Day: February 7, 2024

Introduction: Feminism in Kate Chopin

Feminism in Kate Chopin and her works explores the complexities of women’s experiences and challenges societal norms through nuanced character portrayals and thematic explorations of autonomy and self-discovery. Amidst the suppressed milieu of women, influenced by her experiences living among various fiercely independent female relations and inspired to empower her characters with freedom akin to Edna in “The Awakening,” Louise Mallard in “The Story of an Hour,” or Calixta in “The Storm,” Kate Chopin portrays her female characters with a desire to attain independence and recognition of their identities. As a staunch feminist, Chopin’s exploration of feminine identity and the search for meaning in life aligns with postmodern feminist theory, as elucidated by Judith Butler. According to Alison Assiter (2005), Chopin sees the pursuit of meaning in life as a normative ideal (11). Indeed, all her characters, whether it be Edna striving to break free from male domination and cease idolizing her husband while worshiping her children (Chopin 24), Louise, who glimpses freedom and exclaims “free, free, at last” (3), or Calixta, pursuing the satisfaction of her bodily desires in freedom, embody Chopin’s portrayal of women’s consciousness of sexual identity. They reject dualistic views of gender identity and challenge the validity of socio-economic constructs in shaping identity.

Conjugal Relations and Feminism in Kate Chopin

The desire for liberation from the confines of stifling marital relationships is a recurring theme among Kate Chopin’s heroines, as noted by Sema Zafar Sumer, who observes that “many of her heroines are preoccupied with the desire to escape the confines of a stifling marriage” (192). This sentiment is evident in the characters of Edna, Louise, and Calixta, as well as in other female protagonists across Chopin’s short stories. These women are acutely aware of their sexual identities and strive to break free from the constraints of oppressive marital life, where rigid gender roles prevail (Ratcliff 1018). However, their efforts are often hindered by the patriarchal society they inhabit, which imposes various socio-economic constraints that limit their autonomy. To further explore this theme, additional analysis of Chopin’s other short stories such as “Desiree’s Baby,” “Beyond the Bayou,” and “The Kiss” is warranted.

Methodology of Exploring Feminism in Kate Chopin

The methodology employed involves the utilization of both primary and secondary sources within the framework of postmodern feminist theory, as articulated by Alison Assiter and other scholars. Through secondary sources, an evaluation is conducted to determine whether Kate Chopin’s female characters exhibit awareness of their sexual identities, gender disparities, and socio-economic constraints, thereby realizing their full potential as individuals. Several secondary critical studies, particularly those pertaining to feminism and postmodern feminism, are examined in this context. Additionally, insights from scholars such as Judith Butler (1990), Harold Bloom (2007), and Xuemei Wan (2009) are considered to delve into the perception of gender differences by characters like Edna, Louise, and Calixta, thus enriching the analysis of Chopin’s work.

Parts in Project on Feminism in Kate Chopin

The project is structured into three distinct parts, each aligned with the specified criteria of postmodern feminist trends evident in Kate Chopin’s work.

The first part will delve into the fundamental tenets of feminism, postmodern feminism, and Kate Chopin’s unique contributions as a trailblazing feminist writer. This section aims to elucidate the distinguishing features of Chopin’s feminist perspective compared to her contemporaries, highlighting her progressive stance.

The second part will focus on an in-depth analysis of Chopin’s characters, examining their awareness of their sexual identities, the agency they derive from it, and the power dynamics associated with it. Furthermore, this section will explore the gender differences depicted in Chopin’s narratives and the role of female characters in navigating and adapting to patriarchal societal norms.

The third part will scrutinize the socio-economic constraints that impede women’s autonomy and opportunities, as portrayed in Chopin’s works. This section aims to shed light on the ways in which socio-economic factors limit or restrict women’s agency and their impact on their immediate surroundings, providing a comprehensive understanding of the socio-economic constructs prevalent in Chopin’s narratives.

Conclusion: Feminism in Kate Chopin

The overarching aim of this research and critical evaluation is to establish that the ideas central to postmodern feminism—namely, those concerning sexual identity, power dynamics, the rejection of dualistic views of gender identity prevalent in Kate Chopin’s era, and the influence of socio-economic constructs on the recognition of feminine identity—were initiated by Kate Chopin herself, albeit not explicitly articulated as postmodern feminist theory during her time. While theorists and critics have taken time to formulate and interpret these ideas within the framework of postmodern feminism and socio-cultural criticism, this study seeks to demonstrate that Chopin’s fiction served as a pioneering force that laid the groundwork for subsequent interpretations and discussions. Through a comprehensive evaluation of critical studies, this research endeavors to illuminate the ways in which Chopin’s works foreshadowed and informed the emergence of postmodern feminist discourse, thereby affirming her status as a trailblazer in feminist literature and theory.

Works Cited: Feminism in Kate Chopin

1. Abbasi, P. “The Masculine Sea and the Impossibility of Awakening in Chopin’s the Awakening.” K@ta, 14.1 (2012): 37-41.
2. Al-Shalabi, Nazmi. “Kate Chopin’s The Awakening: A Postmodernist Study.” Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 6. 5: (Sep. 2015). 276-282.
3. Artese, Brian. “Teaching Feminist Theory Via Philosophy: Political Implications Of An Ontological Inquiry In Judith Butler’s “Gender Trouble..” (1995): ERIC. Web. 28 Aug. 2016.
4. Assiter, Alison. Enlightened Women: Modernist Feminism in a Postmodern Age. New York. Routledge, 2005.
5. Bate Holmberg, Elizabet, Helena Granlund, Margaret Omberg, and Institutionen för kultur och kommunikation Linköpings universitet. In Search of Eros and Freedom: Four Portraits of Women by Kate Chopin. n.p.: 2009.
6. Butler, Judith. Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. New York. Routledge. 1990.
7. Baloom, Harlod. Kate Chopin: Updated Edition. New York. Infobase Publishing. 2007.
8. Castro, Amanda. “Storm Warnings: The Eternally Recurring Apocalypse in Kate Chopin’s the Awakening.” Southern Literary Journal, 47.1 (2014): 68-80,134.
9. Chopin, Kate ; Seyersted, Per. Complete Works of Kate Chopin. n.p.: 1969.
10. Davis, William A. “Female Self-Sacrifice in Kate Chopin’s: Conflict and Context.” Notes and Queries, 58.4 (2011): 563-567.
11. Holz, Martin. The Function of Adultery, Contract and Female Identity in Kate Chopin’s ‘The Awakening’. n.p.: 2008.
12. Kearns, Katherine. “The Nullification of Edna Pontellier.” American Literature, 63.1 (1991): 62.
13. Krauss, Kerstin. Kate Chopin – ‘The Storm of the Storm’. n.p.: 2009.
14. McConnell, Mikaela. “A Lost Sense of Self by Ignoring Other in the AWAKENING by Kate Chopin.” The Explicator, 72.1 (2014): 41-44.
15. Rafcliff, Clancy. “Postmodern Feminism.” University of Minnesota, (2006). Web. 29 Aug. 2016.
16. Rennemo, Louise. Exploring the Female Self in the Works of Kate Chopin: A Study in Nineteenth Century Literature, Science and Ideology. n.p.: 2015.
17. Sumer, Sema Zafer. “The Birth Of A New “Self” And A New “Identity” In Kate Chopin’s Short Stories.” Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 28 (2012): 192-196.
18. Tewelde-Negassi, Sara. “The Denotation of Room and Its Impact on the Construction of Female Identity in Kate Chopin’s the Awakening.” Gender Forum, 45 (2013): N_A.
19. Wan, Xuemei. “Kate Chopin’s View On Death And Freedom In “The Story Of An Hour.” English Language Teaching 2.4 (2009): 167-170. ERIC. Web. 28 Aug. 2016.

Relevant Questions about Feminism in Kate Chopin

1. How does “Feminism in Kate Chopin” challenge traditional gender roles and expectations in her works, and what techniques does she employ to portray female characters as agents of their own lives?
2. In what ways does “Feminism in Kate Chopin” contribute to feminist discourse through her exploration of marriage and motherhood, and how do her narratives critique societal norms surrounding these institutions?
3. How does “Feminism in Kate Chopin” navigate themes of female sexuality and desire in her writings, and what broader feminist insights can be gleaned from her portrayal of women’s agency in expressing their sexual selves?

Introduction: Postmodernism in Steps Under Water by Alicia Kozameh

Postmodernism in “Steps Under Water” is exemplified through Alicia Partnoy’s utilization of fragmented narrative structures and metafictional elements to deconstruct linear storytelling and challenge traditional notions of truth and reality. During the twentieth century, the oppression perpetuated by dictatorships in Latin America generally exerted control over individual bodies, subjecting activists to transformative processes that rendered them objects of the state through mechanisms of fear, discipline, and punitive measures. The state often rationalized such violence under the guise of achieving societal order. For instance, in Argentina, the military dictatorship that governed the country from 1976 to 1983 precipitated a period of civil strife. The pervasive violence that ensued served as the backdrop for a plethora of literary works in Argentina (Diaz 3-5), profoundly impacting the nation’s political, economic, and intellectual landscapes and catalyzing a surge in literary productions that grapple with these realities. These literary endeavors portray regimes that systematically tortured individuals and employed fear as a tool to silence dissenting voices. Notably, female writers played a significant role, not only through active resistance but also by articulating the themes of violence and power within their literary works. These writers defied the oppressive system, subverting social norms and asserting their agency, thereby demonstrating their resilience, creativity, and fortitude in addressing the challenges of the era. In the mid-twentieth century, women writers emerged as prominent figures within a burgeoning tradition of female-authored literature, which delineated their own experiences as political activists.

Trauma and Postmodernism in Steps Under Water

In the 1980s, Alicia Kozameh embarked on a literary endeavor, fictionalizing her memories to portray the harrowing experiences of women imprisoned during the Argentine “Dirty War,” a poignant example being her work “Steps under Water,” which firmly establishes her presence within the realm of postmodern literature. Through this novel, Kozameh adopts a self-reflexive stance, not only by acknowledging the reader’s encounter with her own authorial voice within the narrative but also by crafting a historiographic metafictional narrative. This approach echoes the sentiments articulated by Linda Hutcheon, a seminal figure in postmodern literature, in her seminal work “Historiographic Metafiction: Parody And The Intertextuality Of History.” Hutcheon elucidates the concept, stating that historiographic metafiction strives to position itself within historical discourse while retaining its autonomy as a work of fiction. This form of fiction operates as a form of ironic parody, imbuing both historical and fictional intertexts with parallel significance within the reimagined textual landscape. Kozameh’s “Steps under Water” thus serves as a poignant reevaluation of the history witnessed by herself and countless other women in Argentina, offering a powerful testament to the transformative potential of literature in reclaiming and reinterpreting collective narratives.

Metafiction and Postmodernism in Steps Under Water

Similar to historiographic metafiction, Kozameh employs fragmentation as a quintessential postmodern narrative technique in her work. Throughout “Steps under Water,” the narrative structure undergoes a continuous shift, transitioning from first-person to third-person narration, devoid of a linear progression of events, thereby leaving the reader uncertain about the temporal context of the unfolding action. Notably, Kozameh chooses to commence the novel with its concluding scene, and subsequently concludes with the same moment, bookending the narrative with chapters titled “A Way Back.” This deliberate fragmentation serves as a poignant reflection of the fragmented nature of memory, as experienced by a woman recalling a profoundly traumatic experience. Indeed, as Alicia Partnoy asserts, the use of fragmentation as a narrative device finds resonance particularly among women writers who have endured repression, offering a powerful means of conveying the fragmented and disjointed nature of lived experiences shaped by oppression and trauma.

The repression endured by Kozameh during her three-year ordeal as a political prisoner of the Argentine “dirty war” finds poignant reflection in her main character, Sara, who similarly experiences imprisonment and torture. Kozameh deliberately chooses a female protagonist, Sara, with the intention of epitomizing the collective experience of women throughout Argentina who underwent similar ordeals, including herself. In “Steps under Water,” Kozameh vividly portrays the grim reality of this dark period in Argentine history, illustrating how fear, murder, torture, abduction, and imprisonment were wielded as political tools by the state to suppress dissenting voices.

The novel‘s second chapter starkly depicts Sara’s abduction by police officers who employ fear as a means of coercion and torture. Kozameh poignantly captures Sara’s anguish as she grapples with the uncertainty surrounding her husband’s fate, narrating, “They forced their way in and asked for Hugo. They laughed. She didn’t answer. We know. We had to kill him” (10). Sara’s tormentors exploit her vulnerability, subjecting her to psychological and physical torture in a bid to extract obedience and coerce her into divulging her allegiances. Kozameh masterfully delineates the intersection of physical and psychological pain endured by Sara, highlighting the profound psychological trauma inflicted upon her alongside the physical torment. The narrative also delves into the gendered dimensions of torture, underscoring how the female body becomes a locus of control and domination. Through Adriana’s voice, Kozameh emphasizes the brutality inflicted upon women, with Adriana inquiring, “Did they work you over much? They really let you all have it” (23), further illuminating the systematic violence perpetrated against women as a means of asserting power and control.

Female Body and Postmodernism in Steps Under Water

In “Steps under Water,” Kozameh deftly explores the themes of the female body, discourse, and power in Latin America, utilizing vivid scenes to depict the oppressive tactics employed by policemen to torture the women held captive in the basement. Additionally, Kozameh makes a deliberate reference to Jorge Amado’s novel “Teresa Batista cansada de guerra” (Home from the Wars), a work by a Brazilian writer renowned for its exploration of oppression against the female body. This intertextual reference serves as a deliberate choice, highlighting the significance of literature in providing solace and resistance for the women in the basement (Kozameh 35). The shared experiences of oppression depicted in both novels resonate deeply with Sara’s narrative and the plight of the other incarcerated women.

Kozameh’s portrayal of pain is distinctly gendered, conveyed through narratives that articulate the social, political, and economic transformations experienced during the military dictatorship. Through a collective voice that transcends individual perspectives, the women in the basement oscillate between personal and collective narratives, contributing to a broader discourse that challenges the dominant canon. This linguistic agency becomes a potent tool for empowerment as women become politicized and actively engage in discourse that challenges existing power structures.

The actions of the women in the basement, whether it be concealing information from the policemen or finding moments of respite, resemble a choreographed performance, akin to a play where each participant intuitively knows their role and timing. This collective choreography serves as a manifestation of women’s empowerment through embodied language, affirming their agency and resilience in the face of oppression. “Steps under Water” thus emerges as a compelling testament to women’s strength and solidarity in navigating the turbulent waters of dictatorship and oppression.

Body Language and Postmodernism in Steps Under Water

In “Steps under Water,” Alicia Kozameh employs not only body language but also testimony as crucial tools to document her experiences as a living witness to oppression. Through the act of remembering, Kozameh engages in a process of individual vindication, affirming her continued existence in the face of adversity. As Benay Blend contends, Kozameh’s recollection of her experiences serves as a means of asserting ownership over her identity, reclaiming agency, and resisting the forces that seek to subjugate her (143) (78). Kozameh’s moral imperative as a witness is rooted in her rejection of the oppression she endured during her imprisonment and her determination to confront those who seek to strip her of her freedom. She advocates for women to share their stories through their own characters and language, thereby asserting their presence in a society that has historically silenced their voices and suppressed their rights to freedom and human dignity. For Kozameh, the dominant discourse transcends mere patriarchy; it encompasses the pervasive influence of a military dictatorship that systematically denies individuals their rights to speak out and challenge the prevailing narrative. Through her testimony and advocacy, Kozameh endeavors to dismantle this hegemonic discourse and pave the way for a more inclusive and equitable society.

Conclusion: Postmodernism in Steps Under Water

In addition to embodying various aspects of postmodernism, “Steps under Water” can also be interpreted as a feminist novel, addressing themes of repression against women and the pervasive influence of a phallocentric society. The portrayal of Sara and her fellow “compañeras” in prison serves as a collective representation of the countless women who endured violence and torture under oppressive regimes. Through their collective struggle, Kozameh highlights the women’s yearning for freedom to assert their identities, express their voices, and uphold their beliefs.

Within the confines of the prison, Kozameh transforms the space of torture and death into a sanctuary for culture, wherein Sara and her companions defiantly resist the attempts of their oppressors to silence and dominate them. Through various forms of artistic expression such as plays, workshops, knitting, and drawing, the incarcerated women reclaim agency over their lives and maintain their language as a form of resistance. These creative endeavors not only serve as a means of survival but also as a testament to the women’s resilience and determination to assert their humanity in the face of dehumanizing conditions.

In “Steps under Water,” Kozameh portrays the incarcerated women as creators of their own lives, albeit within the constraints of their imprisonment. Despite the challenges they face, they forge connections, find solace in each other’s company, and strive to keep their spirits alive through acts of collective resistance. Ultimately, the novel serves as a powerful testament to the strength and solidarity of women in the face of oppression, offering a poignant exploration of feminist themes and the enduring quest for freedom and self-expression.

Works Cited: Postmodernism in Steps Under Water

1. Kozameh, Alicia. “Alicia Kozameh.” Contemporary Authors Online. Detroit: Gale, 2008. Literature Resource Center. Web. 27 Aug. 2023.
2. Blend, Benay. “The Writer as Witness: Latin American Jewish Women’s Testimonio In The Works Of Marjorie Agosín, Sonia Guralnik, Alicia Kozameh And Alicia Partnoy.” Women in Judaism: A Multidisciplinary Journal 4.2 (2007): MLA International Bibliography. Web. 28 Sept. 2022.
3. Diaz, Gwendolyen. Women and Power in Argentine Literature. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2007. Print. pp. 314-315.
4. Hutcheon, Linda. A Poetic of Postmodernism. New York: Routledge, 1988. Print.
5. Hutcheon, Linda. “Historiographic Metafiction: Parody And The Intertextuality Of History.” Intertextuality and Contemporary American Fiction. 3-32. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1989. MLA International Bibliography. Web. 3 Oct. 2022.
6. Partnoy, Alicia. “Steps Under Water.” The Women’s Review of Books Nov. 1997: 26. Literature Resource Center. Web. 27 Aug. 2022.

Introduction: Post Modernity

Mary Klages has neatly differentiated among three terms: modernity, modernism, and postmodernism to define post modernity. Regarding modernity, she suggests that it encompasses all the “ideas which influenced the artistic movement” (Klages 28) of modernism. She further asserts that modernity aims to create “order” out of “disorder,” which she identifies as centered around “rationality” and the rationalization of ideas associated with modernism. Klages derives this concept of “order” from two other concepts: Francois Lyotard’s “totality” and Derrida’s “totality,” aiming to bring modern society to stability and completeness through “grand narratives.” These grand narratives, she argues, serve to reinforce the “belief system and ideology,” which are fundamental in establishing stability and order within a society. According to her, this period began around 1750, marked by the emergence of modernity-driven ideas such as the free market, the establishment of new American democracy, concepts like the superman and freedom of expression, evolutionary theories, and advancements in medical science, psychoanalysis, and anti-war sentiments.

Modernism and Post Modernity

Modernity, as a conceptual framework, encapsulates the pursuit of “order,” “stability,” and “totality” within societal structures. Modernism, then, manifests as the artistic and literary movement that emerges in response to the ideological underpinnings elucidated by modernity. From a literary perspective, modernism manifests through distinct attributes, including impressionism or impressionistic techniques, subjective explorations akin to the Romantic tradition, utilization of first-person narrative employing techniques like “stream of consciousness” as exemplified in James Joyce’s “Ulysses,” employment of third-person narrations as seen in the works of Ernest Hemingway, and the utilization of fragmented structures to construct cohesive poetic compositions, as evidenced in T.S. Eliot’s “The Waste Land.” Moreover, modernist literature favors spontaneity and creativity over rigid formalism, thereby reflecting a departure from conventional literary norms.

The thematic undercurrent within modernist works often evokes a profound sense of melancholy or disillusionment with the prevailing state of affairs. Such sentiments serve as the artistic expressions of the tumultuous transitions and existential uncertainties brought forth by the overarching ideologies of modernity. Indeed, the emergence of modernism marks a pivotal epoch wherein novel literary forms and genres are crafted to reconcile the apparent chaos inherent in the modern condition with the human impulse towards order and coherence.

While delineating precise temporal boundaries for the modernist period proves challenging due to its fluid and multifaceted nature, scholars approximate its inception around 1910, with its zenith extending from the 1930s to the 1970s. This timeframe encapsulates the vibrant and dynamic landscape wherein modernist literature flourished, exemplifying the artistic response to the socio-cultural upheavals and existential inquiries characteristic of the modern era.

Postmodernism and Post Modernity

In delineating the transition from modernity to postmodernity, the shift from embracing “grand narratives” to the valorization of “mini-narratives” marks a fundamental departure in both philosophical and educational paradigms. Postmodernism, as a cultural and intellectual movement, signifies a rejection of overarching meta-narratives that seek to impose universal truths or ideologies, instead advocating for the recognition and validation of diverse, localized perspectives and experiences. This shift from the global to the local reverberates across various domains, including education, where functional knowledge takes precedence over the traditional dichotomy of “good” or “bad” knowledge. Functional knowledge, characterized by its emphasis on practical skills and utilitarian application, underscores the importance of experiential learning and adaptive training methodologies.

At the forefront of educational transformation in the postmodern era is the pervasive influence of digitalization, epitomized by the widespread integration of computers for the dissemination, acquisition, and storage of knowledge. The advent of digital technologies not only revolutionizes the educational landscape but also underscores the centrality of information access and technological literacy in navigating contemporary socio-cultural realities.

Furthermore, postmodernism accentuates the significance of fragmentation as a counterpoint to the grand narratives of modernity. This emphasis on fragmentation, coupled with the rejection of overarching narratives, engenders a fertile ground for the proliferation of fundamentalism, wherein localized ideologies or belief systems assert themselves in opposition to perceived global homogenization.

Within the realm of literary discourse, the postmodern ethos fosters a dynamic interplay between globalization and regionalism. The ascendancy of literary “mini-narratives” serves as a conduit for the globalization of regional voices, facilitating the dissemination and recognition of diverse cultural perspectives on a global scale. Consequently, regional writers find newfound resonance and popularity beyond their immediate geographical confines, contributing to a rich tapestry of global literary expression characterized by its plurality and heterogeneity.

Works Cited

1. Klages, Mary. Literary Theory: The Complete Guide. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2017.

Relevant Questions about Post Modernity

1. How has postmodernity reshaped our understanding of truth and knowledge in various fields such as literature, art, and philosophy?
2. In what ways has postmodernity challenged traditional structures of power and authority, particularly in political, social, and cultural contexts?
3. Can we identify any emerging trends or movements within postmodernity that offer potential paths forward in navigating its complexities and contradictions?

Introduction: “On Being Brought from Africa to America”

Phillis Wheatley, upon initial reading of “On Being Brought from Africa to America,” may appear as an ordinary black poetess, composing poetry during a time when it was challenging for even white women to engage in such literary pursuits. However, what distinguishes her among her contemporaries is her intellectual prowess and her adeptness at writing with connotative meanings that suggest multiple interpretations. While superficially, many of her poems seem to offer flattering portrayals of prominent figures of her time, beneath the surface lies an imperceptible undercurrent of rebellion, expressed in veiled terms that require a nuanced understanding to fully grasp. Some may argue that her rebellion is a restrained response to the shifting societal norms of her era. This rebellion manifests through her employment of irony in her poems, her references and allusions to Greek literature, and her continual invocation of God and longing for the freedom she once possessed.

Praise and Rebellion in “On Being Brought from Africa to America”

Wheatley employs irony in her poetry, often appearing to shower excessive praise while subtly critiquing societal norms. In “On Being Brought from Africa to America,” she begins with the line “‘Twas mercy brought me from my Pagan land,” which, upon closer examination, reveals the irony of being forcibly brought to America as a slave rather than through any genuine act of mercy or divine purpose. This irony becomes even more apparent in the line “Their color is diabolic die,” highlighting the discrimination based on skin color rather than any benevolent intentions. Similarly, in her poem “To the Right Honourable William, Earl of Dartmouth,” she speaks of “Fair Freedom rose New England to adorn,” expressing a yearning for freedom that she ultimately attained, as evidenced by her pointed query, “Wonder from whence my love of Freedom sprung.” Through these seemingly benign remarks, Wheatley’s rebellious nature shines through, challenging societal injustices and advocating for freedom and equality.

Rebellion in “On Being Brought from Africa to America”

Phillis Wheatley’s rebellion extended to challenging the accepted norms of her Puritan era by openly referencing and praising ancient Greek culture, which was unconventional during that time. In her poem “To Maecenas,” she boldly invokes Homer and the celestial gods, a departure from the prevailing Puritan attitudes that frowned upon such references to pagan beliefs. Wheatley’s inclusion of references to the Muses, Virgil, and Patroclus in the same poem further underscores her defiance of literary conventions.

Additionally, while expressing gratitude to God in her poems, Wheatley subtly critiques earthly authorities, as seen in her acknowledgment of being brought to America safely yet referring to it as “The land of errors.” She also challenges racial discrimination by asserting in her poem “To the Right Honourable William, Earl of Dartmouth” that all humans are “lovely copies of the Maker’s plan,” implying that racial discrimination is a human construct rather than a divine decree. Such bold assertions reflect Wheatley’s rebellious nature and her willingness to express unconventional thoughts, ultimately establishing her as a prominent and recognized poet despite her origins as a slave.

Conclusion: Rebellion in “On Being Brought from Africa to America”

In short, Phillis Wheatley lived in a time when expressing thoughts contrary to prevailing norms was highly challenging. However, she defied these norms and garnered the support of her masters in breaking the taboos of poetry writing, despite being a slave girl. Her poetry carries imperceptible strains of rebellion, portraying her as a true trailblazer of her era. Not only did she break the chains of slavery, but she also achieved great renown for her literary contributions.

Works Cited: “On Being Brought from Africa to America”

1. Wheatley, Phillis. “On being brought from Africa to America.” The Open Anthology of Earlier American Literature 435 (1773).

Relevant Questions about “On Being Brought from Africa to America”

1. How does Phillis Wheatley’s poem “On Being Brought from Africa to America” challenge prevailing attitudes towards race and religion in colonial America?
2. In what ways does Wheatley employ irony and satire to address the themes of freedom, identity, and religious conversion in her poem?
3. How does Wheatley reconcile her Christian faith with the experience of being forcibly brought from Africa to America as a slave, and how does this reconciliation shape the overall message of the poem?

Introduction: Parable of the Sower

In fictional works such as Parable of the Sower set in the future, there’s often a tendency to depict a bright and optimistic picture of future. This world is portrayed as bleak, dark, and crime-ridden. The story unfolds in 2024 in Robledo, a town located about twenty miles from Los Angeles. In this dystopian setting, misery, hunger, diseases, and numerous societal problems prevail. Due to widespread insecurity and corruption, communities have erected walls around themselves for protection against criminals and miscreants.

Depleted natural resources have led to scarcity in essential items such as food, fuel, and water. Many impoverished individuals cannot afford sufficient water for washing clothes or taking showers. The struggle for survival has intensified, with people now fighting and killing each other not for money, but for basic necessities like water and food. As the protagonist of the novel, Lauren Oya Olamina, reflects: “The police,” my father told them, “may be able to avenge you, but they canʼt protect you. Things are getting worse. And as for your children… Well, yes, there is risk. But you can put your guns out of their reach while theyʼre very young, and train them as they grow older. Thatʼs what I mean to do. I believe theyʼll have a better chance of growing up if you can protect them.”

Bad Conditions in Parable of the Sower by Octavia Butler

The reader experiences these harsh conditions through the perspective of Lauren Oya Olamina, who embarks on a journey with her father, a Baptist preacher and teacher, in search of a church. However, Lauren does not adhere to the traditional beliefs of her father; instead, she begins composing poems about her own imagined concept of God. In her newly formed religious ideology known as “EARTHSEED,” God transcends the conventional human or supernatural form and is instead depicted as a force embodying change. As she articulates in one of her poems:

All that you touch,

You Change.

All that you Change,

Changes you.

The only lasting truth

Is Change.

God

Is Change

Her disbelieve in her father’s God is because that she see in streets that many male, female and children are dying because of hunger and

All struggles

Are essentially

power struggles.

Who will rule,

Who will lead,

Who will define,

refine,

confine,

design,

Who will dominate.

All struggles

Are essentially power struggles,

And most are no more intellectual

than two rams

knocking their heads together.

Money and Power in Parable of the Sower

In “Parable of the Sower,” we witness the segregation of society, with wealthy and powerful individuals distancing themselves from those who have less power and money. Through Lauren’s poems, we uncover the struggles faced by people as the rich seek to control increasingly scarce resources. The book offers insight into human nature, revealing how our desires and selfish motivations drive our actions. Through its exploration of societal dynamics and human psychology, readers gain a deeper understanding of human behavior in various circumstances.

Works Cited: Parable of the Sower

1. Butler, Octavia E. Parable of the Sower. Grand Central Publishing, 2023.

Relevant Questions about Power in Parable of the Sower

1. How does Octavia Butler explore the concept of power in “Parable of the Sower,” particularly in terms of individual empowerment and societal control?
2. What role do power dynamics play in shaping the relationships between characters in “Parable of the Sower,” and how do these dynamics evolve throughout the story?
3. In what ways does the protagonist, Lauren Olamina, navigate power structures within her community and beyond as she develops her own belief system and gathers followers?

Introduction: Character of Lulu Lamartine

In this chapter, Character of Lulu Lamartine finds herself embroiled in a complex and multi-faceted struggle with Beverly, who arrives to take their son, Henry Lamartine, away to the city for his education. While Lulu initially welcomes the prospect of Henry Junior experiencing a new and improved metropolitan life, her encounter with Beverly reignites a dormant flame of sexual attraction that had long been buried in their subconscious. Lulu’s expertise in matters of sexuality, honed through her past experiences as a flirtatious individual, becomes evident as she deftly navigates the interaction. Ultimately, she leaves Beverly sitting alone, retreating back into the sanctity of her femininity, a domain against which Beverly’s diplomatic demeanor proves ineffective. Despite Beverly’s attempts to assert his strength through displays such as his tattoos, symbolized by the hovering bird, it is Lulu’s innate femininity that prevails in the end, as evidenced by the metaphorical realization that “The wings didn’t beat as hard as they used to” (117). The power struggle between the two, encompassing disputes over Henry, unresolved sexual tension, and Lulu’s uncanny ability to discern Beverly’s innermost thoughts, culminates when Beverly, sensing Lulu’s unspoken invitation, enters her room after she leaves it open.

This narrative encapsulates the intricate dynamics of gender, power, and desire as embodied by Lulu and Beverly. Lulu’s assertive yet inherently feminine demeanor serves as a formidable force against Beverly’s attempts at dominance. Despite Beverly’s outward displays of strength, it is Lulu’s intuitive understanding of his desires and her subtle manipulation of the situation that ultimately grant her agency in the encounter. Through this interaction, Kate Chopin intricately examines the complexities of human relationships, particularly the interplay between sexuality and power within the context of gendered dynamics. Lulu’s triumph in reclaiming control over her own narrative, symbolized by her deliberate gesture of leaving the door open for Beverly, underscores her agency and autonomy in navigating the intricacies of her own desires and relationships.

Femininity and Character of Lulu Lamartine

The narrative intricately develops two major themes, each shedding light on different facets of feminine power and agency. Firstly, the theme of the power of femininity in sexuality emerges as Lulu recounts her initial encounter with Henry and Beverly and reflects on her deliberate choice of a husband based on her instinctual reaction. Lulu’s astute understanding of her own desires and her ability to elicit specific responses from men highlight the potency of feminine allure and intuition. This power is further exemplified in Lulu’s interactions with Beverly, where her subtle gestures and magnetic presence exert a captivating influence, compelling Beverly to acknowledge her authority and surrender to her desires.

Secondly, the narrative explores the theme of a woman’s control over her offspring, emphasizing Lulu’s adept handling of her sons and their interactions with Beverly. Despite Beverly’s initial intention to take Henry away, Lulu’s sons’ unwavering loyalty and sense of belonging to their mother create an atmosphere of unity and intimidation, leaving Beverly apprehensive and ultimately acquiescent to Lulu’s wishes. Through her nurturing and guidance, Lulu demonstrates her ability to shape the behavior and responses of those around her, wielding influence over both her sons and Beverly alike.

In both struggles, Beverly ultimately succumbs to the power of femininity, symbolized by his eventual entrance into Lulu’s “sacred domain.” His surrender signifies his recognition of Lulu’s authority and his acknowledgment of her mastery in navigating interpersonal relationships. Through Lulu’s subtle manipulation and intuitive understanding of human nature, the narrative underscores the multifaceted nature of feminine power and its ability to command respect and shape outcomes in both personal and social spheres.

Works Cited: Character of Lulu Lamartine

1. Towery, Margie. “Continuity and Connection: Characters in Louise Erdrich’s Fiction.” American Indian Culture and Research Journal 16.4 (1992).

Relevant Questions about the Character of Lulu Lamartine

1. How does the “Character of Lulu Lamartine’s” portrayal in the narrative reflect the complexities of feminine power and agency, particularly in her interactions with male characters?
2. What techniques does Kate Chopin employ to develop the “Character of Lulu Lamartine” as a multifaceted character, encompassing both her roles as a mother and a woman navigating her own desires and relationships?
3. In what ways does the “Character of Lulu Lamartine” challenge traditional gender norms and expectations through her actions and decisions within the story, and how does this contribute to the broader themes explored in the narrative?

Conflict: Literary Device in “Everyday Use”

The fundamental conflict as a Literary Device in “Everyday Use” as a clash between poverty and the practicality of everyday use versus the desire to preserve objects for their cultural and historical significance. Maggie tends to hold onto items for their practical utility in daily life, as she lacks access to many resources and needs these items for her basic needs. Conversely, Dee, who enjoys a higher socioeconomic status due to her education and marriage, sees these objects primarily as symbols of her African heritage and wishes to preserve them for their cultural value rather than use them. Essentially, the conflict revolves around the quest for identity, with the mother, Maggie, and Dee each seeking to uphold their respective identities through their attitudes towards the family’s possessions.

Tone: Literary Device in “Everyday Use”

The tone of the story is characterized by a pervasive irony, particularly evident in the perspective of Dee, now known as Wangero. Dee’s newfound independence and authority, achieved solely through the stroke of luck of receiving an education, are juxtaposed with her desire to reclaim her familial heritage and cultural identity. The author employs Dee’s character and language to convey this irony, highlighting the contradictions inherent in her transformation and her attempt to reconcile her past with her present.

Point of View: Literary Device in “Everyday Use”

The story is narrated from the perspective of the mother, conveyed through her monologues and dialogues with her daughters. This point of view offers insight into the mother’s feelings of insult and diminishment, as she grapples with her daughters’ differing attitudes towards their familial heritage. Had the narrative been told from Dee’s point of view, the portrayal may have been different, as Dee does not share the same emotional connection to her upbringing and the objects that hold significance for her mother and sister Maggie.

Narrator: Literary Device in “Everyday Use”

The narrator, who is the mother in the story, expresses a complex mix of emotions towards her daughters and their attitudes towards their familial heritage. She acknowledges Dee’s achievements and success in “making it,” yet feels a sense of irony and frustration at Dee’s insistence on preserving objects as relics of the past rather than utilizing them for practical purposes, as Maggie does. The narrator’s perspective provides insight into her conflicting feelings of pride and bewilderment, particularly in her characterization of Maggie as “backward,” a term that highlights the mother’s struggle to reconcile Dee’s aspirations with Maggie’s more grounded approach to life. Through the narrator’s voice, the reader gains a nuanced understanding of the tensions within the family and the mother’s attempts to navigate her daughters’ differing perspectives on their shared history and heritage.

Dee’s Attitude: Literary Device in “Everyday Use”

Dee’s attitude towards her mother and sister Maggie is characterized by a sense of superiority and condescension. She views their lifestyle and the objects they use in their daily lives as mere relics of their heritage, dismissing them as ordinary and insignificant. However, Dee simultaneously regards these same items, such as hats, quilts, dasher, and butter tops, as valuable artifacts worthy of preservation. This contradiction in Dee’s attitude highlights her disconnect from her family’s lived experiences and underscores her misguided perception of cultural authenticity and significance. Through Dee’s perspective, the reader gains insight into the complexities of identity and heritage in the context of familial relationships and societal expectations.

Title: Literary Device in “Everyday Use”

The title “Everyday Use” is rich with layered meanings that reflect the central themes of the story. It carries a sense of irony, particularly for urban or educated individuals who view rural lifestyles and traditions as quaint relics of the past to be preserved for their cultural value. However, the title also suggests a deeper significance, highlighting the everyday significance and practicality of the objects and traditions that are often overlooked or dismissed by those outside of the rural community. Through this juxtaposition, the title underscores the complexity of cultural identity and heritage, challenging the notion that certain ways of life are merely artifacts to be preserved rather than integral components of everyday existence.

Writer: Literary Device in “Everyday Use”

The writer’s perspective and background play a crucial role in shaping the portrayal of the family dynamics, living conditions, and the challenges faced by African Americans in “Everyday Use.” The narrative reflects the historical context of racial discrimination and oppression, highlighting the marginalized status of African American communities. Through the characters’ experiences and interactions, the writer underscores the pervasive effects of systemic racism and the enduring struggle for cultural identity and self-expression. Dee’s desire to change her name and distance herself from her heritage serves as a poignant commentary on the internalized racism and cultural dissonance experienced by some African Americans. By infusing the story with elements of social commentary and historical context, the writer deepens the reader’s understanding of the complexities of race, identity, and heritage in America.

Works Cited

Walker, Alice. Everyday use. Recording for the Blind & Dyslexic, 2004.

Relevant Questions about Literary Device in “Everyday Use”

1. How does Alice Walker employ symbolism, particularly through the use of quilts and other objects, to convey themes of heritage, identity, and cultural preservation in “Everyday Use” and demonstrate her adeptness with Literary Device in “Everyday Use”?
2. What role does narrative perspective play in shaping the reader’s understanding of the characters and their relationships in “Everyday Use,” and how does Alice Walker’s choice of perspective contribute to the development of the story’s themes and demonstrate her command of Literary Device in “Everyday Use”?
3. In “Everyday Use,” how does Alice Walker utilize irony and characterization to explore the complexities of familial bonds and differing interpretations of cultural heritage within the African American community, showcasing her mastery of Literary Device in “Everyday Use”?