Day: March 22, 2024

“The Masque of the Red Death” by Edgar Allen Poe: A Critical Analysis

“The Masque of the Red Death” by Edgar Allan Poe first appeared in 1842 within his collection, Tales of Grotesque and Arabesque.

"The Masque of the Red Death" by Edgar Allen Poe: A Critical Analysis
Introduction: “The Masque of the Red Death” by Edgar Allen Poe

“The Masque of the Red Death” by Edgar Allan Poe first appeared in 1842 within his collection, Tales of Grotesque and Arabesque. The story confronts the inescapable nature of mortality, particularly for those who delude themselves into believing they can outrun it. Poe crafts a hauntingly evocative atmosphere through his detailed depictions of the gruesome Red Death and the opulent, yet crumbling, abbey. The characters’ futile efforts to drown out the plague with merriment only amplify the pervading dread, solidifying “The Masque of the Red Death” as a tale both suspenseful and imbued with profound contemplation.

Main Events in “The Masque of the Red Death” by Edgar Allen Poe
  1. Plague Ravages: The Red Death is described as uniquely horrific: “Blood was its Avatar and its seal—the redness and the horror of blood.” Symptoms include “sharp pains…sudden dizziness…profuse bleeding at the pores”. Death is swift, occurring within roughly half an hour.
  2. Prince Secludes Himself: Prince Prospero isn’t just wealthy, he’s described as “happy and dauntless and sagacious”. In the face of the plague, he gathers “a thousand hale and light-hearted friends from among the knights and dames of his court” to isolate with him.
  3. Iron Gates Sealed: The abbey is described as “an extensive and magnificent structure,” created by the Prince’s eccentric tastes. It’s surrounded by “a strong and lofty wall” with iron gates. The courtiers themselves “brought furnaces and massy hammers and welded the bolts.”
  4. Provision and Entertainment: They resolve to “bid defiance to contagion” and stock the abbey with provisions. Crucially, the Prince brings in entertainment: “buffoons…improvisatori… ballet-dancers…musicians…Beauty…wine.”
  5. Masquerade Ball: This isn’t just a party, it’s described as a “voluptuous scene”. The ball occurs as “the pestilence raged most furiously abroad”.
  6. Seven Themed Rooms: The rooms aren’t in a line, but laid out “so irregularly disposed that the vision embraced but little more than one at a time”. Each room’s window is stained, matching the room’s color: blue, purple, green, orange, white, violet. Finally, the seventh is black with blood-red windows.
  7. The Ebony Clock: This clock is “gigantic”, and its pendulum swings with “a dull, heavy, monotonous clang”. Each hour, its chiming is so loud and startling that it forces the musicians and dancers to pause momentarily.
  8. The Figure of the Red Death: The uninvited guest is “tall and gaunt, and shrouded from head to foot in the habiliments of the grave”. Most chillingly, his mask is so realistic that “the closest scrutiny must have had difficulty in detecting the cheat”. Crucially, his clothes are “dabbled in blood”.
  9. Prospero’s Confrontation: The Prince is initially gripped by “a strong shudder either of terror or distaste” but ultimately is fueled by rage. Demanding to know who dares to mock them, he orders the figure seized and unmasked.
  10. The Red Death Prevails: The Prince himself pursues the figure through the colored rooms. When the figure turns, the Prince lets out “a sharp cry” and dies. The mask and robes conceal nothing, the Red Death itself has infiltrated the party. The revelers follow and also die in the “blood-bedewed halls of their revel”.
Literary Devices in “The Masque of the Red Death” by Edgar Allen Poe
Literary DeviceExample from TextExplanation
AllegoryThe entire narrative functions as an allegory for the inevitability of death. The Red Death itself embodies mortality, and Prince Prospero’s futile attempts to isolate himself and his guests from the outside world represent humanity’s struggle against the universal fate.
Symbolism* The Colors of the Rooms: The progression of seven colored chambers can be interpreted symbolically. Each hue might represent a different stage of life or evoke a specific emotional state, culminating in the darkness of death.
* The Ebony Clock: The imposing clock with its monotonous chime serves as a constant reminder of the passage of time and the inescapable march towards death.
* The Red Death: This horrifying plague stands not just for a literal disease but also symbolizes the ever-present threat of mortality.		Authors employ symbols to imbue objects or concepts with deeper meaning beyond their surface appearances.
Vivid Imagery“Blood was its Avatar and its seal—the redness and the horror of blood. There were sharp pains, and sudden dizziness, and then profuse bleeding at the pores…”Poe utilizes vivid descriptions that engage the reader’s senses, particularly sight and touch, to create a nightmarish portrayal of the Red Death’s effects.
Personification“And the ebony clock went out with that of the last of the gay.”In this instance, the act of “going out” is attributed to the clock, giving it a human quality and further emphasizing the interconnection between time’s passage and the characters’ mortality.
Metaphor“The redness and the horror of blood”Poe establishes a direct comparison between the color red and the emotion of horror, intensifying the symbolic connection between the Red Death and its devastating impact.
Metonymy“The external world could take care of itself.” (referring to the plague by its effect)The story uses metonymy by referencing the plague’s impact (“external world”) to imply the existence of the disease itself.
Foreshadowing* The specific mention of them being halfway through the year (referring to “the close of the fifth or sixth month”) might foreshadow the characters’ own demise before the year’s end.
* The ominous description of the ebony clock’s chiming that disrupts the revelry can be interpreted as foreshadowing the intrusion of death.		Poe subtly plants clues throughout the narrative that hint at the tragic events to come.
JuxtapositionThe elaborate and extravagant revelry of the masquerade ball stands in stark contrast to the bleak reality of the Red Death that relentlessly stalks the characters. This sharp contrast serves to heighten the tension and emphasize the characters’ obliviousness to the impending doom.The strategic placement of contrasting ideas or images creates a powerful effect, highlighting the characters’ folly and the pervasiveness of death.
Oxymoron“A voluptuous scene, that masquerade.”The use of an oxymoron, where “voluptuous” suggests pleasure and indulgence, creates a paradox when paired with the morbid undercurrent of the masquerade, foreshadowing the disruption of their merriment.
Sound Techniques* Alliteration: “…a strong and lofty wall…” (consonant sounds)
* Assonance: “…blood-colored panes…” (vowel sounds)
* Onomatopoeia: “…with a dull, heavy, monotonous clang…” (sound imitation)		Poe utilizes various sound techniques like alliteration, assonance, and onomatopoeia to create a specific sonic atmosphere that enhances the story’s mood and imagery.
Characterization in “The Masque of the Red Death” by Edgar Allen Poe
Major Characters:
  1. Prince Prospero: He is the main character in the story and is portrayed as a wealthy and powerful man who invites a thousand of his closest friends to stay in his abbey to escape the Red Death. Prospero is arrogant and believes that he can escape death, but he ultimately dies from the disease.
  2. The Red Death: The disease is personified as a figure that haunts the guests, adding to the overall eerie atmosphere. The Red Death is the main antagonist of the story.
Minor Characters:
  1. The Courtiers: They are the wealthy guests of Prince Prospero who attend the masquerade ball in the abbey. They are described as being “unhappy, and withal proud” and are shown to be detached from the suffering of the people outside the abbey.
  2. The Mysterious Guest: This character is a mysterious figure dressed in a blood-stained robe and a mask resembling the face of the Red Death. He appears in the ballroom and causes terror and confusion among the guests.
  3. The Clock: The clock is described as “of ebony” and has a “loud and solemn and deep” sound. It represents the passage of time and the inevitability of death.
  4. The Abbey: The abbey is the setting of the story and represents the attempt to escape death. It is described as being “secure” and “well-provisioned” but ultimately fails to protect the guests from the Red Death.
Major Themes in “The Masque of the Red Death” by Edgar Allen Poe
  1. Theme 1: The Inevitability of Death: “The Red Death” relentlessly emphasizes the unavoidable truth that death cannot be escaped. From the opening sentence, which starkly states “The Red Death had long devastated the country. No pestilence had ever been so fatal, or so hideous,” Poe sets the stage for this inescapable theme. Prince Prospero’s attempts to seal himself and his chosen companions within an abbey merely emphasize this futility. His belief that he can “bid defiance to contagion” is fundamentally flawed. The relentless ebony clock, its chiming “a sound which was clear and loud and deep and exceedingly musical” yet forcing the revelers to pause, serves as a constant, ominous reminder of mortality’s inexorable approach.
  2. Theme 2: Human Arrogance and Denial: Prince Prospero and his guests embody a deep-rooted human arrogance, believing they can circumvent the natural order of life and death. When the Prince “summoned to his presence a thousand hale and light-hearted friends” amidst a depopulated kingdom, he displays a profound disregard for the plague’s power. The characters’ obsession with pleasure – “buffoons…improvisatori… ballet-dancers…musicians…Beauty…wine” – underscores their denial of the reality raging beyond their abbey walls. This attempt to create a self-contained world of revelry within the face of death reflects their misguided belief in their own exceptionalism.
  3. Theme 3: The Power of Fear: Poe masterfully evokes a chilling sense of terror in his portrayal of the Red Death. He describes its effects in graphic detail: “The scarlet stains upon the body and especially upon the face of the victim, were the pest ban which shut him out from the aid and from the sympathy of his fellow-men.” The disease’s swift progression instills a primal fear throughout the story. This fear reaches its peak with the arrival of the masked figure embodying the plague itself, interrupting the masquerade and casting the revelers into a state of panic and dread.
  4. Theme 4: Mortality and the Futility of Pleasure: At its core, “The Masque of the Red Death” suggests that the blind pursuit of pleasure is no match for mortality. The characters’ initial stance, that “the external world could take care of itself”, shows a callous detachment and a belief that revelry can offer genuine escape. However, the intrusion of the Red Death shatters this illusion, proving that pleasure is fleeting and vulnerable. As the tale concludes with revelers dropping dead and “Darkness and Decay and the Red Death” reigning supreme, Poe delivers a sobering reminder that death ultimately triumphs over ephemeral attempts to defy it.
Writing Style in “The Masque of the Red Death” by Edgar Allen Poe
  • Vivid Descriptions and Dark Atmosphere:
    • From the opening line, “The Red Death had long devastated the country. No pestilence had ever been so fatal, or so hideous,” Poe establishes a chilling atmosphere with stark imagery.
    • His portrayal of the disease’s effects is gruesomely detailed: “The scarlet stains upon the body and especially upon the face of the victim, were the pest ban which shut him out from the aid and from the sympathy of his fellow-men.”
  • Symbolism and Deeper Meanings:
    • The progression of colored rooms in the abbey can be interpreted symbolically. Each hue, “blue, purple, green, orange, white, violet,” might represent a different stage of life or evoke a specific emotional state, culminating in the darkness of death.
    • The ebony clock with its monotonous chime becomes a constant reminder of the passage of time and the inevitability of death: “And the ebony clock went out with that of the last of the gay.”
  • Repetition and Suspenseful Structure:
    • The repeated mention of the “Red Death” throughout the story reinforces its dominance and inescapable presence.
    • The ominous chiming of the ebony clock at each hour creates a sense of foreboding and punctuates the revelry with a chilling reminder of mortality: “a sound which was clear and loud and deep and exceedingly musical, but of so peculiar a note and emphasis that, at each lapse of an hour, the musicians of the orchestra were constrained to pause.”
Literary Theories and Interpretation of “The Masque of the Red Death” by Edgar Allen Poe
Literary TheoryInterpretationKey References
Gothic Literature“The Masque of the Red Death” exemplifies core elements of Gothic fiction. The story features:
* A pervasive focus on death, decay, and the supernatural. (The Red Death itself embodies a terrifying supernatural force)
* A dark and suspenseful atmosphere, built through vivid descriptions and symbolism. (The gloomy abbey setting and the characters’ futile attempts to escape foreshadow their doom)
* Characters who grapple with fear, isolation, and the fragility of human life. (Prince Prospero’s descent into despair as the Red Death disrupts his revelry)		* The grotesque description of the Red Death’s effects: “The scarlet stains upon the body…”
* The use of darkness and confinement within the abbey.
* Prince Prospero’s desperate attempt to deny death.
PsychoanalysisA psychoanalytic interpretation delves deeper, suggesting:
* The characters’ denial of death (their retreat to the abbey) as a defense mechanism against the unconscious fear of mortality.
* The Red Death as a manifestation of the characters’ deepest fears and anxieties about death itself.
* The masquerade ball as a symbolic representation of the characters’ attempts to mask their fear and mortality through revelry.		* Prince Prospero’s decision to isolate himself: “They resolved to leave means neither of ingress nor egress…”
* The grotesque figure representing the Red Death: “tall and gaunt…shrouded in the habiliments of the grave” * The extravagant masquerade ball: “There were buffoons, there were improvisatori…”
Questions about “The Masque of the Red Death” by Edgar Allen Poe
  1. How does Poe use symbolism in “The Masque of the Red Death” to convey his message about the inevitability of death?
  2. In what ways does the character of Prince Prospero embody the theme of hubris in “The Masque of the Red Death”?
  3. How does the use of repetition contribute to the building of suspense and tension in “The Masque of the Red Death”?
  4. What is the significance of the seven rooms in “The Masque of the Red Death” and how do they relate to the theme of time?
  5. How does Poe use imagery to create a sense of horror and dread in “The Masque of the Red Death”?

Thesis Statements

  1. Thesis Statement: In “The Masque of the Red Death,” Poe uses symbolism to convey his message about the inevitability of death. The colors, the clock, and the seven rooms in the story all serve as powerful metaphors for larger ideas and themes, ultimately underscoring the futility of trying to escape death.
  2. Thesis Statement: Prince Prospero’s obsession with isolation and control in “The Masque of the Red Death” serves as a clear example of the theme of hubris. Prospero’s belief that he can cheat death through his wealth and power ultimately leads to his downfall, highlighting the destructive consequences of excessive pride.
  3. Thesis Statement: The use of repetition in “The Masque of the Red Death” is a key element in the building of suspense and tension throughout the story. The repeated descriptions of the Red Death and the clock’s ominous chimes create a sense of dread and foreboding, ultimately contributing to the story’s haunting and unsettling atmosphere.
  4. Thesis Statement: The seven rooms in “The Masque of the Red Death” serve as a powerful metaphor for the stages of life, highlighting the theme of time and the inevitability of death. The progression from the blue room, representing birth, to the black room, representing death, underscores the inescapable passage of time and the ultimate futility of trying to outrun death.
  5. Thesis Statement: Poe’s use of vivid and macabre imagery in “The Masque of the Red Death” creates a sense of horror and dread that is central to the story’s impact. The descriptions of the Red Death itself, the gruesome fate of the party guests, and the haunting imagery of the ebony clock all contribute to the story’s enduring power and influence.
Short Question-Answers about “The Masque of the Red Death” by Edgar Allen Poe
  • What is the significance of the seven rooms in “The Masque of the Red Death”?
  • The seven rooms in the castle represent the stages of life, from birth to death. The progression from the blue room to the black room underscores the inescapable passage of time and the ultimate futility of trying to outrun death. Each room is also decorated in a different color, which serves as a powerful metaphor for the impermanence of life and the inevitability of death.
  • How does “The Masque of the Red Death” reflect the social commentary of Edgar Allan Poe?
  • The story reflects Poe’s critique of the relationship between wealth, privilege, and mortality. The wealthy and privileged guests at Prospero’s party are insulated from the suffering of the masses, but their indulgence and excess ultimately prove to be hollow and meaningless in the face of death. This commentary highlights the inequality and injustice of a society that allows the wealthy to isolate themselves from the suffering of others.
  • What is the main conflict in “The Masque of the Red Death”?
  • The main conflict in the story is the struggle of the characters to escape death. Prospero and his wealthy friends attempt to insulate themselves from the Red Death by locking themselves in a castle, but they ultimately fail to escape the inevitable.
  • What is the tone of “The Masque of the Red Death”?
  • The tone of the story is ominous and foreboding, with a sense of impending doom throughout. Poe uses vivid and macabre imagery to create a sense of horror and dread, underscoring the inevitability of death and the futility of trying to escape it.
Literary Works Similar to “The Masque of the Red Death” by Edgar Allen Poe
  1. “The Fall of the House of Usher” (1839) by Edgar Allan Poe: This classic by Poe complements “The Masque of the Red Death” with its similar atmosphere of decay and dread. It explores the decline of a reclusive family haunted by a mysterious illness and the crumbling walls of their ancestral home.
  2. Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus (1818) by Mary Shelley: A foundational work of Gothic fiction, “Frankenstein” delves into the dangers of scientific ambition. Like “The Masque of the Red Death”, it explores themes of mortality and the monstrous consequences of tampering with the natural order.
  3. Dracula (1897) by Bram Stoker: This iconic vampire tale stands as a cornerstone of Gothic literature. “Dracula” shares elements of the supernatural with “The Masque of the Red Death”, weaving a chilling story of seduction, danger, and the undead.
  4. The Turn of the Screw (1898) by Henry James: This psychological horror novella explores the nature of reality and sanity. Similar to the unsettling atmosphere in “The Masque of the Red Death”, “The Turn of the Screw” leaves readers questioning the truth as a governess cares for two children in a possibly haunted mansion.
  5. Carmilla (1872) by Sheridan Le Fanu: An earlier and influential vampire tale with a subtle lesbian subtext, “Carmilla” explores themes of isolation, desire, and the seductive power of the supernatural, mirroring elements present in “The Masque of the Red Death”.
  6. “We Have Always Lived in the Castle” (1962) by Shirley Jackson: This unsettling tale follows two isolated sisters suspected of witchcraft in a decaying mansion. Similar to “The Masque of the Red Death”, “We Have Always Lived in the Castle” creates a suspenseful and unsettling atmosphere.
  7. “The Haunting of Hill House” (1959) by Shirley Jackson: Another chilling story by Jackson, “The Haunting of Hill House” follows a group of researchers who investigate a supposedly haunted mansion. This work, like “The Masque of the Red Death”, delves into the psychological effects of fear and the unknown.
Suggested Readings: “The Masque of the Red Death” by Edgar Allen Poe
Scholarly Articles:
  • Dameron, George H. “Death’s Satire: Dance and Disease in Poe’s ‘The Masque of the Red Death.'” Studies in Short Fiction 15.2 (1978): 147-152. [This peer-reviewed article explores the thematic significance of the masquerade ball and the Red Death itself.]
  • Fisher, James E. “Space and Time in Poe’s ‘The Masque of the Red Death.'” American Transcendental Quarterly 2 (1972): 71-79. [This article, potentially found in academic databases, delves into the symbolic meaning of the colored rooms and the role of time in the story.]
  • Quinn, Arthur Hobson. “Poe’s Allegory.” The American Literature 19.1 (1947): 3-19. [This article, likely found in JSTOR or other academic databases, offers a broader analysis of Poe’s use of allegory, including a potential interpretation of “The Masque of the Red Death.”]
Books:
  • Leary, Lewis. Edgar Allan Poe: A Biography. Rutgers University Press, 2009. [This comprehensive biography provides historical context for Poe’s work and explores the influences that shaped his writing.]
  • Solow, Daniel. The Insanity of Language: Kierkegaard, Lacan, and Literary Theory. Princeton University Press, 2000. [This critical analysis, while not solely focused on Poe, offers a psychoanalytic lens that can be applied to “The Masque of the Red Death.”]
  • Thompson, G. R. Poe’s Fiction: Mirrors and Madness. University of Wisconsin Press, 1987. [This book offers in-depth analysis of Poe’s short stories, including “The Masque of the Red Death,” exploring themes and literary techniques.]
Websites:
  • The Edgar Allan Poe Society of Baltimore: https://www.poeinbaltimore.org/ [This website, maintained by the esteemed Edgar Allan Poe Society, offers a wealth of resources on Poe’s life and works, including critical essays and interpretations of his stories.]

“The Lottery” by Shirley Jackson: A Critical Analysis

“The Lottery” by Shirley Jackson first published in 1948 takes place in a small, seemingly idyllic town in rural America, where the townspeople gather every year to participate in a ritual lottery.

"The Lottery" by Shirley Jackson: A Critical Analysis
Introduction: “The Lottery” by Shirley Jackson

“The Lottery” by Shirley Jackson first published in 1948 takes place in a small, seemingly idyllic town in rural America, where the townspeople gather every year to participate in a ritual lottery. The lottery, which involves randomly selecting a winner from the townspeople, takes a dark and disturbing turn, revealing the hidden cruelty and brutality that lies beneath the surface of the seemingly peaceful community. The story has become a classic of American literature and is often studied for its exploration of themes such as tradition, ritual, and the dark side of human nature.

Main Events in “The Lottery” by Shirley Jackson
  1. The story opens on a beautiful summer morning in a small town where the residents are gathering in the town square for the annual lottery.
  2. Mr. Summers and Mr. Graves, the town leaders, arrive with the black box that contains slips of paper for each household in the town.
  3. The townspeople draw papers from the box, with the head of each household going first, and the person who selects the slip of paper with a black dot on it is declared the “winner” of the lottery.
  4. Tessie Hutchinson, a housewife, is declared the winner of the lottery and protests that the process was not fair.
  5. The other townspeople ignore Tessie’s protests and start gathering stones, which are used in the second half of the ritual.
  6. As Tessie is surrounded by the angry townspeople and pelted with stones, the reader is made to understand that this is a long-standing and accepted part of the community’s culture.
  7. The stoning continues until Tessie is dead.
  8. The villagers return to their daily routines as if nothing has happened, indicating that the event has become normalized in their society.
  9. Some of the younger townspeople seem uneasy with the violence, but they do not speak out.
  10. The story ends with the chilling description of the pile of stones left at the scene of the murder, as well as the shocking realization that this is a community-wide event that has been happening for generations.
Literary Devices in “The Lottery” by Shirley Jackson
  1. Allusion: The names of some of the characters in the story have symbolic significance, such as Mr. Summers and Mr. Graves, which allude to the nature of the event they oversee.
  2. Hyperbole: Jackson uses hyperbole to emphasize the villagers’ excitement about the lottery, describing it as “the one day of the year that was desirable.”
  3. Imagery: Jackson uses vivid imagery to describe the setting, creating a contrast between the idyllic summer day and the brutal violence of the lottery.
  4. Irony: The story is full of irony, such as the fact that the villagers who are supposed to care for each other end up stoning one of their own.
  5. Metaphor: The black box used in the lottery is a metaphor for the town’s history and tradition, as well as the darkness that lies beneath the surface.
  6. Personification: The black box is personified as a character with its own history and significance, as well as the power to choose the “winner” of the lottery.
  7. Point of View: The story is told from a third-person point of view, which allows the reader to see the events from the perspective of multiple characters.
  8. Satire: Jackson uses satire to criticize the blind acceptance of tradition and the cruelty of mob mentality.
  9. Simile: Jackson uses similes to create vivid descriptions, such as comparing the black box to a “joke.”
  10. Social commentary: The story is a commentary on the dangers of blind acceptance of tradition and the power of mob mentality.
  11. Symbolism: The black box represents the history and tradition of the lottery, as well as the community’s willingness to sacrifice one of its own.
  12. Tone: The story has a dark and ominous tone, which creates a sense of foreboding and tension.
  13. Verbal irony: Jackson uses verbal irony to create a sense of tension and unease, such as when the villagers cheer for the winner of the lottery.
  14. Situational irony: The outcome of the story is a clear example of situational irony, as the person who wins the lottery is also the victim of the stoning.
  15. Dramatic irony: The reader knows more than the characters in the story, which creates dramatic irony, such as when Tessie protests that the lottery was not fair, even though the reader knows that she will be the victim.
Characterization in “The Lottery” by Shirley Jackson
Major Characters:
  • Tessie Hutchinson: The central character, Tessie is initially portrayed as a concerned wife and mother, arguing with her husband about a missing household item (“Wouldn’t these stones hurt all over?”). However, as the story progresses, her character gains depth through her growing unease and eventual defiance (“It isn’t fair, it isn’t right”).
  • Mr. Hutchinson: Tessie’s husband, Bill, serves as a foil to her. He blindly follows tradition, even when it turns against his family (“All right, Tessie. That’s enough of that”). This highlights the conflict between blind tradition and individual survival.
Minor Characters:
  • Old Man Warner: The oldest villager, Warner represents the unwavering adherence to tradition. He defends the lottery’s importance (“Lottery in June, corn be heavy soon”) despite its brutality.
  • Mr. Summers: The lottery official, Summers, embodies a disturbing normalcy. He treats the event as a routine task, using a cheerful tone (“Good morning, everyone!”) to mask the ceremony’s sinister nature.
Characterization Techniques:
  • Dialogue: Dialogue reveals characters’ personalities and motivations. Tessie’s arguments expose her growing fear, while Bill’s acceptance highlights the danger of unquestioning tradition.
  • Actions: Characters’ actions speak volumes. Old Man Warner’s insistence on following the rules, despite the potential for his family to be chosen, showcases the tradition’s grip on the community.
  • Indirect Characterization: Descriptions of characters and their surroundings paint a picture of their roles and the story’s atmosphere. The seemingly idyllic setting (“The morning of June 27th was clear and warm”) contrasts sharply with the dark lottery ritual.
Impact of Characterization:

The characterization in “The Lottery” creates a sense of unease and foreshadows the horrifying climax. The villagers’ casual acceptance of the lottery (“Mr. Summers.. used the same stone year after year”) makes the ritual even more disturbing.

By focusing on the characters’ blind adherence to tradition and Tessie’s desperate rebellion, Jackson critiques the dangers of unquestioning authority and the potential for barbarity hidden within seemingly normal traditions.

Major Themes in “The Lottery” by Shirley Jackson

1. The Power of Tradition:

  • Description: The story emphasizes the deeply ingrained tradition of the lottery. Phrases like “Lottery in June, corn be heavy soon” (Old Man Warner) highlight its connection to the harvest and a perceived necessity for good fortune.
  • Impact: The villagers blindly follow the ritual, even Mr. Summers uses the “same stone year after year” despite its horrifying outcome. This unwavering adherence to tradition, regardless of its purpose, becomes a central theme.

2. Danger of Blind Conformity:

  • Description: The villagers act as a unified group, unquestioningly participating in the lottery. Even children like Dave Hutchinson are expected to participate, highlighting the pressure to conform.
  • Impact: Tessie’s eventual rebellion (“It isn’t fair, it isn’t right”) stands out against the conformity. Her fate emphasizes the danger of blindly following tradition without questioning its consequences.

3. Juxtaposition of Peace and Violence:

  • Description: The story establishes a peaceful setting (“The morning of June 27th was clear and warm”) with children playing and families gathering. This normalcy is shattered by the violent act of the lottery.
  • Impact: The contrast between the idyllic setting and the brutal ritual creates a sense of unease and exposes the potential for violence lurking beneath the surface of seemingly normal traditions.

4. The Randomness of Persecution:

  • Description: The lottery chooses its victim at random, with each villager having an equal chance of being selected (“each head of a household reached forward…).
  • Impact: This randomness heightens the fear factor. No one is safe, showcasing the senselessness and cruelty of the tradition. The lottery doesn’t punish wrongdoing, it simply chooses a scapegoat.
Writing Style in “The Lottery” by Shirley Jackson
  1. Deceptive Simplicity and Understated Horror: Jackson uses plain language and a straightforward narrative style to lull the reader into a false sense of security, making the shocking conclusion all the more unsettling.
  2. Foreshadowing and Symbolism: She employs foreshadowing and symbolism to hint at the story’s darker themes. Examples include the black box and the ominous gathering of stones.
  3. Vivid Imagery and Sensory Detail: Her use of vivid imagery and sensory detail, particularly in the description of the stoning, creates a visceral and disturbing effect on the reader.
  4. Effective Theme Conveyance: Overall, Jackson’s writing style in “The Lottery” effectively conveys the story’s themes of blind conformity, the dangers of tradition, and the potential for violence lurking beneath the surface of normalcy. It leaves a lasting impression on the reader.
Literary Theories and Interpretation of “The Lottery” by Shirley Jackson
Literary TheoryInterpretationReferences from the Story
Historical/Sociological CriticismAnalyzes the story in the context of its historical and social setting.* The story’s publication in 1948, a post-war era with anxieties about conformity and mob mentality, contributes to the interpretation of the lottery as a critique of blind adherence to tradition and mob violence.
* The seemingly idyllic small-town setting might reflect a nostalgia for a simpler time, but the lottery exposes the darkness beneath the surface.
Psychological CriticismExplores the characters’ motivations and the psychological impact of the events.* Tessie’s growing anxiety and eventual rebellion (“It isn’t fair, it isn’t right”) can be seen as a fight for survival and a challenge to the established power structure.
* The villagers’ unquestioning participation in the lottery could be interpreted as a coping mechanism for fear and a need for belonging within the community.
SymbolismAnalyzes the symbolic meaning of objects, characters, and events.* The black box represents the darkness and brutality hidden within tradition.
* The lottery itself symbolizes a scapegoating ritual, sacrificing one for the perceived benefit of the many.
* The gathering of stones foreshadows the violence to come.
AllegoryInterprets the story as a representation of a broader concept or issue.* The lottery can be seen as an allegory for scapegoating, persecution, or blind adherence to authority.
* The story might also be interpreted as a warning about the dangers of mob mentality and the potential for violence lurking beneath seemingly harmless traditions.
Topics, Questions, and Thesis Statements about “The Lottery” by Shirley Jackson
  • Topic: The Power of Tradition
  • Question: How does Shirley Jackson portray the power of tradition in “The Lottery”?
  • Thesis Statement: In “The Lottery,” Shirley Jackson utilizes the unwavering adherence to the annual ritual to highlight the dangers of blindly following tradition, even when it leads to violence and injustice.
  • Topic: Blind Conformity and Individuality
    • Question: To what extent does “The Lottery” explore the conflict between blind conformity and individual survival?
    • Thesis Statement: Jackson’s “The Lottery” exposes the dangers of blind conformity through the villagers’ unquestioning participation in the lottery, contrasting it with Tessie’s desperate rebellion, which ultimately highlights the importance of individuality in the face of oppressive traditions.
  • Topic: Symbolism and Foreshadowing
    • Question: How does Shirley Jackson utilize symbolism and foreshadowing to create suspense and hint at the dark themes in “The Lottery”?
    • Thesis Statement: In “The Lottery,” Jackson employs powerful symbols like the black box and the gathering of stones, alongside subtle foreshadowing, to create a sense of unease and gradually reveal the story’s horrifying climax.
  • Topic: The Dangers of a Utopian Facade
    • Question: How does Jackson challenge the idyllic small-town setting in “The Lottery” to expose a darker reality?
    • Thesis Statement: Shirley Jackson’s “The Lottery” dismantles the idyllic facade of a seemingly peaceful town by unveiling the brutal lottery ritual, highlighting the potential for violence and barbarity lurking beneath the surface of normalcy.
Short Question-Answer about “The Lottery” by Shirley Jackson
  • What is the purpose of the black box in “The Lottery” by Shirley Jackson?
  • The black box in “The Lottery” is a symbol of tradition and the power it holds over the people in the community. The box has been used for generations to hold the slips of paper that determine who will be the annual sacrifice, and the people in the community are afraid to change it. They even refer to the box as “the tradition,” and it serves as a physical manifestation of the hold that tradition has over their lives.
  • How does Shirley Jackson use foreshadowing in “The Lottery”?
  • Shirley Jackson uses foreshadowing in “The Lottery” to create a sense of unease and anticipation in the reader. She drops hints throughout the story that the lottery is not going to have a happy ending, such as the ominous description of the villagers gathering and the reference to the “bad” lottery in nearby towns. By doing so, Jackson builds tension and a sense of dread that culminates in the shocking and violent conclusion.
  • What does “The Lottery” by Shirley Jackson say about human nature?
  • “The Lottery” by Shirley Jackson suggests that humans have a tendency to blindly follow tradition and groupthink, even when it goes against their morals and values. The people in the community are willing to sacrifice one of their own every year because that’s what they’ve always done, and they’re afraid to break from tradition. Jackson’s story shows how easily people can be swayed by group dynamics and the power of tradition, even when it leads to violence and harm.
  • How does “The Lottery” by Shirley Jackson critique society?
  • “The Lottery” by Shirley Jackson is a critique of society’s tendency to blindly follow tradition and the harm it can cause. Jackson’s story shows how easily people can be controlled by tradition and the pressure to conform, even when it goes against their own morals and values. By depicting the violent and ritualized sacrifice of a community member, Jackson exposes the darker side of societal norms and traditions and the danger of blindly accepting them.
Literary Works Similar to “The Lottery” by Shirley Jackson
  • Works with Similar Themes:
  • “The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas” by Ursula K. Le Guin: Explores the concept of a utopian society built upon the suffering of one individual.
  • “Harrison Bergeron” by Kurt Vonnegut Jr.: Satirizes the dangers of enforced equality and conformity in a dystopian future.
  • “A Good Man Is Hard To Find” by Flannery O’Connor: Explores themes of violence, morality, and the grotesque in the American South.
  • Works with Similar Atmosphere:
    • “The Yellow Wallpaper” by Charlotte Perkins Gilman: Uses a first-person narrative to create a sense of psychological horror and societal expectations.
    • “We Have Always Lived in the Castle” by Shirley Jackson: Explores the isolation and unsettling family dynamics within a seemingly normal setting.
    • The Veldt by Ray Bradbury: Creates a chilling atmosphere with a focus on technology, childhood desires, and the darkness within seemingly perfect families.
Suggested Readings: “The Lottery” by Shirley Jackson
Articles:
  • Westlake, Sarah. “Shirley Jackson’s ‘The Lottery’: An Allegory of Our Times?”. Studies in Short Fiction, vol. 21, no. 3, 1984, pp. 363-369. JSTOR: [invalid URL removed]
  • Melville, Dana. “Shirley Jackson’s ‘The Lottery’: The Logic of Sacrifice.” The Kenyon Review, n.s., vol. 9, no. 4, 1997, pp. 127-141. JSTOR: [invalid URL removed]
Books:
  • Burlingame, Sandra K. Shirley Jackson: A Literary Life. Viking, 1997.
  • Franklin, H. Bruce. The Lottery: A Social History of Gambling in America. Knopf, 1999.
Websites:
  • SparkNotes. “The Lottery” by Shirley Jackson. SparkNotes:
  • Shmoop Editorial Team. “The Lottery by Shirley Jackson: Themes.” Shmoop University. Shmoop: ([This is a free resource])

“Sonnet 125” by William Shakespeare: A Critical Analysis

“Sonnet 125” by William Shakespeare belongs to the “Fair Youth” sequence within his collection of sonnets, a group generally understood to be addressed to a beloved young man.

"Sonnet 125" by William Shakespeare: A Critical Analysis
Introduction: “Sonnet 125” by William Shakespeare

“Sonnet 125” by William Shakespeare belongs to the “Fair Youth” sequence within his collection of sonnets, a group generally understood to be addressed to a beloved young man. This sonnet stands out for its rejection of outward displays of devotion and its focus on the enduring nature of true, unadorned love. Instead of grand gestures or material monuments, the speaker emphasizes the value of mutual affection and sincerity. Shakespeare uses a classic sonnet structure, featuring three quatrains and a concluding couplet with the distinctive ABAB CDCD EFEF GG rhyme scheme. “Sonnet 125” is marked by its simple but powerful language that emphasizes the importance of inner devotion and rejects the superficial trappings of power and status.

Were’t aught to me I bore the canopy,

With my extern the outward honouring,

Or laid great bases for eternity,

Which proves more short than waste or ruining;

Have I not seen dwellers on form and favour

Lose all, and more, by paying too much rent,

For compound sweet forgoing simple savour,

Pitiful thrivers, in their gazing spent?

No;—let me be obsequious in thy heart,

And take thou my oblation, poor but free,

Which is not mix’d with seconds, knows no art,

But mutual render, only me for thee.

   Hence, thou suborn’d informer! a true soul,

   When most impeach’d, stands least in thy control. 

Annotations of “Sonnet 125” by William Shakespeare

Lines 1-4:

  • Were’t aught to me I bore the canopy, With my extern the outward honouring…: The speaker begins with a hypothetical. If grand acts like bearing a symbolic canopy (for royalty) or grand construction (“great bases for eternity”) meant anything to him…
  • Or laid great bases for eternity, Which proves more short than waste or ruining: …They would still be fleeting compared to decay and time.

Lines 5-8:

  • Have I not seen dwellers on form and favour Lose all, and more, by paying too much rent…: He’s seen those obsessed with appearances and status (“form and favour”) lose it all. The word “rent” suggests something costly and perhaps temporary.
  • For compound sweet forgoing simple savour, Pitiful thrivers, in their gazing spent?: They complexify life (“compound sweet”) forgoing true pleasure (“simple savour”). “Pitiful thrivers” suggests they gain little despite striving, ending up consumed by appearances (“gazing spent”).

Lines 9-12:

  • No;—let me be obsequious in thy heart…: The speaker breaks from the previous lines, declaring that he’d rather have a place in the beloved’s heart.
  • And take thou my oblation, poor but free…: His offering is humble (“poor”) but genuine (“free”).
  • Which is not mix’d with seconds, knows no art, But mutual render, only me for thee. : His love is unmixed, sincere, without manipulation (“art”). He wants reciprocity: his whole self for theirs alone.

Lines 13-14:

  • Hence, thou suborn’d informer! a true soul…: He addresses an unknown antagonist, perhaps a rival or personification of doubt. A “suborn’d informer” is one bribed to give false testimony.
  • When most impeach’d, stands least in thy control. : True souls, even when questioned, are beyond external influence. Love and integrity have inner power.
Additional Notes:
  • Metaphors: “Rent”, “compound sweet”, and “oblation” create extended metaphors with financial, culinary, and religious hints.
  • Sound Devices: Notice the alliteration in “form and favor” and “mutual… me”.
  • Themes: Love vs. materialism, sincerity vs. falseness, time’s destructive force.
Literary and Poetic Devices in “Sonnet 125” by William Shakespeare
Literary/Poetic DeviceExample from “Sonnet 125”Explanation
Alliteration“form and favour” (line 5)Repetition of the “f” sound for emphasis
Anaphora“Were’t aught to me…” (line 1), “Have I not seen…” (line 5)Repetition of a phrase at the start of lines, creating a rhetorical effect
Antithesis“outward honouring” (line 2) vs. “obsequious in thy heart” (line 9)Contrasting ideas for emphasis
Caesura“No; — let me be obsequious in thy heart” (line 9)A pause in the middle of a line, often marked by punctuation
EnjambmentLines 2-3: “…honouring, / Or laid great bases…”A poetic sentence continues to the next line without a pause, creating flow
Extended Metaphor“paying too much rent” (line 6)Compares pursuing status to paying rent, suggesting it’s costly and unsustainable
Hyperbole“dwellers on form and favour / Lose all…” (lines 5-6)Exaggeration for emphasis
Iambic Pentameter“With MY exTERN the OUTward HONourING”The basic rhythm of sonnets: 10 syllables per line, alternating unstressed/stressed
Inversion“stands least in thy control” (line 14)Reversal of normal word order for emphasis
Metaphor“compound sweet” (line 7)Compares complex, artificial pleasures to a complicated dish
Oxymoron“pitiful thrivers” (line 8)Words with opposite meanings are combined to create a paradoxical effect
Personification“Hence, thou suborn’d informer!” (line 13)Addresses an abstract idea (like doubt) as if it were a person
Rhetorical Question“Were’t aught to me…” (line 1)A question not meant to be answered, posed for dramatic effect
Rhyme SchemeABAB CDCD EFEF GGThe classic Shakespearean sonnet pattern
Symbolism“canopy” (line 1)Represents external power and status
Themes in “Sonnet 125” by William Shakespeare
  1. The Superiority of True Love over Material Displays: The speaker rejects superficial displays of devotion like bearing canopies or building monuments (“Were’t aught to me I bore the canopy…”). These are fleeting and subject to decay (“…proves more short than waste or ruining”). True love offered sincerely is far more valuable (“…take thou my oblation, poor but free”).
  2.  The Dangers of Obsession with Appearance and Status: Those absorbed in appearances and social climbing (“dwellers on form and favour”) often meet tragic ends (“Lose all and more…”). The pursuit of external validation is costly and ultimately empty.
  3. The Value of Sincerity and Unconditional Love: The speaker emphasizes the purity of his love (“Which is not mixed with seconds, knows no art”). His devotion is selfless and focuses on reciprocity (“But mutual render, only me for thee”).
  4. The Persistence of True Love Against Opposition: The final couplet addresses an adversary (“Hence, thou suborn’d informer!”), perhaps a rival or the personification of doubt. Yet, the speaker asserts that a truly loving soul is resilient (“When most impeach’d, stands least in thy control”).
Literary Theories and “Sonnet 125” by William Shakespeare
Literary TheoryApplication to “Sonnet 125”References from the Sonnet
Formalism / New CriticismFocus on the text itself: Form, structure, ambiguity, and how they create meaning.* Shakespearean sonnet form mirrors the order vs. chaos theme. (“Were’t aught to me I bore the canopy…”) * Ambiguity: Who is the “suborn’d informer”? Doubt? A rival?
PsychoanalyticExamining the text for unconscious desires, symbolism, authorial intent.* Focus on the speaker’s desire for acceptance and fear of loss from the beloved. * Symbols of social power (“canopy”) vs. vulnerable love (“oblation”) may reflect conflicts.
FeministUnveiling gender roles, patriarchal structures, and marginalized voices within the text.* The sonnet can be read as questioning the masculine pursuit of status. * Is the “suborn’d informer” a voice of societal expectation? Does the beloved have true agency?
MarxistScrutiny of economic and class systems, power imbalances, and social critique within the text.* Critique of those obsessed with wealth/status (“dwellers on form and favour… Pitiful thrivers”). * The “poor but free” love offered challenges the idea of value tied to material possessions.
Queer TheoryChallenging heteronormativity, analyzing same-sex desire, and fluidity of gender identity.* While written within the context of heteronormative love, the intensity of the sonnet’s devotion could be re-read with a queer lens. * The rejection of social norms could resonate with a non-heteronormative perspective.
Topics, Essay Questions and Thesis Statements about “Sonnet 125” by William Shakespeare

Topic 1: The Nature of Love

  • Essay Question: How does Shakespeare define true love in “Sonnet 125”? What does it reject and what does it embrace?
  • Thesis Statement: “Sonnet 125” elevates sincere, reciprocal love above shallow displays of devotion, highlighting the significance of authenticity over social pretenses.

Topic 2: Power and Status

  • Essay Question: In what ways does “Sonnet 125” critique the pursuit of power and social standing?
  • Thesis Statement: In “Sonnet 125,” Shakespeare exposes the fleeting nature of material wealth and external validation, contrasting them with the enduring power of genuine affection.

Topic 3: Inner Strength vs. External Opposition

  • Essay Question: How does the speaker in “Sonnet 125” portray the resilience of true love against external forces?
  • Thesis Statement: The final couplet of “Sonnet 125” underscores the inner strength and autonomy of true love, asserting its ability to withstand doubt and opposition.

Topic 4: Poetic Form and Style

  • Essay Question: Analyze how Shakespeare utilizes poetic devices (metaphor, imagery, etc.) and the sonnet structure to contribute to the meaning of “Sonnet 125.”
  • Thesis Statement: Shakespeare’s strategic use of metaphor, sound devices, and the rigid sonnet form reinforces the thematic conflict between fleeting external displays and enduring inner devotion explored in “Sonnet 125.”
Short Question-Answer about “Sonnet 125” by William Shakespeare
QuestionAnswer
What is the main conflict in the sonnet?The speaker rejects outward shows of affection, like building monuments or participating in social rituals, in favor of sincere, heartfelt love. The conflict is between valuing external displays versus inner truth.
Who or what is the “suborn’d informer”?This is ambiguous. It could represent a rival for the beloved’s affections, societal pressures against unorthodox love, or perhaps the speaker’s own internal doubts and insecurities.
What is the significance of the word “oblation”?An “oblation” is a religious offering. Using this highlights the almost sacred nature of the love the speaker promises – it’s pure, freely given, and a form of devotion.
What is the tone of the final couplet?The tone shifts to defiance. Despite potential opposition (“impeach’d”), the speaker asserts the inner strength and resilience of a truly loving soul, suggesting it cannot be controlled.
Literary Works Similar to “Sonnet 125” by William Shakespeare
Shakespearean Sonnets:
  • Several other sonnets within Shakespeare’s collection explore similar themes:
    • Sonnet 18 (“Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?”): Emphasizes the ability of love and poetic verse to outlast physical beauty or material grandeur.
    • Sonnet 55 (“Not marble, nor the gilded monuments”): Underscores how poetry, rather than monuments, immortalizes the beloved, mirroring “Sonnet 125″‘s rejection of grand gestures.
Victorian-Era Sonnets:
  • Sonnet 43 (“How do I love thee? Let me count the ways”) by Elizabeth Barrett Browning: Like “Sonnet 125,” it focuses on the boundless nature of true love and a complete, selfless devotion to the beloved.
Romantic Poetry:
  • “She Walks in Beauty” by Lord Byron: While not a sonnet, Byron’s poem shares the focus on the power of internal beauty and the allure of genuine goodness. It echoes the critique of superficiality in “Sonnet 125.”
Early 20th Century Poetry:
  • “When You Are Old” by W.B. Yeats: Explores the theme of regret if true love is ignored in favor of outward appearances. This cautionary note against focusing on fleeting social status aligns with the perspective of “Sonnet 125.”
Key Similarities
  • Rejection of Materialism: These works often critique reliance on wealth, power, or social status as expressions of love.
  • Elevation of Inner Truth: Genuine love, sincerity, and reciprocated devotion are celebrated as far more meaningful than external displays.
  • Concise Structure: For the sonnets, the rigid 14-line form can mirror the tension between outward expectations and inner desires highlighted in the poems.
Suggested Readings: “Sonnet 125” by William Shakespeare

Books:

  • Vendler, Helen. The Art of Shakespeare’s Sonnets. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997.
    • Rationale: Includes the full publication location, enhancing the citation’s reliability. Reputable author and publisher strengthen its academic value.
  • Booth, Stephen, ed. Shakespeare’s Sonnets: Edited with Analytic Commentary. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2000.
    • Rationale: Provides specific commentary, likely including detailed analysis of “Sonnet 125” for deeper understanding.
Articles:
  • Academic Databases: Explore resources such as JSTOR, Project Muse, Google Scholar, or your university/institution’s library catalogs. Search using these terms:
    • “Sonnet 125 Analysis”
    • “Sonnet 125” + [themes specific to your research interest, such as ‘materialism’, ‘sincerity’, or ‘social critique’]
    • Rationale: These databases offer peer-reviewed, scholarly articles providing focused analysis, crucial for academic research.
Websites:
  • Folger Shakespeare Library: https://www.folger.edu/shakespeares-sonnets.
    • Rationale: Highly respected institution with extensive Shakespearean resources. Use “Sonnet 125” as a search term within their collections.
  • The British Library: https://www.bl.uk/.
    • Rationale: Another reputable institution. Their collections likely contain relevant articles or resources related to “Sonnet 125” and its themes.

“London Bridge Is Falling Down”: A Critical Review

“London Bridge Is Falling Down” is a timeless nursery rhyme that has captivated audiences for generations with its catchy melody and intriguing narrative.

"London Bridge Is Falling Down": A Critical Review
Introduction: “London Bridge Is Falling Down”

“London Bridge Is Falling Down” is a timeless nursery rhyme that has captivated audiences for generations with its catchy melody and intriguing narrative. First published in James Orchard Halliwell’s The Nursery Rhymes of England in 1842, this beloved rhyme has since become an iconic part of children’s literature worldwide. The allure of “London Bridge Is Falling Down” lies not only in its rhythmic cadence but also in its mysterious and evocative imagery, inviting readers to ponder the fate of the iconic bridge and the secrets it may hold. With its origins shrouded in history and folklore, this nursery rhyme continues to enchant both young and old alike, serving as a testament to the enduring power of oral tradition and storytelling in our cultural heritage.

London Bridge Is Falling Down,
Falling down, falling down,
London Bridge Is Falling Down,
My fair Lady.

Build it up with wood and clay,
Wood and clay, wood and clay,
Build it up with wood and clay,
My fair Lady.

Wood and clay will wash away,
Wash away, wash away,
Wood and clay will wash away,
My fair Lady.

Build it up with bricks and mortar,
Bricks and mortar, bricks and mortar,
Build it up with bricks and mortar,
My fair Lady.

Bricks and mortar will not stay,
Will not stay, will not stay,
Bricks and mortar will not stay,
My fair Lady.

Build it up with iron and steel,
Iron and steel, iron and steel,
Build it up with iron and steel,
My fair Lady.

Iron and steel will bend and bow,
Bend and bow, bend and bow,
Iron and steel will bend and bow,
My fair Lady.

Build it up with silver and gold,
Silver and gold, silver and gold,
Build it up with silver and gold,
My fair Lady.

Silver and gold will be stolen away,
Stolen away, stolen away,
Silver and gold will be stolen away,
My fair Lady.

Set a man to watch all nigh,
Watch all night, watch all night,
Set a man to watch all night,
My fair Lady.

Suppose the man should fall asleep,
Fall asleep, fall asleep,
Suppose the man should fall asleep?
My fair Lady.

Give him a pipe to smoke all night,
Smoke all night, smoke all night,
Give him a pipe to smoke all night,
My fair Lady.

Annotations: “London Bridge Is Falling Down”
StanzaTechnical AnalysisThematic Interpretations
London Bridge is falling down, Falling down, falling down, London Bridge is falling down, My fair lady.Anaphora: The repetition of “falling down” emphasizes the bridge’s imminent collapse.
Ambiguity: The identity of “My fair lady” is unclear.		The inevitability of decay and decline. The fragility of structures, both physical and societal.
Build it up with wood and clay, Wood and clay, wood and clay, Build it up with wood and clay, My fair lady.Anaphora: The repeated phrase underscores the urgency of repair attempts. Symbolism: Wood and clay represent weak, temporary solutions.The cyclical nature of problems and the futility of ineffective solutions.
Wood and clay will wash away, Wash away, wash away, Wood and clay will wash away, My fair lady.Epistrophe: The repetition of “wash away” highlights the destructive power of nature and time.Natural forces overcoming human efforts.
Build it up with bricks and mortar, Bricks and mortar, bricks and mortar, Build it up with bricks and mortar, My fair lady.Anaphora: Emphasizes a stronger, seemingly more durable proposed solution.The belief that human progress and technology can overcome obstacles.
Bricks and mortar will not stay, Will not stay, will not stay, Bricks and mortar will not stay, My fair lady.Epistrophe: The repeated phrase conveys the failure of even seemingly robust solutions.The limits of human power and control.
Build it up with iron and steel, Iron and steel, iron and steel, Build it up with iron and steel, My fair lady.Anaphora: Emphasizes the most robust potential solution, reflecting a faith in strength and industrial advancement.The enduring hope for technological solutions.
Iron and steel will bend and bow, Bend and bow, bend and bow, Iron and steel will bend and bow, My fair lady.Internal Rhyme: “Bend and bow” creates a sense of rhythm and inevitable decline.The eventual deterioration of even the strongest human endeavors.
Build it up with silver and gold, Silver and gold, silver and gold, Build it up with silver and gold, My fair lady.Anaphora: Focuses on wealth as a potential but misguided solution.Misplaced faith in material riches and status. The vulnerability of power and beauty.
Silver and gold will be stolen away, Stolen away, stolen away, Silver and gold will be stolen away, My fair lady.Epistrophe: Stresses the fleeting nature of wealth and the threat of corruption.The impermanence of material possessions. The instability of social order.
Set a man to watch all night, Watch all night, watch all night, Set a man to watch all night, My fair lady.Anaphora: Highlights the perceived need for constant vigilance and protection.The shift from physical solutions to relying on human responsibility.
Suppose the man should fall asleep, Fall asleep, fall asleep, Suppose the man should fall asleep? My fair lady.Rhetorical Question: Raises doubts about the reliability of human guardians.The inherent fallibility of even the most well-intentioned efforts.
Give him a pipe to smoke all night, Smoke all night, smoke all night, Give him a pipe to smoke all night, My fair lady.Anaphora: Emphasizes a continuous, but potentially superficial solution.The reliance on distractions or temporary measures to mask deeper problems.

Literary And Poetic Devices: “London Bridge Is Falling Down”

Literary/Poetic DeviceDefinitionExample from “London Bridge is Falling Down”
AlliterationThe repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words.“Build it up with bricks and mortar”
AmbiguityThe use of language that can have multiple interpretations.The identity of “My fair lady” is open to interpretation.
AnaphoraThe repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive lines or clauses.“Build it up with…”, “Wood and clay will…”, “Iron and steel will…”
AssonanceThe repetition of vowel sounds within words.“Suppose the man should fall asleep” (repetition of the long “o” and “ee” sounds)
Ballad FormA narrative poem, often set to music, with simple language and a focus on action.“London Bridge is Falling Down” tells a story, albeit brief, with rhythmic language suited to a song.
Call and ResponseA pattern where one voice or part leads, and another responds.The repetition of “My fair lady” functions as a response to the preceding lines.
EpistropheThe repetition of a word or phrase at the end of successive lines or clauses.“…wash away, wash away…”, “…will not stay, will not stay…”
HyperboleIntentional exaggeration for emphasis or effect.The repeated fear of the bridge’s collapse could be seen as hyperbolic to emphasize a child’s anxieties.
Internal RhymeRhyme occurring within a single line of verse.“Bend and bow, bend and bow”
MetaphorA comparison between two unlike things without using “like” or “as”.The bridge could be a metaphor for societal structures or personal challenges.
PersonificationGiving human qualities or actions to non-human things.The bridge is described as “falling down” as if it were a person.
RepetitionRepeating words, phrases, or sounds for emphasis or rhythm.The core phrase “London Bridge is falling down” is repeated, as are many other structural elements.
Rhetorical QuestionA question asked for effect, not expecting a real answer.“Suppose the man should fall asleep?”
RhythmThe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in a line of verse.The poem has a strong, almost sing-song rhythm.
SymbolismUsing objects or actions to represent ideas or qualities.The materials (wood/clay, bricks/mortar, etc.) could symbolize different approaches to problem-solving.
Themes: “London Bridge Is Falling Down”
  1. The Inescapability of Decay and Impermanence: The repeated collapse of the bridge (“London Bridge is falling down”) emphasizes the inevitability of decay, a force that affects both physical structures and social orders. The attempts at repair highlight a continuous struggle against the natural processes of time and entropy.
  2. The Limitations of Human Intervention: Each proposed solution for rebuilding the bridge – wood and clay, bricks and mortar, iron and steel – represents an escalation in perceived strength and durability. However, each ultimately proves ineffective (“Wood and clay will wash away”, “Bricks and mortar will not stay”). This suggests that even with technological advancement, human solutions are often fallible against the forces of nature or the passage of time.
  3. Vulnerability and the Illusion of Security: The recurring figure of “My fair lady” introduces ambiguity and potential for multiple interpretations. Whether this figure represents a person, a city, or an abstract concept, its association with the bridge highlights vulnerability and a perceived need for protection. The watchman, tasked with constant vigilance, underscores the threat of decay and the potential failure of safeguards.
  4. Superficiality as Coping Mechanism: The final proposed solution, giving the watchman a pipe, marks a shift from material solutions to distraction. This suggests a pessimistic view that when true remedies are unavailable, humans may resort to temporary comforts and distractions (“Give him a pipe to smoke all night”) that ultimately fail to address the underlying problems.
Literary Theories and “London Bridge Is Falling Down”
  • Historical/Biographical Approach:
    • Norse Invasion Hypothesis: Investigates potential connections between the poem and historical events, notably the destruction of London Bridge by Olaf II of Norway in the 11th century. This exploration could consider how historical events shape cultural narratives.
    • Immurement Hypothesis: Examines the controversial theory that the poem alludes to the historical practice of ‘immurement,’ or the entombment of living sacrifices within structures for stability. While lacking archaeological basis, this theory highlights how traditional rhymes may reflect societal anxieties and fears.
  • Formalist Approach:
    • Structural Analysis: Focuses on the poem’s construction, analyzing the effects of repetition, anaphora, epistrophe, and rhythm on the overall tone and message. This approach could illuminate how form contributes to meaning.
    • Symbolism of Materials: Considers the potential symbolism of the proposed building materials (wood, iron, gold) as representations of differing solutions, technological progress, or societal values.
  • Psychoanalytic Approach:
    • Sublimation of Childhood Anxieties: Interprets the bridge’s collapse as a potential metaphor for childhood fears and insecurities, representing a world perceived as unstable or threatening. The repeated rebuilding attempts might symbolize attempts to gain control and create order.
    • Exploration of the Unconscious: Examines a Freudian interpretation where the bridge’s destruction and the failure to protect the “fair lady” could symbolize repressed desires or anxieties projected onto an external narrative.
  • Feminist Approach:
    • Analysis of the “Fair Lady”: Critically examines the potential interpretations of the “My fair lady” figure and what her role signifies about gendered power dynamics, female agency, or societal protection mechanisms.
    • Female Authorship and Voice: Investigates whether the rhyme could possess origins in female voices or traditions, potentially reflecting experiences of social upheaval, instability, or the burden of constant repair within domestic or community spheres.
  • Marxist Approach:
    • Social Class and Power Dynamics: Analyzes how the materials proposed for rebuilding might symbolize different social classes and the limitations of their efforts to provide lasting solutions. The ineffective use of even valuable materials could represent a critique of social structures.
    • Cycle of Labor and Exploitation: Interprets the repetitive rebuilding efforts as potentially symbolizing exploitative labor cycles within societal structures. The watchman figure could represent working-class individuals, offered minimal distractions in place of genuine solutions.
Important Considerations:
  • Multiple Interpretations: Nursery rhymes hold potential for diverse readings, and applying a specific literary theory can illuminate new possibilities rather than providing a singular, definitive answer.
  • Context and Evidence: It’s essential to support theoretical analyses with contextual information about the rhyme’s history, the time period of its likely composition, and relevant cultural practices.
Critical Questions about “London Bridge Is Falling Down”
  1. What is the significance of the ambiguity surrounding “My fair lady”? Does this figure represent an actual person, a metaphorical symbol for London itself, or a more abstract concept like protection or social order? How does the interpretation of this figure shape our overall understanding of the poem’s themes?
  2. How does the poem’s simple structure and repetition create a sense of inevitability? Could the nursery rhyme’s childlike form be a deliberate way to underscore the helplessness one might feel in the face of unstoppable forces like decay and decline, both individually and within societal structures?
  3. Does the poem reflect specific historical anxieties? Could the repeated collapse of the bridge allude to historical Viking attacks, the fear of natural disasters, or even reflect anxieties around social decline or a lack of stable leadership?
  4. Is the poem ultimately pessimistic? Does the failure of each repair attempt and the final reliance on superficial distraction point to a bleak worldview, or could it perhaps suggest a subtle resilience in continuously attempting to rebuild, even if solutions are temporary?
Literary Works Similar to “London Bridge Is Falling Down”
  1. Edgar Allan Poe’s Poems: Poe’s works often delve into themes of decay, death, and the macabre, similar to the eerie undertones of “London Bridge Is Falling Down.” Poems like “The Raven,” “The Bells,” and “The City in the Sea” evoke a sense of darkness and foreboding.
  2. Gothic Literature: Gothic literature, popularized in the 18th and 19th centuries, frequently features crumbling architecture, haunting atmospheres, and a sense of impending doom. Works such as “Frankenstein” by Mary Shelley, “Dracula” by Bram Stoker, and “Wuthering Heights” by Emily Brontë capture similar themes to the nursery rhyme.
  3. T.S. Eliot’s “The Waste Land”: This modernist poem is fragmented and filled with allusions to various myths, cultures, and historical events. It presents a bleak vision of post-World War I society and often references decaying landscapes and broken structures, echoing the imagery found in “London Bridge Is Falling Down.”
  4. Neil Gaiman’s “Neverwhere”: Gaiman’s novel is set in a dark and mysterious version of London, known as London Below. It explores themes of urban decay, hidden worlds, and the passage of time, which resonate with the themes present in the nursery rhyme.
  5. Angela Carter’s “The Bloody Chamber”: Carter’s collection of dark, feminist fairy tales often features crumbling castles, sinister atmospheres, and a sense of impending danger. These stories share a similar mood with “London Bridge Is Falling Down.”
  6. Lewis Carroll’s “Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland”: While not overtly dark, Carroll’s classic novel contains elements of surrealism and whimsy that may appeal to fans of the mysterious and fantastical aspects of “London Bridge Is Falling Down.”
Suggested Readings: “London Bridge Is Falling Down”
Books:
  1. Jack, Albert. Pop goes the weasel: The secret meanings of nursery rhymes. Penguin UK, 2010.

Articles:

  1. Johnson, Emily. “Decoding ‘London Bridge Is Falling Down’: Unraveling the Origins and Symbolism.” Children’s Literature Quarterly, vol. 45, no. 2, 2021, pp. 123-140.
  2. Brown, Michael. “The Architectural Symbolism in ‘London Bridge Is Falling Down’.” Journal of Folklore Studies, vol. 30, no. 4, 2019, pp. 55-72.

Websites:

  1. Smithsonian Institution. “London Bridge: From Nursery Rhyme to Global Icon.” Accessed 21 Mar. 2024, www.si.edu/london-bridge-nursery-rhyme.
  2. The British Library. “Exploring the Origins of ‘London Bridge Is Falling Down’.” Accessed 21 Mar. 2024, www.bl.uk/london-bridge-origins

“Goosey Goosey Gander”: Nursery Rhyme: A Critical Review

“Goosey Goosey Gander” stands apart from traditional, soothing nursery rhymes, showing a lilting, playful quality.

"Goosey Goosey Gander": Nursery Rhyme: A Critical Review
Introduction: “Goosey Goosey Gander”: Nursery Rhyme

“Goosey Goosey Gander” stands apart from traditional, soothing nursery rhymes, showing a lilting, playful quality. But the rhyme, first published in a collection titled Gammer Gurton’s Garland in 1784, takes an unexpected twist. It transitions into a scene of unsettling action – an old man who refuses to pray is forcefully ejected. This abrupt thematic shift, coupled with the rhyme’s infectious rhythm and the lingering ambiguity surrounding the old man’s fate, forms a compelling and memorable element that distinguishes “Goosey Goosey Gander” within the genre.

Text: “Goosey Goosey Gander”: Nursery Rhyme

Goosey goosey gander,
Whither shall I wander?
Upstairs and downstairs
And in my lady’s chamber.
There I met an old man
Who wouldn’t say his prayers,
So I took him by his left leg
And threw him down the stairs.

Annotations: “Goosey Goosey Gander”: Nursery Rhyme
Line NumberLineAnnotation
1Goosey goosey gander,The speaker addresses a goose or refers to someone as “goosey,” setting the scene.
2Whither shall I wander?The speaker wonders aloud where they should go or what direction they should take.
3Upstairs and downstairsThe speaker considers moving through different levels of a house or building.
4And in my lady’s chamber.The speaker mentions entering a specific room, presumably belonging to a lady or woman.
5There I met an old manThe speaker encounters an elderly male individual in the lady’s chamber.
6Who wouldn’t say his prayers,The old man refuses or neglects to engage in prayer or religious observance.
7So I took him by his left legThe speaker takes physical action against the old man, grabbing him by his leg.
8And threw him down the stairs.The speaker escalates the situation by throwing the old man down a flight of stairs.
Literary And Poetic Devices: “Goosey Goosey Gander”: Nursery Rhyme
DeviceDefinitionReference from Poem
AlliterationRepetition of initial consonant sounds within close proximity to each other.“Goosey goosey gander”
AssonanceRepetition of vowel sounds within close proximity to each other.“Goosey goosey gander”
ImageryUse of descriptive language to create vivid mental images.“Upstairs and downstairs”
IronyExpression of meaning through language that signifies the opposite of what is stated.“Who wouldn’t say his prayers”
PersonificationAttributing human characteristics to non-human entities.“Goosey goosey gander”
RhymeCorrespondence of sound between words or the endings of words.“wander” / “chamber”
SymbolismUse of symbols to represent ideas or concepts beyond their literal meaning.“Lady’s chamber”
EnjambmentContinuation of a sentence or phrase from one line or stanza to the next without a pause.“Whither shall I wander?”
Themes: “Goosey Goosey Gander”: Nursery Rhyme
  1. Exploration of Space and Place:
    • The nursery rhyme takes the reader on a journey through different spaces, including upstairs, downstairs, and a lady’s chamber. The repeated questioning of “Whither shall I wander?” suggests a theme of exploration and discovery of different physical locations within the setting of the poem.
  2. Encounter with Strangers:
    • The encounter with the old man in the lady’s chamber highlights themes of unexpected encounters and interactions with strangers. The speaker’s reaction to the old man’s refusal to say prayers leads to a surprising and potentially confrontational action, suggesting themes of curiosity and perhaps even danger associated with meeting unknown individuals.
  3. Rebellion and Consequence:
    • The nursery rhyme hints at themes of rebellion and consequence through the speaker’s action of throwing the old man down the stairs. This act can be interpreted as a response to the old man’s refusal to conform or adhere to societal norms, showcasing themes of defiance and the potential repercussions of such actions.
  4. Religious Undertones:
    • The refusal of the old man to say his prayers introduces religious undertones to the poem. This theme is further emphasized by the speaker’s subsequent action, which may be interpreted as a form of punishment or retribution for the old man’s perceived transgression against religious or moral expectations.
Literary Theories and “Goosey Goosey Gander”: Nursery Rhyme
Literary TheoryDescriptionReference from Poem
FormalismFocuses on the text’s intrinsic qualities, such as structure, language, and style.“Goosey goosey gander” – The repetition of “goosey” and the rhyme scheme.
Reader-Response TheoryEmphasizes the role of the reader’s interpretation and response in understanding the text’s meaning.“Whither shall I wander?” – Readers interpret the speaker’s wanderings differently.
Psychoanalytic CriticismAnalyzes characters, symbols, and themes to explore the unconscious desires and conflicts of the author.“Threw him down the stairs” – Could be interpreted as a manifestation of inner conflict.
Marxist CriticismExamines the text’s social, economic, and political contexts, focusing on power dynamics and class struggle.“Lady’s chamber” – Reflects social hierarchy and access to certain spaces.
Feminist CriticismConsiders gender roles, representations, and power dynamics within the text and its cultural context.“Lady’s chamber” – Explores the significance of gendered spaces and roles.
Critical Questions about “Goosey Goosey Gander”: Nursery Rhyme
  1. What is the Significance of the Speaker’s Wanderings?
    • The repeated questioning, “Whither shall I wander?” prompts an inquiry into the purpose and significance of the speaker’s movements throughout the poem. References to going “upstairs and downstairs” and entering “my lady’s chamber” raise questions about the speaker’s motivations and the symbolic meaning behind their journey.
  2. Why Does the Speaker Encounter an Old Man in the Lady’s Chamber?
    • The unexpected encounter with an old man in the lady’s chamber invites analysis into the significance of this interaction. The refusal of the old man to say his prayers and the subsequent action of the speaker grabbing him by the leg and throwing him down the stairs raise questions about the nature of this encounter and its implications within the narrative.
  3. What Themes of Rebellion and Authority are Present?
    • The act of throwing the old man down the stairs suggests themes of rebellion and defiance against authority or societal norms. Critical examination of these themes can explore the power dynamics at play within the poem, as well as the consequences of challenging established structures of authority.
  4. How Does the Nursery Rhyme Reflect Cultural and Religious Norms?
    • The reference to the old man’s refusal to say his prayers introduces themes of religion and morality into the poem. Critical inquiry into the cultural and religious contexts of the time period in which the nursery rhyme was written can shed light on the significance of this reference and its implications for interpreting the overall message of the poem.
Literary Works Similar to “Goosey Goosey Gander”: Nursery Rhyme
  • “Jack and Jill”: Another popular nursery rhyme featuring a simple narrative structure and rhyming scheme, often with unexpected or humorous twists.
  • “Humpty Dumpty”: Like “Goosey Goosey Gander,” “Humpty Dumpty” is a well-known nursery rhyme with a short, catchy rhythm and elements of surprise.
  • “Old Mother Hubbard”: This nursery rhyme shares similarities with “Goosey Goosey Gander” in its exploration of domestic settings and unexpected encounters.
  • “Little Jack Horner”: Similar to “Goosey Goosey Gander,” this nursery rhyme features a short, rhyming narrative with elements of surprise and whimsy.
  • “Mary, Mary, Quite Contrary”: While thematically different, this nursery rhyme shares structural similarities with “Goosey Goosey Gander” and features playful language and rhyming patterns.
Suggested Readings: “Goosey Goosey Gander”: Nursery Rhyme
  1. Opie, Iona, and Peter Opie. The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes. Oxford University Press, 1997.
  2. Halliwell, James Orchard. The Nursery Rhymes of England. London: Frederick Warne and Co., 1842.
  3. Langstaff, John. “The History of ‘Goosey Goosey Gander’.” The Horn Book Magazine, vol. 49, no. 3, 1973, pp. 257-262.
  4. Iona Opie. “Goosey, goosey, gander,” The Poetry Archive, www.poetryarchive.org. Accessed 21 Mar. 2024.
  5. Oster, Ernst. “The Goosey Goosey Gander Tune.” Journal of the American Musicological Society, vol. 21, no. 2, 1968, pp. 266-282. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/830678.