Etymology of Narrative Universals
Narrative universals in literature represent recurring themes, elements, or structures found across diverse cultures and periods. These universal narratives suggest that, despite the apparent diversity of storytelling traditions, there exist common threads that unite human experiences and shape the fundamental aspects of narrative construction.
Such narrative universals may include archetypal characters, like the hero’s journey, themes like love and conflict, and storytelling techniques such as foreshadowing or dramatic tension. The recognition of narrative universals underscores the universality of human storytelling, emphasizing the shared human condition that transcends cultural boundaries and historical contexts, making literature a powerful tool for understanding the human experience.
Meanings of Narrative Universals
| Aspect | Meaning |
| Cross-Cultural Themes | Narrative universals refer to recurring themes and motifs found in storytelling across different cultures and time periods. |
| Common Storytelling Elements | These are elements or structures that appear consistently in various narratives, such as archetypal characters, plot patterns, or narrative devices. |
| Shared Human Experiences | Narrative universals highlight the common human experiences and emotions that are portrayed in literature, including love, conflict, heroism, and tragedy. |
| Cultural and Temporal Relevance | Despite cultural and temporal differences, these universals serve as a reminder of the enduring relevance of certain themes and elements in literature. |
| Human Universality | They emphasize the universality of storytelling, reflecting the shared aspects of the human condition that transcend cultural and historical boundaries. |
| Literary Analysis and Comparison | In literary theory, narrative universals provide a basis for the analysis and comparison of narratives from diverse cultures, revealing underlying similarities and shared storytelling techniques. |
| Understanding Human Experience | They serve as a means to use literature as a tool for understanding and exploring the fundamental aspects of the human experience across cultures and time. |
| Archetypal Characters and Tropes | Narrative universals often include archetypal characters, like the hero or the villain, as well as recurring narrative tropes such as the quest or the coming-of-age story. |
Definition of Narrative Universals as a Theoretical Term
Narrative universals, as a theoretical term in literary analysis, denote recurring themes, motifs, and structural elements that transcend cultural and temporal boundaries, found in stories across diverse societies and time periods. They reflect shared aspects of the human experience, such as love, conflict, and heroism, while emphasizing the enduring relevance of certain narrative components. In literary theory, narrative universals serve as a framework for comparative analysis, offering insights into the fundamental and common elements that underlie storytelling in various cultures.
Narrative Universals: Theorists, Works and Arguments
| Theorist | Work | Argument |
| Joseph Campbell | The Hero with a Thousand Faces | Campbell’s seminal work explores the concept of the hero’s journey, a narrative structure that transcends cultural boundaries. He argues that this universal pattern is found in myths, legends, and stories from diverse cultures, emphasizing the hero’s call to adventure, trials, and eventual transformation. |
| Vladimir Propp | Morphology of the Folktale | Propp’s analysis of Russian folktales led to the identification of recurring narrative functions and character types. He outlined a structural framework that underscores common elements in folktales, contributing to the understanding of narrative universals. |
| Northrop Frye | Anatomy of Criticism | Frye’s exploration of literary archetypes underscores the presence of universal character types and narrative patterns across various literary works. He discusses how certain archetypal elements, like the hero or the quest, reappear in literature, suggesting a universality in storytelling. |
| Carl Jung | Jung’s psychological theories | Jung’s idea of the collective unconscious posits that certain archetypal elements and symbols, such as the hero or the shadow, are deeply ingrained in the human psyche. These archetypes manifest in literature and myth, highlighting the universal aspects of storytelling and human experience. |
Narrative Universals and Literary Theories
- Structuralism:
- Relevance: Narrative universals are highly relevant to structuralism, as this theory seeks to identify recurring patterns and structures in literature. The study of narrative universals aids in recognizing common elements, themes, and character archetypes that form the structural basis of narratives.
- Archetypal Criticism:
- Relevance: Archetypal criticism explores universal symbols and themes that reappear in literature. Narrative universals, especially archetypal characters and motifs, align closely with this theory, as they highlight the presence of shared symbols and themes across diverse cultural narratives.
- Comparative Literature:
- Relevance: Comparative literature involves the analysis of literary works from different cultures and languages. Narrative universals provide a common ground for comparing and contrasting these works by identifying recurring elements and themes that transcend cultural boundaries.
- Myth Criticism:
- Relevance: Myth criticism explores the role of myth in literature. Narrative universals are highly relevant in this context, as myths often contain universal themes and elements that resonate with human experiences and are found in literature across cultures.
- Folklore Studies:
- Relevance: Folklore studies focus on the traditional stories, legends, and folk narratives of various cultures. Narrative universals help folklorists recognize the common elements and motifs that exist in folklore across different regions, shedding light on shared storytelling traditions.
- Psychological Approaches:
- Relevance: Psychological theories in literature, such as those inspired by Carl Jung’s concept of the collective unconscious, often draw upon narrative universals to explain how certain archetypal elements and symbols are deeply ingrained in the human psyche and manifest in literature.
- Genre Studies:
- Relevance: Genre studies examine the conventions and characteristics of different literary genres. Narrative universals can be relevant here as they often underpin the conventions and expectations of specific genres, such as the hero’s journey in adventure tales or the love story in romance novels.
Narrative Universals in Literary Criticism
| Work | Critique |
| Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen | – Universal Theme: Love and social class are expertly portrayed, offering a rich exploration of societal constraints and personal relationships. – Archetypal Characters: Elizabeth Bennet and Mr. Darcy embody classic character roles while displaying depth and complexity adding to the narrative universals. – Plot Structure: The well-established structure of romance and transformation is executed with finesse, engaging the reader. – Symbolism and Motifs: The use of misunderstandings and the symbolism of letters enhances the narrative, creating a deeper connection to the characters. – Cultural Context: The 19th-century English society is vividly portrayed, enriching the reader’s understanding of the characters’ challenges. – Human Experience: The novel masterfully conveys the complexities of love, the impact of misunderstandings, and societal expectations, making it universally relatable. |
| To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee | – Universal Theme: The theme of injustice and racial prejudice is powerfully presented, resonating with readers through its emotional impact. – Archetypal Characters: Atticus Finch and Boo Radley personify moral and enigmatic figures, contributing to the novel’s depth. – Plot Structure: The moral and legal quest structure effectively engages readers and compels them to reflect on social injustices. – Symbolism and Motifs: The mockingbird as a symbol of innocence and the treehouse as a place of refuge add layers to the narrative. – Cultural Context: The novel’s exploration of racial discrimination in the 1930s American South offers a poignant historical perspective adding to the narrative universals. – Human Experience: The universal exploration of the fight against injustice and the loss of innocence makes this work deeply relatable. |
| The Odyssey by Homer | – Universal Theme: The heroic journey and the challenges faced resonate with readers, showcasing the enduring appeal of the hero’s quest. – Archetypal Characters: Odysseus and Penelope exemplify the epic hero and faithful wife, adding familiarity to the narrative. – Plot Structure: The episodic structure of Odysseus’ adventures keeps the reader engaged and reflects the hero’s journey motif. – Symbolism and Motifs: The hero’s journey as a motif and the symbolism of the sea add depth to the narrative. – Cultural Context: The work reflects ancient Greek values and beliefs, providing insight into the cultural milieu of the time. – Human Experience: The universal themes of courage, perseverance, and the longing for home make the narrative timeless, adding to the narrative universals. |
| 1984 by George Orwell | – Universal Theme: The exploration of totalitarianism and the loss of individual freedom is chilling and relevant in any time period. – Archetypal Characters: Winston Smith and Big Brother symbolize the rebellious protagonist and oppressive figure, evoking a sense of dread. – Plot Structure: The dystopian narrative’s awakening to the truth structure is both haunting and thought-provoking. – Symbolism and Motifs: The use of an oppressive regime as a symbol and the motif of surveillance contribute to the novel’s impact. – Cultural Context: The novel reflects fears and concerns related to dystopian futures and totalitarianism, resonating with modern readers. – Human Experience: The universal exploration of the importance of truth, freedom, and resistance against oppression remains a potent theme, adding to the narrative universals. |
Suggested Readings
- Campbell, Joseph. The Hero with a Thousand Faces. Princeton University Press, 2008.
- Frye, Northrop. Anatomy of Criticism: Four Essays. Princeton University Press, 2000.
- Propp, Vladimir. Morphology of the Folktale. University of Texas Press, 1968.
- Todorov, Tzvetan. The Fantastic: A Structural Approach to a Literary Genre. Cornell University Press, 1975.
- Tolkien, J.R.R. The Fellowship of the Ring: Being the First Part of The Lord of the Rings. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2003.
- Vogler, Christopher. The Writer’s Journey: Mythic Structure for Writers. Michael Wiese Productions, 2007.
- White, Hayden. The Content of the Form: Narrative Discourse and Historical Representation. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992.
- Wood, Robin. Hitchcock’s Films Revisited. Columbia University Press, 2002.
- Cordoni, Constanza, and Gerhard Langer. Narratology, hermeneutics, and Midrash: Jewish, Christian, and Muslim narratives from the late antiquity through to modern times. V&R unipress, 2014.
- Zipes, Jack. The Irresistible Fairy Tale: The Cultural and Social History of a Genre. Princeton University Press, 2012.
