North embraced industrialization, leading to modernization across agriculture, transportation, finance, education, printing, and communication. In contrast, the South clung to its agro-based economy, relying on slavery for free labor. Southerners prioritized slavery over progress, causing the prices of agricultural products to soar alongside the value of slaves. This economic disparity continued to grow until Abraham Lincoln assumed power in 1860, prompting Southern states to fear the abolition of slavery and decide to secede.

President Lincoln and the Northern States opposed this decision, declaring it illegal and unconstitutional. Despite hopes for a peaceful settlement, both sides engaged in a war that spanned four years. Each side had distinct differences, opportunities, and advantages that shaped their attitudes toward the conflict.

Northern States and US Civil War

The northern states, remaining within the United States, viewed the secession of the South as both illegal and unconstitutional, posing a significant threat to the principles upon which the Union was established. With the election of President Lincoln, concerns heightened as the South seemed to be gaining economic advantages that could jeopardize the unity of the Union.

Northern leaders were determined to counter this threat at any cost, leveraging their resources advantage. The Union held a numerical edge over the Confederate forces, with a two-to-one ratio in potential fighting population if a war were to erupt. Furthermore, the North had made substantial industrial progress, boasting over 97 percent of factories manufacturing weapons.

The North was confident that its larger and better-equipped army, coupled with superior weaponry, would ultimately ensure victory. The sectional differences that had widened over the past forty years seemed irreconcilable, prompting northern leaders to believe that a decisive resolution was necessary.

Additionally, the presence of the entire Union Navy in the North provided a strategic advantage. The ability to effectively choke off the South’s cotton exports would cut into their income resources. The North’s superior transportation infrastructure for logistic support, both for the army and the navy, as well as efficient communication between forces, played pivotal roles in securing victory over the South.

Southern States and US Civil War

While the South did not fully embrace the technological revolution, it maintained a significant financial advantage over the North. The high demand for cotton resulted in substantial income, and the value of slavery, viewed as a form of property, multiplied. Consequently, more individuals in the South were wealthier than their counterparts in the North. The growing disparity over slavery fueled the desire to secede, as it represented a crucial source of income for the Southern states.

Southern leaders perceived various strategic benefits in secession. The majority of military generals hailed from the South, and seven out of a total of eight military colleges—the primary source of military officers—were located in the region. The South not only controlled the delta of the Mississippi River but also possessed more seaports. Their defensive position allowed them to fight on familiar terrain, leveraging their knowledge of the land to combat invading forces effectively.

Additionally, having slaves on their side provided the South with a workforce for military efforts, eliminating concerns about food and supply shortages on their own agricultural land. The economic and strategic considerations further fueled the Southern decision to secede and defend their interests during the Civil War.

Similarities and Differences in US Civil War

While some similarities existed between the North and the South, notable differences prevailed. Agriculturally, the North lagged significantly behind the South, characterized by small farms in contrast to the large farms in the Southern states. Notably, labor was free in the North, whereas slavery persisted in the South, representing a major divergence. Southern landowners perceived the abolition of slavery as a threat to their financial dominance.

Strategic disparities also emerged. While the North boasted more weapon factories, the South had an advantage in terms of trained generals and military colleges. The North had well-developed transportation and communication systems, including roads and railways, while the South benefited from fighting on its own familiar land. Southerners had a larger slave population to support their military efforts and strategically positioned locations.

In terms of education, the North outpaced the South, with a higher percentage of children attending schools compared to the widespread illiteracy in the South. Political differences also surfaced, with Republicans being popular in the North and Democrats in the South.

The North leveraged its industrial progress to its advantage, ultimately overwhelming the South. To achieve victory, the North set strategic goals, including capturing the Mississippi River to lift the blockade on imports and isolating the South from the rest of the world. These incremental victories contributed to greater success over the four-year war, breaking the resolve of the South. The North emerged victorious, and the subsequent Reconstruction period aimed to address the widespread destruction and casualties, initiating the healing process.

Bibliography: US Civil War

1. Ayers, Edward L. “What Caused the Civil War?” North & South: The Official Magazine of the Civil War Society 8.5 (2005): 12.
2. Fahs, Alice. The Imagined Civil War: Popular Literature of the North & South, 1861-1865. Univ of North Carolina Press, 2001.

Relevant Questions about US Civil War

1. What are the main arguments presented by Edward L. Ayers in the article “What Caused the Civil War?” regarding the causes of the U.S. Civil War?
2. How does Alice Fahs explore the portrayal of the Civil War in popular literature in her book “The Imagined Civil War: Popular Literature of the North & South, 1861-1865”? What insights does she provide into the cultural and social aspects of the war as depicted in literature?
3. In the context of Ayers’ and Fahs’ works, how did differing perceptions and narratives of the Civil War between the North and South contribute to the conflict? How did popular literature play a role in shaping public opinion and understanding of the war during that time?

Introduction: A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire

In the book “A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire,” M. Şükrü Hanioğlu attempts to highlight the major changes that occurred within the Ottoman Empire over approximately fifty years. The first chapter, titled “The Ottoman Empire at the Turn of the Nineteenth Century,” explores the critical situation of the empire during the turn of the nineteenth century. Mustafa III, with the support of his brother Abdülhamid I, made significant efforts to improve the status quo. However, it was the endeavors of Selim III that proved to be the most fruitful.

M. Şükrü Hanioğlu continues to shed light on the administrative discrepancies of the nineteenth-century Ottoman Empire in the first chapter. He further explains that the Ottoman Legal System relied on both Sharia law and Sultanic law for the creation of laws. The self-sufficient state policy regarding the economy reflected European influence. The expansion of the Ottoman Empire across three continents resulted in a society with disparate norms, creating a hybrid of diverse cultures in the nineteenth-century Ottoman Empire.

The cultural outlook of urban areas sharply contrasted with that of rural regions. Similarly, a multitude of languages were spoken within nineteenth-century Ottoman society, reflecting the richness of Ottoman culture. These languages included Bulgarian, Serbian, Arabic, Turkish, Greek, Latino, Armenian, French, and Syriac.

Responses to Challenges in A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire

In the second chapter, titled “Initial Ottoman Responses to the Challenge of Modernity,” M. Şükrü Hanioğlu catalogs the reforms implemented during the nineteenth century. These reforms instigated a profound reconstruction of the Ottoman military. Selim III prioritized the improvement of the army’s structure, establishing notable institutions for army training. Additionally, foreign officers were invited to provide advisory services to enhance the Ottoman military.

The era of Selim III also witnessed extensive reforms in the economy, responding to significant trade defalcation. The evolving sociopolitical circumstances worldwide during the nineteenth century necessitated concurrent adjustments in Ottoman foreign policy. This resulted in a peace treaty with France in 1802 and a defense alliance with Russia in 1805. In 1795, radical administrative reforms were introduced, creating twenty-eight provinces in the Empire. The objective was to enhance the administrative structure through the establishment of a centralized government. However, due to the absence of an effective enforcement mechanism, these enactments failed to produce the desired results.

As nationalism emerged among the Ottoman states in the course of the nineteenth century, it culminated in the Serbian revolt of 1804. The chapter concludes by enumerating the obstacles to reform. M. Şükrü Hanioğlu explains that conflicting ideologies prevailed, leading to the 1806 Edirne incident.

Reforms in A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire

In the third chapter, “The Dawn of the Age of Reform,” M. Şükrü Hanioğlu details the reforms implemented throughout the nineteenth century. Recognizing the necessity for a renewed settlement among the Ottoman Empire’s elite to safeguard its structure, Alemdar Mustafa orchestrated the signing of the Deed of Agreement in 1808, with notables including Mahmud II. This document accurately delineated the distribution of political power among the notables of the nineteenth century.

The subsequent section of the chapter addresses the Destruction of the Janissaries, explaining how their revolt led to their demise. The replacement of the Janissaries with a more compliant military order disrupted the political balance of power in the Ottoman Empire, as they had previously played a significant role in the selection or removal of the sultan.

The chapter further outlines reforms in centralization, westernization, and administration during the nineteenth century Ottoman Empire. Under Mahmud II’s reign, numerous provinces were centralized, and the grand vizier’s office was transformed into the prime minister’s office, reflecting the westernization of the Ottoman administrative structure.

The narrative continues with the description of the threat posed by Mehmed Ali, whose death in 1849 relieved the Ottoman administration and allowed them to maintain formal supremacy over Eritrea. M. Şükrü Hanioğlu then explores European threats to the Empire’s integrity, citing Bonaparte’s conquest of Egypt in 1798 as a demonstration of European military strength over the Ottoman administration. The chapter concludes by highlighting the profound economic reforms undertaken during this era.

Tanzimat in A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire

In the fourth chapter, “The Tanzimat Era,” M. Şükrü Hanioğlu details the reforms enacted during this period. These reforms aimed at enhancing the representation of various ethnic groups within government structures. By 1847, the introduction of mixed commercial courts marked a significant milestone, allowing non-Muslim representation for the first time.

The subsequent section of the chapter delves into the progress in diplomacy, war, and reform during the Tanzimat era. These reforms were a response to the persistent pressure from liberal Europe, and by 1856, many provinces had gained a degree of autonomy from the central control of the Ottoman Empire. The structure of provincial government underwent substantial changes during the Tanzimat period. Additionally, there were notable economic reforms, with legislation aiming to revamp interactions between landowners and peasants.

The Tanzimat era also witnessed profound cultural and intellectual changes. Provincial governors began publishing gazettes for the first time, and significant alterations were made in the field of education. The construction of the School of Administration in 1859 played a crucial role in improving the education sector. Despite these efforts, the reform policies of the Tanzimat era faced vehement opposition from the young Ottomans. M. Şükrü Hanioğlu further explores the ambiguous legacy of these reforms.

Regimes and A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire

In the fifth chapter, “The Twilight of the Tanzimat and the Hamidian Regime,” the effectiveness of the reforms initiated during the Tanzimat era is examined, along with an exploration of the subsequent reforms introduced during the Hamidian tenure.

The last chapter, “From Revolution to Imperial Collapse: The Longest Decade of the Late Ottoman Empire,” delves into the reasons and events leading to the ultimate downfall of the Ottoman Empire. M. Şükrü Hanioğlu likely provides insights into the historical context, political developments, and other factors that contributed to the decline of the empire during this period.

These summaries suggest that the book provides a comprehensive examination of the late Ottoman Empire, covering key reforms, political changes, and the eventual decline of the empire. If you have any specific questions or if there’s more information you’d like to explore, feel free to ask

Works Cited: A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire

Hanioğlu, M. Șükrü. A Brief History of The Late Ottoman Empire. Princeton University Press, 2008.

Introduction: Between the World and Me

Ta-Nehisi Coates presents chilling and detailed descriptions of numerous violent acts he witnessed in his lifetime in his book Between the World and Me. The narrative unveils how African American parents not only considered their children as possessions but also resorted to physical discipline as the primary method of upbringing. The book offers a glimpse into the lives of African American families where parents employed various forms of violence to assert control over their children. Coates articulates that he and his peers were not afraid of external threats but rather feared their own parents, who, out of love, had numerous justifications for resorting to corporal punishment.

Coates provides vivid accounts of parents being apprehensive about leaving their children alone in the streets due to various dangers faced by African American kids. The societal challenges extended beyond domestic concerns, with law enforcement and other members of society exhibiting unfriendliness towards African American people. An incident in the market, where Coates sneaked out to the playground without his parents’ knowledge, resulted in his father resorting to violence as a means of enforcing obedience.

The book underscores that the use of violence within the African American community is not a recent phenomenon. Coates draws from historical examples to illustrate that such practices have been prevalent for an extended period. The American society, particularly for African Americans, has been fraught with difficulties, prompting parents to be vigilant about their children’s safety. Coates captures this sentiment when he writes, “African American people love their children with a kind of obsession. You are all we have, and you come to us endangered. I think we would like to kill you ourselves before seeing you killed by the streets that America made.”

Slavery and Between the World and Me

The book Between the World and Me emphasizes how African American people endured slavery for an extended period in America, imprinting the belief that the use of violence is essential for discipline. Even after the abolition of slavery, the practice persisted within the African American community, as depicted in the book. While Coates’ parents and relatives may have justified the use of violence as a means of instilling discipline, I personally contend that resorting to violence serves no purpose in fostering discipline. There exist alternative techniques through which parents can guide their children to obedience.

Contrary to other animals, when a human child is born, they are already complete human beings with both biological and psychological needs. Modern psychology confirms that children share the same psychological needs as adults. Fulfilling a child’s psychological needs, such as providing respect and care, can influence their behavior positively. Violence, in the form of abusive language or physical punishment, undermines a child’s ego and self-respect, fostering self-hatred. A child raised in an environment of respect and care is less likely to engage in offensive behavior.

Personally, I experienced an upbringing marked by attention, care, and the fulfillment of both biological and psychological needs. This upbringing contributed to my strength, confidence, and sense of responsibility. The values instilled by my parents guide me to reciprocate respect and care towards others. I vehemently oppose the use of any form of punishment. Having received love and respect, I am committed to providing the same to my children. I reject the notion of becoming a monstrous figure to my own children through the use of violence. The utilization of violence changes a child’s perception of the person inflicting it, transforming even a mother or father into a perceived monster. It is crucial to halt any form of violence against children, recognizing them not just as children but as future fathers and mothers. By perpetuating violence, we distort not only the personality of the individual child but also impact the generations yet to come.

Coates and Between the World and Me

Understanding the context presented in Between the World and Me, I must acknowledge the challenging circumstances faced by Coates’ parents. The prevalent violence in American society during that time heightened the awareness of parents, who were acutely aware that their children were not safe in the streets, parks, or markets. For Coates’ parents, the paramount concern was ensuring the safety of their children in the face of potential dangers. Desperation to shield their children from harm led them to employ whatever means necessary to maintain control.

Coates’ parents and other relatives, in utilizing violence for discipline, were acting based on what they had learned from their own upbringing. Limited access to education and parenting resources left them with few alternatives, and resorting to violence was a method they knew to control their children. They were aware that failure to control their children could expose them to more severe dangers outside. In their perspective, the use of violence was a measure to keep their children safe.

Coates’ father, recognizing potential dangers, sought to impart a memorable lesson to his son about the importance of staying close. The only method he knew to convey this lesson was through physical punishment, using his belt to discipline his son. However, it remains imperative to emphasize that the use of violence, in any form, is a brutal and potentially criminal act, particularly when directed towards a child. While the circumstances may have shaped their choices, it is essential to advocate for alternative and non-violent methods of discipline.

Works Cited: Between the World and Me

1۔ Coates, Ta-Nehisi. Between the World and Me. One World, 14 July 2015. Hardcover.

1. How does the reviewer assess the overall impact and reception of Between the World and Me by Ta-Nehisi Coates?
2. What specific aspects of the book’s content or writing style does the review highlight as particularly noteworthy or impactful?
3. In what ways does the review address the themes and messages conveyed by Ta-Nehisi Coates in Between the World and Me, and how does the reviewer interpret their significance?