Systems Theory in Literature

Introduction: Systems Theory in Literature

Systems Theory in Literature represents a theoretical lens through which literary works are examined as intricate systems with interconnected components. Rooted in general systems theory, this approach views literature not as a collection of isolated elements but as holistic entities wherein characters, plot, setting, and themes dynamically interact, giving rise to emergent properties that significantly shape the overall narrative structure.

The application of systems theory in literature allows scholars to delve into the intricate relationships and feedback loops within a literary work, revealing patterns and connections that might elude traditional analytical methods. By adopting a systems perspective, literary critics gain valuable insights into the systemic nature of narrative construction, exploring how the interplay of elements contributes to the richness and depth of literary expression.

This approach extends beyond traditional reductionist views, offering a comprehensive understanding of the complexities inherent in literary compositions and enhancing the interpretation of meaning within the broader context of systems theory.

Criticism Against Systems Theory in Literature

1. Reductionism Concerns: Critics argue that systems theory in literature risks oversimplifying complex literary works by breaking them down into interconnected components, potentially neglecting the nuanced and holistic nature of literary narratives.
2. Overemphasis on Structure: Some critics contend that systems theory in literature may place undue emphasis on structural elements, such as characters and plot, at the expense of neglecting the deeper symbolic and thematic layers that contribute to the richness of literary meaning.
3. Limitations in Interpretation: Critics suggest that the application of systems theory in literature might limit interpretative possibilities, as it may not adequately account for the diverse and subjective ways in which readers engage with and derive meaning from literary texts.
4. Inherent Subjectivity: There are concerns that systems theory in literature tends to downplay the subjective and individualistic aspects of literary interpretation, potentially overlooking the unique perspectives and experiences that readers bring to the understanding of a literary work.
5. Neglect of Aesthetic Qualities: Some critics argue that systems theory in literature may sideline the aesthetic dimensions of literature, such as style, tone, and linguistic choices, which contribute significantly to the overall impact of a work but might be marginalized within a purely systemic framework.
6. Inapplicability to All Genres: Critics contend that the application of systems theory in literature might not be universally applicable to all literary genres and forms, as certain experimental or avant-garde works may defy traditional systemic analysis.

Examples of Systems Theory in Literature

1. Network Dynamics in The Goldfinch by Donna Tartt (2013): Donna Tartt’s The Goldfinch unfolds as a labyrinth of network dynamics among characters like Theo Decker and Boris. A systems theory analysis delves into their relationships, unraveling how individual choices and connections form an intricate web that shapes the overarching themes of the novel.
2. Feedback Loops in The Circle by Dave Eggers (2013): Dave Eggers’ The Circle provides a compelling canvas for systems theory, particularly in exploring feedback loops within a world dominated by pervasive surveillance and information sharing. The constant flow of data and the consequences of transparency create feedback loops that sustain and amplify the dystopian system, showcasing the systemic nature of technology and control.
3. Emergent Properties in Station Eleven by Emily St. John Mandel (2014): Emily St. John Mandel’s Station Eleven invites a systems theory analysis, particularly in unraveling emergent properties. As the narrative weaves through interconnected characters and storylines before and after a pandemic, unexpected patterns and consequences emerge, illustrating how the interactions of elements generate unique and complex qualities within the novel.
4. Holistic Structures in The Underground Railroad by Colson Whitehead (2016): Colson Whitehead’s The Underground Railroad lends itself to a systems lens, appreciating its holistic narrative structure. By considering the interconnectedness of characters like Cora and the nonlinear progression of the narrative, systems theory highlights how individual elements contribute to the emergent quality of the work, reflecting the broader historical and social context.

These examples highlight the application of systems theory in recent novels, showcasing its efficacy in analyzing network dynamics, feedback loops, emergent properties, and holistic structures within complex narratives.

Keywords in Systems Theory in Literature

1. Holism in Literature: The concept of holism in systems theory in literature emphasizes the interconnectedness of elements within a literary work, treating it as a unified and integrated whole rather than a sum of isolated parts.
2. Emergence in Literary Systems: Emergence in systems theory in literature refers to the phenomenon where novel and unexpected properties or patterns arise from the interactions of individual elements within the literary system, contributing to a richer narrative.
3. Feedback Loops in Literary Context: Feedback loops in literature involve the continuous exchange and influence of information between elements, where the consequences of an action may loop back to affect and modify earlier elements in the narrative.
4. Interconnectedness in Literary Works: Interconnectedness highlights the relationships and dependencies among different components within a literary system, illustrating how changes in one element can impact the entire structure.
5. Nonlinearity in Literary Narratives: Nonlinearity in systems theory in literature acknowledges that the relationship between elements in literature is not always proportional or straightforward, allowing for complexities and variations in the narrative.
6. Systemic Perspective in Literary Analysis: A systemic perspective in literature involves viewing the work as a complex system, considering the interactions and dependencies between characters, plot, setting, and themes.
7. Boundary in Literary Systems: The concept of a boundary in systems theory in literature denotes the limits or borders that define the scope of the literary system, distinguishing it from its external environment.
8. Synergy in Literary Context: Synergy in literature refers to the cooperative interaction of different elements within the system, where the combined effect is greater than the sum of individual contributions.
9. Equifinality in Literary Structures: Equifinality suggests that multiple paths or processes within a literary system can lead to similar outcomes or conclusions, emphasizing the flexibility and adaptability of narrative structures.
10. Dynamic Equilibrium in Literary Narratives: Dynamic equilibrium involves the balance and stability achieved within a literary system through continuous adjustments and adaptations, ensuring coherence in the narrative despite ongoing changes.

Suggested Readings

1. Ackoff, R. L. “Towards a System of Systems Concepts.” Management Science, vol. 17, no. 11, 1971, pp. B-661-B-671.
2. Bertalanffy, L. von. General System Theory: Foundations, Development, Applications. George Braziller, 1968.
3. Checkland, P. Systems Thinking, Systems Practice. John Wiley & Sons, 1981.
4. Forrester, J. W. Principles of Systems. Productivity Press, 1968.
5. Laszlo, E. Introduction to Systems Philosophy: Toward a New Paradigm of Contemporary Thought. Harper & Row, 1972.
6. Meadows, D. H., Meadows, D. L., Randers, J., & Behrens III, W. W. The Limits to Growth. Universe Books, 1972.
7. Senge, P. M. The Fifth Discipline: The Art and Practice of the Learning Organization. Doubleday, 1990.
8. Von Foerster, H., Doering, W., & Pörksen, B. Cybernetics of Cybernetics. University of Illinois Press, 2003.