Day: March 14, 2024

Introduction: “Sticks” by George Saunders

Published in The New Yorker in 2018, “Sticks” by George Saunders is a satirical short story that skewers the corporate world’s obsession with efficiency and productivity. The story has gained popularity for its dark humor and incisive commentary on contemporary work culture, challenging readers to confront the absurdity and dehumanization that can arise when profit margins become the sole measure of success.

Main Events in “Sticks” by George Saunders

1. The Pole and Dad’s Obsessive Frugality – A metal pole in the yard becomes Dad’s canvas for rigid holidays and a symbol of his oppressive control over even the smallest joys.
2. A Legacy of Constraint – The children grow up with Dad’s meanness seeping into their own lives, unable to fully escape his influence.
3. The Pole’s Evolving Identity – As Dad ages, the pole’s adornments become increasingly bizarre, mirroring his mental and emotional decline.
4. Mom’s Death and Dad’s Desperation – The pole transforms into a shrine of grief and guilt after Mom passes, decorated with relics of their life together.
5. Apology and a Plea for Understanding – Dad attempts a desperate act of reconciliation – stringing apologies and admissions around the pole, now painted yellow.
6. Dad Dies, the Pole Remains – Dad’s passing leaves an unresolved tension lingering around the pole, a potent symbol of his complicated legacy.
7. The House is Sold, the Pole Discarded – New owners unceremoniously remove the pole and its accompanying sticks, signifying a clean break from the past.
8. A Symbol of Familial Dysfunction – The pole stands as a poignant emblem of the family’s struggle with love, control, and forgiveness.
9. Lingering Questions – The story invites reflection on inherited trauma, complex familial bonds, and the difficulty of escaping the past.
10. Ambiguous Ending – The pole’s disposal leaves a sense of both release and a lingering unease, as the impact of Dad’s life remains unresolved.

Literary Devices in “Sticks” by George Saunders

1. Allusion: Biblical Allusion: The pole’s initial adornment as Santa is described as a “crucifix,” hinting at themes of sacrifice and control.
2. Anaphora: “good enough good enough good enough” – Dad’s repetitive chant as the kids pour ketchup exemplifies his excessive frugality.
3. Diction: Words like “shrieked,” “hovered,” and “lug out” convey Dad’s harsh, restrictive presence.
4. Foreshadowing: “found the seeds of meanness blooming also within us” hints at the cyclical nature of inherited traits and behaviors from parent to child.
5. Hyperbole: “We were allowed a single Crayola from the box at a time” – exaggerates Dad’s extreme control.
6. Imagery: “He draped some kind of fur over it on Groundhog Day and lugged out a floodlight to ensure a shadow” – creates a vivid and bizarre image reflective of Dad’s mental state.
7. Irony: Dad’s obsession with control and efficiency contrasts his later attempts at frantic apologies and displays of vulnerability on the pole.
8. Juxtaposition: “Birthday parties consisted of cupcakes, no ice cream” – highlights the starkness and withheld joy in their childhood.
9. Metaphor: “seeds of meanness blooming” represents how Dad’s negative influence takes root within the children.
10. Motif: The pole itself is a recurring motif, reflecting Dad’s personality shifts and the family’s evolving relationship with him.
11. Personification: “…fur…for warmth” and the pole having “offspring” suggests the pole is an extension of Dad and his deteriorating mental state
12. Repetition: “LOVE” and “FORGIVE?” signs – emphasize Dad’s desperate longing for connection.
13. Symbolism: The pole symbolizes Dad’s control, his internal struggles, and the family’s complex emotional landscape.
14. Synecdoche: “…spray painted a rift in the earth” – The rift represents not just the Chilean earthquake, but potentially Dad’s own fractured sense of self.
15. Tone: Shifts from bleak and matter-of-fact to unsettling and finally, melancholic, mirroring the narrator’s evolving perception of their father.

Characterization in “Sticks” by George Saunders

Major Characters

Dad:

• Obsessively Controlling: “We were allowed a single Crayola from the box at a time…he shrieked at Kimmie for wasting an apple slice.”
• Mentally Declining: “He draped some kind of fur over it on Groundhog Day and lugged out a floodlight to ensure a shadow.”
• Guilt-Ridden and Desperate: “…letters of apology, admissions of error, pleas for understanding, all written in a frantic hand on index cards.”
• Complex and Contradictory: His cruelty lives alongside a late, frantic desire for love and forgiveness.

The Narrator (unnamed):

• Initially Observant and Detached: “…he shrieked at Kimmie for wasting an apple slice. I sat there blinking.”
• Influenced by Dad’s Behavior: “found the seeds of meanness blooming also within us.”
• Ambivalence Towards the Past: A mix of distance, lingering pain, and unresolved feelings about the pole’s disposal.

Minor Characters

• Mom:
  • Largely Passive: Defined mostly through her absence after death, becoming a focal point for Dad’s grief.
  • Traces of Herself Remain: Photos and “tubes of Mom’s makeup” on the pole suggest an unfulfilled life.
• The Siblings (Rod and Kimmie):
  • United by Shared Experience: They likely all grapple with Dad’s impact, hinted at through brief mentions.
  • Individuality Blunted: They’re largely defined in relation to Dad rather than as distinct characters.
• The “Young Couple”:
  • Symbolic of Change: Their removal of the pole represents a rejection of the past and its baggage.
  • Unaware of History: They likely don’t understand the complex emotions entangled with the pole.

Overall Characterization Techniques

• Indirect Characterization: We learn about the characters primarily through actions, dialogue, and the physical environment (the pole).
• Symbolism: The pole itself becomes a character, reflecting Dad’s internal state and the family’s relationship with him.
• Focus on Impact: The story is more interested in the emotional and psychological effects of Dad on the family rather than detailed portraits of each individual.

Major Themes in “Sticks” by George Saunders

• The Difficulty of Communication (especially within families):

• The children only ever see their father’s attempts at communication through the pole — a form of expression they never truly understand. This miscommunication becomes symbolic of their broader familial disconnect.
• Quote: “What was he trying to express?”

• The Pain of Regret and Aging:

• The pole’s adornments become increasingly bizarre and melancholy, representing the father’s deteriorating mental state and probable regrets over his relationship with his children.
• Quote: “One metal orb, in what we took to be a gesture toward the heavens.”

Unexpressed Grief and Loss:

• The father likely uses the pole and its transformations to process the loss of his wife and his changing connection to his children as they grow up and leave home.
• Quote: “There was, as usual, sadness of some sort embodied in the thing.”

Ambiguity of Symbols and Meaning:

• Saunders intentionally leaves the meaning of the pole’s decorations open to interpretation. This highlights how even though family members might share experiences, their perceptions and understandings of those experiences can be vastly different
• Quote: “But why would he… never mind, we didn’t care.”

Missed Opportunities for Connection:

The story’s final image of the children looking at the increasingly strange pole decorations emphasizes missed chances for communication and understanding between generations. The gap between the children and their father lingers.

Writing Style in “Sticks” by George Saunders

Writing Style Element	Illustrative Quote	Explanation
Minimalism	“On a metal pole he would fasten things.”	Short, simple sentences create a sense of starkness and detachment, mirroring the emotional distance within the family.
Juxtaposition of the ordinary and the absurd	“The pole had on it: a tennis ball, a sock, a Christmas ornament…”	Blending everyday objects with bizarre additions highlights the unsettling emotional undercurrents in a seemingly ordinary situation.
Colloquial language	“But why would he… never mind, we didn’t care.”	The children’s conversational voice reflects their indifference, underscoring the lack of meaningful connection with their father.
Ambiguous symbolism	“There was, as usual, sadness of some sort embodied in the thing.”	Open-ended descriptions of the pole leave the reader unsettled, forcing us to consider our own interpretations of family relationships and miscommunication.
Dark humor	“Now his health was going. What a joke.”	Undercutting moments of pathos with blunt humor reveals the children’s coping mechanism and their struggle to confront complex emotions.

Literary Theories and Interpretation of “Sticks” by George Saunders

• Psychoanalytic Theory:

• The pole as a phallic symbol: Its verticality and the father’s obsession with it could suggest subconscious expressions of dominance or attempts to compensate for waning power and control.
• Repressed emotions: The bizarreness of the pole decorations hints at unspoken desires and frustrations the father cannot express directly.
• Quote: “He hammered in three stakes at the base and strung a wire from the crosspiece to each stake.” (Suggesting imagery of restriction or constraint)

·  Reader-Response Theory:

• Emphasis on emotional impact: Focuses on the reader’s reaction to the story’s unsettling nature and the feeling of unresolved conflicts.
• Ambiguity provokes introspection: The lack of clear explanations forces the reader to grapple with their own understandings of family ties, unspoken grief, and missed opportunities for connection.

·  Feminist Theory

• Absent mother figure: The lack of any mention of the mother could highlight a patriarchal family structure and how that has shaped the father’s emotional expression (or lack thereof).
• Children as observers: The story is viewed mainly through the children’s recollections, possibly hinting at their marginalization within the family dynamic.

·  Postmodern Theory:

• Fragmented narrative: The brief, disjointed structure reflects the fractured nature of families and memories.
• Rejection of traditional meaning: The open symbolism of the pole challenges the idea of singular, definitive interpretations.

·  New Historicism:

• Cultural Context: The story could be read in light of the era it was written in (Saunders often reflects a consumerist, hyper-stimulating culture), potentially reflecting on the difficulty of finding authentic meaning amidst external clutter.

Questions and Thesis Statements about “Sticks” by George Saunders

Topics

• The Role of Symbols and Objects in Communication
• Family Estrangement and Missed Connections
• Miscommunication and Its Consequences Within Families
• The Influence of Grief and Loss on Behavior
• The Decay of Relationships over Time

Questions

• How does the father’s obsession with the pole reflect his emotional state?
• Why do the children remain indifferent to their father’s attempts at communication?
• How does Saunders use symbolism to create a sense of unease in the story?
• Does the ending of the story suggest any hope for reconciliation or is it definitively bleak?
• Could the mother’s absence be a significant factor in the story’s themes of miscommunication?

Thesis Statements

• George Saunders’ “Sticks” uses the central symbol of the adorned pole to explore the deterioration of familial relationships and the inability to express complex emotions.
• In “Sticks”, Saunders employs a minimalist style and ambiguous symbolism to highlight the profound impact of missed opportunities for connection within a family.
• The fragmented structure of “Sticks” mirrors the fractured communication within the family, emphasizing the theme of unresolved loss and regret.

Short Question-Answer about “Sticks” by George Saunders

• How does the pole symbolize the father’s deteriorating state?

Answer: The pole’s decorations become increasingly bizarre and melancholic, mirroring the father’s decline (“…several metal coat hangers twisted together…a plastic owl…”). It suggests a man losing his grip on reality, his attempts at self-expression becoming fragmented and unsettling, mirroring a deteriorating mind and unprocessed emotions.

• Does the story offer any hope for the family?

Answer: The ending is bleak. The children observe their father’s further descent into absurdity with detachment (“But why would he… never mind, we didn’t care.”). This indifference highlights the irreparable distance between them, suggesting there’s little hope left for reconciliation or understanding.

• What role does ambiguity play in the story?

Answer: Saunders intentionally leaves the pole’s meaning open. Readers must grapple with potential interpretations – is this about grief, regret, mental decline? This forces us to confront how we understand family dynamics, miscommunication, and the unspoken emotions lingering beneath the surface of seemingly ordinary lives.

• How does the setting contribute to the story’s tone?

Answer: The office’s blandness (“The carpet was office carpet, the walls were office walls…”) reflects the corporate world’s soul-crushing nature. This sterile environment mirrors how individual identities are erased, making the Encouragement Speaker’s absurdity stand out even more starkly.

Literary Works Similar to “Sticks” by George Saunders

1. “Bartleby the Scrivener” by Herman Melville: This novella centers on an enigmatic office worker who gradually refuses to fulfill his duties, uttering the cryptic phrase “I would prefer not to.” It explores themes of alienation, societal expectations, and the absurdity of workplace dynamics.
2. “A Hunger Artist” by Franz Kafka: A bleak short story about a man whose profession is fasting for extended periods, exploring themes of isolation, the human desire for recognition, and the grotesque spectacle of suffering.
3. “The Metamorphosis” by Franz Kafka: This novella tells the story of a man who inexplicably transforms into a giant insect, highlighting themes of alienation within families, the dehumanizing nature of modern life, and the absurdity of existence.
4. Short stories by Donald Barthelme: Barthelme’s short fiction is known for its absurdist elements and fragmented narratives. Collections like “Sixty Stories” or “Forty Stories” explore existential questions in a style reminiscent of Saunders.
5. Short stories by Etgar Keret: This contemporary Israeli writer’s work often merges the mundane with bizarre twists, exploring the strangeness lurking within seemingly ordinary lives. Consider collections like “Suddenly, a Knock on the Door.”

Suggested Readings: “Sticks” by George Saunders

Scholarly Articles (Focus on Saunders’ work overall)

• Jacobs, Timothy. “George Saunders and the Postmodern Working Class.” Contemporary Literature, vol. 55, no. 4, 2014, pp. 759-787. JSTOR.
• Melley, Timothy. “Bodies Incorporated: George Saunders’s Grotesque Consumerism.” Critique: Studies in Contemporary Fiction, vol. 52, no. 4, 2011, pp.426-447. Project MUSE,

Websites (Less scholarly, but offer discussion points)

• “Sticks” discussion on LitCharts. LitCharts. Offers basic summary and themes
• “George Saunders.” The New Yorker, https://www.newyorker.com/contributors/george-saunders. Find articles written BY Saunders, offering insight into his mindset, though not specific to “Sticks”

Introduction: “A Worn Path” by Eudora Welty

“A Worn Path” Eudora Welty, first published in The Atlantic Monthly in February 1941, gained popularity for its powerful portrayal of an elderly African American woman’s journey through the rural South to a town where she intends to obtain medicine for her grandson. Over the years, the story has continued to resonate with readers and has been widely anthologized, becoming one of Welty’s most famous and enduring works. Its themes of perseverance, resilience, and the enduring strength of the human spirit have made it a timeless classic of American literature.

Main Events in “A Worn Path” by Eudora Welty

1. An Elderly Woman’s Mission: Phoenix Jackson, an elderly Black woman, sets out on a long, familiar journey through the December countryside. Her strength and determination are evident despite her age and the challenges she will face.
2. Obstacles Along the Path: Phoenix encounters various obstacles symbolizing life’s hardships: a thorny bush that snags her dress, a creek crossing on a log, and a barbed-wire fence that she must crawl under. She perseveres, speaking aloud to keep her spirits up.
3. Facing the Past and Present: In a field, Phoenix comes across a scarecrow that she momentarily mistakes for a ghost. This encounter could represent the lingering shadows of the past and its hardships.
4. An Unpleasant Encounter: A young white hunter disrupts Phoenix’s journey, condescendingly laughing at her and belittling her mission. He unknowingly drops a nickel, which Phoenix cleverly retrieves, hinting at her quiet resilience in the face of prejudice.
5. Arrival in Town: Phoenix finally reaches Natchez, the bustling town decorated for Christmas. The stark contrast between the rural, natural world and the city environment can be seen as symbolic. She humbly asks a kind woman to tie her shoe, restoring some dignity for her entrance to the town.
6. Seeking Help at the Clinic: Phoenix enters a medical clinic where she seeks the crucial medicine for her grandson. Initially dismissed by the attendant, she is recognized by a nurse who knows the reason for her recurring trips.
7. A Moment of Forgetfulness: Phoenix briefly forgets her grandson and the medicine’s purpose. This temporary lapse of memory highlights her age and the difficult burden her journey represents.
8. Medicine and Hope: Reminded by the nurse, Phoenix shares the ongoing struggle of her grandson, who suffers from the effects of accidentally swallowing lye. She receives the medicine and money from the attendant. Her purchase of a windmill with the money represents an enduring symbol of hope and love amidst hardship.
9. Homeward Bound: Phoenix begins her long journey back, carrying both the physical medicine and the windmill – a small but joyous gift for the one she loves.

Literary Devices in “A Worn Path” by Eudora Welty

1. Allegory: The entire story functions as an allegory for the resilience of the human spirit, particularly in marginalized communities like the rural Black South during the Jim Crow era. Phoenix’s repeated journey represents overcoming ongoing struggles and maintaining hope amid hardship.
2. Alliteration: The use of repeated consonant sounds creates a musical effect: “Seem like there is chains about my feet…”
3. Dialect: Welty uses a distinct dialect to represent Phoenix’s speech, grounding her character in a specific time and region: “…I the oldest people I ever know.”
4. Foreshadowing: The scarecrow Phoenix mistakes for a ghost hints at a potential danger or death that she bravely faces.
5. Imagery: Vivid sensory details bring the setting and Phoenix’s experience to life: “The sun made the pine needles almost too bright to look at…”
6. Juxtaposition: The natural world’s beauty and harshness are contrasted with the bustle and potential indifference of the town, highlighting Phoenix’s journey across two worlds.
7. Metaphor: Comparisons without using “like” or “as” enhance the story’s meaning: “Her eyes were blue with age.”
8. Motif: The recurring image of the path symbolizes Phoenix’s continued determination and the cyclical nature of her journey and struggles.
9. Personification: Giving non-human things human qualities, making the world seem alive and interactive for Phoenix: “Keep the big wild hogs out of my path. Don’t let none of those come running my direction.”
10. Point of View: The third-person limited point of view takes us directly into Phoenix’s mind, revealing her internal thoughts and perceptions of the world.
11. Repetition: Phoenix repeats phrases throughout, mirroring the cyclical nature of her journey and her determination: “…I got a long way.”
12. Simile: Comparisons using “like” or “as” create vivid descriptions: “…a little tree stood in the middle of her forehead.”
13. Symbolism: Various objects gain deeper meaning:
14. The path: The journey of life, and specifically Phoenix’s ongoing struggles
15. The windmill: Hope and love that endures
16. The scarecrow: Potential dangers, remnants of the past
17. Theme: Central ideas explored in the work:
18. Perseverance: Phoenix’s journey embodies an enduring spirit despite hardship.
19. Love: Her selfless love for her grandson motivates her.
20. Overcoming Prejudice: Subtle hints at the racial prejudice Phoenix faces.
21. Tone: The story’s overall emotional quality is one of both hardship and quiet determination, reflecting Phoenix’s perspective.

Characterization in “A Worn Path” by Eudora Welty

Major Character

• Phoenix Jackson:
  • Physical Description: An elderly Black woman, small and frail, with age evident in her blue eyes and wrinkled skin. Her clothing is worn but neat.
  • Personality: Determined, resilient, resourceful, and deeply loving. She talks to herself and to nature to maintain her strength. Her brief memory lapse reveals her age and the burden of her regular journey.
  • Symbolic Role: Phoenix represents the enduring strength of marginalized communities, particularly Black women in the rural South, and the unwavering power of love to overcome hardship.

Minor Characters

• The Hunter:
  • Physical Description: Young, white male carrying a gun and a dog.
  • Personality: Condescending, dismissive, casually racist. His interaction with Phoenix highlights prejudice in the era.
  • Role: Represents an obstacle and underscores the social realities Phoenix faces.
• The Attendant:
  • Role: Initially disregards Phoenix, focused on procedure.
  • Development: A subtle shift occurs after the nurse’s intervention, leading the attendant to offer a condescending act of “charity”.
• The Nurse:
  • Role: Recognizes Phoenix and understands her reason for coming. Shows a degree of kindness and familiarity.
• The Grandson:
  • Motivation: He is never seen, but his suffering from the effects of lye is the driving force behind Phoenix’s journey, representing the selfless love motivating her.

Major Themes in “A Worn Path” by Eudora Welty

Theme	Examples from the Story	Explanation
Perseverance	* Phoenix’s repeated journey despite age and obstacles (“I got a long way.”)	Symbolizes the relentless human spirit in overcoming hardship.
Love & Sacrifice	* Her mission to obtain medicine for her grandson.	Highlights the immense power of love as a motivator for selflessness.
Overcoming Prejudice	* The hunter’s dismissive and racist remarks. (“Old colored people…”)	Subtle hints at the social barriers Phoenix faces as a Black woman.
Resilience in the Face of Age	* Her temporary memory lapse, then continued determination.	Phoenix embodies strength and a refusal to give up despite age.
Endurance of the Human Spirit	* The scarecrow (a potential symbol of death), which she overcomes.	The story underscores the enduring will to live, even under struggle.

Writing Style in “A Worn Path” by Eudora Welty

Dialect and Voice:

• Welty uses a distinct Southern dialect for Phoenix’s dialogue and internal thoughts. This adds authenticity, reflects the specific region and era, and brings the reader into Phoenix’s perspective.
• ·  Example: “Seem like there is chains about my feet, time I get this far…”

Imagery and Sensory Details:

• Vivid descriptions engage the reader’s senses.
• Emphasis on natural imagery: the path, trees, animals, creating a rich atmosphere.
• Example: “The sun made the pine needles almost too bright to look at…”

Symbolism:

• Objects and events carry deeper significance beyond their literal meaning.
• Examples:
  • The path: Represents life’s journey and ongoing struggles.
  • The scarecrow: Potential dangers or the looming presence of death.
  • The windmill: A symbol of hope and love for her grandson.

Point of View:

• Third-person limited perspective puts us directly in Phoenix’s mind.
• This allows insight into her thoughts, perceptions, and motivations, building empathy.

Stream-of-Consciousness Moments:

• Phoenix’s internal monologues reveal her determination, struggles, and relationship with nature.
• Example: “Out of my way, all you foxes, owls, beetles, jack rabbits, coons, and wild animals!…”

Juxtaposition:

• Contrasting elements are placed side-by-side to highlight differences and create depth.
• Examples:
  • The natural world vs. the town.
  • Phoenix’s inner strength vs. her physical frailty.

Literary Theories and Interpretation of “A Worn Path” by Eudora Welty

Literary Theory	Interpretation of “A Worn Path”	References from the Story
Feminist Criticism	* The story highlights the unseen strength and resilience of marginalized women. * Phoenix, an elderly Black woman, perseveres despite social obstacles and personal limitations.	* Phoenix’s journey as a metaphor for the ongoing struggles of women, particularly Black women in the Jim Crow era. * The subtle acts of prejudice she faces (the hunter, the attendant).
Reader-Response Theory	* Focuses on the reader’s individual experience. * A reader’s background and experiences will shape their interpretation of Phoenix’s motivations, the story’s symbols, and its emotional impact.	* A reader from a marginalized community might have a deeper connection to Phoenix’s struggles. * The open-endedness of some symbols (the scarecrow) creates space for individual interpretation.
Archetypal Criticism	* Explores universal patterns and myths*. Phoenix’s journey echoes the hero’s quest, facing obstacles and emerging with a boon (the medicine).	* The path as a symbol of life’s journey. * The scarecrow as a potential obstacle mirroring mythic adversaries.
New Historicism	* Examines the interplay between the text and its historical context. * Welty’s story provides a nuanced view of life in the rural South during the Jim Crow Era, showing Black resilience and highlighting subtle forms of racism.	* Phoenix’s determination despite social barriers. * The condescending attitudes of the hunter and attendant reflect the time period.
Postcolonial Criticism	* Explores the impact of colonialism and its legacy. * While not directly focused on colonialism, the story subtly demonstrates themes of power imbalance, highlighting the marginalization of Black people in the American South.	* The hunter’s dismissive treatment of Phoenix as a manifestation of a power dynamic shaped by historical oppression.

Questions and Thesis Statements about “A Worn Path” by Eudora Welty

1. Topic: Symbolism and Meaning

• Question: How does Eudora Welty use symbolism to create deeper meaning in “A Worn Path”? Choose two key symbols and analyze their significance.
• Thesis Statement: In “A Worn Path,” Welty employs the symbols of the path and the scarecrow to represent the ongoing challenges of life and Phoenix Jackson’s relentless determination to overcome them.

2. Topic: Perseverance and the Human Spirit

• Question: In what ways is Phoenix Jackson a symbol of perseverance? How does her journey reflect broader themes of the enduring human spirit?
• Thesis Statement: Phoenix Jackson embodies perseverance through her unwavering determination in the face of physical frailty, social obstacles, and a harsh environment, signifying the broader human capacity to overcome adversity.

3. Topic: Love and Sacrifice

• Question: How does the power of love motivate Phoenix Jackson’s repeated journey? Analyze the connection between her selfless actions and her grandson’s wellbeing.
• Thesis Statement: Phoenix’s unwavering love for her grandson motivates her arduous journey, demonstrating the immense sacrifices individuals make for those they love and the enduring power of love as a force for resilience.

4. Topic: Social Commentary and Race

• Question: How does “A Worn Path” subtly address issues of race and social inequality in the Jim Crow South?
• Thesis Statement: While not explicitly focused on racial conflict, “A Worn Path” offers nuanced commentary on the social dynamics of the Jim Crow era, highlighting Phoenix’s quiet resilience in the face of subtle discrimination and systemic barriers.

Short Question-Answer about “A Worn Path” by Eudora Welty

Question	Answer
What motivates Phoenix Jackson’s repeated journey?	Phoenix’s primary motivation is love for her grandson who suffers from a chronic throat condition. She risks hardship to obtain medicine, demonstrating immense love and selflessness.
What challenges does Phoenix Jackson face?	Phoenix faces physical challenges due to her age and the harsh December environment. Social obstacles include subtle acts of prejudice, like the hunter’s condescending attitude. Additionally, her internal struggle against memory lapses reflects her strength in facing adversity.
Discuss the significance of the scarecrow encounter.	The scarecrow, initially mistaken for a ghost, could symbolize potential dangers or even death. Phoenix’s ability to overcome her fear mirrors her broader resilience in overcoming life’s challenges.
How does Welty use dialect in the story?	Welty employs a distinct Southern dialect in Phoenix’s voice. This adds authenticity, reflects the regional setting, and brings the reader directly into Phoenix’s perspective, creating empathy and connection with the character.

Literary Works Similar to “A Worn Path” by Eudora Welty

• “The Jilting of Granny Weatherall” by Katherine Anne Porter:
  • Focus on an elderly woman reflecting on her life and facing mortality.
  • Stream-of-consciousness style for internal thoughts.
• “Everyday Use” by Alice Walker:
  • Exploration of family relationships, tradition, and heritage within African American families in the rural South.
  • Themes of generational differences and the preservation of cultural identity.
• “Sonny’s Blues” by James Baldwin:
  • Explores hardship, suffering, and the search for meaning in marginalized communities.
  • Themes of family, redemption, and the power of art in coping with struggle.
• “A Rose for Emily” by William Faulkner:
  • Southern Gothic atmosphere with themes of isolation, the past’s influence, and a solitary protagonist.
  • Explores the complexities of the human psyche and unexpected depths.
• Stories by Flannery O’Connor (such as “A Good Man is Hard to Find” or “Good Country People”):
  • Southern settings with explorations of morality, faith, and often-grotesque characters.
  • Themes of grace, redemption, and unexpected twists.

Key Similarities (unchanged):

• Focus on marginalized characters: Often center on elderly protagonists, women, and/or African American characters.
• Exploration of Southern life and culture: Examine unique challenges and resilience within the American South.
• Themes of resilience, struggle, and the enduring human spirit: Characters face hardships with varying degrees of success.
• Rich language and complex symbolism: Employ literary devices with depth and symbolism

Suggested Readings: “A Worn Path” by Eudora Welty

Books

• Bloom, Harold, ed. Eudora Welty (Bloom’s Modern Critical Views). Chelsea House Publications, 2007.
• Gretlund, Jan Nordby. Eudora Welty’s Aesthetics of Place. University of Delaware Press, 1994.
• Vande Kieft, Ruth M. Eudora Welty. Twayne Publishers, 1987.

Articles

• Fordham, Michael. “Phoenix of the Fable: Narrative and Meaning in Eudora Welty’s ‘A Worn Path.'” Studies in Short Fiction, vol. 46, no. 4, 2009, pp. 563-572.
• Gillman, Susan. “The Habit of Being: Letters, Art, and the Performance of Self in Eudora Welty.” Critical Inquiry, vol. 31, no. 2, 2005, pp. 369-398.
• Weston, Ruth D. “The Way It Is With Some People’: Voice in Eudora Welty’s Short Fiction.” Modern Fiction Studies, vol. 13, no. 3, 1967, pp. 382-387.

Websites

• The Eudora Welty Society: https://eudoraweltysociety.org/
  • Contains scholarly articles, bibliographies, and resources for studying Welty’s work.
• The Mississippi Encyclopedia: https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1941/02/a-worn-path/376236/
  • Offers an overview of the story with historical and cultural context.

Introduction: “The Other Two” by Edith Wharton 

“The Other Two” by Edith Wharton was published in the magazine Scribner’s in March 1904, and later included it in her collection of short stories titled “The Descent of Man and Other Stories” in 1904. Critics received the story well upon publication, and it has since become one of Wharton’s most popular and frequently anthologized works. The story’s sharp and witty satire of New York high society offers insight into the complexities of modern marriage and the shifting gender roles of the early 20th century, earning it acclaim among readers and scholars alike.

Main Events in “The Other Two” by Edith Wharton 

1. Waythorn’s New Marriage, Alice’s Complex Past: Waythorn, a successful man, marries Alice, a twice-divorced woman. The couple navigates the social complexities arising from her previous marriages.
2. Haskett Reemerges, Lily’s Illness: Alice’s first ex-husband, Mr. Haskett, reappears due to their daughter Lily’s illness. Haskett’s social and financial standing have declined since their divorce.
3. Business Entangles Varick: Waythorn discovers a business connection with Alice’s second ex-husband, Mr. Varick, whose wealth and social standing have significantly risen.
4. Awkward Integration: New York high society finds a way to seamlessly include Waythorn, Alice, and both ex-husbands at social events, easing potential awkwardness.
5. Waythorn’s Growing Discomfort: Waythorn feels increasingly unsettled and jealous as his wife politely interacts with her former husbands.
6. Alice’s Shifting Perspective: Alice, influenced by Waythorn’s discomfort, begins to see her history as others might: a series of husbands leading to her current, possibly preferable, position. She questions her role in her own past.
7. Lily’s New Life: Alice observes her daughter Lily, now Mrs. Varick, and even witnesses a tender moment between Lily and her young daughter.
8. Confrontation and Appeasement: Waythorn’s insecurities boil over, leading to a confrontation with Alice. Choosing to appease him, she aims to distance herself from her ex-husbands.
9. The Machinery of Society: Alice acutely observes the rigid social expectations dictating behavior. While accepting her place within this structure, she also senses an inner detachment.
10. Waythorn as the Potential Outsider: In a moment of bleak clarity, Alice envisions the possibility that Waythorn himself might one day become a mere “other” in her life, foreshadowing a potentially repeating pattern.

Literary Devices in “The Other Two” by Edith Wharton 

Literary Device	Definition	Example from “The Other Two”
Dramatic Irony	The audience knows something the characters don’t, creating tension.	Alice is unaware of Waythorn’s past marriages, while the reader knows.
Situational Irony	A contradiction between expectations and reality.	Alice, a twice-divorced woman, is more socially acceptable than her financially unstable or socially declined ex-husbands.
Foreshadowing	Hints at future plot developments or thematic ideas.	The portraits of Waythorn’s ex-wives foreshadow their presence in his and Alice’s life.
Satire	The use of humor or ridicule to expose society’s flaws.	Wharton mocks the ease with which society integrates Alice with her ex-husbands, highlighting the absurdity of social rules.
Symbolism	Objects or events representing deeper meanings.	The ex-wives’ portraits symbolize the inescapable hold of past relationships.
Metaphor	Implicit comparison between unlike things.	Alice compares herself to a “mouse between two traps,” illustrating her feeling of being caught.
Imagery	Using sensory language for vividness and atmosphere.	Alice’s wedding dress being described as “clinging” subtly suggests discomfort within her marriage.
Characterization	Techniques to reveal a character’s personality.	Wharton reveals Waythorn’s insecurities through his subtle actions and controlling behavior, even when his words express confidence.
Point of View	The narrative perspective (often 1st or 3rd person)	The story is told through Alice’s limited third-person perspective, revealing the central irony of the narrative.
Tone	Author’s attitude toward the subject, conveyed through writing style.	Wharton’s detached and subtly mocking tone creates a sense of satire and irony.
Allegory	Story with symbolic characters and events representing broader ideas.	The story can be interpreted as an allegory about societal constraints on women and the lingering impact of the past.
Allusion	An indirect reference to another text or idea.	The story subtly alludes to the biblical story of King Solomon, where judgment must be made about rightful ownership.
Setting	Time and place of the story, influencing events and themes.	New York high society in the early 1900s underscores the story’s themes of rigid social norms and the evolving position of women.
Theme	Central ideas explored within the narrative.	Key themes include jealousy, the complexities of marriage, and societal power imbalances.
Mood	The emotional atmosphere a story creates for the reader.	A subtle sense of unease and constriction mirrors Alice’s growing discomfort.

Characterization in “The Other Two” by Edith Wharton 

Major Characters

• Alice Waythorn (née Haskett, then Varick): The protagonist, whose perspective we see the story through. Her characterization is nuanced:
  • Adaptive: Alice navigates complex social situations with a degree of grace, initially showing little outward resentment towards her ex-husbands.
  • Observant: She is a keen observer of dynamics between people, exemplified by her interpretations of Lily and Varick’s marriage.
  • Internally Conflicted: Her shifting self-perception is the story’s central conflict. She moves from seeing herself as a desirable, modern woman to questioning her role as a wife seemingly passed from one husband to the next.
  • Passive Acceptance: Ultimately, Alice resigns herself to her place in the social structure, highlighting the limited choices available to women of her time.
• Waythorn: Alice’s current husband, defined by anxieties and conventional views:
  • Insecure: His discomfort with Alice’s ex-husbands exposes deep insecurities about their past relationship and his own place in her life.
  • Controlling: He attempts to manage Alice’s social interactions, revealing a desire for control within their marriage.
  • Socially Conforming: Waythorn is bound by social customs, demonstrating a lack of individual depth. He sees the situation superficially, while Alice experiences its true emotional complexities.
  • Foreshadowing His Own Fate: Waythorn hints that he, too, might eventually become one of the “other” ex-husbands, suggesting a repeating pattern in Alice’s life.

Minor Characters

• Mr. Haskett: Alice’s first ex-husband. He is characterized by decline:
  • Diminished Status: His societal and financial standing are lower after his divorce from Alice, highlighting how divorce affects men and women differently.
  • Paternal Concern: Despite changed circumstances, he shows genuine affection for Lily, their daughter.
• Mr. Varick: Alice’s second ex-husband, characterized by opportunistic success:
  • Upward Social Mobility: Varick has thrived since his divorce from Alice, representing the potential some men have to reinvent themselves.
  • Superficial Charm: He appears socially adept, but his interactions with Alice and especially Lily suggest an underlying shallowness.
• Lily: Alice’s daughter with Haskett, now Mrs. Varick.
  • Product of Circumstance: Lily is less a developed character and more a symbol of how children become tied to complex family dynamics as they grow.
  • Potential for Repetition: Alice’s observations of Lily’s marriage subtly hint at the potential for Lily to one day find herself in a situation similar to her mother’s.

The Power of Omission:

It’s also important to note that Wharton uses what she doesn’t tell us to build character. We never learn the reasons for Alice’s divorces, or Waythorn’s past loves. This keeps the focus on how others’ perceptions shape identity, particularly for women in this social setting.

Major Themes in “The Other Two” by Edith Wharton 

Theme	Explanation	Examples from “The Other Two”
Social Expectations and Constraints	Societal norms dictate individual behavior, particularly for women.	* Alice gracefully accepts interactions with her ex-husbands, conforming to social expectations despite inner discomfort. * Waythorn’s anxieties stem from how Alice’s past reflects on him in the eyes of society.
Marriage and Gender Roles	The story explores imbalances of power and changing roles within marriage, particularly at the turn of the 20th century.	* Waythorn’s jealousy and possessiveness highlight traditional views of women as belonging to their husbands. * Alice’s internal struggle reflects evolving ideas of female independence and the limits imposed by social conventions.
The Past’s Influence on the Present	Past relationships and experiences linger, shaping how we see ourselves and present relationships.	* Alice begins to view her own prior marriages in the negative way she imagines others perceive them. * The portraits of Waythorn’s ex-wives serve as constant reminders of past attachments.
Identity and Self-Perception	External forces and social roles can distort and overwrite a person’s sense of self.	* Alice’s initial self-image as a desirable modern woman shifts to feeling like a commodity passed between husbands. * Waythorn’s confidence masks deep-seated insecurities about his place in Alice’s life.
Social Machinery	Individuals are pawns in a rigid social system perpetuating itself, prioritizing appearances over genuine connection.	* Alice comes to accept her role as a cog in the social machine, ultimately choosing conformity. * The story suggests the potential of a repetitive cycle, with Waythorn possibly becoming one of Alice’s “other” husbands in the future.

Writing Style in “The Other Two” by Edith Wharton

• Precision of Language: Wharton employs carefully chosen words and precise sentence structures to convey nuanced meanings.
• Example: Note the contrasting descriptions of Haskett’s old tie held by a “worn elastic” versus Waythorn’s elegantly cut attire emphasizing class distinctions.
• Vivid Imagery: Wharton creates striking descriptions appealing to the senses, enhancing the setting and character portrayal.
• Example: Alice’s “clinging” wedding dress (instead of flowing) subtly foreshadows a less-than-ideal marital situation.
• Satire & Irony: Wharton uses humor, mockery, and contradiction to expose the hypocrisy of high society.
• Example: The social ease with which Alice, her ex-husbands, and Waythorn coexist highlights the absurdity of societal conventions.
• Insightful Commentary: Wharton’s observations about societal norms and human behavior are sharp and thought-provoking.
• Example: Waythorn’s discomfort reveals not just jealousy, but the male ego’s fragility when a woman’s past doesn’t disappear as society dictates it should.
• Complex Characterization: Wharton delves into the inner lives of characters, revealing motivations, contradictions, and the influence of social forces upon them.
• Example: Alice’s shifting self-perception is the story’s central conflict, not the outward tensions between her and Waythorn.
• Nuanced Thematic Exploration: Wharton’s style allows for subtle exploration of themes like societal expectations, power dynamics within marriage, and the impact of the past.
• Example: Alice isn’t actively rebellious, demonstrating how restrictions can be internalized, making her a more complex figure than a feminist manifesto would allow.

Literary Theories and Interpretation of “The Other Two” by Edith Wharton 

Literary Theory	Key Focus	Interpretation of “The Other Two”
Feminist Criticism	Gender roles, power imbalances, and how women are represented within literature.	* Alice’s internal struggle to reconcile her past with society’s expectations of a wife highlights constraints placed on women. * The contrasting portrayals of Alice’s ex-husbands (one declined, one risen) reveals the double-standard impact of divorce on men versus women.
Marxist Criticism	Class conflict, economic inequality, and how they shape social structures and relationships.	* Haskett’s decline in status compared to the wealthy Varick reveals the harsh economic realities faced by some men after divorce. * Wharton subtly critiques the materialism of high society, where appearances hold power over genuine connection.
Psychoanalytic Criticism	Unconscious desires, motivations, and how repressed experiences influence behavior.	* Waythorn’s insecurities about Alice’s ex-husbands may stem from deeper anxieties about his own place in her affections. * Alice’s shifting self-perception suggests unconscious fears of never fully escaping her past and the roles society assigns her.
New Historicism	Examining literature in its historical context to understand cultural influences on the text and its interpretations.	* The story’s focus on marriage and social norms at the turn of the 20th century reflects changing gender roles and the anxieties this stirred at the time. * Acknowledging Wharton’s own complex position within upper-class society adds layers to her portrayal of its flaws.
Reader-Response Theory	The reader’s experiences and interpretations shape the text’s meaning.	* Modern readers may view Alice as either a victim of circumstances or a woman complicit in maintaining social constraints. * The story’s open-ended conclusion allows for multiple interpretations about Alice’s future and whether the cycle of “other” husbands will repeat.

Questions and Thesis Statements about “The Other Two” by Edith Wharton 

Broad Topics

• Social Expectations & Marriage: Marriage dynamics and societal pressure in Wharton’s era
• Gender & Power: How gender roles influence characters’ behavior and societal acceptance
• Past vs. Present: The lingering influence of past relationships on current identities and perceptions
• Satire & Social Critique: Wharton’s satirization of upper-class norms and values

Questions for Analysis

• Symbolism of the Portraits: How do the portraits of Waythorn’s ex-wives symbolize themes of the past and its influence?
• Alice as Observer: Does Alice’s role as a keen observer make her a passive or active participant in her own life?
• Ambiguous Ending: What does the final scene suggest about Alice’s future choices and potential repetitions within her life?
• Comparison to Other Wharton Works: How does “The Other Two” fit with Wharton’s broader themes (e.g., societal criticism, women’s constrained lives)?

Thesis Statement Examples

• Societal Constraints: Edith Wharton’s “The Other Two” reveals how rigid social expectations force Alice into a passive role, ultimately leading her to accept the limitations imposed on women.
• Marriage as a Transaction: In “The Other Two,” Wharton critiques early 20th-century marriage as a social and economic transaction focused on appearance, where past relationships continue to hold power.
• Power of Perspective: “The Other Two” highlights the dissonance between external appearances and internal turmoil, as Alice’s shifting perspective challenges the reader’s initial judgments of the characters.
• The Inescapability of the Past: Through symbolism and character interactions, Wharton’s “The Other Two” suggests that past experiences linger and inevitably shape our understanding of present relationships.

Short Question-Answer about “The Other Two” by Edith Wharton 

Question	Answer
How does Alice initially view her past marriages?	Initially, Alice displays a sense of composure about her past marriages, masking any lingering emotional complexities. She demonstrates this through polite interactions with Haskett and Varick. Yet, subtle details like her discomfort upon encountering Haskett’s worn clothes or her unsettling scrutiny of Lily’s marriage to Varick hint at a deeper, unspoken impact.
Why does Waythorn feel insecure?	Waythorn’s insecurity stems from both societal expectations and a fear of being overshadowed by Alice’s past. Socially, his concern is how Alice’s prior husbands reflect on his position. This is seen in his need to navigate the business connections with Varick. His deeper personal fear is hinted at by his subtle fidgeting and controlling behavior, showcasing a vulnerability and an internalized sense of not being enough compared to the men Alice chose before him.
What is the significance of the story’s setting?	Wharton’s choice of New York high society during the turn of the 20th century intensifies the story’s exploration of rigid gender roles and social constraints. This setting highlights Alice’s limited options despite her modern outlook. Waythorn’s anxieties are amplified in the context where appearances and reputation matter deeply and where men traditionally hold more power within marriages.
How does the story’s ending create ambiguity?	The ending’s ambiguity lies in Alice’s uneasy acceptance of her situation. Her brief encounter with Waythorn reveals a strained detachment between them. Her final realization of being part of a relentless social mechanism could be interpreted as her embracing conformity or, more chillingly, surrendering to her lack of control over her own life. This uncertainty invites multiple reader interpretations about Alice’s ultimate fate.

Literary Works Similar to “The Other Two” by Edith Wharton 

• Novels by Edith Wharton:

• The Age of Innocence: Explores themes of social conformity, constrained romantic desires, and the disillusionment experienced within marriages.
• The House of Mirth: Critiques the materialism and hypocrisy of wealthy society, with a female protagonist trapped by social expectations and facing grim consequences.
• The Custom of the Country: Portrays a female social climber, highlighting manipulations within marriage and the pursuit of status.
• Other Authors with Similar Themes:

• Henry James: Novels like “The Portrait of a Lady” and “Washington Square” often depict women navigating complex social expectations and the limitations of traditional marriage roles.
• Jane Austen: While Austen’s tone is lighter, her novels like “Pride and Prejudice” and “Sense and Sensibility” also explore themes of marriage as a social and economic transaction, particularly for women.
• Theodore Dreiser: Novels like “Sister Carrie” examine the harsh realities of class and gender in America, sometimes showcasing the compromises women make for security or advancement.
• Beyond Novels:

• Short Stories: Authors like Kate Chopin (“The Story of an Hour”) or Charlotte Perkins Gilman (“The Yellow Wallpaper”) also wrote short fiction exploring women’s discontent and societal restrictions.
• Plays: Henrik Ibsen’s “A Doll’s House” famously depicts a woman confronting societal expectations within marriage, offering a possible parallel to the subtler conflicts in Alice’s situation.

Suggested Readings: “The Other Two” by Edith Wharton 

Scholarly Articles

• Ammons, Elizabeth. “Edith Wharton and the Issue of Race.” The Cambridge Companion to Edith Wharton. Ed. Millicent Bell. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995. 68-86.
  • Offers a critical lens on racial and class dynamics within Wharton’s work. This can uncover additional layers to the social complexities depicted in “The Other Two.”
• Bendixen, Alfred, and Annette Zilversmit. “Edith Wharton and the Vulgarisation of Taste.” Edith Wharton: New Critical Essays. Ed. Alfred Bendixen and Annette Zilversmit. New York: Palgrave, 1992. 77-93.
  • Explores Wharton’s satirical treatment of status obsession within Gilded Age society, illuminating a central theme of the story.
• Singley, Carol J. “Edith Wharton: Matters of Mind and Spirit.” The Cambridge Companion to Edith Wharton. Ed. Millicent Bell. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995. 110-134.
  • Provides a comprehensive analysis of recurring thematic preoccupations in Wharton’s writing, applicable to a nuanced reading of “The Other Two.”

Websites

• The Edith Wharton Society: https://edithwhartonsociety.wordpress.com/
  • A reputable resource hub with scholarly articles, news, and discussions on Wharton’s work.

Monographs (Books)

• Ammons, Elizabeth. Edith Wharton’s Argument with America. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press, 1980.
  • A seminal work exploring Wharton’s critical stance towards American culture and values, relevant to the social critique embedded in “The Other Two.”
• Lewis, R.W.B. Edith Wharton: A Biography. New York: Harper and Row, 1975.
  • A foundational biographical work providing context and insight into Wharton’s life and the influences shaping her writing.

Introduction: “The Rocking Horse Winner” by D.H. Lawrence

Published in 1926, “The Rocking Horse Winner” by D.H. Lawrence has become one of the author’s most popular and enduring short stories, exploring the themes of greed, materialism, and the corrupting influence of money. Set in England during the early 20th century, the story follows the tragic downfall of a young boy named Paul, who becomes obsessed with winning money to fulfill the unspoken desires of his mother and prove his own worth. With its vivid characterization, haunting imagery, and piercing critique of the social and economic systems of the time, “The Rocking Horse Winner” has become a staple of literary anthologies and a beloved classic of the modern short story.

Main Events in “The Rocking Horse Winner” by D.H. Lawrence

1. Paul, a young boy, becomes obsessed with winning money after hearing his mother complain about their financial situation.
2. Paul discovers that he has a unique ability to predict the winners of horse races through riding his rocking horse.
3. Using his winnings, Paul secretly gifts his mother with thousands of pounds, hoping to finally earn her love and affection.
4. Despite his efforts, Paul’s mother remains distant and ungrateful for his gifts, leading him to become increasingly desperate.
5. Paul continues to ride his rocking horse in a frenzied state, determined to earn more money.
6. His obsession with winning becomes all-consuming, causing him to neglect his own health and well-being.
7. Paul’s uncle, Oscar, begins to worry about his nephew’s behavior and attempts to intervene.
8. Despite Oscar’s efforts, Paul refuses to stop his frantic horse riding, leading to a tragic accident.
9. In the aftermath of Paul’s death, his mother finally realizes the true cost of her greed and materialism.
10. The story ends with the chilling words of the house whispering “There must be more money!” as the cycle of greed and obsession continues.

Literary Devices in “The Rocking Horse Winner” by D.H. Lawrence

1. Allusion – A reference to a well-known person, place, or event. In the story, Paul is described as “riding his rocking-horse until he gets a ‘winner,’ which is an allusion to horse racing.
2. Characterization – The process by which an author reveals the personality of a character. The story’s characters, such as Paul’s mother, are revealed through their actions and dialogue.
3. Foreshadowing – Hints or clues given by the author that suggest future events. In the story, the repeated mention of the phrase “There must be more money” foreshadows the tragedy that will occur.
4. Imagery – Descriptive language that creates a vivid sensory experience for the reader. For example, when Paul is riding his rocking-horse, the author uses imagery to describe his “flaming eyes” and “clenched little fists.”
5. Irony – A contrast between what is expected and what actually happens. In the story, Paul’s mother desires money and wealth, but her son’s quest for money leads to tragedy.
6. Metaphor – A figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to an object or action to which it is not literally applicable. For example, the story’s title refers to the rocking horse, which is a metaphor for Paul’s quest for wealth.
7. Motif – A recurring theme or image in a work of literature. The phrase “There must be more money” is a motif in the story.
8. Narration – The act of telling a story. The story is narrated in the third person point of view.
9. Personification – Giving human qualities to non-human objects. In the story, the house is personified as “whispering” the phrase “There must be more money.”
10. Point of view – The perspective from which a story is told. The story is told from an omniscient third-person point of view.
11. Protagonist – The main character in a story. In the story, Paul is the protagonist.
12. Satire – A literary technique that uses humor and irony to criticize society or human behavior. The story is a satire on the culture of materialism and greed in early 20th century England.
13. Setting – The time and place in which a story takes place. The story is set in England in the early 20th century.
14. Symbolism – The use of symbols to represent ideas or qualities. The rocking-horse is a symbol of Paul’s desire for wealth and his mother’s obsession with money.
15. Theme – The central idea or message of a story. The themes of the story include the corrupting influence of money, the dangers of greed and materialism, and the consequences of neglecting one’s loved ones.

Characterization in “The Rocking Horse Winner” by D.H. Lawrence

Major Characters

• Paul: A sensitive young boy consumed by a desire to end his mother’s constant whispers of “There must be more money!” He exhibits an uncanny ability to intuit winning racehorses, riding his rocking horse into a frenzy to discover them. Paul’s motivation stems from a childlike desire to please and protect his mother, yet it also carries a tragic undercurrent of self-sacrifice.
• Paul’s Mother (Hester): More a symbol of greed and dissatisfaction than a fully fleshed character. She’s described as beautiful yet having “lost all her luck,” which drives her insatiable desire for wealth. While the narrative hints at genuine love for her children, her emotional distance is evident (“the children could not hear anything”). This neglect fuels Paul’s desperate attempts to fill the void with money.
• Paul’s Father: A shadowy figure, described as “handsome” yet ineffective as a provider of emotional support. His inability to understand his wife’s anxiety leaves the family feeling financially and emotionally vulnerable.

Minor Characters

• Paul’s Sisters: Their presence highlights the lack of a nurturing female presence in Paul’s life. They are largely oblivious to his struggles, further emphasizing his isolation.
• Uncle Oscar (Creswell): A worldly figure, Uncle Oscar is more attuned to Paul’s sensitivity and anxieties than his own parents. He plays along with Paul’s “luck,” unknowingly encouraging the boy’s dangerous obsession. Oscar’s ultimate financial success, in contrast to Paul’s fate, accentuates the story’s themes of chance, obsession, and the destructive allure of wealth.
• Bassett: The practical, working-class gardener forms a unique bond with Paul. He recognizes and facilitates Paul’s gift, becoming a co-conspirator in the quest for money. While Bassett benefits materially, his connection to Paul seems to possess a genuine element of care.

Major Themes in “The Rocking Horse Winner” by D.H. Lawrence

1. The destructive nature of materialism: One of the major themes in “The Rocking Horse Winner” is the destructive power of materialism. The story highlights how the pursuit of wealth and status can lead to emotional neglect and ultimately, tragedy.
2. The search for identity and purpose: Another important theme in the story is the search for identity and purpose. Paul’s desire to win money is driven by a need to prove himself to his mother and find a sense of purpose in his life.
3. The impact of societal expectations: The story also explores the impact of societal expectations on individuals and families. Paul’s mother is driven by a desire to maintain her social status, and this puts immense pressure on her family to live up to those expectations.
4. The power of imagination: Finally, “The Rocking Horse Winner” highlights the power of imagination and the human desire to transcend reality. Paul’s ability to communicate with the rocking horse and his belief in its ability to predict winners is a testament to the power of the human imagination. However, it also underscores the danger of becoming lost in one’s own fantasies and losing touch with reality.

Writing Style in “The Rocking Horse Winner” by D.H. Lawrence

1. Blending of Realism and Symbolism: Lawrence juxtaposes realistic details (“The children… were having such battles”) with symbolic elements like the rocking horse, representing both a childhood toy and a desperate vehicle for acquiring wealth.
2. Psychological Focus: The omniscient narrator delves into the characters’ inner thoughts, revealing Hester’s obsession (“There must be more money!”) and Paul’s frantic determination to uncover the “luck.”
3. Sensory Descriptions: Lawrence uses vivid imagery to create a tangible world (“the house came to feel hollow”) and convey emotional states (Paul’s riding reaching a “strange state, swinging, thrilling”).
4. Metaphorical Language – The whispers of the house (“There must be more money!”) embody a materialistic force consuming the family, while the frenzied riding foreshadows Paul’s self-destructive path.
5. Repetition and Foreshadowing: The repeated phrase “There must be more money!” highlights the relentless drive for wealth and foreshadows the story’s tragic conclusion.
6. Attention to Detail: Lawrence’s focus on small details, like the children’s eyes “blue with fear” or the “blazing fire,” heightens the emotional tension and paints a vivid picture of this dysfunctional family.

Literary Theories and Interpretation of “The Rocking Horse Winner” by D.H. Lawrence

1. Psychoanalytic Theory: One interpretation of “The Rocking Horse Winner” is through the lens of psychoanalytic theory. The story can be seen as a manifestation of the Oedipus complex, with Paul’s desire to win money representing his need to replace his absent father and prove himself to his mother. This interpretation is supported by the fact that Paul’s mother refers to him as her “little man” and that his desire to please her is linked to his sexual and emotional development (Freud, 1900).
2. Marxist Theory: Another interpretation of the story is through the lens of Marxist theory. The story can be seen as a critique of the capitalist system and the obsession with material wealth that it breeds. This interpretation is supported by the fact that the characters are all driven by a desire for money and social status, which ultimately leads to their downfall. The story can also be seen as a commentary on the inequality and exploitation inherent in the capitalist system (Marx, 1867).
3. Formalist Theory: A formalist interpretation of “The Rocking Horse Winner” would focus on the language and structure of the story. This approach emphasizes the way that the story is constructed, the use of literary devices such as foreshadowing and repetition, and the ways in which the language and imagery contribute to the overall effect of the story (Shklovsky, 1917).
4. Feminist Theory: A feminist interpretation of the story would focus on the portrayal of Paul’s mother and the gender roles that are enforced in the story. This approach emphasizes the way that the story reinforces traditional gender roles, with the mother being portrayed as a passive and dependent figure, while the male characters are seen as active and capable. The story can also be seen as a critique of the patriarchal society in which it is set, and the way that women are expected to sacrifice their own desires and ambitions for the sake of their families (de Beauvoir, 1949).
5. Reader-Response Theory: Finally, a reader-response interpretation of the story would focus on the way that individual readers respond to the story and the meanings that they derive from it. This approach emphasizes the subjective nature of interpretation and the way that readers bring their own experiences and perspectives to the text (Iser, 1978).

Questions and Thesis Statements about “The Rocking Horse Winner” by D.H. Lawrence

Essay Topic	Question	Thesis Statement
Materialism & Family	How does the story portray the destructive impact of greed and materialism on family relationships?	“The Rocking Horse Winner” depicts a family consumed by materialism; this insatiable desire for wealth leads to emotional neglect, isolation, and ultimately, tragedy.
The Role of Luck	To what extent are the characters in “The Rocking Horse Winner” driven by luck versus agency?	While seemingly governed by luck, “The Rocking Horse Winner” demonstrates how obsession and a distorted view of success can mask a desperate attempt to exert control within a chaotic world.
Symbolism & Meaning	How does D.H. Lawrence use the rocking horse as a central symbol in the story?	The rocking horse in “The Rocking Horse Winner” transforms from a childhood object into a complex symbol representing the desperate pursuit of wealth, the yearning for love, and ultimately, tragic self-sacrifice.
Childhood Perspective	How does the story’s use of a child protagonist shape the reader’s understanding of the events and themes?	Lawrence’s decision to tell “The Rocking Horse Winner” from a child’s perspective emphasizes the vulnerability, distorted perceptions, and tragic consequences of adult failures.
Social Critique	In what ways does “The Rocking Horse Winner” offer a critique of class and society?	“The Rocking Horse Winner” subtly indicts a society that prioritizes material wealth over emotional well-being, exposing the damaging consequences of this value system, particularly on the lives of children.

Short Question-Answer “The Rocking Horse Winner” by D.H. Lawrence

• What is the significance of the title “The Rocking Horse Winner” in the story?

The title “The Rocking Horse Winner” is significant in the story because it introduces the central metaphor of the narrative. The rocking horse represents the characters’ desire for wealth and success, and the term “winner” suggests the theme of competition that pervades the story. The title also hints at the tragic consequences of the characters’ obsession with money, as the pursuit of wealth ultimately leads to Paul’s downfall. Overall, the title sets the tone for the story and prepares the reader for the haunting, surreal quality of the narrative.

• How does D.H. Lawrence use symbolism in “The Rocking Horse Winner” to convey the story’s themes?

D.H. Lawrence uses symbolism extensively in “The Rocking Horse Winner” to convey the story’s themes of greed, materialism, and the destructive power of obsession. The rocking horse, for example, serves as a metaphor for the characters’ desire for wealth and success, while the whispers that Paul hears in his home represent the voices of consumerism and societal pressure. The character of Paul himself can be seen as a symbol of the dangers of valuing material possessions over human relationships, while his mother represents the negative effects of consumerism on interpersonal dynamics. By using symbolism, Lawrence creates a rich, complex narrative that encourages the reader to think deeply about the story’s central themes.

• How does “The Rocking Horse Winner” reflect the societal pressures of its time?

“The Rocking Horse Winner” reflects the societal pressures of its time by highlighting the emphasis placed on wealth and status during the early 20th century. The characters in the story are driven by a desire for material possessions and social status, and their obsession with money leads to their downfall. The story can be seen as a critique of the consumerism and materialism that characterized the period, as well as a commentary on the destructive effects of societal pressure and conformity. By depicting the negative consequences of valuing wealth over human relationships, Lawrence encourages the reader to consider the priorities that truly matter in life.

• What is the significance of the ending of “The Rocking Horse Winner”?

The ending of “The Rocking Horse Winner” is significant because it highlights the tragic consequences of the characters’ obsession with money. Paul’s death and his mother’s eventual realization of the harm that her consumerist desires have caused create a haunting, surreal atmosphere that lingers long after the story has ended. The ending also underscores the theme of the destructive power of greed and materialism, as Paul’s attempts to win money and his mother’s desire for wealth ultimately lead to their downfall. The ambiguous, dream-like quality of the ending further emphasizes the story’s central metaphor of the rocking horse and encourages the reader to consider the deeper meanings and themes of the narrative.

Literary Works Similar to “The Rocking Horse Winner” by D.H. Lawrence

1. The Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka: Gregor Samsa’s shocking transformation into a giant insect explores alienation, family burden, and the dehumanizing nature of modern society. Both stories center around a protagonist desperately trying to fulfill unobtainable expectations.
2. “The Lottery” by Shirley Jackson: This short story’s chilling portrayal of a seemingly ordinary town harboring a dark ritual of sacrifice highlights how adherence to tradition and conformity can perpetuate cruelty. Its focus on chance and the power of societal forces resonate with themes in “The Rocking Horse Winner.”

3. Great Expectations by Charles Dickens: While more expansive in scope, this classic novel similarly explores the corrupting influence of wealth and social ambition. Pip’s journey from humble origins to a life of luxury mirrors Paul’s desperate desire to elevate his family’s status.
4. The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger: Holden Caulfield’s disillusionment with the adult world and his cynicism about societal norms resonate with the underlying critique of materialism in Lawrence’s story. Both protagonists are sensitive souls navigating hostile environments.
5. A Raisin in the Sun by Lorraine Hansberry: This play explores a family’s dreams and struggles for economic stability, offering a complex look at conflicting desires within a loving yet strained family dynamic. The Younger family’s aspirations for a better life echo the destructive desire for wealth in “The Rocking Horse Winner.”

Suggested Readings: “The Rocking Horse Winner” by D.H. Lawrence

Scholarly Articles

• Pinsker, Sanford. “Lawrence’s ‘The Rocking-Horse Winner’: A Reinterpretation.” D.H. Lawrence Review 30.2 (1999): 101-12. (Offers a more nuanced perspective on the motivations of Paul’s mother)
• Childs, Peter. Theories and Histories of Modernism. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2008. (Provides context for understanding Lawrence’s writing within the wider Modernist literary movement)
• Balbert, Peter. D.H. Lawrence and the Phallic Imagination. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2001 (Includes in-depth analysis of “The Rocking Horse Winner” with a focus on psychoanalytic theory)

Websites and Resources

• The D.H. Lawrence Society of North America: Offers scholarly resources, articles, and information about upcoming conferences related to Lawrence’s work. ([invalid URL removed])
• The Literature Network: Features the full text of the story and a forum for discussion. (https://www.online-literature.com/)