Month: February 2024

Introduction: Symbolic Transformation in The Metamorphosis

Symbolic Transformation in The Metamorphosis explores Gregor Samsa’s metamorphosis into a giant insect as a profound allegory for societal alienation and existential despair. Every story incorporates symbols to convey specific meanings the writer intends for readers to understand, and “The Metamorphosis” by Franz Kafka is no exception. It is written with the intention of illustrating how a person transforms overnight into an abominable vermin from a very important individual in the family, treated with love, care, and tenderness. The character of Gregor undergoes an overnight change into a “monstrous insect” (318), symbolizing not only his transformation into a hateful bug but also into a useless insect. From the moment he becomes a bug, he loses his significance, first in the eyes of the company manager who abandons him, despite his attempt to seek an explanation, and later, his father turns against him, confining him to his room without consideration for his condition. His life before the transformation and his relationships within the family can be interpreted as symbols of a working and earning individual who gained importance in the family by providing a comfortable life. However, once transformed, his sister and father turn against him, viewing him as a burden on their shoulders.

Samsa and Symbolic Transformation in The Metamorphosis

To comprehend his role within his family, it is crucial to view him as a working individual. The opening of this novelette highlights his developed obsession with work, understanding that without it, his family would suffer. Acknowledging the demanding nature of his job, he describes it as “exhaustive” (318) and acknowledges being constantly on the go, terming it as “to hell with it all!” (318). Despite expressing frustration and a desire to quit, he refrains from giving notice, recognizing the family’s dependence on him. As the sole breadwinner, he symbolizes the essence of work.

When he fails to get up and the manager arrives, his family members, except his sister, who persuades him to open the door, react harshly to his transformation into a vermin, particularly his father. Despite mistreatment and being barricaded into his room, his concern for the family’s financial condition persists. He reflects on his past pride in providing “his parents and his sister with such a life in such a nice apartment” (328). Even in his disconcerted state, he strives to “help his family bear the burdens that his present condition had placed on them” (328), showcasing his unwavering commitment to the financial responsibility of his family.

His role and relationships with his family undergo a drastic change after becoming a burden. This reversal symbolizes the shift in roles, where his family must now bear his burden. The reality surfaces that they never truly loved him; they accepted everything “gladly, but no warmth went with it” (325).

Family and Symbolic Transformation in The Metamorphosis

Following his transformation, his family initially attempts to adapt to the sudden change in circumstances. Formerly enjoying a comfortable life on his income, they now find themselves burdened by his plight. Mr. Gregor, the old man, reacts violently on the first day, while his mother is in shock, and only his younger sister pays some attention to him. Even then, he reflects on his own sensitivity but urges himself to focus on their discomfort due to him.

Over time, their behavior changes as the challenges intensify. Now, it’s their turn to bear the burden, but they prioritize their own adjustments rather than attending to his condition and needs. His father engages in financial calculations, marking Gregor’s diminishing importance as the furniture is removed from his room. Despite his mother’s protests, his sister, Grete, assumes new responsibilities, recognizing Gregor as a great burden on the family. This reversal transforms Gregor from the head of the family into a seemingly useless insect, while Grete takes on the role of the family’s provider.

His transformation becomes an accusation when his father assumes he is guilty of a violent act based on Grete’s account. Feeling marginalized, Gregor believes he should not be treated as an enemy. As the family realizes their resources are dwindling due to him, pragmatic Grete suggests getting rid of the vermin, treating him as if he were not her brother. Ultimately, he is given the name “dung beetle” (340) and meets his demise. This symbolic reversal of fortune portrays Gregor’s transformation from the head of the family to a vermin, a poignant reflection on the dynamics within the family.

Conclusion: Symbolic Transformation in The Metamorphosis

In short, his transformation from the head of the family to a giant insect symbolizes a reversal of fortune. Initially considered the most important figure, he becomes first a burden, then a “dung beetle” (340), and ultimately an insect to be discarded or killed. Upon his death, his family, having been briefed by Grete that he is no longer Gregor but a monstrous insect, shows no importance or mourning. The underlying truth is that the family never truly loved him, nor could they reciprocate the love he showered on them in the form of financial support for a comfortable life. Despite his efforts over the past five years, they could not endure his transformed state for even two months, highlighting the ironic twist of the story. As he turns into an animal that “persecutes us, drives away our boarders,” and jeopardizes their source of income, his earlier role sharply contrasts with the roles his family members play during the two months leading to his demise.

Works Cited: Symbolic Transformation in The Metamorphosis

1. Kafka, Franz. “The Metamorphosis. “An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama and Writing”. Ed. Kennedy X. J. & Dana Gioia. 3rd ed. Vol. 10. New York: Pearson Longman, 2007. 318-343. Print.

Relevant Questions about Symbolic Transformation in The Metamorphosis

1. How does Symbolic Transformation in The Metamorphosis, particularly Gregor Samsa’s transformation into a giant insect, serve as a symbolic representation of societal attitudes towards individuals who lose their societal or financial importance?
2. In what ways does Franz Kafka use Symbolic Transformation in The Metamorphosis, specifically Gregor’s metamorphosis, to symbolize the shifting dynamics of family relationships and the consequences of societal expectations on an individual’s identity and worth?
3. How do the reactions of Gregor’s family members to his Symbolic Transformation in The Metamorphosis reflect broader themes of alienation, indifference, and the dehumanizing impact of societal expectations?

Introduction: “Paul’s Case” by Willa Cather

“Paul’s Case” by Willa Cather is a short story that explores the complex psyche of its protagonist, Paul, a young man who finds himself at odds with the conventional world around him. Set in early 20th-century Pittsburgh, the narrative explores themes of alienation, longing for a different reality, and the clash between societal expectations and individual desires. Cather’s keen observations and vivid prose invite readers to unravel the layers of Paul’s character as he navigates the tension between his own aspirations and the constraints imposed by the society he seeks to escape.

“Paul’s Case” could, with a few modifications, be about a young man living today. What would need to be changed in your opinion after reading “Paul’s Case” by Willa Cather?

Willa Cather’s story “Paul’s Case is an interesting read. In fact, if the story is modified, the boy Paul should be placed under the guidance of a father who should also have played the role of a mother to use his genius to grow him into a fine young man. He is lost because he has no mother and he turns against the notions of his father who does not spend a penny on him and has made him work to pay for his expenses. That is why he uses his mental faculties to see the world he always wants to see that the world should lie or he should live by with truth that is to face reality. In the end, he comes to know when he thinks that he has “restored his self-respect” (Cather 570) that is the major reason for his flight with money. Had his father changed himself with the intention to bring him up into a fine young man, he would have been more successful.

“Paul’s Case” by Willa Cather

Paul could be considered a troubled boy or a spoiled, self-centered young man. What details in the story convince you of one or the other view after reading “Paul’s Case” by Willa Cather?

It is correct that he is spoiled and self-centered but he has lost his childhood innocence because of the absence of his mother. First his insolence, “disorder and impertinence were among the offenses named” (Cather 490) that he could have removed. The second was his chagrin against living near the glamorous Cordelia Street and the third is his job at the gallery. These things created in him a wish to live a glamorous life even though for a while. Therefore, he flees with the money from the store and goes to New York where “His golden days went by without a shadow” (500) which shows that he has been spoiled due to which he turned into a self-centered person.

“Paul’s Case” by Willa Cather

Was Paul’s final action the only choice he had to make at the time or could he have found another resolution to the situation?

In fact, Paul was made to live in the world of fantasy. The Cordelia Street and his home have become a prison for him. To escape this prison, he runs away with the money. Therefore, when, in the end, he comes to realize the reality that he would have to return and his father is coming to find him and “The gray monotony stretched before him in hopeless, unrelieved years” (Cather 501) is a reality, there was no way except to find out a solution that he thinks lies in suicide. Therefore, he exercises this option and ends his life by throwing himself before the train with the only thought that he might have lived to see several other places he has not seen.

Works Cited: “Paul’s Case” by Willa Cather

Cather, Willa. Paul’s Case: A Study in Temperament... SS McClure, 1905.

Relevant Questions about “Paul’s Case” by Willa Cather

1. How does the symbolism of Paul’s fascination with art and aesthetics contribute to the overall theme of alienation in “Paul’s Case”?
2. In what ways does Willa Cather explore the societal expectations and norms of the early 20th century, and how do these expectations impact Paul’s character and actions throughout the story?
3. Analyze the role of Paul’s family and their influence on his behavior. How do his relationships with family members contribute to the unfolding of the narrative, and what do they reveal about the dynamics of the time?

Introduction: Diction in “If Trees Could Talk”

Regarding diction in “If Trees Could Talk” a has been taken from the end of this non-fiction essay by B. B. Smith published in, Cezanne’s Carrot, an online magazine. The essay offers a first-person narrative by B.B. Smith, recounting her childhood experiences in the Mexican village of Chigoloo. Her only childhood friend, Carlos, shares the tale of the Banana Lady, who misplaced her money in the hollow of an old tree. Despite her daily efforts, the money vanished, and she could never locate it. The brief passage concludes with a nostalgic tone, reflecting on the writer’s deep observations and the mystery of the unknown thief, employing informal language.

First Person Narrative: Diction in “If Trees Could Talk”

The first-person narrative vividly captures the nostalgia of lost childhood innocence. B.B. Smith’s friend, Carlos, shares the intriguing tale of the Banana Lady, who placed her money in a tree hollow, only to find it missing the next morning. Despite her persistent efforts, the money seemed to have disappeared, leading to village rumors that the tree had consumed it. The writer reflects on the mystery, wondering which of the old ladies selling bananas might have hidden the money. The passage’s nostalgic tone is heightened by references to their “wide banana smiles,” evoking memories of the writer’s own childhood (Smith p.9).

Diction in “If Trees Could Talk”

In terms of diction, the writer employs effective yet informal language, evident in the first-person singular narrative style. The use of “So” at the beginning of the passage implies a continuation of a previously shared story in detail. The repetition of the questions “Which one? Which one?” adds to the informal tone, emphasizing the personal and conversational nature of the narrative (p.9). Additionally, the inclusion of words like “even” and “stout,” along with the use of the coordinating conjunction ‘and’ twice at the start of the sentence, further contributes to the overall informality of the passage.

Writer’s Skill of Using Diction in “If Trees Could Talk”

This passage reveals the writer’s keen powers of observation. The fact that she vividly recalls the tale from her friend Carlos, including his name, suggests a strong memory and attention to detail. Each time she reaches the bus stop on that dusty road, the full story comes rushing back to her. She can discern from the smiles of the women, who gather under the same old tree to sell bananas and chat, that one of them likely stole the money. However, the writer remains uncertain about the identity of the culprit, highlighting the depth of her observation and the intricate details she retains about the women and the setting.

Conclusion: Diction in “If Trees Could Talk”

In a nutshell, this final passage encapsulates the writer’s nostalgic memories. It evokes her childhood reflections on the old Banana Lady and the lost money. The informal diction, inherent in the first-person narrative style, is marked by the use of questions and starting sentences with coordinating conjunctions. The passage brings the narrative full circle, indicating that the writer acknowledges the “crime” of stealing the Banana Lady’s money, yet the identity of the culprit remains a mystery, leaving it open-ended and subject to anyone’s guess.

Works Cited: Diction in “If Trees Could Talk”

1. Smith, B.B. “If Trees Could Talk.” Cezanne’s Carrot. 3(4). 2008. Web. 02 March. 2016.

Passage: Diction in “If Trees Could Talk”

So the Banana Lady never worried again. She began to ride the bus to the market every day like nothing had ever happened. Even up to the time I was living there in Chigoloo, according to Carlos. And I would wonder at that stop along the dusty highway, especially when I looked out the window and saw the old tree and all those ladies chattering and waiting to board, wearing wide-brimmed baskets with bananas in them. Which one? Which one? They were all stout. They all had flat feet. And any one of them could have done the crime and covered up the evidence under their wide banana smiles.

Introduction: Characters of “A Good Man is Hard to Find” by Flannery O’Connor

Characters of “A Good Man is Hard to Find” by Flannery O’Connor are thought-provoking,  presenting complexities of human nature and morality. Set against the backdrop of a family road trip gone awry, O’Connor weaves a tale that explores the collision of innocence and malevolence. The characters, particularly the grandmother, navigate a journey fraught with unforeseen dangers, leading to a chilling climax that challenges conventional notions of goodness. O’Connor’s masterful storytelling, rich symbolism, and exploration of the human condition make “A Good Man is Hard to Find” a timeless and impactful piece of literature.

Bizarre Characters of “A Good Man is Hard to Find”

O’Connor spent most of her life in the South, a region with a significant African American population. This background influences her portrayal of female characters who are typically middle-aged, hold distinct religious views, and appear eccentric in their surroundings. For instance, in her story “A Good Man is Hard to Find,” the central character is the grandmother of the children, the mother of Bailey, who influences his life decisions, from driving routes to choosing destinations. She directs him to go to Tennessee, expressing her desire to “visit some of her connections in east Tennessee” (O’Connor 358) and mentions the Misfit, a notorious killer. However, when confronted by him during an accident, she paradoxically refers to him as a good man from a good family.

Similarly, Mrs. Turpin is another peculiar character who engages in conversation with a white-trash woman and appears content with her fate. These characters are distinctly situated in the South, reflecting O’Connor’s firsthand experiences. In both stories, their religious perspectives become haunting, leading them to confront their inner emptiness.

Similarities in Characters of “A Good Man is Hard to Find”

 2. Are there similarities between the two O’Connor’s stories? Explain with reference to “A Good Man is Hard to Find?”

O’Connor’s stories often feature similar characters placed in different settings. In “A Good Man is Hard to Find,” the grandmother is fixated on the notion that she is good, contrasting herself with others, particularly “The Misfit,” who confronts her after Bailey’s car accident.

On the other hand, in a distinct setting, Mrs. Turpin finds herself at odds with another character, the daughter of a white-trash woman, during a visit to the doctor. Despite her satisfaction with her own identity, she expresses a willingness to accept Jesus’ decision, stating, “All right, make a ni*ger then – but that don’t mean a trashy one” (O’Connor 370). Mrs. Turpin’s fault lies in her contentment with herself, coupled with her incessant chatter.

In both stories, these characters grapple with their flaws, whether it be the grandmother’s misplaced sense of goodness or Mrs. Turpin’s self-satisfaction and talkativeness, ultimately facing the consequences of their beliefs and attitudes.

Works Cited: Characters of “A Good Man is Hard to Find” by Flannery O’Connor

1. O’Connor, Flannery. A Good Man is Hard to Find. Faber & Faber, 2016.

Relevant Questions about Characters of “A Good Man is Hard to Find” by Flannery O’Connor

1. How does the grandmother’s character evolve throughout “A Good Man is Hard to Find” by Flannery O’Connor, and what role does her journey play in shaping the narrative?
2. In what ways does The Misfit is among complex and enigmatic characters of “A Good Man is Hard to Find,” challenging traditional notions of good and evil in the story?
3. How do the supporting characters, such as the children and Bailey, contribute to the overall theme of morality and the search for a “good man” in “A Good Man is Hard to Find” by Flannery O’Connor?

Introduction: Analysis of “The Lottery”

Penned by Shirley Jackson, the analysis of “The Lottery” reveals it to possess all the features of an excellent piece of literature, with the capacity to hold a multiplicity of meanings as interpreted by different readers. Published in 1948, this story has been acknowledged for its compelling narrative voice, well-developed characters, and an outstanding plot and setting. The narrative begins by introducing a village society with intriguing characters. The story unveils an old tradition of annual public stoning that occurs every year on the 27th of June. The brutal stoning of Mrs. Hutchinson in a public setting is depicted, creating a chilling effect. The scene is described in great detail with gripping narration, allowing for various interpretations through its major elements, including the narrator, plot, structure, interpretations, setting, and language.

Third Person and Analysis of “The Lottery”

The entire story is narrated in the third person, employing the omniscient narrator—someone observing the events from a distance. All characters in the narrative merely play their roles for this omniscient narrator. It becomes evident from the outset that this third person is the storyteller. As the events commence, the writer utilizes the third person voice, stating, “The morning of June 27th was clear and sunny…” (Jackson 1). This narrative approach persists throughout the unfolding events. Numerous engaging scenes arise, such as when characters like Mr. Summers exchange opinions with the villagers or when Mrs. Hutchinson, along with others, passionately converses. The pivotal moment occurs when Mr. Summers discloses the secret of the lottery and presents the box before the villagers.

Plot and Analysis of “The Lottery”

The plot of the story is a skillful combination of suspense and conflict, woven together through a series of actions. The narrative kicks off with the annual lottery event taking place in an unnamed village. While the villagers exhibit commendable qualities in some aspects, their involvement in the lottery is far from virtuous. Mr. Summers, as is customary, is the lottery holder for the year. He takes the lottery box home, filling it with pieces of paper bearing the names of each villager, determining who will be subjected to stoning.

Tension permeates the narrative from the start, escalating when a heated argument ensues among the villagers regarding the selected person. Some argue for abandoning the brutal tradition, likening themselves to a “Pack of crazy fools” (4), especially considering its abandonment in other villages. The suspense and tension reach their zenith during the lottery draw when the chosen person’s name is disclosed. Bill Hutchinson goes to his wife with the fateful piece of paper, while the other villagers prepare to pelt her with stones. Mrs. Hutchinson utters muffled words protesting, “It isn’t fair,” yet she is too feeble to resist or flee (5). The climax occurs swiftly, and the tension dissipates with the settling dust, marking the tragic end of Mrs. Hutchinson.

The story, despite its straightforward language, intricately weaves an intriguing plot with a sensational sequence of events unfolding simultaneously. The characters and setting remain consistent throughout, with only the order of events shifting as the narrative progresses. From the story’s inception to its conclusion, the village gathers in the square to discuss and carry out the lottery. Following the selection of the person to be stoned, the group of villagers disperses, marking the story’s conclusion. Dialogues transpire among various characters, yet the overall plot remains unchanged, undisturbed by external interruptions. The plot maintains a seamless sequence, offering a cohesive and impactful narrative.

Interpretations and Analysis of “The Lottery”

Absolutely, the beauty of “The Lottery” lies in its interpretive openness. Each reader can bring their unique perspective to the narrative, unveiling various layers of meaning. While some traditions may appear archaic and barbaric to an external observer, they hold deep significance for the villagers, representing the enduring legacy of their forefathers. The story paints a portrait of a society where individuals cling to outdated customs, showcasing the reluctance to part ways with ingrained habits.

Every character in the narrative serves as a symbolic representation of different facets of a society unwilling to relinquish detrimental traditions. The lack of empathy among the villagers, mirrored in their participation in the lottery without sympathy for one another, reflects a disturbing societal indifference. The authority vested in those upholding these traditions reinforces the rigidity, as they resist any change that would undermine their power.

The narrative highlights a stark contrast in the societal impact of these customs, with the lower strata, exemplified by characters like Mrs. Adams, bearing the brunt of these barbaric traditions. It unveils a power dynamic where the marginalized become the victims, underscoring the inherent injustice perpetuated by blind adherence to age-old norms.

Setting and Analysis of “The Lottery”

The setting of the story is indeed shrouded in deliberate ambiguity, adding a layer of mystery to the narrative. The village, situated near a mountain range, remains unnamed, allowing readers to make assumptions about its geographical location. The landscape described could evoke images of European countries or South Asia, where such settings are prevalent. The intentional omission of the exact location enhances the story’s enigmatic quality, making it feel both universal and timeless.

The specified date of June 27th establishes a temporal anchor in the narrative, while the omission of the year contributes to the overall sense of uncertainty. Readers are aware of the story’s publication year in 1948, creating a juxtaposition between the known and the unknown. This deliberate choice in setting and time adds to the story’s authenticity and captures the readers’ imagination.

The unknown location enhances the significance of the plot, portraying characters engaged in a deadly ritual without the distraction of a specific place. Mrs. Adams’s attempt to dissuade the villagers by mentioning the abandonment of the game in nearby villages highlights the resistance to change and the stubborn adherence to tradition. The story, with its mysterious setting, becomes a timeless exploration of the human tendency to hold on to harmful practices despite evidence of their detrimental effects.

Language and Analysis of “The Lottery”

The simplicity of the language in the story contributes to its accessibility and ease of understanding. The events unfold in a clear and chronological order, making it effortless for readers to follow the plot without requiring additional information. The dialogue for each character, such as Mr. Summers or Old Man Warner, is well-suited to their respective situations.

Despite Mr. Summers appearing as an ordinary villager, his use of authoritative language reflects a keen awareness of how to command attention and convey a sense of power. His repetition of the phrase “Seventy-seventh year I been in the lottery” serves to emphasize his authority and make an impression on the villagers. This deliberate choice of language adds depth to his character.

Similar authoritative language is directed at Mrs. Hutchinson when she protests against the unjust custom. The consistent use of relevant dialogues helps readers understand each character through their distinctive conversations, contributing to a nuanced portrayal of the individuals in the narrative. The writer’s skillful use of simple language and character-specific dialogue enhances the overall accessibility and impact of the story.

Conclusion: Analysis of “The Lottery”

In short, “The Lottery” by Shirley Jackson stands out as a literary masterpiece, encompassing key elements that contribute to its brilliance. The third-person narrator provides a detached yet immersive perspective, observing and narrating the unfolding events to the readers. The plot, centered around the thrilling ritual of a lottery in a distant village, possesses a simple yet multifaceted structure, inviting a myriad of interpretations.

The story serves as a poignant reflection of society, unveiling the profound impact of archaic and irrational traditions on individuals’ lives. Through its simple language, the narrative effectively conveys the complexity of the plot, setting, and characters. The simplicity serves as a powerful tool, enhancing the accessibility of the story while allowing readers to delve into the deeper layers of its meaning. Overall, “The Lottery” encapsulates the essence of a timeless literary work, engaging readers with its thought-provoking themes and masterful storytelling.

Works Cited: Analysis of “The Lottery”

Jackson, Shirley. “The Lottery.” Middle Bury. Middle Bury. n. d. Web. Accessed 29 Apr. 2022.

Relevant Questions about Analysis of “The Lottery”

1. Symbolism and Tradition:
   • How does Shirley Jackson use symbolism to convey deeper meanings in “The Lottery”?
   • What does the ritual of the lottery symbolize in the context of the story?
   • How does the author explore the theme of blindly following tradition and its consequences?
2. Character Motivations and Social Commentary:
   • What motivates the characters in the story to participate in the lottery, and how does this reflect on human behavior and societal norms?
   • In what ways does the author provide social commentary on conformity, peer pressure, and the dangers of unquestioning acceptance of established norms?
   • How do individual characters’ reactions to the lottery contribute to the overall message of the story?
3. Foreshadowing and Suspense:
   • How does Shirley Jackson use foreshadowing throughout the story to build tension and create a sense of foreboding?
   • What specific events or details in the narrative contribute to the increasing sense of unease and suspense?
   • In what ways does the author manipulate the reader’s expectations to deliver a shocking and impactful ending?

Questions and Answers: “The Lottery” by Shirley Jackson

1. Is “The Lottery” an indictment of tradition?

”The Lottery” by Shirley Jackson is written with specific social traditions in mind. These traditions become very dear to the social groups because of their long practice. Therefore, the story is an indictment because the tradition of stoning a person in the town mentioned in this story has been going on for generations. The story is an indictment of this tradition because it indicates a wrong going on for generations does not mean that it is not wrong. The opposing members are considered a “pack of crazy fools” by the preservers of these traditions such as the Old Man Warner (Jackson 243). Although Mrs. Hutchinson raises the question of fairness of its existence, the crowd and the elders put her to silence. Therefore, the description of this horrific punishment, which she is given for nothing, is an indictment of such horrible traditions.

• Is it a commentary on lotteries in any way?

It cannot be said that “The Lottery” by Shirley Jackson is an exact commentary on ordinary lotteries in any way, but it could be a commentary too, as literature has the power to invite interpretations in multiple ways. It is because people often bet everything in greed of winning big prizes but sometimes get nothing in return. Several rich people have turned into paupers through these lotteries. The same case is there that those people sacrifice a person to get good crops, as they say, “Lottery in June, corn be heavy soon” but there is no point in sacrificing a life if the corn is not heavy (243). Yet it continues in the story in that the lottery must be held whatever may happen. Therefore, in some way, it is a commentary on ordinary lotteries too which rob a person to feed the one who wins. This is a modern replica of the same old rituals.

• Describe the attitudes of the children as they gather for the lottery.

The children consider the lottery an ordinary event. Therefore, it is a sort of sport for them to stone a person. They have gotten up very early in the morning and collected stones in the middle of the open square to stone that victim of the lottery. When the lottery is going to be held, the school is off, and they assemble before everybody else. First, they sit quietly and then start their usual conversation of “the classroom and the teacher, of books and reprimands” (240). Bobby Martin has his pockets full of stones, while others are searching for good stones that could hit the victim hard. In short, it is an exciting occasion for them. In one way, it is also a lesson for them that gradually enters their mentality and takes the form of a tradition that must not be broken at every cost.

• What is Tessie’s family’s reaction to her being chosen? Does that seem odd? Why?

When Mrs. Hutchinson arrives at the place of the lottery, she is late from others. The only thing to do is to see what happens. However, she instantly becomes an odd thing out. She knows when Bill gets the paper that he is not given enough time and she said, “It wasn’t fair” but not only does her husband reprimand her but also that others ask her to be fair as it is a sport for them (241). Bill makes her silent by saying, “Shut up, Tessie” (243). Although nobody has given any reaction except Bill, he, too, shows total indifference as he goes to her and takes out a piece of paper from her hand to verify that she has the same paper that has the spot on it. Finally, nobody pays attention to her, and she faces the stones thrown at her to kill her.

• Discuss the significance of Warner’s saying, “ Lottery in June, corn be heavy soon” (paragraph 32).

The story “Lottery” shows that it is actually a long-held social tradition that the people of ancient times used to hold a gathering to sacrifice somebody to make their gods and goddesses happy to have good crops. The same still continues, though some rituals such as salutation, chips of wood, and calling each person by names have been abandoned, but the cruelest part of it exists. It is done to prove that “Lottery in June, corn be heavy soon” which means that if this is not held, their lands would turn sterile and they would have to live in caves as the Old Man Warner warns the opposing persons that “they will be wanting to go back to living in caves” (243).  This fear is the basis of killing a person by stoning him to death every year.

Introduction: Past and Present in Maus and Berlin Stories

Past and present in Maus and Berlin Stories appear during a cursory reading of the graphic novel Maus as well as Berlin Stories, revealing distinct narratives. One is centered around Vladek Spiegelman during the Holocaust, serving as the primary storyline, and the other detailing his relationship with his son and his second wife, Mala. Spanning over 35 years, the significant gap between these narratives exposes the enduring wounds inflicted by the Holocaust on Vladek’s mind, manifesting not only in psychological scars but also impacting his physical health. The indirect consequences of the Holocaust extend to Vladek’s son, Art, who witnesses a parenting style marked by psychological and physical capriciousness.

Examining the impact of the Holocaust on Vladek requires a comparison between his pre-war self and his present reality. Initially characterized as wealthy, generous, loving, and kind, the harsh realities of survival during and after the Holocaust transform him into a resourceful yet stingy and irritable individual. His relationship with Mala becomes strained, reflecting the profound changes in his demeanor. The memories of his traumatic experiences persist, shaping his current perceptions and interactions.

Art, though not directly affected by the Holocaust, grapples with a constant reminder of his father’s harrowing experience. He experiences guilt over not doing enough for Holocaust victims, juxtaposed with frustration arising from his father’s touchy behavior. The past, symbolized by the Holocaust, hauntingly influences both major characters in the narrative. Even Art’s artistic expression, evident in his storytelling, is permeated with memories of the Holocaust, as reflected in the novel’s subtitle, “the survival’s tale.” The interplay between past and present serves as a poignant exploration of the enduring impact of historical trauma on individuals and their relationships.

Past and Present in Berlin Stories

In Berlin Stories by Isherwood, the autobiographical narratives serve as a vivid portrayal of Christopher Isherwood’s past, capturing moments that he seemingly relishes when visualizing the bohemian lifestyle amidst the rise of Nazism. These autobiographical reflections encapsulate the unfettered freedom of Berlin life, marked by sexual liberation, homosexuality, and the impending threat of Nazism. Isherwood, akin to a camera, meticulously records these details in his Berlin Stories, providing a lens through which readers can witness the nuances of life in that era.

The impact of Berlin’s memories on Isherwood is twofold. Firstly, there is a sense of nostalgia and appreciation for the unrestrained life without societal restrictions. Isherwood fondly reminisces about watching the ascent of Nazism and reveling in the company of characters like Sally Bowles at the Kit Kat Club. Life with his landlady becomes a source of enjoyment, representing the carefree spirit of that time. Secondly, Isherwood’s recording of these memories is characterized by cinematic accuracy. This meticulous documentation becomes evident in the adaptation of Berlin Stories into a musical and Cabaret after Isherwood’s migration to the United States, where he led a prosperous life.

The impacts of Berlin’s memories are not confined to Isherwood’s written stories alone; they transcend into cinematic renditions. Isherwood vividly recalls and presents the distinct mannerisms and voices of his characters, giving each a unique identity. Specific speaking styles of characters like Schroeder and Sally, the jokes of Bernstein, and Sally’s singing style are meticulously remembered and portrayed. These past memories shape Isherwood’s artistic vision, enabling him to draw his characters with cinematic accuracy, using his own style of recording akin to a metaphorical camera. The lasting imprint of Berlin’s vibrant and tumultuous past is not only reflected in Isherwood’s literary works but also in the cinematic interpretations that continue to resonate with audiences.

Works Cited: “Past and Present” in Maus and Berlin Stories

1. Doherty, Thomas. “Art Spiegelman’s Maus: Graphic Art and the Holocaust.” American literature 68.1 (1996): 69-84.
2. Isherwood, Christopher. The Berlin Stories. Vol. 1120. New Directions Publishing, 2008.

Relevant Questions about “Past and Present” in Maus and Berlin Stories

1. Narrative Techniques in Depicting “Past and Present” in Maus and Berlin Stories:
   • How do Art Spiegelman in Maus and Christopher Isherwood in Berlin Stories employ distinct narrative techniques to explore the theme of “Past and Present” and how do these techniques contribute to the overall impact of each work?
2. Impact of Historical Context on Characters in “Past and Present” in Maus and Berlin Stories:
   • In what ways do the historical contexts of the Holocaust in “Past and Present” in Maus and the pre-World War II era in Berlin Stories influence the characters’ experiences and perceptions of the interplay between “Past and Present”?
3. Temporal Dynamics and Memory Reconstruction in “Past and Present” in Maus and Berlin Stories:
   • How do the characters in both “Past and Present” in Maus and Berlin Stories grapple with the temporal dynamics of memory reconstruction, and how does this contribute to the nuanced exploration of “Past and Present” themes in each literary work?

Introduction: Technology and Humans in The Matrix

Regarding Technology and Humans in The Matrix, the movie initially presents an ordinary day in an ordinary city, depicting the mundane existence of the protagonist Neo (Keanu Reeves). However, the narrative takes a dramatic turn when Neo is confronted with two distinct options by Morpheus (Laurence Fishburne), revealing the existence of two entirely different worlds within the film. In this reality, the characters are not living in a tangible physical world but are, in fact, trapped within the confines of their own minds. The bodies and minds of the characters are under the control of a complex computer software system, each with its own hidden agendas. This underlying theme underscores the coexistence of technology and humanity throughout the entire movie, blurring the lines between computer and human existence.

The interplay between technology and human beings becomes a central theme as the movie progresses. The audience is confronted with the unsettling idea that the characters are living in a simulated reality created by the intricate software system. Human bodies are confined in long cylinders, intricately connected to complex software systems, providing them with the illusion of living in the year 1999 when, in reality, it is 2199. The revelation that all power sources in the world have dried out, forcing machines to extract energy from human bodies, adds a layer of dystopian complexity to the narrative. However, a few individuals manage to break free from these cylindrical capsules, forming a resistance to fight for the independence of others, further emphasizing the ongoing struggle between human autonomy and technological control.

Philosophical Questions, Technology and Humans in The Matrix

“The Matrix” explores profound philosophical questions about reality, consciousness, and the relationship between humans and technology. The film challenges the audience to question the nature of their existence, blurring the boundaries between the physical and virtual realms. With its thought-provoking narrative and groundbreaking visual effects, the movie remains a cinematic masterpiece that continues to captivate audiences and spark discussions about the intersection of technology and humanity.

Grim Picture of Technology and Humans in The Matrix

“The Matrix” indeed paints a dark portrayal of the relationship between humans and technology, suggesting a scenario where technology usurps control, turning humans into slaves. Movies of this nature often serve as cautionary tales, instilling a sense of fear about the potential consequences of technological advancement. Throughout history, there have been instances of individuals utilizing various mediums to instigate fear about new developments. Even before the advent of television and videos, similar fear-mongering narratives existed, warning people about the perils of embracing innovation.

While these narratives may attempt to cast technology as a looming threat, it’s crucial to recognize the tendency of fiction writers and filmmakers to underestimate the capacities of the human mind. Humans have a long history of utilizing tools and techniques, adapting to new advancements, and retaining control over their lives. The assertion that an inanimate object could control a living human brain is deemed implausible by those who believe in the resilience and autonomy of human consciousness. The film’s depiction may serve as a cautionary metaphor, but it’s essential not to take these dystopian narratives too seriously.

In reality, humans have consistently demonstrated their ability to stay ahead of their creations. The belief in human ingenuity and adaptability suggests that despite the warnings in such movies, humanity will retain control over its destiny. Rather than succumbing to fear, it is advisable to approach these films as works of science fiction entertainment, designed to spark imagination and exploration of potential futures, without necessarily predicting an inevitable dystopia. Humans, throughout history, have been the architects of their progress, and this trend is likely to persist in the face of technological evolution.

References: Technology and Humans in The Matrix

Wheeler, D. A. (January 8, 2017). “Why are Humans used as Batteries (a power source) in the Matrix?” Wheeler. Retrieved on February 24, 2023 from https://dwheeler.com/essays/humans-batteries-matrix.html

Relevant Questions about Technology and Humans in The Matrix

Human Autonomy in the Face of Technological Control in “The Matrix”:

1. How does the portrayal of “Technology and Humans in The Matrix” explore the theme of human autonomy in the context of technological control?
2. In what ways do the characters in “The Matrix” resist or challenge the notion of being controlled by technology in the narrative of “Technology and Humans in The Matrix”?
3. What message does “The Matrix” convey about the resilience of the human mind and its ability to assert control over its own destiny within the thematic framework of “Technology and Humans in The Matrix”?

Fear and Caution Regarding Technological Advancements in “The Matrix”:

1. To what extent does “The Matrix” serve as a cautionary tale about the potential consequences of rapid technological development within the context of “Technology and Humans in The Matrix”?
2. How does “The Matrix” reflect and contribute to societal anxieties and fears surrounding the integration of technology into daily life in the thematic exploration of “Technology and Humans in The Matrix”?
3. In what aspects does “The Matrix,” with its portrayal of a dystopian future influenced by technology, prompt viewers to reflect on their own relationship with advancing technologies within the broader discussion of “Technology and Humans in The Matrix”?