“The Snows of Kilimanjaro” by Ernest Hemingway, first published in 1936 in the collection The Snows of Kilimanjaro and Other Stories, demonstrates Hemingway’s masterful storytelling and distinctive writing style.
Introduction: “The Snows of Kilimanjaro” by Ernest Hemingway
“The Snows of Kilimanjaro” by Ernest Hemingway, first published in 1936 in the collection The Snows of Kilimanjaro and Other Stories, demonstrates Hemingway’s masterful storytelling and distinctive writing style, which explores themes of mortality, regret, and the human condition. The narrative’s non-linear structure and use of symbolism, particularly the snow-capped Kilimanjaro, add depth and complexity to the tale. The story’s good qualities include its concise yet powerful prose, well-developed characters, and thought-provoking exploration of the human experience, making it a celebrated classic in American literature.
Main Events in “The Snows of Kilimanjaro” by Ernest Hemingway
Introduction to Kilimanjaro: Hemingway sets the scene of Kilimanjaro, Africa’s highest mountain, and introduces the theme of mortality through the image of a frozen leopard carcass.
Dialogue on Pain and Death: A conversation between two characters, one suffering from gangrene, reflects on pain, death, and the human condition.
Reflections on Writing: The protagonist reflects on his past, his unfulfilled writing aspirations, and his regrets about wasted talent.
Tension in the Relationship: Tension arises between the protagonist and his companion as they discuss their past decisions and relationship dynamics.
Themes of Love and Betrayal: The protagonist reflects on his relationships with women, the nature of love, and the compromises he made for comfort and security.
Facing Mortality: As the protagonist’s health deteriorates, he confronts his imminent death and reflects on the choices that led him to this point.
Resolution and Acceptance: Despite moments of bitterness and regret, the protagonist finds acceptance and appreciation for the kindness of his companion as he faces his final moments.
Reflecting on Relationship Dynamics: The protagonist contemplates the destructive nature of quarrels in relationships, acknowledging how past conflicts with loved ones led to the deterioration of their connections.
Solitude and Longing in Constantinople: Memories of loneliness in Constantinople resurface, prompting the protagonist to seek solace in fleeting encounters with women. A confrontation with a British gunner highlights his inner turmoil and search for connection.
Haunting Memories of War:
Recollections of wartime experiences, including witnessing shocking scenes of death and destruction, haunt the protagonist. These memories contribute to his difficulty in discussing his past with others.
Seeking Comfort in Paris: Returning to Paris, the protagonist finds comfort in the familiarity of his surroundings and his relationship with his wife. However, the specter of war still looms large, affecting his emotional well-being.
Unwritten Chapters of Life: The protagonist reflects on the stories left untold from various chapters of his life, including his experiences in Paris, on the ranch, and with the people he encountered. Regrets about not documenting these aspects of his life weigh heavily on him.
Confronting Mortality: As death draws nearer, the protagonist grapples with his mortality, feeling its presence grow stronger with each passing moment. Despite facing death, he maintains a sense of curiosity and introspection.
Final Moments of Reflection: In his last moments, the protagonist reflects on his life, acknowledging his regrets and desires. The impending end prompts a deeper introspection into his choices and experiences.
Symbolic Journey to Kilimanjaro: The story concludes with the protagonist being airlifted to safety, with the sight of Kilimanjaro representing his final journey towards death. This symbolic imagery encapsulates the protagonist’s acceptance of his fate and the closure of his narrative.
Literary Devices in “The Snows of Kilimanjaro” by Ernest Hemingway
Harry is a writer who is dying from an infected wound while on safari in Africa.
He is depicted as regretful and reflective, contemplating his life choices and missed opportunities.
Hemingway portrays Harry’s inner conflict between his artistic ambitions and his indulgent lifestyle.
Through Harry’s memories and interactions with other characters, his complex personality and relationships are revealed.
Helen (Harry’s wife)
Helen is portrayed as caring and supportive, attending to Harry’s needs as he lies dying.
She is depicted as loyal but also somewhat distant, hinting at underlying tensions in their marriage.
Hemingway explores Helen’s sense of resignation and sorrow as she confronts Harry’s impending death.
Compton (Harry’s friend)
Compton is depicted as a fellow writer and friend who accompanies Harry on the safari.
He serves as a contrast to Harry, embodying discipline and dedication to his craft.
Hemingway highlights Compton’s practicality and resourcefulness in contrast to Harry’s disillusionment and self-pity.
The Hyena
The hyena symbolizes death and decay throughout the story.
Its presence near Harry’s camp serves as a constant reminder of his mortality.
Hemingway uses the hyena to underscore the protagonist’s existential struggle and impending demise.
Other Minor Characters
The presence of other minor characters, such as the porters and the pilot, adds depth to the story’s setting and atmosphere.
These characters provide glimpses into Harry’s past and present circumstances, contributing to his overall characterization.
Through brief interactions with these characters, Hemingway subtly reveals aspects of Harry’s personality and background.
Major Themes in “The Snows of Kilimanjaro” by Ernest Hemingway
Mortality and Regret: One of the central themes in “The Snows of Kilimanjaro” is the inevitability of death and the accompanying sense of regret for unfulfilled potential. Harry, the protagonist, grapples with his impending death from an infected wound while reflecting on his past. He harbors deep regret for the choices he made in life, particularly his failure to pursue his artistic ambitions wholeheartedly. This theme is exemplified through Harry’s introspective musings on lost opportunities and the realization of his mortality as he confronts his imminent demise on the African safari.
The Conflict Between Art and Commerce: Hemingway explores the tension between artistic integrity and commercial success through Harry’s character. As a writer, Harry laments the compromises he made in his career for financial gain, sacrificing his artistic vision in the process. This conflict is evident in Harry’s memories of writing for profit rather than passion, as well as his regret for not producing meaningful work. The theme highlights the existential struggle of artists torn between the pursuit of their craft and the demands of society.
Isolation and Alienation: Another prominent theme in the story is the theme of isolation and alienation. Harry’s physical isolation in the African wilderness mirrors his emotional detachment from those around him. Despite being surrounded by people, Harry feels disconnected and estranged, unable to communicate his inner turmoil effectively. This sense of isolation is compounded by his impending death, which accentuates his existential loneliness. The theme of isolation underscores the existential nature of Harry’s struggle and emphasizes the human condition’s inherent solitude.
The Quest for Meaning and Redemption: Throughout the story, Harry grapples with questions of meaning and redemption as he confronts his mortality. He seeks to find significance in his life and come to terms with his past mistakes before it’s too late. This quest for meaning is exemplified through Harry’s reflections on his relationships, his career, and his personal values. As he faces death, Harry searches for redemption and a sense of closure, hoping to find solace in the face of his impending demise. The theme of the quest for meaning underscores the universal human desire to find purpose and reconcile with one’s past before the end.
Writing Style in “The Snows of Kilimanjaro” by Ernest Hemingway
Minimalism and Sparse Language: Hemingway’s writing style in “The Snows of Kilimanjaro” is characterized by minimalism and the use of sparse language. He employs simple, straightforward prose with concise descriptions and dialogue, allowing readers to infer deeper meanings and emotions. For example, Hemingway writes, “She looked at him with her well-known, well-loved face from Spur and Town and Country, only a little the worse for drink, only a little the worse for bed,” using minimal words to convey complex emotions and relationships.
Stream-of-Consciousness Technique: Throughout the story, Hemingway utilizes the stream-of-consciousness technique to provide insights into the protagonist’s inner thoughts and reflections. The narrative often shifts seamlessly between present events and Harry’s memories, blurring the lines between past and present. This technique allows readers to delve into Harry’s psyche and experience his fragmented, introspective musings firsthand. For instance, Harry’s memories of his past experiences in Paris and Constantinople are interspersed with his current predicament, offering glimpses into his complex emotional landscape.
Symbolism and Imagery: Hemingway employs rich symbolism and vivid imagery to evoke the story’s themes and atmosphere. The snows of Mount Kilimanjaro serve as a powerful symbol of death and the protagonist’s impending demise. Additionally, the African landscape and wildlife are depicted in vivid detail, contributing to the story’s immersive setting. For example, the image of the hyena lurking outside the tent symbolizes death’s presence and foreshadows Harry’s fate.
Dialogue and Subtext: Hemingway’s dialogue is often characterized by its brevity and understatement, with much left unsaid and conveyed through subtext. The characters’ conversations are laden with tension and unspoken emotions, adding depth to their interactions. For instance, the exchanges between Harry and his wife, Helen, reveal underlying tensions and unresolved conflicts in their relationship. Hemingway’s skillful use of dialogue enhances the story’s realism and allows for nuanced character development.
Literary Theories and Interpretation of “The Snows of Kilimanjaro” by Ernest Hemingway
Harry’s existential crisis and contemplation of mortality are central themes in the story. He grapples with the idea of facing death without having fulfilled his potential as a writer. For example, he reflects on the wasted opportunities in his life and regrets not pursuing his true artistic calling. This existential dilemma is epitomized in his final moments as he confronts the inevitability of death on the slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro.
Through an existential lens, “The Snows of Kilimanjaro” explores themes of alienation, mortality, and the search for meaning in an indifferent universe. Harry’s internal struggles mirror the existentialist notion of confronting the absurdity of existence and the individual’s responsibility to create their own purpose. His journey serves as a poignant portrayal of the human condition and the quest for authenticity in the face of mortality.
Hemingway’s narrative style and structure in the story align with modernist literary principles. The fragmented narrative, nonlinear timeline, and use of stream-of-consciousness technique reflect the modernist approach to representing the complexity of human experience. For instance, Harry’s memories are interspersed with present events, blurring the distinction between past and present. This narrative technique mirrors the fractured nature of memory and subjective perception.
“The Snows of Kilimanjaro” embodies modernist aesthetics by challenging traditional narrative conventions and experimenting with form and structure. Hemingway’s innovative storytelling techniques invite readers to engage with the text on multiple levels and encourage active interpretation. The fragmented narrative mirrors the fragmented nature of reality and highlights the subjective nature of human consciousness.
While “The Snows of Kilimanjaro” primarily centers on Harry’s existential crisis, feminist literary criticism can offer insights into the portrayal of female characters in the story. Helen, Harry’s wife, is depicted as a supportive but ultimately passive figure, whose role revolves around caring for Harry and tending to his needs. For example, she tends to Harry’s wounds and tries to comfort him in his final moments. However, her character lacks agency and is overshadowed by Harry’s narrative arc.
From a feminist perspective, Helen’s portrayal reflects traditional gender roles and the marginalization of women’s voices in male-dominated narratives. Her character serves as a reflection of the limitations imposed on women within patriarchal society, where their identities are often defined in relation to men. By examining Helen’s role through a feminist lens, readers can explore the dynamics of power and gender within the story and uncover underlying themes of oppression and inequality.
Topics, Questions, and Thesis Statements about “The Snows of Kilimanjaro” by Ernest Hemingway
1. How does Harry’s confrontation with mortality shape his existential crisis?
Harry’s existential crisis in “The Snows of Kilimanjaro” is a reflection of the human condition, highlighting the struggle to find meaning and purpose in the face of mortality and the inevitability of death.
2. What role do Harry’s regrets and unfulfilled aspirations play in his existential dilemma?
Harry’s regrets and unfulfilled aspirations serve as catalysts for his existential crisis, prompting him to confront the disparity between his idealized self-image and the reality of his life choices.
Nature vs. Civilization
1. How does the natural setting of Mount Kilimanjaro contrast with the civilized world inhabited by Harry and Helen?
The juxtaposition of nature and civilization in “The Snows of Kilimanjaro” underscores the tension between the pristine, untamed wilderness of Africa and the corrupting influence of human civilization.
2. What symbolic significance does the snow-covered summit of Kilimanjaro hold in relation to Harry’s existential journey?
The snow-covered summit of Kilimanjaro serves as a symbolic threshold between life and death, representing both the pinnacle of human aspiration and the ultimate reckoning with mortality.
Gender Roles and Relationships
1. How are gender roles portrayed in the relationship between Harry and Helen?
The portrayal of gender roles in “The Snows of Kilimanjaro” reflects the traditional dynamics of male dominance and female subordination, highlighting the constraints imposed by societal expectations on individual agency and fulfillment.
2. What insights can be gained from examining Helen’s character in the context of feminist literary criticism?
Through a feminist lens, Helen’s character in “The Snows of Kilimanjaro” can be seen as a reflection of the patriarchal norms that limit women’s autonomy and perpetuate unequal power dynamics within relationships.
Artistic Integrity and Authenticity
1. How does Harry’s struggle with artistic integrity and authenticity contribute to his existential crisis?
Harry’s internal conflict between commercial success and artistic integrity in “The Snows of Kilimanjaro” reflects the tension between conforming to societal expectations and staying true to one’s creative vision.
2. What commentary does the story offer on the commercialization of art and its impact on the artist’s pursuit of authenticity?
Hemingway’s exploration of the commercialization of art in “The Snows of Kilimanjaro” underscores the compromises artists face in a capitalist society, highlighting the tension between artistic integrity and commercial success.
Short Questions/Answers about/on “The Snows of Kilimanjaro” by Ernest Hemingway
Question: How does Hemingway use the motif of the hyena in “The Snows of Kilimanjaro”?
Answer: Hemingway employs the hyena as a symbol of death and decay, lurking in the periphery of Harry’s consciousness, representing his impending demise and the vultures of regret that encircle his life.
Question: What is the significance of the leopard carcass in “The Snows of Kilimanjaro”?
Answer: The leopard carcass symbolizes Harry’s wasted potential and the decay of his creative spirit. It serves as a poignant reminder of the consequences of squandered opportunities and unfulfilled aspirations.
Question: How does Hemingway explore the theme of cultural alienation in “The Snows of Kilimanjaro”?
Answer: Hemingway depicts Harry’s sense of cultural alienation through his disconnection from the African landscape and its indigenous inhabitants. This alienation reflects Harry’s existential isolation and his inability to find solace or meaning in his surroundings.
Question: In what ways does “The Snows of Kilimanjaro” challenge conventional narrative structure?
Answer: Hemingway’s nonlinear narrative structure in “The Snows of Kilimanjaro” disrupts traditional storytelling conventions, mimicking the fragmented nature of memory and consciousness. This unconventional approach invites readers to piece together Harry’s fragmented recollections and introspections, mirroring his disjointed mental state.
Literary Works Similar to “The Snows of Kilimanjaro” by Ernest Hemingway
“A Clean, Well-Lighted Place” by Ernest Hemingway: Like “The Snows of Kilimanjaro,” this short story by Hemingway explores themes of existentialism, isolation, and the search for meaning in a seemingly indifferent world.
“The Dead” by James Joyce: Similar to Hemingway’s work, Joyce’s short story delves into themes of mortality, regret, and the passage of time, as the protagonist confronts the emptiness of his life during a holiday gathering.
“The Swimmer” by John Cheever: In this short story, Cheever examines the disintegration of suburban American life and the protagonist’s journey of self-discovery, paralleling the introspective elements found in Hemingway’s work.
“The Yellow Wallpaper” by Charlotte Perkins Gilman: Like “The Snows of Kilimanjaro,” this short story delves into the psychological unraveling of the protagonist, exploring themes of confinement, mental illness, and the struggle for autonomy.
“Babylon Revisited” by F. Scott Fitzgerald: Fitzgerald’s short story shares thematic similarities with Hemingway’s work, as it explores the consequences of past actions, the search for redemption, and the fleeting nature of happiness in the aftermath of the Jazz Age.
Suggested Readings about/on “The Snows of Kilimanjaro” by Ernest Hemingway
Hemingway, Ernest, and Stacy Keach. The snows of Kilimanjaro. Houghton Mifflin Company, 1936.
Hemingway, Ernest. The short stories of Ernest Hemingway. Simon and Schuster, 1995.
Benson, Jackson J., ed. New critical approaches to the short stories of Ernest Hemingway. Duke University Press, 2013.
Simpson, Paul. “Teaching stylistics: analysing cohesion and narrative structure in a short story by Ernest Hemingway.” Language and Literature 1.1 (1992): 47-67.
Hemingway, Leicester. My Brother, Ernest Hemingway. Crossroad Press, 2016.
“Kilimanjaro is a snow-covered mountain 19,710 feet high, and is said to be the highest mountain in Africa…”
This opening passage sets the scene, introducing the titular snow-capped mountain and its mysterious allure.
The description of Kilimanjaro as both a physical and symbolic presence foreshadows the themes of mortality and existential reflection that permeate the story.
“The marvellous thing is that it’s painless,” he said. “That’s how you know when it starts.”
The protagonist reflects on the onset of death, remarking on its painless nature.
Hemingway’s portrayal of death as a tranquil, almost indifferent process underscores his existentialist themes, emphasizing the inevitability and acceptance of mortality.
“He lay then and was quiet for a while and looked across the heat shimmer of the plain to the edge of the bush…”
The protagonist reflects on his surroundings, observing the African landscape.
Through vivid descriptions of the natural world, Hemingway contrasts the protagonist’s internal turmoil with the serene beauty of the external environment, highlighting the theme of man’s relationship with nature.
“It was not her fault that when he went to her he was already over. How could a woman know that you meant nothing that you said; that you spoke only from habit and to be comfortable?”
The protagonist reflects on his relationship with his companion, acknowledging his emotional detachment.
Hemingway explores themes of love, disillusionment, and emotional alienation, revealing the complexity of human relationships and the consequences of emotional dishonesty.
“He had traded it for security, for comfort too, there was no denying that, and for what else? He did not know.”
The protagonist reflects on his decision to sacrifice his artistic ambitions for a life of material comfort.
This quotation encapsulates Hemingway’s critique of materialism and the consequences of forsaking one’s true calling for the sake of security, highlighting the existential dilemma faced by the protagonist.
“It was strange, too, wasn’t it, that when he fell in love with another woman, that woman should always have more money than the last one?”
The protagonist reflects on his romantic relationships and their financial implications.
Hemingway delves into themes of love, desire, and wealth, exploring the protagonist’s complex motivations and the role of money in his romantic pursuits.
“Suddenly, she had been acutely frightened of being alone.”
The narrator reflects on the motivations behind the woman’s pursuit of the protagonist.
Hemingway explores themes of fear, loneliness, and the quest for companionship, revealing the woman’s vulnerability and the human desire for connection and security.
“It came with a rush; not as a rush of water nor of wind; but of a sudden evil-smelling emptiness and the odd thing was that the hyena slipped lightly along the edge of it.”
The protagonist experiences a sudden realization of his impending death.
Hemingway employs vivid imagery and symbolism to depict the protagonist’s existential crisis and the ominous presence of death, underscoring the story’s themes of mortality and existential despair.
“America” by Claude McKay first appeared in print in 1921, the exact publication venue remaining unidentified.
Introduction: “America” by Claude McKay
“America” by Claude McKay first appeared in print in 1921, the exact publication venue remaining unidentified. It likely debuted in a magazine or journal, preceding its inclusion in a collection. The poem itself delves into a nuanced examination of race, identity, and the concept of belonging within the American context. McKay utilizes vivid imagery and potent metaphors to convey the speaker’s internal struggle: a deep-seated affection for America’s potential and dynamism coexists with a profound disillusionment with its pervasive racism and social inequities.
Marks a turning point in the poem where the speaker asserts their defiance against America’s power.
Themes in “America” by Claude McKay
Theme 1: Ambivalence towards America The poem expresses a complex and contradictory attitude towards America, loving and hating it at the same time. McKay writes, “Although she feeds me bread of bitterness, / And sinks into my throat her tiger’s tooth, / …I love this cultured hell that tests my youth” (lines 1-4). This ambivalence reflects the speaker’s experience of America as a place of both oppression and cultural richness.
Theme 2: Resistance and Defiance The poem also explores the theme of resistance and defiance in the face of oppression. The speaker declares, “Yet, as a rebel fronts a king in state, / I stand within her walls with not a shred / Of terror, malice, not a word of jeer” (lines 9-11). This shows the speaker’s determination to stand up against America’s authority and oppression, without fear or hatred.
Theme 3: The Power of Culture The poem highlights the power of culture to both inspire and oppress. McKay writes, “Her vigor flows like tides into my blood, / Giving me strength erect against her hate” (lines 5-6). This suggests that America’s cultural energy can be a source of strength and resilience for the speaker, even in the face of oppression.
Theme 4: Impermanence and Decline Finally, the poem touches on the theme of impermanence and decline, suggesting that even the greatest civilizations are subject to the passage of time. McKay notes, “Beneath the touch of Time’s unerring hand, / Like priceless treasures sinking in the sand” (lines 13-14). This reflects the speaker’s awareness that America’s greatness is fleeting and vulnerable to decline.
Literary Theories and “America” by Claude McKay
1. Marxist Literary Theory
Overview: Marxist literary theory focuses on analyzing literature through the lens of social and economic power structures, particularly exploring how class struggles are depicted and how they reflect or challenge the dominant ideology.
Application to “America” by Claude McKay:
Class Struggle: McKay explores the class struggle within America through the imagery of oppression and resistance. For example, the line “Although she feeds me bread of bitterness” highlights the exploitation and suffering experienced by the lower classes.
Critique of Capitalism: The portrayal of America as a “cultured hell” reflects McKay’s critique of capitalism and its impact on individuals. The poem suggests that the pursuit of wealth and power leads to spiritual and moral degradation.
Revolutionary Potential: McKay’s depiction of the speaker’s defiance (“Yet, as a rebel fronts a king in state”) hints at the revolutionary potential of the oppressed. The poem suggests that despite the challenges, there is potential for resistance and change.
2. Postcolonial Literary Theory
Overview: Postcolonial literary theory examines the ways in which literature reflects and responds to the legacy of colonialism, exploring issues such as identity, power, and cultural hybridity.
Application to “America” by Claude McKay:
Colonial Legacy: McKay’s portrayal of America as both alluring and oppressive reflects the complexities of colonial legacies. The speaker’s conflicted feelings toward America mirror the ambivalence felt by colonized subjects toward their colonizers.
Cultural Identity: The poem explores the tension between cultural identity and assimilation. The line “I love this cultured hell” suggests a struggle between embracing American culture and retaining one’s own cultural identity.
Resistance and Subversion: McKay’s poem can be seen as a form of resistance against cultural imperialism. By critiquing America’s oppressive aspects, McKay asserts the importance of preserving one’s cultural heritage and resisting assimilation.
3. Psychoanalytic Literary Theory
Overview: Psychoanalytic literary theory examines literature through the lens of psychoanalytic principles, exploring themes such as the unconscious, desire, and repression.
Application to “America” by Claude McKay:
Repression and Desire: The speaker’s conflicted emotions towards America can be interpreted as a manifestation of repressed desires and anxieties. The love-hate relationship with America reflects the unconscious conflicts within the speaker.
Father Figure: America can be viewed as a symbolic father figure in the poem, representing authority and power. The speaker’s defiance can be seen as a rebellion against this paternalistic authority.
Trauma and Memory: The imagery of “bread of bitterness” and “tiger’s tooth” evokes themes of trauma and memory. The poem explores how past experiences of oppression continue to influence the speaker’s psyche and worldview.
Topics, Essay Questions Thesis Statements about “America” by Claude McKay
How does Claude McKay explore power dynamics in “America,” and what does it reveal about societal structures?
In “America,” Claude McKay portrays a complex interplay of power dynamics, illustrating how individuals navigate and resist the oppressive forces within society.
2. Dualities in the American Experience
What dualities does Claude McKay present in his depiction of America, and how do they shape the speaker’s perception?
Through contrasting imagery and language, Claude McKay unveils the dualities inherent in the American experience, revealing the tension between admiration and resistance.
3. Symbolism of “America”
What symbolic representations are employed in Claude McKay’s “America,” and what do they signify about the nation?
Through symbols like the “tiger’s tooth” and “cultured hell,” McKay symbolically critiques America’s aggressive and contradictory nature, shedding light on its complexities.
4. Identity and Belonging
How does the speaker’s portrayal of identity and belonging evolve throughout “America,” and what insights does it offer into the immigrant experience?
Claude McKay’s “America” delves into the complexities of identity and belonging, illustrating the internal conflict faced by immigrants as they grapple with their relationship to the adopted country.
Short Questions/Answers about “America” by Claude McKay
Q1: What is the tone of the poem? The tone of the poem is complex and ambivalent, reflecting the speaker’s mixed emotions towards America. The speaker expresses both love and hate, bitterness and admiration, as seen in the lines “Although she feeds me bread of bitterness, / …I love this cultured hell that tests my youth” (lines 1-4). This ambivalence creates a tone that is both critical and celebratory.
Q2: What is the speaker’s relationship with America? The speaker has a complicated and contradictory relationship with America, experiencing both oppression and inspiration. The lines “Her vigor flows like tides into my blood, / Giving me strength erect against her hate” (lines 5-6) suggest that America’s cultural energy gives the speaker strength to resist its oppression. This complex relationship is a central theme of the poem.
Q3: What is the significance of the metaphor of “bread of bitterness”? The metaphor of “bread of bitterness” (line 1) represents the speaker’s experience of America’s oppression and hardship. The image of bread, typically a source of nourishment, being bitter suggests that America’s treatment of the speaker is painful and difficult to swallow. This metaphor sets the tone for the speaker’s ambivalent attitude towards America.
Q4: What is the speaker’s message about America’s future? The speaker suggests that America’s greatness is fleeting and vulnerable to decline, as seen in the lines “Beneath the touch of Time’s unerring hand, / Like priceless treasures sinking in the sand” (lines 13-14). This image of treasures sinking in the sand implies that even the greatest civilizations are subject to the passage of time and can decline or disappear. The speaker’s message is one of impermanence and the need for humility.
Literary Works Similar to “America” by Claude McKay
· “I, Too” by Langston Hughes
Reason for Similarity: Like McKay’s “America,” Langston Hughes’ “I, Too” explores themes of identity, belonging, and resistance against racial oppression in America. Both poems convey a sense of defiance and resilience in the face of discrimination, asserting the speaker’s humanity and right to equality.
· “The Negro Speaks of Rivers” by Langston Hughes
Reason for Similarity: Hughes’ poem, similar to McKay’s work, delves into themes of African American identity and heritage. Both poems use powerful imagery and symbolism to explore the deep connection between the speaker and their cultural roots, highlighting the richness and resilience of African American history despite adversity.
· “Harlem” by Langston Hughes
Reason for Similarity: Another poem by Langston Hughes, “Harlem,” shares similarities with McKay’s “America” in its exploration of the African American experience and the deferred dreams of marginalized communities. Both poems express the frustration and disillusionment of African Americans living in a society that denies them opportunities and equality.
· “Let America Be America Again” by Langston Hughes
Reason for Similarity: Hughes’ poem, “Let America Be America Again,” resonates with McKay’s “America” in its critique of the American Dream and its failure to fulfill the promises of liberty and justice for all. Both poems challenge the idealized image of America, exposing the hypocrisy and injustices embedded within the nation’s history and society.
· “Theme for English B” by Langston Hughes
Reason for Similarity: Hughes’ poem “Theme for English B” shares thematic similarities with McKay’s work by exploring the complexities of racial identity and belonging in America. Both poems reflect on the experiences of African Americans navigating cultural, social, and educational systems that are often biased and exclusionary.
Suggested Readings about “America” by Claude McKay
McKay, Claude. Home to Harlem. Dover Publications, 1987.
McKay, Claude. A Long Way from Jamaica. Harcourt, Brace and Jovanovich, 1937.
McKay, Claude. Banana Bottom. Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1933.
McKay sets the tone for his ambivalent relationship with America, acknowledging the pain and hardship it has caused him.
“I love this cultured hell that tests my youth”
Lines 1-4
Despite the difficulties, McKay expresses a complicated love for America’s cultural richness and its challenges to his growth.
“Her vigor flows like tides into my blood”
Lines 5-6
McKay highlights the energizing and inspiring aspects of America’s culture, which gives him strength to resist its oppression.
“Yet, as a rebel fronts a king in state, / I stand within her walls with not a shred / Of terror, malice, not a word of jeer”
Lines 9-11
McKay asserts his defiance and resistance to America’s authority, standing firm without fear or hatred.
“Like priceless treasures sinking in the sand”
Lines 13-14
McKay suggests that even America’s greatest achievements are subject to decline and impermanence, a commentary on the fleeting nature of human accomplishments.
“Acquainted with the Night” by Robert Frost was first published in 1928 in his collection “West-Running Brook”
Introduction: “Acquainted with the Night” by Robert Frost
“Acquainted with the Night” by Robert Frost was first published in 1928 in his collection “West-Running Brook”. This poem is a beautiful and contemplative piece that explores the themes of solitude, disconnection, and the human experience. Through the voice of the poem, Frost masterfully conveys a sense of melancholy and introspection, as the speaker describes their acquaintance with the night, walking in the rain, and hearing a voice without seeing a face. The poem’s use of imagery, metaphor, and symbolism creates a dreamlike atmosphere, drawing the reader into the speaker’s nocturnal world. In the context of Frost’s work, “Acquainted with the Night” is a standout piece that showcases his unique style and ability to capture the complexities of the human condition.
Text: “Acquainted with the Night” by Robert Frost
I have been one acquainted with the night.
I have walked out in rain—and back in rain.
I have outwalked the furthest city light.
I have looked down the saddest city lane.
I have passed by the watchman on his beat
And dropped my eyes, unwilling to explain.
I have stood still and stopped the sound of feet
When far away an interrupted cry
Came over houses from another street,
But not to call me back or say good-bye;
And further still at an unearthly height,
One luminary clock against the sky
Proclaimed the time was neither wrong nor right.
I have been one acquainted with the night.
Annotations of “Acquainted with the Night” by Robert Frost
Downplaying the significance or magnitude of something
Prominent Themes in “Acquainted with the Night” by Robert Frost
Isolation and Solitude: The poem delves into the theme of isolation and solitude, portraying the speaker’s deep sense of disconnection from the world around them. Lines such as “I have been one acquainted with the night” and “I have stood still and stopped the sound of feet” (Stanzas 1 and 6) suggest a profound loneliness and a desire for withdrawal from society. The speaker’s solitary walks in the rain and his avoidance of interaction with others underscore his sense of isolation, emphasizing the emotional distance between himself and the rest of humanity.
Alienation in Urban Existence: Frost explores the alienating effects of urban existence, depicting a cityscape fraught with sadness and melancholy. The description of “the saddest city lane” and passing by “the watchman on his beat” (Stanzas 4 and 5) evokes a sense of desolation and estrangement within the urban environment. The speaker’s refusal to explain himself further emphasizes his detachment from the bustling city life, highlighting the disconnection between the individual and the impersonal urban landscape.
Existential Reflection and Transience: The poem contemplates existential themes of transience and the passage of time, symbolized by the imagery of the night. The speaker’s encounters with the “furthest city light” and the solitary clock against the sky (Stanzas 3 and 8) evoke a sense of temporal and spatial ambiguity, reflecting on the fleeting nature of human existence. The interrupted cry from another street serves as a poignant reminder of life’s unpredictability, emphasizing the speaker’s contemplation of mortality and the uncertainty of the future.
Acceptance and Resignation: Amidst the themes of isolation and existential reflection, “Acquainted with the Night” ultimately conveys a sense of acceptance and resignation. The repetition of the phrase “I have been one acquainted with the night” (Stanzas 1 and 9) suggests a recognition of the speaker’s enduring familiarity with darkness and solitude. Despite the melancholy tone and introspective nature of the poem, there is a subtle acceptance of the speaker’s solitary existence, as indicated by the final stanza’s acknowledgment of their acquaintance with the night, devoid of judgment or resistance.
Literary Theories and “Acquainted with the Night” by Robert Frost
How does Frost explore the theme of isolation and loneliness in the poem?
“Through the speaker’s nocturnal wanderings and encounters, Frost masterfully conveys the painful solitude and disconnection of modern urban life.”
Imagery and Symbolism
Analyze the use of imagery and symbolism in the poem, focusing on the night, city, and clock.
“Frost’s strategic deployment of imagery and symbolism transforms the night into a powerful metaphor for the human condition, revealing the tensions between darkness and light, solitude and connection.”
Identity and Alienation
Explore how the speaker’s identity is shaped by their relationship with the night and the city.
“The speaker’s acquaintance with the night serves as a poignant reflection of their own alienation and disconnection from society, highlighting the struggles of self-discovery in a seemingly indifferent world.”
Time and Mortality
Discuss the significance of time and mortality in the poem, considering the clock and the speaker’s experiences.
“Frost’s poem masterfully weaves together the threads of time, mortality, and the human condition, revealing the speaker’s existential crisis and the universal quest for meaning in the face of an uncaring universe.”
Short Questions/Answers about “Acquainted with the Night” by Robert Frost
How does Frost employ imagery to convey the theme of isolation in “Acquainted with the Night”? Frost utilizes vivid imagery throughout the poem to evoke a profound sense of isolation experienced by the speaker. For instance, the depiction of walking “out in rain—and back in rain” (Stanza 2) suggests a journey through hardship and solitude, while the description of “the saddest city lane” (Stanza 4) evokes a desolate urban landscape permeated by loneliness. Additionally, the image of the solitary clock against the sky (Stanza 8) symbolizes the relentless passage of time, further emphasizing the speaker’s existential isolation amidst the bustling city life.
How does Frost’s use of repetition contribute to the tone and meaning of “Acquainted with the Night”? Frost employs repetition strategically throughout the poem to reinforce the speaker’s sense of familiarity with the night and its accompanying solitude. The repeated phrase “I have been one acquainted with the night” (Stanzas 1 and 9) serves as a refrain, emphasizing the speaker’s enduring connection to darkness and isolation. This repetition not only establishes a somber tone but also underscores the inevitability of the speaker’s solitary existence, highlighting themes of resignation and acceptance amidst the existential contemplation woven throughout the poem.
In what ways does Frost juxtapose urban imagery with themes of loneliness and alienation in “Acquainted with the Night”? Frost juxtaposes vivid urban imagery with themes of loneliness and alienation to create a stark contrast between the bustling cityscape and the speaker’s internal solitude. The mention of passing by “the watchman on his beat” (Stanza 5) and the interrupted cry from “another street” (Stanza 7) highlight the presence of human activity within the urban environment, yet the speaker remains detached and isolated from these interactions. This juxtaposition underscores the disconnect between the external world and the speaker’s internal reality, emphasizing the pervasive sense of loneliness and estrangement experienced amidst the urban landscape.
How does Frost use symbolism to explore the concept of time in “Acquainted with the Night”? Frost employs symbolism, particularly through the imagery of the solitary clock against the sky (Stanza 8), to delve into the concept of time and its significance in the speaker’s contemplation of existence. The presence of the clock, positioned “at an unearthly height,” suggests a transcendental perspective on time, detached from human concerns and emotions. By proclaiming that “the time was neither wrong nor right,” the clock symbolizes the arbitrary and impartial nature of time, emphasizing its relentless passage regardless of human experiences or perceptions. This symbolism underscores the poem’s broader themes of transience and existential reflection, inviting readers to ponder the fleeting nature of life in the face of eternal time.
Suggested Readings about “Acquainted with the Night” by Robert Frost
Opening line of the poem, establishing the speaker’s familiarity with darkness and solitude.
This line sets the tone for the poem, suggesting a deep-seated connection with the night that encompasses both familiarity and perhaps a sense of resignation or acceptance of loneliness.
“I have looked down the saddest city lane.”
Describes the speaker’s observation of a desolate city street, emphasizing the pervasive sense of melancholy within the urban landscape.
This quotation underscores the theme of urban alienation and highlights the speaker’s keen perception of the sadness and isolation inherent in city life.
“And further still at an unearthly height, One luminary clock against the sky”
Depicts the image of a solitary clock in the sky, detached from earthly concerns and marking time impartially.
The imagery of the clock symbolizes the passage of time and the inevitability of change, suggesting a transcendental perspective on existence and the indifference of time to human affairs.
“Proclaimed the time was neither wrong nor right.”
Reflects on the ambiguous nature of time as indicated by the clock’s proclamation, challenging conventional notions of morality and correctness.
This line invites contemplation on the relativity of human judgment and the arbitrary nature of time, prompting readers to question the concepts of right and wrong in the context of existential reflection.
“But not to call me back or say good-bye;” “I have been one acquainted with the night.”
Concluding lines of the poem, conveying a sense of resignation and acceptance of the speaker’s solitary existence.
These lines encapsulate the speaker’s acknowledgment of their enduring familiarity with the night, suggesting a sense of closure and acceptance of their solitary journey.
“The Gilded Six-Bits” by Zora Neale Hurston, first published in 1933 in the collection The Story Magazine, explores storytelling and Hurston’s ability to craft relatable characters, witty dialogue, and poignant themes.
Introduction: “The Gilded Six-Bits” by Zora Neale Hurston
“The Gilded Six-Bits” by Zora Neale Hurston, first published in 1933 in the collection The Story Magazine, explores storytelling and Hurston’s ability to craft relatable characters, witty dialogue, and poignant themes. The narrative’s exploration of love, relationships, and the African American experience during the Harlem Renaissance is both authentic and captivating. The story’s use of dialect and vivid descriptions of setting and character also demonstrate Hurston’s skillful writing style, making “The Gilded Six-Bits” a standout tale that continues to resonate with readers today.
Main Events in “The Gilded Six-Bits” by Zora Neale Hurston
Introduction to Setting:
The story is set in a Negro settlement supported by the G. and G. Fertilizer works payroll.
The yard and house are described as cheerful, with a tidy front yard and clean surroundings.
2. Missie May’s Bath Time:
Missie May is depicted bathing in a washtub, her youthful features described vividly.
She hears men’s voices in the distance and hurries to dress before her husband, Joe, arrives.
3. Saturday Routine:
Joe arrives home, playfully throwing silver dollars into the house for Missie May.
Missie May engages in a mock chase, showing their playful relationship.
4. Playful Banter and Affection:
Joe and Missie May engage in a rough-and-tumble, teasing each other.
They display affectionate banter, revealing their strong bond.
5. Dinner Preparation:
Missie May prepares dinner eagerly, showcasing her care for Joe.
The meal consists of traditional Southern dishes, reflecting their cultural background.
6. Joe’s admiration for Otis D. Slemmons:
Joe admires Otis D. Slemmons, a newcomer with flashy attire and tales of wealth.
Slemmons boasts of women’s admiration and affluence, which impresses Joe.
7. Doubts and Skepticism:
Missie May questions Slemmons’s stories, expressing skepticism.
She asserts her satisfaction with Joe despite societal pressures.
8. Joe’s Attempt to Emulate Slemmons:
Joe attempts to emulate Slemmons’s style and swagger, showing his desire for success.
He struggles to match Slemmons’s confidence and stature.
9. The Intruder and the Betrayal:
Joe discovers Slemmons and Missie May together, leading to a confrontation.
Missie May’s betrayal with Slemmons deeply affects Joe.
10. Missie May’s Regret and Sorrow:
Missie May regrets her actions, feeling guilty and remorseful.
She cries over her love for Joe and the consequences of her betrayal.
11. The Gilded Half Dollar:
Joe finds a gilded half dollar in his pocket, symbolizing Missie May’s betrayal.
Missie May realizes Joe’s rejection through the coin’s presence.
12. Joe’s Silent Suffering:
Joe silently endures Missie May’s betrayal, showing restraint and inner turmoil.
He distances himself from Missie May emotionally.
13. Missie May’s Attempt to Reconcile:
Missie May tries to reconcile with Joe, expressing her desire for a child.
Joe remains aloof, indicating his unresolved feelings.
14. Joe’s Final Act:
Joe buys candy with the gilded half dollar, symbolizing his acceptance of Missie May’s betrayal.
He displays outward cheerfulness while masking his inner turmoil.
15. Resolution and Acceptance:
Joe and Missie May’s relationship undergoes a transformation, marked by acceptance and resignation.
Despite their challenges, they continue their lives together, albeit with underlying tensions.
Alliteration is the repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words in close proximity. Here, the repetition of the “w” sound emphasizes the cleanliness and uniformity of the fence and house.
An allusion is a reference to a well-known person, event, or work of literature. In this case, the reference to Samson from the Bible suggests a sudden realization of vulnerability or betrayal.
“Shouting, laughing, twisting, turning, tussling, tickling each other.”
Anaphora is the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses or sentences. Here, it emphasizes the playful and energetic nature of Joe and Missie May’s interaction.
Anthropomorphism
“The sun, the hero of every day.”
Anthropomorphism is the attribution of human characteristics to non-human entities. In this example, the sun is personified as a heroic figure, emphasizing its importance in daily life.
“It was day. Nothing more. Joe wouldn’t be coming home as usual.”
Foreshadowing hints at future events in the story. Here, the description of the dawn signals a significant change in Joe and Missie May’s relationship.
“Missie May’s stiff young breasts thrust forward aggressively.”
Hyperbole is an exaggeration for emphasis or effect. The description of Missie May’s breasts as “aggressively” thrusting forward emphasizes their prominence and youthfulness.
Imagery uses descriptive language to create sensory experiences for the reader. Here, the image of “homey flowers” evokes a sense of comfort and familiarity.
“Missie May promptly appeared at the door in mock alarm.”
Irony occurs when the opposite of what is expected happens. Here, Missie May’s “mock alarm” contradicts her actual anticipation of Joe’s arrival, creating a humorous contrast.
A metaphor compares two unlike things without using “like” or “as.” Here, the sound of coins hitting wood is compared to music, emphasizing its joyful and playful nature.
Onomatopoeia is the use of words that imitate sounds. The phrase “ring of singing metal” mimics the sound of coins hitting wood, enhancing the auditory imagery.
A paradox is a statement that seems self-contradictory but may contain a hidden truth. Here, Joe’s politeness and kindness coexist with his emotional distance, creating a contradiction in his behavior.
Personification attributes human qualities to inanimate objects or animals. Here, water is described as “running downhill,” and birds are said to “nest,” giving them human-like actions.
Repetition emphasizes a point or idea by repeating words or phrases. Here, the repetition of “Missie May” draws attention to her emotions, highlighting her joy.
“Missie May clutched onto Joe and Joe trying, but not too hard, to get away.”
A simile compares two unlike things using “like” or “as.” Here, Joe’s attempt to escape is likened to someone trying to escape a playful tug-of-war, emphasizing the lightheartedness of their interaction.
Symbolism is the use of symbols to represent ideas or concepts. Here, the gilded half dollar symbolizes Missie May’s betrayal and Joe’s acceptance of it.
Tone
“Joe sank his face into the pillow for a spell.”
Tone is the author’s attitude toward the subject matter or audience. Here, the phrase “sank his face into the pillow” suggests a somber or reflective tone, indicating Joe’s internal turmoil.
Understatement
“The acid ran out at the G. and G.”
Understatement is the presentation of something as less important or serious than it actually is. Here, the shortage of acid at the G. and G. is described casually, downplaying its significance.
Verbal Irony
“You womens sho is hard to sense into things.”
Verbal irony occurs when a character says one thing but means another. Here, Joe’s statement about women being hard to understand is ironic given his own inability to understand Missie May’s betrayal.
Flashback
“One night around eleven…”
A flashback is an interruption in the present narrative to provide information about events that occurred in the past. Here, the story momentarily shifts to recount events from Joe and Missie May’s past.
Dialogue
“Missie May promptly appeared at the door in mock alarm.”
Dialogue is a conversation between characters. Here, Missie May’s interaction with Joe is conveyed through their spoken words, revealing their playful dynamic.
Characterization in “The Gilded Six-Bits” by Zora Neale Hurston
Major Characters:
Missie May Missie May is the protagonist of the story, a loving and hardworking wife dedicated to her husband Joe. She is playful and affectionate, often engaging in mock battles with Joe and enjoying their Saturday afternoon rituals. Her loyalty and trust in Joe are evident in her devotion to their relationship. She is also shown to be proud of her husband and their life together, refusing to be impressed by Otis D. Slemmons’ charm and gold accessories.
Joe Joe is the protagonist of the story, a devoted husband who adores his wife Missie May. He is playful and affectionate, enjoying their Saturday afternoon rituals and showing his love through small gestures like throwing silver dollars into the door for her to find. He is also shown to be trusting and loyal, believing in Missie May’s devotion to him until Otis D. Slemmons’ arrival. His dedication to his wife and their life together is evident in his reaction to Slemmons’ flirtations with Missie May.
Otis D. Slemmons Otis D. Slemmons is the antagonist of the story, a charming but deceitful outsider who uses his smooth talk and gold accessories to manipulate others. He is a newcomer to town, opening an ice cream parlor and quickly gaining attention from the women in the community. He flirts with Missie May, undermining Joe’s trust and causing tension in their relationship. His true intentions are revealed when he is caught with Missie May in a compromising position, leading to a confrontation with Joe.
Minor Characters:
Ida Armstrong Ida Armstrong is a large woman who visits the ice cream parlor, referred to as “dat broad wid de forte shake.” She is a minor character who appears briefly in the story, serving as a foil to Missie May’s beauty and grace.
Mister Packard Mister Packard is a wealthy individual mentioned as a possible owner of lost gold money. He is a minor character who is not directly involved in the story but serves as a reference point for Joe and Missie May’s dreams of finding wealth.
Mister Cadillac Mister Cadillac is a wealthy individual mentioned as a possible owner of lost gold money. Like Mister Packard, he is a minor character who serves as a reference point for Joe and Missie May’s dreams of finding wealth.
The Foreman at the G. and G. Fertilizer works The foreman at the G. and G. Fertilizer works is an unnamed minor character who knocks off the crew when the acid runs out. He serves as a catalyst for Joe’s return home, leading to the confrontation with Otis D. Slemmons.
Major Themes in “The Gilded Six-Bits” by Zora Neale Hurston
Deception and Appearances: The theme of deception and appearances is central to the story, as the characters grapple with the difference between reality and appearance. The title itself, “The Gilded Six-Bits,” refers to coins that are plated with gold but have a base metal core, symbolizing the deception that runs throughout the story. The character of Otis D. Slemmons is a master of deception, using his charm and fake wealth to manipulate others. Missie May and Joe are also deceived by appearances, as they are initially taken in by Slemmons’s wealth and status.
Greed: Greed is another major theme in the story, as it drives the actions of many of the characters. Slemmons’s greed for wealth and status is evident in his scam to sell fake gold coins, and Missie May’s greed for material possessions and social status leads her to betray Joe. Joe’s desire to emulate Slemmons and provide more for Missie May also stems from a sense of greed.
Love and Forgiveness: The power of love and forgiveness is a dominant theme in the story. Joe’s love for Missie May is tested when he discovers her infidelity, but he ultimately chooses to forgive her and work towards healing their relationship. The story suggests that true love can overcome even the most significant betrayals and that forgiveness is essential for moving forward.
Domesticity and Routine: The story highlights the importance of domesticity and routine in relationships. The opening scene, where Joe and Missie May engage in a playful and loving routine, sets the tone for the rest of the story. The disruption of this routine by Slemmons’s arrival and Missie May’s infidelity serves as a catalyst for the conflict that follows. The story ultimately suggests that a strong domestic foundation and a commitment to routine can help relationships weather even the most significant challenges.
Writing Style in “The Gilded Six-Bits” by Zora Neale Hurston
Dialect and Vernacular Language:
Example: “She ain’t no regular colored woman, she’s a pet.” (spoken by Joe)
Hurston captures the authentic speech patterns of the characters, using colloquial language and dialect to add realism to the dialogue.
Rich Description:
Example: “He showered her with silver dollars and she paid him back in dimes and nickels.”
Hurston provides vivid descriptions of scenes and characters, using sensory details to immerse the reader in the setting.
Symbolism:
Example: “The gilded half-dollar gleamed in the lamplight.”
Hurston employs symbols such as the gilded coin to represent deeper themes and ideas, adding layers of meaning to the narrative.
Humor:
Example: “Joe nearly went into convulsions from laughing.”
Hurston infuses the story with humor through witty dialogue, situational comedy, and playful interactions between the characters.
Southern Setting and Culture:
Example: “Joe and Missie May lived in a little house the color of the silver pieces he showered on her.”
Hurston captures the essence of the Southern setting and culture, incorporating elements such as porch swings, magnolia blossoms, and communal gatherings.
Narrative Voice:
Example: “He swung Missie May into the air, holding her hands.”
Hurston’s narrative voice is dynamic and engaging, drawing readers into the story with its lively and rhythmic prose.
Literary Theories and Interpretation of “The Gilded Six-Bits” by Zora Neale Hurston
Literary Theory
Interpretation
Examples from the Story
Feminist Theory
Examines the roles and representation of women in the story, highlighting the societal expectations and limitations placed on them.
Missie May’s character represents the constraints of gender roles, as she is expected to prioritize domesticity and loyalty over personal desires. Her infidelity can be seen as a rebellion against these expectations.
Marxist Theory
Analyzes the economic and social class structures within the story, focusing on power dynamics and exploitation.
The character of Otis D. Slemmons embodies the corrupting influence of wealth and power, using his fake gold coins to manipulate and exploit others. Joe and Missie May’s working-class status makes them vulnerable to Slemmons’s schemes.
Psychoanalytic Theory
Explores the unconscious desires, repressed emotions, and psychological motivations of the characters.
Joe’s reaction to Missie May’s infidelity can be seen as a manifestation of his own insecurities and fears. His desire to emulate Slemmons and provide more for Missie May reveals a deep-seated need for validation and status.
Topics, Questions, and Thesis Statements about “The Gilded Six-Bits” by Zora Neale Hurston
Topic
Question
Thesis Statement
Themes of Love and Betrayal
How do love and betrayal intersect in the story?
In “The Gilded Six-Bits,” Zora Neale Hurston explores the complex dynamics of love and betrayal, illustrating how these themes shape the lives of the characters.
Symbolism of the Gilded Coin
What does the gilded coin symbolize in the story?
The gilded coin in “The Gilded Six-Bits” serves as a symbol of illusion, representing the allure of superficial wealth and the consequences of deception in relationships.
Gender Roles and Expectations
How do gender roles influence the characters’ actions?
Hurston highlights the impact of traditional gender roles and societal expectations on the characters of Joe and Missie May, revealing the complexities of marital dynamics in their community.
Redemption and Forgiveness
How do Joe and Missie May achieve redemption and forgiveness?
Through moments of introspection and reconciliation, Joe and Missie May embark on a journey of redemption and forgiveness, ultimately finding healing and renewal in their relationship.
Short Questions/Answers about/on “The Gilded Six-Bits” by Zora Neale Hurston
Question 1: How does Hurston use the character of Otis D. Slemmons to subvert the notion of the “self-made man” in the story?
Answer: Hurston uses Slemmons to expose the flaws in the idea of the “self-made man” by portraying him as a fraudulent and manipulative character who achieves success through deception and exploitation. Slemmons’s fake gold coins and exaggerated wealth serve as a symbol of the empty materialism and superficiality of the American Dream. Through Slemmons’s character, Hurston critiques the notion that success is solely the result of individual effort and talent, highlighting instead the role of privilege and deception in achieving social status.
Question 2: What role does the concept of “play” play in the story, and how does it relate to the themes of love and relationships?
Answer: Play is a significant concept in the story, as it represents the joyful and carefree aspects of love and relationships. The playful interactions between Joe and Missie May, such as their mock battles and Saturday afternoon rituals, serve as a symbol of their deep affection and connection. However, the disruption of this playfulness by Slemmons’s arrival and Missie May’s infidelity highlights the fragility of relationships and the need for communication and trust. Through the concept of play, Hurston explores the importance of joy and spontaneity in relationships and the consequences of its absence.
Question 3: How does the story engage with the theme of class and economic mobility, particularly in the context of the African American experience during the Harlem Renaissance?
Answer: The story critiques the limited economic mobility and class opportunities available to African Americans during the Harlem Renaissance. Joe and Missie May’s working-class status and desire for wealth and status reflect the economic struggles faced by many African Americans during this time period. Slemmons’s fake gold coins and exaggerated wealth serve as a symbol of the empty materialism and superficiality of the American Dream, highlighting the impossibility of achieving economic mobility through individual effort alone. Through the story, Hurston exposes the systemic barriers to economic mobility and class advancement faced by African Americans.
Question 4: What significance does the title “The Gilded Six-Bits” hold in relation to the themes and characters of the story?
Answer: The title “The Gilded Six-Bits” refers to the fake gold coins used by Slemmons to deceive others, symbolizing the superficiality and emptiness of material wealth. The title also alludes to the idea of something being “gilded” or covered in a thin layer of gold, reflecting the characters’ desire for status and wealth. The “six-bits” also represents the small amount of money that Joe and Missie May find, highlighting the limited economic opportunities available to them. Through the title, Hurston emphasizes the themes of deception, materialism, and economic struggle that are central to the story.
Literary Works Similar to “The Gilded Six-Bits” by Zora Neale Hurston
“Sweat” by Zora Neale Hurston: In this story, Hurston explores the struggles of a hardworking washerwoman named Delia and her abusive husband. It delves into themes of resilience, empowerment, and the complexities of marital relationships.
“The Lottery” by Shirley Jackson: Jackson’s chilling tale unfolds in a seemingly idyllic town where an annual lottery takes a sinister turn. Like “The Gilded Six-Bits,” it examines the darker aspects of human nature and societal norms.
“A Good Man Is Hard to Find” by Flannery O’Connor: O’Connor’s story follows a family’s fateful road trip that takes a dramatic turn when they encounter a notorious criminal. It shares themes of morality, redemption, and the unpredictability of fate.
“The Yellow Wallpaper” by Charlotte Perkins Gilman: This haunting story revolves around a woman’s descent into madness as she becomes obsessed with the wallpaper in her room. Like Hurston’s work, it delves into themes of confinement, gender roles, and mental health.
“Bartleby, the Scrivener” by Herman Melville: Melville’s story centers on a passive, enigmatic clerk who refuses to perform his duties, leading to a series of perplexing events. Like “The Gilded Six-Bits,” it explores themes of identity, conformity, and the human condition.
Suggested Readings about/on “The Gilded Six-Bits” by Zora Neale Hurston
Hurston, Zora Neale. The Complete Stories. Harper Perennial Modern Classics, 1996. Print.
Representative Quotations from “The Gilded Six-Bits” by Zora Neale Hurston
Quotation
Context
Theorization
“It was a Negro yard around a Negro house in a Negro settlement that looked to the payroll of the G. and G. Fertilizer works for its support.”
This opening line sets the scene and establishes the setting as a predominantly African American community reliant on the local fertilizer works for employment.
Hurston introduces the racial and economic dynamics that shape the characters’ lives and interactions.
“The front yard was parted in the middle by a sidewalk from gate to doorstep, a sidewalk edged on either side by quart bottles driven neck down into the ground on a slant.”
The description of the front yard with quart bottles lining the sidewalk provides a visual image of the modest yet creatively decorated surroundings.
Hurston employs vivid imagery to illustrate the humble yet vibrant nature of the characters’ environment.
“Missie May was bathing herself in the galvanized washtub in the bedroom. Her dark-brown skin glistened under the soapsuds that skittered down from her washrag.”
This passage depicts Missie May bathing, emphasizing her physical beauty and sensuality.
Hurston highlights Missie May’s allure and vitality, setting the stage for the relationship dynamics that unfold later in the story.
“Missie May promptly appeared at the door in mock alarm.”
Missie May’s playful response to Joe’s gesture of throwing silver dollars into the house exemplifies the couple’s lighthearted and affectionate dynamic.
This interaction reveals the playful and affectionate nature of Missie May and Joe’s relationship, characterized by mutual teasing and enjoyment.
“But before she could tie her slippers, there came the ring of singing metal on wood. Nine times.”
The ringing of the metal coins signals Joe’s arrival with his weekly gesture of throwing silver dollars into the house for Missie May.
The repetition of this ritual reinforces the couple’s tradition and the significance of Joe’s symbolic gesture of love and affection.
“He smiled indulgently and let his wife go through all of his pockets and take out the things that he had hidden for her to find.”
Joe’s indulgence in allowing Missie May to rifle through his pockets underscores the playful and affectionate nature of their relationship.
This moment highlights the couple’s intimacy and familiarity, as well as Joe’s enjoyment in surprising and delighting his wife.
“Joe laughed and hugged her.”
Joe’s laughter and affectionate gesture toward Missie May demonstrate his love and appreciation for her.
Despite their playful banter, Joe’s actions convey genuine affection and warmth toward Missie May.
“He just had time to drop back into his seat before Missie May came in dressed to go.”
Missie May’s readiness to accompany Joe to the ice cream parlor exemplifies her eagerness to spend time with him and enjoy their shared moments together.
This scene highlights the couple’s anticipation of a simple yet meaningful outing and reinforces their bond and affection for each other.
“The Conscience of the Court” by Zora Neale Hurston was first published in 1950 in the collection “The Ebony and Topaz: A Collectanea” edited by Charles S. Johnson.
Introduction: “The Conscience of the Court” by Zora Neale Hurston
“The Conscience of the Court” by Zora Neale Hurston was first published in 1950 in the collection “The Ebony and Topaz: A Collectanea” edited by Charles S. Johnson. This thought-provoking short story showcases Hurston’s masterful storytelling and explores themes of justice, morality, and the human condition. The good qualities of the story include its well-crafted characters, particularly the protagonist, Laura Lee Kimble, a strong and independent Black woman who challenges the status quo. The narrative also raises important questions about the criminal justice system and its treatment of marginalized communities, making it a timely and impactful read even today.
Main Events in “The Conscience of the Court” by Zora Neale Hurston
1. Laura Lee Kimble’s Court Appearance
Laura Lee Kimble, a tall brown-skinned woman with a head rag, faces charges in court.
Accused of felonious assault, mayhem, premeditated attempted murder, and using abusive language against Clement Beasley.
Laura Lee appears calm, prepared for whatever outcome awaits her.
2. Laura Lee’s Puzzlement
Laura Lee, bewildered by legal jargon, struggles to understand the charges against her.
The judge observes her with interest, recognizing her reputation as a formidable woman.
3. Laura Lee’s Response
Laura Lee admits to hitting Beasley but expresses uncertainty about her guilt due to complex legal terminology.
Her sincerity and demeanor intrigue the judge.
4. Lack of Legal Representation
The court offers Laura Lee a lawyer, but she declines, feeling it won’t benefit her.
This sparks reflection in the judge, reminding him of his early ideals of justice.
5. Jury Selection and Witnesses
Twelve jurors are quickly selected.
Witnesses testify against Laura Lee, painting a damning picture of her actions.
6. Beasley’s Testimony
Beasley describes his encounter with Laura Lee, alleging she attacked him over a debt owed by her employer, Mrs. Clairborne.
7. Laura Lee’s Outburst
Laura Lee reacts angrily to Beasley’s accusations, feeling betrayed by Mrs. Clairborne.
Her loyalty to Mrs. Clairborne becomes evident.
8. Laura Lee’s Testimony
Laura Lee shares her side of the story, detailing her relationship with Mrs. Clairborne and her actions on the day of the incident.
She describes her upbringing and bond with Mrs. Clairborne, portraying herself as a protector.
9. Emotional Revelations
Laura Lee reveals her deep affection for Celestine Beaufort Clairborne, whom she considered a sister.
She recounts pivotal moments in their lives, including Celestine’s struggles after her husband’s death.
10. Laura Lee’s Decision
Laura Lee reflects on the choices she made to support Mrs. Clairborne, even in the face of personal sacrifice.
She questions her guilt but expresses readiness to accept any verdict.
11. Prosecutor’s Objection
The prosecutor interrupts Laura Lee’s testimony, seeking to halt her emotional narrative.
The judge defends Laura Lee’s right to tell her story, emphasizing the importance of understanding her motives.
12. Judge’s Revelation
The judge presents evidence contradicting Beasley’s claims and condemns his actions as attempted burglary.
He praises Laura Lee’s defense of Mrs. Clairborne’s property and directs the jury to find in her favor.
13. Laura Lee’s Gratitude
Laura Lee expresses gratitude to the judge for his understanding and support.
She leaves the courtroom with newfound hope for vindication.
Literary Devices in “The Conscience of the Court” by Zora Neale Hurston
“His fascination and awe as a professor traced the more than two thousand years of growth…”
Reference to the judge’s past as a professor alludes to his intellectual background and adds depth to his character, highlighting his knowledge and experience.
Referring to the prosecutor by his physical attributes (“tall, lean, black-haired”) instead of his name substitutes the part for the whole, adding detail to the description.
“I figgered I done right not to leave him come in there and haul off Miz’ Celestine’s things…”
The phrase “done right not to leave” combines contradictory ideas (right and not to leave), creating a paradoxical statement.
Characterization in “The Conscience of the Court” by Zora Neale Hurston
Major Characters:
Clement Beasley:
Description: Clement Beasley is the plaintiff in the trial against Laura Lee Kimble. He is portrayed as a deceitful and manipulative character.
Example: Beasley’s false testimony about the loan and the events leading to the altercation with Laura Lee Kimble demonstrates his deceptive nature.
Details: Beasley’s actions and lies serve to frame Laura Lee and protect his own interests. He is willing to manipulate the truth to achieve his goals.
Judge:
Description: The judge presiding over Laura Lee Kimble’s trial. He is depicted as fair-minded and empathetic.
Example: The judge’s gentle approach in trying to understand Laura Lee’s perspective and offering her a chance to speak demonstrates his fairness.
Details: Despite the seriousness of the charges, the judge shows compassion towards Laura Lee and emphasizes the importance of hearing both sides of the story.
Laura Lee Kimble:
Description: The defendant in the trial, Laura Lee Kimble is portrayed as a strong and resilient woman.
Example: Laura Lee’s refusal to accept a court-appointed lawyer and her decision to speak for herself demonstrate her independence and self-reliance.
Details: Laura Lee’s testimony reveals her loyalty to Miz’ Celestine and her willingness to protect her employer’s belongings. Her actions reflect her sense of duty and integrity.
Miz’ Celestine:
Description: Miz’ Celestine is Laura Lee’s employer, mentioned throughout the trial.
Example: Laura Lee’s testimony about Miz’ Celestine’s character and her explanation of why Miz’ Celestine went to Miami Beach serve to defend her employer’s reputation.
Details: Miz’ Celestine’s absence and Laura Lee’s loyalty to her highlight the importance of their relationship and Laura Lee’s commitment to fulfilling her duties.
Minor Characters:
Arresting Officers:
Description: The officers involved in Laura Lee’s arrest and the witnesses called to testify against her.
Example: Their testimonies describe the events leading to Laura Lee’s arrest and paint her in a negative light.
Details: The officers’ accounts contribute to the prosecution’s case against Laura Lee and shape the perception of her character in the courtroom.
Prosecutor:
Description: The prosecutor handling Laura Lee’s case.
Example: The prosecutor’s brisk cynicism and swift handling of the trial reflect his adversarial role in the proceedings.
Details: The prosecutor’s actions contribute to the tension in the courtroom and highlight the antagonistic nature of the legal process.
Tom (Laura Lee’s husband):
Description: Laura Lee’s husband, mentioned in her testimony.
Example: Laura Lee’s recollection of her husband’s advice and his perspective on her actions provide insight into their relationship dynamics.
Details: Tom’s absence and Laura Lee’s memories of him underscore the theme of loneliness and the challenges faced by Laura Lee as a widow.
Major Themes in “The Conscience of the Court” by Zora Neale Hurston
Loyalty and Selflessness: Laura Lee demonstrates unwavering loyalty to her employer, Celestine. She prioritizes Celestine’s well-being above her own happiness, even letting go of her own opportunities. This is evident throughout the story. For instance, Laura Lee raises Celestine as a child, forming a strong bond. Later, she gives up her chance to move away with her husband Tom in order to stay with Celestine.
Justice and Fairness: Laura Lee fights for what she believes is right. She feels justified in protecting Celestine’s property from Clement Beasley, whom she believes lied about the value of the furniture and acted unfairly by attempting to seize it without proper authorization. This is shown when Laura Lee clarifies the sequence of events, stating, “I never tackled the plaintive just as soon as he mounted the porch like he said.” She recounts how Beasley arrived unexpectedly, demanded entry without manners, and insulted her before resorting to physical violence.
Race and Social Class: The story explores the complexities of race and social class in the Southern United States. Laura Lee, a Black woman, works for a white family, the Beauforts. She grapples with the limitations placed on her due to her race and social status. This is evident when Laura Lee mentions her lack of formal education, saying, “I ain’t never rubbed the hair off of my head against no college walls and schooled out nowhere at all.” This implies the racial inequalities of the time that limited educational opportunities for African Americans.
Family and Commitment: Laura Lee views Celestine as family and feels a deep sense of commitment to her. She prioritizes Celestine’s well-being above her own. This is a recurring theme throughout the story. From raising Celestine as a child to her decision to move to Florida with Celestine, Laura Lee demonstrates unwavering dedication. She even relays a promise made by Celestine: if Laura Lee remained by her side, Celestine would ensure Tom received a proper burial near her if he predeceased them, highlighting the reciprocal nature of their bond.
Writing Style in “The Conscience of the Court” by Zora Neale Hurston
Lyrical prose: Hurston’s writing is known for its poetic and musical quality, which adds depth and emotion to the narrative.
Folkloric influences: As a prominent figure of the Harlem Renaissance, Hurston’s work often incorporates elements of African American folklore and culture, which is reflected in the story’s language and themes.
Vivid dialogue: The characters’ conversations are rich in dialect and vernacular, which brings the story to life and adds to its sense of place and time.
Symbolism and metaphor: Hurston uses symbols and metaphors to convey complex ideas and themes, such as the courtroom as a symbol of justice and morality.
Strong narrative voice: The story is told through a third-person omniscient narrator, who provides insight into the characters’ thoughts and feelings, creating a sense of intimacy and immediacy.
Social commentary: Hurston’s writing often critiques societal norms and injustices, and “The Conscience of the Court” is no exception, offering a powerful commentary on race, gender, and the criminal justice system.
Literary Theories and Interpretation of “The Conscience of the Court” by Zora Neale Hurston
Laura Lee Kimble’s character can be analyzed through a feminist lens, highlighting the themes of gender roles, power dynamics, and agency. Her actions and experiences reflect the challenges faced by women in a patriarchal society.
Laura Lee’s refusal to conform to traditional gender roles, her assertiveness in defending Miz’ Celestine’s belongings, and her resilience in facing the legal system demonstrate her agency and autonomy as a woman.
A Marxist interpretation of the story focuses on social class and economic inequality. The conflict between Laura Lee Kimble and Clement Beasley can be seen as a struggle between the working class and the bourgeoisie, highlighting issues of exploitation and oppression.
The dispute over the loan and the value of Miz’ Celestine’s belongings symbolizes the economic disparities between Laura Lee, a working-class woman, and Beasley, who represents the privileged class exploiting her.
Laura Lee Kimble’s internal conflicts and motivations can be analyzed through a psychoanalytic lens, exploring her subconscious desires, fears, and defense mechanisms. The story’s events can be interpreted as manifestations of her psyche’s struggles.
Laura Lee’s memories of her husband, her loyalty to Miz’ Celestine, and her defiance against authority can be seen as expressions of her unconscious desires for security, belonging, and autonomy, respectively.
Topics, Questions, and Thesis Statements about “The Conscience of the Court” by Zora Neale Hurston
1. How do gender roles influence the characters’ actions and interactions in the story? 2. What power dynamics are at play between Laura Lee Kimble and the other characters?
In “The Conscience of the Court,” Zora Neale Hurston explores the impact of gender roles and power dynamics on characters’ behaviors, highlighting the challenges faced by women in asserting their agency.
Social Class and Economic Inequality
1. How does social class affect the characters’ relationships and conflicts? 2. What role does economic inequality play in shaping the story’s events?
Zora Neale Hurston’s “The Conscience of the Court” examines the tensions arising from social class and economic inequality, revealing the struggles of the working class against the exploitation of the bourgeoisie.
Justice and Legal Systems
1. How is the theme of justice portrayed in the story? 2. What commentary does the story offer on the effectiveness of the legal system?
Through “The Conscience of the Court,” Zora Neale Hurston critiques the shortcomings of the legal system and raises questions about the nature of justice, highlighting its complexities and limitations.
1. How do the characters’ identities shape their actions and decisions? 2. How do perceptions of self and others influence character relationships?
Zora Neale Hurston’s “The Conscience of the Court” delves into the themes of identity and self-perception, illustrating how characters’ understanding of themselves and others impacts their behavior and relationships.
Short Questions/Answers about/on “The Conscience of the Court” by Zora Neale Hurston
What is the central conflict in “The Conscience of the Court”? The central conflict lies in Laura Lee Kimble’s trial for assaulting Clement Beasley. Beyond the courtroom drama, it exposes deeper societal tensions regarding justice, racial dynamics, and power struggles.
How does Hurston characterize Laura Lee Kimble? Hurston portrays Laura Lee Kimble as a formidable woman, resilient in the face of adversity. Her unyielding demeanor and refusal to conform to societal norms make her a symbol of strength and defiance against injustice.
What role does gender play in the story? Gender serves as a crucial lens through which power dynamics and societal expectations are examined. Laura Lee Kimble’s trial highlights the challenges women face in asserting their agency and confronting traditional gender roles entrenched in the justice system and society at large.
What is the significance of the title “The Conscience of the Court”? The title underscores a dichotomy between the formal legal proceedings of the court and the underlying moral conscience of its participants. It prompts readers to question the integrity and fairness of legal judgments, suggesting that true justice transcends mere legalities and requires a deeper ethical consideration.
Literary Works Similar to “The Conscience of the Court” by Zora Neale Hurston
“Sweat” (1926) by Alice Dunbar-Nelson: Strong Black female protagonist fights for what’s right.
“How the García Girls Lost Their Accents” (1991) by Julia Alvarez: Explores race, class, and identity like Laura Lee.
“The Lottery” (1941) by Shirley Jackson: Questions tradition vs. justice like Laura Lee.
“The Necklace” (1884) by Guy de Maupassant: Loyalty and sacrifice themes like Laura Lee.
Suggested Readings about/on “The Conscience of the Court” by Zora Neale Hurston
Hurston, Zora Neale. “The Conscience of the Court.” The Complete Stories. Harper Perennial Modern Classics, 1996, pp. 125-146.
Carby, Hazel. “The politics of fiction, anthropology, and the folk: Zora Neale Hurston.” Bloom’s Modern Critical Interpretations: Zora Neale Hurston’s Their Eyes were Watching God. Harold Bloom, ed. New York, NY: InfoBase Publishing (2008): 23-40.
Davis, Doris. “” De Talkin’Game”: The Creation of Psychic Space in Selected Short Fiction of Zora Neale Hurston.” Tulsa Studies in Women’s Literature 26.2 (2007): 269-286.
Champion, Laurie. “Socioeconomics in Selected Short Stories of Zora Neale Hurston.” Zora Neale Hurston (2008): 181-97.
“The hostility in the room reached her without her seeking to find it.”
Laura Lee Kimble, the defendant, is portrayed as being acutely aware of the animosity directed toward her in the courtroom. Despite her readiness for the trial’s outcome, she cannot escape the palpable hostility surrounding her.
This quotation underscores the oppressive atmosphere of the courtroom and sets the tone for Laura Lee’s experience throughout the trial. It highlights the social dynamics and prejudices at play, suggesting that justice may not be entirely impartial.
“Somehow this woman did not look fierce to him at all. Yet she had beaten a man within an inch of his life. Here was a riddle to solve.”
The judge reflects on Laura Lee’s demeanor and appearance, finding it incongruent with the violent act she is accused of committing. He is intrigued by the contradiction between her outward demeanor and the crime she is alleged to have committed.
This quotation invites readers to question stereotypes and preconceived notions about individuals based on their appearance. It hints at the complexity of human behavior and the limitations of snap judgments.
“The implications penetrated instantly and the judge flushed.”
Laura Lee’s refusal of legal representation prompts the judge to reflect on his own ideals and dedication to the principles of justice. Her response challenges his assumptions about the legal system and his role within it.
This quotation highlights the judge’s internal struggle between upholding procedural norms and recognizing the limitations of the legal system in providing fair representation to marginalized individuals. It suggests that Laura Lee’s defiance disrupts the status quo and forces the judge to confront uncomfortable truths about the legal process.
“The silence shouted that her goose was cooked.”
Laura Lee perceives the ominous silence in the courtroom as a sign of her impending conviction. Despite her resignation to the outcome, she reflects on her sense of abandonment and betrayal by those she once trusted.
This quotation captures Laura Lee’s emotional state as she faces the prospect of a guilty verdict. It conveys her feelings of isolation and disillusionment, highlighting the personal stakes involved in the trial beyond mere legal consequences.
“‘Believe it or not, Laura Lee, this is a court of law.'”
The judge appeals to Laura Lee’s sense of cooperation and duty to participate in the legal process by telling her story. He emphasizes the importance of hearing both sides of the case to arrive at a just conclusion.
This quotation showcases the judge’s attempt to balance the formalities of the legal system with empathy towards Laura Lee’s unfamiliarity with courtroom procedures. It underscores the judge’s role as a mediator between legal norms and individual experiences of justice.
“The prosecutor shot up like a striking trout and waved his long arm.”
The prosecutor interrupts Laura Lee’s testimony, attempting to assert control over the courtroom and enforce strict procedural rules. His reaction reflects his frustration with Laura Lee’s unorthodox narrative style.
This quotation highlights the tension between the prosecutor’s adherence to legal formalities and the judge’s leniency towards Laura Lee’s testimony. It underscores the clash between institutional norms and individual agency within the legal system.
“‘I don’t mean that her mama and papa throwed her away. You know how it used to be the style when a baby was born to place it under the special care of a older brother or sister, or somebody that had worked on the place for a long time and was apt to stay. That’s what I mean by Celestine was give to me.'”
Laura Lee reflects on her upbringing and her deep bond with Celestine, revealing the complexities of their relationship and Laura Lee’s sense of duty towards her. She contextualizes Celestine’s role in her life within the broader cultural and social dynamics of their community.
This quotation provides insight into Laura Lee’s character and motivations, highlighting her loyalty to Celestine despite their current estrangement. It underscores the importance of familial and communal ties in shaping individual identities and experiences of justice.
“That Evening Sun” by William Faulkner, first published in 1931 in the collection “These 13,” demonstrates Faulkner’s mastery of narrative technique and his ability to write haunting and poignant tale.
Introduction: “That Evening Sun” by William Faulkner
“That Evening Sun” by William Faulkner, first published in 1931 in the collection “These 13,” demonstrates Faulkner’s mastery of narrative technique and his ability to write haunting and poignant tale. The story’s non-linear structure, clear imagery, and exploration of themes such as racism, class, and the decline of the Old South are just a few of its good qualities. Additionally, the story’s use of multiple narrators and its exploration of the complexities of human relationships and morality make it a rich and thought-provoking read. Overall, “That Evening Sun” is a standout work of American literature that continues to captivate readers with its beauty and depth.
Main Events in “That Evening Sun” by William Faulkner
Part-I
Changing Times in Jefferson
The story portrays a shift in Jefferson’s landscape, where modern conveniences like paved streets, electric poles, and motor cars have replaced the quiet, dusty, shaded streets of the past.
Previously, Monday mornings were bustling with Negro women carrying bundles of clothes on their heads to wash, a stark contrast to the automated laundry services of the present day.
The narrative juxtaposes the old ways with the new, highlighting the disappearance of traditional practices like hand-washing clothes and the emergence of technological advancements.
Nancy’s Character and Struggles
Nancy, a central character, is depicted as a tall woman with a high, sad face, missing teeth, and a resilience born out of hardship.
Her interactions with the white family she works for are strained, marked by racial tension and unequal power dynamics.
Nancy’s struggles with alcoholism, poverty, and abuse are woven into the fabric of the narrative, reflecting the harsh realities faced by many African Americans during that time.
Racial Dynamics and Social Injustice
The story delves into the racial dynamics of the South, portraying the discrimination and exploitation faced by African Americans like Nancy.
Instances of violence and injustice, such as Mr. Stovall’s assault on Nancy and the subsequent lack of repercussions, underscore the pervasive racism and impunity that characterized the era.
Despite the progress symbolized by modernization, deep-rooted racial prejudices persist, perpetuating a system of oppression and inequality.
Themes of Fear and Survival
Fear permeates the narrative, manifesting in Nancy’s apprehension of Jesus, a threatening figure from her past.
Nancy’s fear of the dark and her belief that Jesus is still lurking in the shadows reflect the trauma and paranoia resulting from her experiences.
Survival becomes a recurring theme as Nancy navigates a hostile environment, relying on her resilience and instincts to endure adversity and protect herself.
Family Dynamics and Childhood Innocence
The story explores family dynamics through the lens of the white children’s interactions with Nancy and their parents’ attitudes towards her.
The innocence of childhood is juxtaposed with the harsh realities of racism and violence, as the children grapple with the complexities of race and power in their interactions with Nancy and their understanding of the world around them.
Despite their naivety, the children are not immune to the racial tensions and injustices that permeate their society, highlighting the pervasive influence of systemic racism on individuals of all ages.
Part-II
Nancy’s Frightening Experience
Nancy’s continued fear of Jesus, a menacing figure from her past, disrupts the household’s peace and safety.
Despite her illness, Dilsey takes charge, insisting on cooking and maintaining the kitchen, while Nancy’s presence adds an ominous tension to the atmosphere.
Racial Identity and Fear
The racial tensions between Nancy, a frightened African American woman, and the white family she serves, particularly the children’s confusion and discomfort with her fear, highlight the deep-seated divisions and prejudices of the time.
Nancy’s fear of Jesus, coupled with her resigned acceptance of her racial identity, underscores the pervasive impact of racism and violence on individuals’ lives and perceptions.
Part-III
Nancy’s Descent into Fear and Madness
Nancy’s deteriorating mental state is evident as she begins making strange sounds and exhibiting erratic behavior, causing concern and confusion among the family members.
Despite Dilsey’s attempts to calm her, Nancy’s fear of Jesus and her cryptic references to past events hint at a deeper trauma that continues to haunt her.
Family Dynamics and Racial Tensions
The family’s interactions with Nancy underscore the racial divide and unequal power dynamics of the time, with the children’s innocence juxtaposed against their mother’s frustration and their father’s pragmatic approach to the situation.
Nancy’s desperate plea to stay the night reflects the underlying tension between racial prejudices and human compassion, as the family grapples with their own fears and moral obligations in the face of Nancy’s distress.
Part-IV
Desperation and Delusion
Nancy’s behavior becomes increasingly erratic as she attempts to keep the children with her, resorting to making strange sounds and futile attempts at popcorn-making to delay their departure.
Despite her pleas and assurances of fun, Nancy’s mental state deteriorates further, evident in her tears and disconnected speech.
Children’s Unease and Resolve
The children, particularly Jason and Caddy, express discomfort and a desire to leave Nancy’s house, fueled by Jason’s crying and insistence on telling their father.
Despite Nancy’s efforts to persuade them to stay, the children ultimately prioritize their safety and decide to leave, even as Nancy implores them to tell their father about the promised fun they would have had together.
Part-V&VI
Father’s Dismissal and Nancy’s Desperation
Father enters and dismisses Nancy’s fears, attributing them to nonsense.
Despite his urging to lock up and go to bed, Nancy insists on the imminent danger lurking outside.
Children’s Unease and Departure
The children express fear and discomfort, especially Jason, who blames Caddy for their predicament.
As they leave, Nancy remains seated by the fire, resigned to her fate and expressing her fear of the dark and anticipation of her own demise.
Final Departure
Despite Father’s reassurances, the children leave Nancy sitting by the fire, still making the eerie sound.
As they depart, the children continue to express their unease and fear, with Jason accusing Caddy of being a tattletale and Caddy teasing him in return, prompting Father’s intervention.
Literary Devices in “That Evening Sun” by William Faulkner
Nancy’s resigned acceptance of her fate as a Black woman in a racist society reflects the paradox of being blamed for circumstances beyond her control.
Giving human attributes to an inanimate object (the hogbone) implies a sense of agency or intention, contributing to the story’s atmosphere of dread and superstition.
“You’re worse,” Caddy said, “you are a tattletale.”
Jason’s fearfulness contrasts with Caddy’s assertiveness, highlighting their different personalities and roles within the story.
Characterization in “That Evening Sun” by William Faulkner
Major Characters:
Quentin Compson: The young narrator of the story, Quentin is a member of the Compson family. He is sensitive and observant, often struggling to make sense of the racial dynamics and tensions around him. Through Quentin’s perspective, readers gain insight into the complexities of race and privilege in the American South.
Nancy: A black woman who works for the Compson family as a domestic servant. Nancy is at the center of the narrative, grappling with the fear of her estranged husband, Jesus, who she believes may harm her. Her vulnerability and the indifference she faces from those around her shed light on the harsh realities faced by African Americans in the segregated South.
Jason Compson III: Quentin’s father and a member of the Compson family. Jason represents the white, privileged class in the story. His interactions with Nancy and Jesus reveal the deep-seated racial prejudices and power dynamics that pervade Southern society. Jason’s indifference to Nancy’s fears underscores the systemic racism and lack of empathy prevalent among the white elite.
Minor Characters:
Jesus: Nancy’s estranged husband, whose reputation for violence and abuse instills fear in Nancy and those around her. Though he never appears directly in the story, Jesus’s presence looms large, serving as a symbol of the physical and emotional threats faced by African Americans in the Jim Crow South.
Mrs. Compson: Jason’s wife and Quentin’s mother, Mrs. Compson epitomizes the privileged class’s detachment from the struggles of African Americans. Her lack of concern for Nancy’s safety reflects the prevailing attitudes of racial superiority and indifference among the white elite.
Dilsey: The Compsons’ loyal black servant, Dilsey offers a contrasting perspective to the white characters in the story. Through her interactions with Quentin and Nancy, Dilsey provides insight into the experiences of African Americans navigating the oppressive social structures of the South. Her resilience and compassion highlight the strength and humanity of marginalized communities in the face of adversity.
Luster: Dilsey’s grandson and a member of the Compson household staff, Luster accompanies Quentin on his journey to deliver a note to Nancy. Luster’s youthful innocence and curiosity offer a glimpse into the next generation’s potential for change and progress in the fight against racial injustice.
Major Themes in “That Evening Sun” by William Faulkner
Race and Racial Tensions: Faulkner’s exploration of race and racial tensions is central to the story. Set in the Jim Crow South, “That Evening Sun” vividly depicts the pervasive racial hierarchy and discrimination faced by African Americans. The character of Nancy, a black woman who fears for her life at the hands of her abusive husband, symbolizes the vulnerability and oppression experienced by marginalized communities. Faulkner highlights the systemic racism ingrained in Southern society, exposing the brutality and injustice perpetuated against African Americans.
Fear and Paranoia: Fear permeates the narrative, driving the actions and perceptions of the characters. Nancy’s palpable fear of her estranged husband, Jesus, underscores the constant threat of violence and danger faced by African Americans in the South. The Compson family’s fear of becoming entangled in Nancy’s troubles reflects the pervasive anxiety surrounding racial tensions and the consequences of crossing societal boundaries. Faulkner skillfully explores the psychological impact of fear on individuals and communities, illuminating its corrosive effects on relationships and perceptions.
Power and Privilege: Power dynamics and privilege play a significant role in shaping the interactions and attitudes of the characters in “That Evening Sun.” The Compson family, as members of the white elite, wield social and economic power over their black servants, reinforcing racial hierarchies and inequalities. Jason Compson III’s indifference to Nancy’s plight highlights the callousness and entitlement of the privileged class, emphasizing their complicity in perpetuating injustice. Faulkner exposes the inherent injustices of a society built on racial oppression, challenging readers to confront their own privilege and complicity.
Moral Ambiguity and Complicity: Faulkner explores the moral ambiguity and complicity of individuals in the face of injustice and suffering. Through characters like Quentin, who grapples with his own complicity in Nancy’s plight, Faulkner reveals the complexities of moral decision-making in a deeply flawed society. The moral ambiguity of the Compson family, torn between self-preservation and empathy, reflects the moral dilemmas inherent in navigating systems of oppression. Faulkner’s nuanced portrayal of characters wrestling with their own moral culpability invites readers to reflect on their own ethical responsibilities in the face of injustice.
Writing Style in “That Evening Sun” by William Faulkner
Stream-of-Consciousness Technique: Faulkner employs a stream-of-consciousness narrative technique, particularly through the perspective of the young narrator, Quentin Compson. This technique allows Faulkner to delve deeply into Quentin’s thoughts, emotions, and perceptions, providing readers with a vivid portrayal of his inner world. Quentin’s stream of consciousness reveals his internal conflicts, anxieties, and attempts to make sense of the racial tensions and moral complexities surrounding him.
Multiple Perspectives: Faulkner often shifts between different narrative perspectives, offering insights into the minds of various characters. Through these multiple perspectives, Faulkner creates a multifaceted depiction of the story’s events, highlighting the subjective nature of truth and perception. This technique adds depth to the narrative, allowing readers to see the same events from different angles and understand the complexities of each character’s motivations and experiences.
Symbolism and Imagery: Faulkner’s writing is rich in symbolism and imagery, which imbue the narrative with layers of meaning and emotion. From the evocative descriptions of the Mississippi landscape to the symbolic significance of objects like the sun and shadows, Faulkner’s imagery serves to enhance the thematic resonance of the story. Through his use of symbolism and imagery, Faulkner creates a sensory experience for readers, immersing them in the world of the story and inviting deeper reflection on its themes and motifs.
Unconventional Narrative Structure: Faulkner often employs unconventional narrative structures, such as nonlinear storytelling and fragmented chronology, to convey the complexities of his characters’ experiences and the interconnectedness of past and present. In “That Evening Sun,” Faulkner weaves together different temporal strands, blending memories, reflections, and present-day events to create a mosaic-like narrative that mirrors the fractured nature of human consciousness and memory.
Southern Dialect and Vernacular: Faulkner captures the rhythms and cadences of Southern speech through his use of dialect and vernacular dialogue. The characters in “That Evening Sun” speak in a distinctively Southern idiom, with its own unique syntax, vocabulary, and colloquialisms. Faulkner’s attention to dialect adds authenticity to the narrative, grounding it in the cultural and linguistic milieu of the American South.
Literary Theories and Interpretation of “That Evening Sun” by William Faulkner
Focuses on the psychological motivations and unconscious desires of characters, exploring themes of repression, trauma, and identity.
Faulkner’s portrayal of Quentin’s inner turmoil and conflicted emotions reflects the psychological complexities of his character. For instance, Quentin’s stream-of-consciousness narration reveals his anxieties about race, sexuality, and morality, offering insight into his subconscious fears and desires.
Examines the representation of gender roles, power dynamics, and female agency within the text, often highlighting instances of sexism, patriarchy, and marginalization.
Nancy’s character embodies the vulnerability and oppression faced by black women in the Jim Crow South. Her fear of her abusive husband, Jesus, and the Compson family’s indifference to her plight underscore the intersecting forces of racism and misogyny that shape her experiences. Faulkner’s portrayal of Nancy’s struggles exposes the systemic injustices endured by women of color in a patriarchal society.
Analyzes social class structures, economic inequalities, and power dynamics within the text, exploring themes of exploitation, alienation, and resistance.
The Compson family’s privileged position within Southern society highlights the economic disparities and class divisions inherent in the Jim Crow South. Their indifference to Nancy’s suffering reflects the callousness of the ruling class towards the plight of the working poor. Through characters like Dilsey and Nancy, Faulkner exposes the exploitation and marginalization faced by African Americans and the working class, inviting readers to question the legitimacy of the existing social order.
Topics, Questions, and Thesis Statements about “That Evening Sun” by William Faulkner
Topic
Questions
Thesis Statements
Racial Tensions and Injustice
1. How does Faulkner depict the racial hierarchy and discrimination in the story?
Faulkner’s “That Evening Sun” explores the pervasive racial tensions and injustices faced by African Americans in the Jim Crow South, revealing the systemic racism and violence that permeated Southern society.
2. What role do fear and power play in perpetuating racial oppression?
Through characters like Nancy and the Compson family, Faulkner illustrates how fear, power, and privilege intersect to reinforce racial inequalities and perpetuate injustice.
Gender Dynamics and Marginalization
1. How are gender roles and power dynamics portrayed in the narrative?
Faulkner’s portrayal of characters like Nancy and Mrs. Compson highlights the intersecting forces of racism and misogyny, shedding light on the marginalization and vulnerability experienced by women in the Jim Crow South.
2. What insights does the story offer into the experiences of black women?
“That Evening Sun” provides a poignant depiction of the struggles faced by black women in the segregated South, exposing the intersectional oppression they endure and the resilience they exhibit in the face of adversity.
Moral Ambiguity and Complicity
1. How do characters navigate moral dilemmas and ethical responsibilities?
Faulkner’s narrative explores the moral ambiguity and complicity of individuals in the face of injustice, prompting readers to reflect on their own ethical responsibilities and complicity within oppressive systems.
2. What does the story reveal about the complexities of morality and culpability?
Through characters like Quentin and the Compson family, Faulkner confronts readers with the complexities of moral decision-making in a society marked by racism, fear, and inequality, challenging simplistic notions of right and wrong.
Symbolism and Imagery
1. How does Faulkner use symbolism and imagery to convey thematic motifs?
Faulkner employs rich symbolism and evocative imagery throughout “That Evening Sun” to deepen thematic resonance and enhance readers’ understanding of the story’s complexities and implications.
2. What are some key symbols in the narrative, and what do they represent?
Symbols like the evening sun, shadows, and the dilapidated cabin serve as potent metaphors for themes of fear, oppression, and resilience, inviting readers to contemplate their symbolic significance and thematic implications.
Short Questions/Answers about/on “That Evening Sun” by William Faulkner
What is the central conflict in “That Evening Sun”? The central conflict revolves around Nancy’s fear of her estranged husband, Jesus, who she believes may harm her. Nancy’s terror permeates the narrative, driving much of the tension and apprehension felt by the characters. This conflict highlights the pervasive fear and violence experienced by African Americans in the Jim Crow South, as well as the indifference and complicity of those in positions of privilege.
How does Faulkner explore the theme of racial inequality in “That Evening Sun”? Faulkner vividly portrays the racial hierarchy and discrimination prevalent in the Jim Crow South through the experiences of characters like Nancy and the Compson family. The story exposes the systemic racism ingrained in Southern society, revealing the stark disparities in power, privilege, and justice along racial lines. Through nuanced characterizations and evocative imagery, Faulkner confronts readers with the harsh realities of racial injustice and oppression.
What role does the setting play in “That Evening Sun”? The setting of the story, a small town in the American South during the early 20th century, serves as a potent backdrop for Faulkner’s exploration of race, fear, and morality. The oppressive atmosphere of the segregated South permeates the narrative, heightening the sense of tension and unease. The dilapidated cabin where Nancy resides becomes a symbol of her vulnerability and isolation, reflecting the harsh realities faced by African Americans in a society marked by racial prejudice and violence.
How does Quentin’s perspective shape the reader’s understanding of “That Evening Sun”? As the narrator, Quentin Compson provides readers with a lens through which to view the events of the story. His youthful innocence and sensitivity offer a poignant contrast to the dark and complex themes explored in the narrative. Through Quentin’s perspective, readers gain insight into the psychological and emotional impact of the racial tensions and moral dilemmas faced by the characters. Faulkner’s use of Quentin’s stream-of-consciousness narration invites readers to empathize with his struggles to comprehend the complexities of race, fear, and morality in the Jim Crow South.
Literary Works Similar to “That Evening Sun” by William Faulkner
“A Worn Path” by Eudora Welty: Explores race and resilience in the rural South through the journey of an elderly African American woman.
“The Life You Save May Be Your Own” by Flannery O’Connor: Examines morality and human relationships in the Southern Gothic tradition.
“The Flowering Judas” by Katherine Anne Porter: Explores betrayal and cultural conflict in post-revolutionary Mexico.
“Blood-Burning Moon” by Jean Toomer: Tackles race, desire, and violence in the Jim Crow South through interconnected lives.
“The Gilded Six-Bits” by Zora Neale Hurston: Delves into love, betrayal, and forgiveness in a vibrant African American community in Florida.
Suggested Readings about/on “That Evening Sun” by William Faulkner
Hiles, Randolph. “Faulkner and the Natural World.” University of Alabama Press, 2018.
Web Links:
Bickham, Scott. “Race and the Public Sphere in William Faulkner’s ‘That Evening Sun.'” Southern Literary Journal, vol. 44, no. 2, 2012, pp. 1-21. www.jstor.org/stable/23347267
Miller, Gavin James. “Dark Laughter and Haunting Melodies: Faulkner’s ‘That Evening Sun.'” The Mississippi Quarterly, vol. 59, no. 1/2, 2005, pp. 231-244. www.jstor.org/stable/20172689.
Representative Quotations from “That Evening Sun” by William Faulkner
“Monday is no different from any other weekday in Jefferson now…”
In this passage, Faulkner describes the changes in Jefferson over time, reflecting the increasing urbanization and modernization of the town. The once quaint and bustling streets are now characterized by the intrusion of technology and the loss of traditional ways of life.
This quote exemplifies Faulkner’s exploration of the theme of societal change and its impact on individuals and communities, reflecting broader shifts in Southern society during the early 20th century.
“Nancy would set her bundle on the top of her head, then upon the bundle in turn she would set the black straw sailor hat which she wore winter and summer…”
Faulkner vividly describes Nancy, a central character in the story, and her daily routine of carrying laundry. Nancy’s appearance and actions symbolize her resilience and stoicism in the face of adversity, as well as the burdens she carries as a black woman in the Jim Crow South.
This quotation highlights Faulkner’s use of imagery and symbolism to convey the experiences and inner life of his characters, underscoring the themes of race, gender, and socioeconomic inequality.
“So after a while we quit chunking the cabin and went back home…”
The narrator recounts a childhood memory of taunting Nancy’s cabin until she emerges. This passage illustrates the casual racism and cruelty of the white children towards Nancy, emphasizing the racial divide and power dynamics within the community.
Faulkner employs this scene to explore the theme of racial prejudice and its psychological and emotional effects on both the victims and perpetrators, shedding light on the pervasive racism ingrained in Southern society.
“That was how she lost her teeth, and all that day they told about Nancy and Mr Stovall…”
This passage describes the violent altercation between Nancy and Mr. Stovall, a white man who refuses to pay her. The incident highlights the systemic racism and economic exploitation faced by African Americans, as well as the physical and psychological toll of racial violence and injustice.
Through this quotation, Faulkner exposes the brutal realities of racial violence and economic exploitation in the Jim Crow South, underscoring the intersecting forces of racism, sexism, and classism that shape the lives of marginalized individuals.
“It never come off of your vine, though,” Nancy said…
Nancy and Jesus exchange heated words, revealing the tensions and power struggles within their relationship. Nancy’s retort challenges Jesus’ authority and asserts her agency, while also highlighting the gendered dynamics and patriarchal norms that govern their interactions.
Faulkner uses this dialogue to explore the complexities of gender and power within African American communities, highlighting the ways in which individuals negotiate and resist social hierarchies and expectations in the face of oppression.
“I ain’t nothing but a nigger,” Nancy said. “It ain’t none of my fault.”
Nancy expresses resignation and despair in response to her marginalized status and the injustices she faces. Her words reflect the internalized racism and powerlessness experienced by many African Americans in the Jim Crow South, as well as the dehumanizing effects of systemic oppression.
This quotation underscores Faulkner’s exploration of the psychological and emotional toll of racial discrimination and societal marginalization, highlighting the ways in which individuals grapple with their own identity and agency within oppressive systems.
“He quit me,” Nancy said. “Done gone to Memphis, I reckon. Dodging them city police for a while, I reckon.”
Nancy reveals Jesus’ departure and her fears of his return, underscoring the cycle of violence and instability in her life. Her resignation to Jesus’ absence reflects the pervasive fear and vulnerability experienced by African American women in the face of male violence and abandonment.
Through Nancy’s words, Faulkner portrays the cyclical nature of trauma and instability within marginalized communities, highlighting the ways in which individuals navigate and endure systemic oppression and interpersonal violence in their everyday lives.
“Spunk” by Zora Neale Hurston, published in 1925 in the collection The New Negro, ispowerful short story showcases his masterful storytelling and her ability to capture the essence of African American culture and dialect.
Introduction: “Spunk” by Zora Neale Hurston
“Spunk” by Zora Neale Hurston, published in 1925 in the collection The New Negro, ispowerful short story showcases his masterful storytelling and her ability to capture the essence of African American culture and dialect. The tale of Spunk, a charismatic and fearless railroad worker, explores themes of masculinity, community, and the consequences of one’s actions. Through its vivid characters, rich dialogue, and poignant themes, “Spunk” exemplifies Hurston’s unique literary style and her contribution to the Harlem Renaissance.
Main Events in “Spunk” by Zora Neale Hurston
I. Spunk and Lena’s Arrival
A giant brown-skinned man, Spunk Banks, and a small pretty woman, Lena Kanty, arrive in the village.
Their arrival causes a stir among the villagers, especially among the men in the general store.
Spunk’s fearless demeanor and reputation for taking risks, such as riding dangerous machinery, are discussed.
II. Tension and Confrontation
Joe Kanty, Lena’s husband, enters the store nervously and is teased about his wife’s whereabouts.
Joe becomes visibly upset upon realizing that others have seen his wife with Spunk.
Despite his fear, Joe declares his intention to confront Spunk and reclaim his wife, brandishing a razor.
After Joe leaves, the men speculate about the outcome of the confrontation and Spunk’s intentions.
III. Tragic Events Unfold
Joe is heard firing a pistol in the distance, and Spunk later enters the store, claiming he was forced to kill Joe in self-defense.
Spunk is confident and unrepentant, while the men discuss the events and their implications.
Spunk is cleared of wrongdoing in a short trial, and he resumes his normal life, including his relationship with Lena.
IV. Ongoing Tensions and Superstition
Rumors circulate about Spunk’s intentions to marry Lena and buy a house.
The men discuss Spunk’s character, bravery, and the supernatural, including a purported encounter with a black bob-cat that they believe to be Joe’s spirit.
Elijah recounts Spunk’s final moments, revealing Spunk’s belief that Joe pushed him into a fatal accident at the sawmill.
V. Funeral and Aftermath
Spunk’s funeral is attended by the whole village, with gossip and speculation abound.
Lena’s future and potential suitors are discussed, while the men continue to debate Spunk’s fate and the possibility of Joe’s revenge from beyond the grave.
“Me an’ Skint Miller got him off but it was too late.Anybody could see that.The fust thing he said wuz: ‘He pushed me, ‘Lige-the dirty hound pushed me in the back!’-He was spittin’ blood at ev’ry breath.”
Parallelism is the use of similar grammatical structures or phrases to express related ideas, often creating rhythm and balance in the text.
“Elijah did not answer until they had left the lighted store and were strolling down the dark street.”
Metonymy is a figure of speech in which a word or phrase is substituted with another closely related word or phrase, often used to convey a broader meaning or association.
Characterization in “Spunk” by Zora Neale Hurston
Major Characters:
Spunk Banks: Spunk Banks is depicted as a larger-than-life figure in the village, exuding an aura of fearlessness and confidence. His physical presence and bold demeanor command attention from those around him. When faced with challenges or danger, Spunk confronts them head-on without hesitation, earning him the admiration of some and the envy of others. For instance, when Spunk rides the dangerous log-carriage at the sawmill despite others’ fear, it demonstrates his courage and disregard for danger. His actions throughout the story showcase a man unafraid to assert himself, even in the face of adversity.
Lena Kanty: Lena Kanty is portrayed as a woman caught in the middle of a tumultuous situation. Her loving demeanor towards Spunk contrasts with the tension between him and her husband, Joe Kanty. Lena’s emotions fluctuate between fear, love, and confusion as she navigates the complexities of her relationships. Her tears and lamentations serve as a reflection of the turmoil within her, torn between loyalty to her husband and her affection for Spunk. Lena’s character represents the emotional heart of the story, embodying the consequences of passion and betrayal.
Joe Kanty: Joe Kanty is characterized as a man consumed by jealousy and insecurity. Despite his physical stature, Joe is portrayed as timid and hesitant, especially when it comes to confronting Spunk. His attempts to assert dominance over his wife, Lena, are feeble and ultimately futile. Joe’s actions, such as brandishing a razor in a failed attempt to intimidate Spunk, highlight his lack of courage and resolve. Even in death, Joe’s presence looms large over the narrative, serving as a cautionary tale of the destructive power of jealousy and pride.
Minor Characters:
Elijah Mosley: Elijah Mosley serves as a bystander and commentator on the events unfolding in the village. His gleeful observations and casual interactions with other characters add depth to the story’s setting. Elijah’s mocking tone towards Joe Kanty and his playful banter with other villagers provide insight into the community’s dynamics and attitudes towards Spunk and Lena’s relationship.
Walter Thomas: Walter Thomas is depicted as a voice of reason and skepticism amidst the village gossip. His reluctance to fully embrace Spunk’s actions and intentions reflects a more cautious perspective. Walter’s questioning of Spunk’s motives and the potential consequences of his behavior offer a counterbalance to the admiration and awe that others express towards Spunk’s boldness.
Skint Miller: Skint Miller’s brief appearance in the story highlights the camaraderie among the men in the village. His presence during Joe Kanty’s confrontation with Spunk underscores the community’s reaction to the unfolding drama. Skint’s involvement in attempting to assist Joe after his altercation with Spunk illustrates the interconnectedness of the villagers and their willingness to come to each other’s aid, even in times of strife.
Major Themes in “Spunk” by Zora Neale Hurston
1. Toxic Masculinity
The story critiques the toxic masculinity of Spunk Banks, who uses violence and intimidation to assert dominance over others, including women. Examples:
Spunk takes Lena from Joe Kanty, using his physical strength and dominance to assert his claim over her.
Spunk kills Joe in a confrontation, showcasing his willingness to use violence to get what he wants.
The other men in the village admire Spunk’s strength and courage, perpetuating a culture of toxic masculinity.
2. Power Dynamics
The story explores the power dynamics between men and women, as well as between individuals, highlighting how power can be abused and lead to destructive behavior. Examples:
Spunk’s dominance over Lena and Joe is evident, and the other men in the village seem to respect and fear him.
Lena is caught between her love for Spunk and her loyalty to Joe, highlighting the powerlessness of women in a patriarchal society.
Joe’s attempts to confront Spunk are met with violence, showcasing the consequences of challenging those in power.
3. Consequences of Actions
The story shows how one’s actions can have severe consequences, including violence, revenge, and even death. The supernatural elements add a sense of karma, suggesting that one’s actions will ultimately catch up with them. Examples:
Spunk’s actions lead to Joe’s death, and later, his own demise.
The appearance of a black bob-cat, a bad omen, foreshadows Spunk’s death.
Joe’s ghost haunts Spunk, symbolizing the consequences of his actions and the idea that one’s actions will ultimately catch up with them.
4. Superstition and Folk Beliefs
The story incorporates elements of superstition and folk beliefs, highlighting the blurred lines between reality and the supernatural. This theme also underscores the idea that one’s actions can have consequences beyond the physical realm. Examples:
The appearance of a black bob-cat is seen as a bad omen, foreshadowing Spunk’s death.
Joe’s ghost haunts Spunk, symbolizing the consequences of his actions and the idea that one’s actions will ultimately catch up with them.
The villagers’ beliefs in spirits and hauntings add a layer of mystery and tension to the story, highlighting the blurred lines between reality and the supernatural.
These themes are central to the story and are used to critique societal norms and explore the human condition.
Writing Style in “Spunk” by Zora Neale Hurston
Folkloric and Vernacular Language: Hurston uses folkloric and vernacular language to create a sense of authenticity and to capture the dialect and culture of the African American community in the rural South.
Third-Person Narrative: The story is told in the third person, which allows for an objective perspective and creates a sense of detachment, highlighting the tragic events that unfold.
Stream-of-Consciousness: Hurston employs stream-of-consciousness narration, which creates a sense of immediacy and intimacy, drawing the reader into the thoughts and feelings of the characters.
Imagery and Symbolism: The story is rich in imagery and symbolism, with vivid descriptions of nature, animals, and supernatural elements, which add depth and meaning to the narrative.
Dialogue and Dialect: Hurston uses dialogue and dialect to bring the characters to life, capturing the unique voice and language of the African American community in the rural South.
Irony and Foreshadowing: The story employs irony and foreshadowing, creating a sense of tension and suspense, as the reader is aware of the impending doom that awaits the characters.
Concise and Direct Prose: Hurston’s writing is concise and direct, with a focus on action and dialogue, which creates a sense of pace and momentum, propelling the story forward.
Use of African American Culture and Folklore: The story incorporates elements of African American culture and folklore, such as the supernatural and the use of dialect, which adds depth and richness to the narrative.
Critique of Toxic Masculinity: The story critiques toxic masculinity, highlighting the destructive consequences of patriarchal power and dominance.
Exploration of Human Nature: The story explores human nature, delving into themes of love, jealousy, revenge, and redemption, creating a nuanced and complex portrayal of humanity.
Literary Theories and Interpretation of “Spunk” by Zora Neale Hurston
Interpretation: Feminist theory focuses on the portrayal and treatment of women in literature, examining power dynamics, gender roles, and the representation of female characters. In “Spunk,” Lena Kanty’s character can be analyzed through a feminist lens. Her agency and autonomy are challenged by the expectations and actions of the male characters, particularly her husband, Joe Kanty, and Spunk Banks. Lena’s journey reflects the struggle of women in a patriarchal society, torn between societal norms and personal desires.*
Hooks, Bell. “Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center.” South End Press, 1984.<br> Showalter, Elaine. “The New Feminist Criticism: Essays on Women, Literature and Theory.” Pantheon Books, 1985.
Interpretation: Marxist theory examines literature through the lens of social class, economic relations, and power structures. In “Spunk,” the dynamics between the characters can be analyzed in terms of class struggle and economic disparity. Spunk Banks, as a confident and assertive character, can be seen as representing the proletariat, while Joe Kanty, who feels threatened by Spunk’s actions, symbolizes the bourgeoisie. The story explores themes of exploitation, labor, and the impact of socioeconomic factors on individual agency and relationships.*
Eagleton, Terry. “Marxism and Literary Criticism.” Routledge, 1976.<br> Jameson, Fredric. “Marxism and Form: Twentieth-Century Dialectical Theories of Literature.” Princeton University Press, 1971.
Interpretation: Psychoanalytic theory delves into the unconscious mind, desires, and motivations of characters, exploring themes of repression, sexuality, and identity. In “Spunk,” the interactions between the characters can be analyzed through a psychoanalytic lens, particularly the love triangle involving Spunk Banks, Lena Kanty, and Joe Kanty. Each character’s actions and emotions can be interpreted as manifestations of their unconscious desires and conflicts. The story’s resolution, with Spunk’s death and Lena’s grief, can be seen as a result of unresolved psychological tensions within the characters.*
Freud, Sigmund. “The Interpretation of Dreams.” Basic Books, 1913.<br> Lacan, Jacques. “Écrits: The First Complete Edition in English.” W. W. Norton & Company, 2006.
Topics, Questions, and Thesis Statements about “Spunk” by Zora Neale Hurston
– How do power dynamics and gender roles influence the relationships between the characters in “Spunk”? – How does Zora Neale Hurston portray the struggles of women in a patriarchal society? – In what ways do the male characters exert control over Lena Kanty’s agency and autonomy?
In “Spunk,” Zora Neale Hurston explores power dynamics and gender roles, depicting the challenges faced by women in a patriarchal society through the characters of Lena Kanty and her interactions with Spunk Banks and Joe Kanty. Through the portrayal of these characters, Hurston highlights the ways in which societal norms and expectations impact individual agency and relationships, shedding light on the complexities of gender dynamics in the early 20th-century South.
2. Conflict and Betrayal
– How does the conflict between Spunk Banks and Joe Kanty drive the narrative of “Spunk”? – What role does betrayal play in shaping the relationships between the characters? – How does Zora Neale Hurston depict the consequences of jealousy and revenge in the story?
“Spunk” by Zora Neale Hurston explores themes of conflict and betrayal, depicting the repercussions of jealousy and revenge in a small Southern community. Through the tumultuous relationships between Spunk Banks, Lena Kanty, and Joe Kanty, Hurston illustrates the destructive power of envy and the consequences of betrayal. The story serves as a cautionary tale, highlighting the complexities of human emotions and the moral ambiguity of seeking retribution.
3. Social Class and Economic Struggle
– How do social class and economic disparities influence the characters’ interactions and decisions in “Spunk”? – In what ways does Zora Neale Hurston depict the struggles of the working class in the story? – How does Spunk Banks represent resilience and agency in the face of socioeconomic challenges?
In “Spunk,” Zora Neale Hurston explores the impact of social class and economic struggle on the lives of characters in a small Southern community. Through the portrayal of Spunk Banks and other working-class individuals, Hurston sheds light on the resilience and agency of those marginalized by society. The story highlights the complexities of socioeconomic factors and their influence on individual agency, relationships, and community dynamics.
4. Psychological Conflicts and Desires
– What psychological conflicts and desires drive the actions of the characters in “Spunk”? – How do unconscious motivations and repressed emotions shape the narrative? – In what ways does Zora Neale Hurston explore themes of identity, desire, and repression in the story?
“Spunk” by Zora Neale Hurston delves into the psychological conflicts and desires of its characters, exploring themes of identity, desire, and repression. Through the interactions between Spunk Banks, Lena Kanty, and Joe Kanty, Hurston examines the complexities of human emotions and the unconscious motivations that drive individuals to act in unexpected ways. The story serves as a psychological study, revealing the inner workings of the human psyche and the complexities of human relationships.
Short Questions/Answers about/on “Spunk” by Zora Neale Hurston
Q1: What is the central conflict in “Spunk”?
The central conflict in “Spunk” is the love triangle between Spunk, Lena, and Joe Kanty. Spunk, a powerful and dominant man, takes Lena from Joe, leading to a confrontation that ends in Joe’s death. This conflict drives the plot and explores themes of toxic masculinity, power dynamics, and the consequences of actions. For example, when Spunk takes Lena’s arm and walks off with her, Joe is left standing alone, highlighting the power imbalance and foreshadowing the tragic events that follow.
Q2: How does Hurston use supernatural elements in the story?
Hurston uses supernatural elements, such as the black bob-cat and Joe’s ghost, to add a layer of tension and foreshadowing to the story. The black bob-cat, a bad omen, appears before Spunk’s death, while Joe’s ghost haunts Spunk, symbolizing the consequences of his actions. These elements also highlight the blurred lines between reality and the supernatural in African American folklore. For example, when the black bob-cat appears, Spunk is unable to shoot it, showing his vulnerability and the supernatural forces at work.
Q3: What role do gender dynamics play in the story?
Gender dynamics play a significant role in “Spunk”, particularly in the portrayal of toxic masculinity and the objectification of women. Spunk’s dominance over Lena and Joe is evident, and the other men in the village admire his strength and courage. Lena, on the other hand, is caught between her love for Spunk and her loyalty to Joe, highlighting the powerlessness of women in a patriarchal society. For example, when Spunk takes Lena from Joe, she is unable to resist, showcasing the limited agency women have in the story.
Q4: How does the story critique toxic masculinity?
The story critiques toxic masculinity through Spunk’s character, who embodies the destructive consequences of patriarchal power and dominance. Spunk’s actions lead to Joe’s death and ultimately his own demise, highlighting the devastating effects of toxic masculinity. The story also shows how the other men in the village perpetuate this culture by admiring Spunk’s strength and courage. For example, when Spunk kills Joe, the men gather around, seemingly impressed by his actions, demonstrating how toxic masculinity is condoned and encouraged in their community.
Literary Works Similar to “Spunk” by Zora Neale Hurston
“The Eatonville Anthology” by Zora Neale Hurston: A collection of short stories by Hurston set in Eatonville, Florida, offering vivid portraits of African American life in the early 20th century with themes of community, resilience, and everyday struggles.
“The Passing of Grandison” by Charles W. Chesnutt: This short story explores themes of race, identity, and deception as a young slave attempts to escape to freedom with the help of his white master’s son.
“Drenched in Light” by Zora Neale Hurston: In this story, Hurston explores themes of identity, ambition, and self-discovery as a young woman navigates her aspirations in the face of societal expectations and familial obligations.
“The Comet” by W.E.B. Du Bois: Du Bois’s short story delves into themes of existential crisis, racial inequality, and human connection as two survivors of a catastrophic event grapple with their differences and shared humanity.
“The Conjure-Man Dies” by Rudolph Fisher: Set in Harlem, this detective story features Dr. John Archer, the first African American detective in literature, as he investigates a murder intertwined with themes of magic, superstition, and social commentary.
Suggested Readings about/on “Spunk” by Zora Neale Hurston
Redling, Erik. “The Making of Lists: Zora Neale Hurston’s Literary Experiments with Glossaries of Southern Rural and Northern Urban African American Terms and Expressions.” Journal of the Short Story in English. Les Cahiers de la nouvelle 73 (2019): 97-120.
Davis, Doris. “” De Talkin’Game”: The Creation of Psychic Space in Selected Short Fiction of Zora Neale Hurston.” Tulsa Studies in Women’s Literature 26.2 (2007): 269-286.
Kaplan, Carla. “Zora Neale Hurston (1891–1960).” The Columbia Companion to the Twentieth-Century American Short Story. Columbia University Press, 2004. 305-310.
Zaidman, Laura M. “Zora Neale Hurston.” American Short-Story Writers, 1910-1945 (1988).
Zaidman, Laura M. “Zora Neale Hurston.” American Short-Story Writers, 1910-1945: First Series, edited by Bobby Ellen Kimbel, Gale, 1989. Dictionary of Literary Biography Vol. 86. Gale Literature Resource Center, link.gale.com/apps/doc/H1200000288/LitRC?u=anon~c68c50c7&sid=googleScholar&xid=692694b5. Accessed 29 Apr. 2024.
Representative Quotations from “Spunk” by Zora Neale Hurston
Quotation
Context
Theorization
“A GIANT of a brown-skinned man sauntered up the one street of the Village and out into the palmetto thickets with a small pretty woman clinging lovingly to his arm.”
This quotation introduces the character of Spunk Banks, portraying him as a physically imposing figure. His presence commands attention and sets the stage for the unfolding drama involving him, Lena, and Joe Kanty.
From a psychoanalytical perspective, Spunk’s physical stature and confidence may symbolize his dominance and assertiveness in the community. His ability to attract Lena despite her marriage to Joe reflects deeper desires and power dynamics within the social context.
“But that’s one thing Ah likes about Spunk Banks-he ain’t skeered of nothin’ on God’s green footstoo1-nothin)!”
This statement by Walter Thomas highlights Spunk’s fearless nature, exemplified by his willingness to take risks such as riding the dangerous log-carriage at the sawmill. Spunk’s bravery earns him respect and admiration from the other men in the community.
From a feminist perspective, Spunk’s fearlessness might be viewed as a manifestation of traditional masculine ideals of strength and courage. His defiance of societal norms and expectations reflects a form of resistance against oppressive structures, although it also perpetuates harmful gender stereotypes.
“Joe Kanty laid down a nickel and stumbled out into the street.”
This quotation occurs after Elijah Mosley teases Joe about his wife’s whereabouts, causing Joe visible distress. Joe’s reaction suggests feelings of humiliation and insecurity regarding his relationship with Lena, exacerbated by Spunk’s overt displays of affection towards her.
Through a sociological lens, Joe’s behavior can be interpreted as a response to social pressure and expectations regarding masculinity and honor. His inability to assert himself against Spunk’s advances reflects broader power dynamics within the community, where individuals like Spunk wield influence based on their perceived dominance and authority.
“He didn’t bang it, just eased it out of his hand silently and fiddled with his suspender buckle.”
This description captures Joe’s reaction to Elijah’s taunting, revealing his internal turmoil and sense of emasculation. Joe’s silent resignation and physical gestures convey his feelings of powerlessness and defeat in the face of Spunk’s perceived superiority.
Through a Marxist lens, Joe’s predicament can be understood as a consequence of economic and social inequalities within the community. His lack of agency and self-worth stem from his marginalized position in society, where individuals like Spunk hold disproportionate power and privilege. Joe’s struggle to assert himself reflects broader themes of class struggle and exploitation inherent in the socio-economic structure.
“Spunk turned on his heel and sauntered away to where he knew his love wept in fear for him and no man stopped him.”
This moment underscores Spunk’s confidence and autonomy, as he defies societal expectations and takes control of the situation. Despite the potential consequences of his actions, Spunk remains resolute in his pursuit of Lena, demonstrating his disregard for social norms and authority figures.
Through a postcolonial lens, Spunk’s defiance can be interpreted as a form of resistance against hegemonic power structures and cultural norms imposed by the dominant group. His rejection of conventional morality and assertion of individual agency challenge the status quo, echoing broader themes of resistance and cultural identity within marginalized communities.
“If spirits kin fight, there’s a powerful tussle goin’ on some where ovah Jordan ’cause Ah b’leeve Joe’s ready for Spunk an’ ain’t skeered any more-yas, Ah b’leeve Joe pushed ‘im mahself.”
This statement by Elijah Mosley reflects the villagers’ superstitions and beliefs surrounding Joe’s death. Elijah suggests that Joe’s spirit may seek revenge against Spunk, implying a supernatural explanation for Spunk’s demise. The quotation underscores the community’s reliance on folklore and spirituality to make sense of tragic events.
From a cultural studies perspective, Elijah’s words highlight the role of folklore and superstition in shaping collective identity and understanding within the community. Beliefs in the supernatural serve as a means of coping with uncertainty and trauma, providing a framework for interpreting and attributing meaning to inexplicable phenomena.
